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单跨4车道公路隧道拱顶外露盖挖施工技术杨仲杰【摘要】京沪高速济南连接线工程浆水泉隧道穿越黄金谷风景区,该区段属浅埋、超浅埋、局部浅埋及外露等突变地形,施工难度大,环保要求高.为顺利通过本段施工,对该区段的地质情况和周边环境及要求进行全面分析和总结,确定了对拱顶外露区段采用盖挖法施工,即先小范围挖方,施工拱盖后,在拱盖保护下再进行洞内暗挖的施工技术,减少了对山体的扰动,降低了对风景区的环境破坏,提高了施工速度,并通过数值模拟分析,对盖挖法施工后隧道围岩的应力应变情况进行分析.结果表明采用该施工方法的隧道安全性满足要求,供类似工程参考.【期刊名称】《公路交通技术》【年(卷),期】2019(035)003【总页数】6页(P117-122)【关键词】超大断面隧道;拱顶外露;盖挖施工;风景区【作者】杨仲杰【作者单位】中国中铁四局集团有限公司,合肥 230000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U455我国是一个多山的国家，山脉纵横，为避免高填、大挖，很多地段需要采用隧道方式通过[1-2]。
选线时，难以保证线路与地形等高线垂直，在隧道的进出口及傍山地段，通常都因地表倾斜及埋深较小形成浅埋偏压隧道。
浅埋偏压隧道由于其上覆土层较薄，接近地表，受自然因素影响较大，且隧道所经过土层多为由原岩风化形成的破碎岩层、堆积层、冲积层等，通常为Ⅴ级围岩，在浅埋偏压隧道施工过程中，经常出现边坡整体滑移、坍塌、冒顶和地表塌陷等工程灾害，如图1所示。
偏压隧道是由于隧址区地形、地质构造或者施工等种种因素造成的隧道上部围岩压力存在明显的不对称性。
目前在偏压地段，多采用大面积刷方、浇筑较长明洞、明洞洞顶地段进行局部回填土石方的方法以达到稳定隧道边仰坡的目的。
然而运用这种大面积刷坡方式不仅与我国倡导的环保理念相背驰，同时还会因为边仰坡刷坡太高致使周围山体稳定性降低，还对环境造成不可弥补的损害。
基于以上背景，本文提出一种单跨4车道公路隧道拱顶外露盖挖法的施工技术。
关键层位置经验公式对固体充填采煤充实率的影响欧财华（大同煤矿集团有限责任公司，山西 大同 037003）摘 要根据关键层到煤层距离大于7～10倍采高时的导水裂隙带发育仅位于关键层下的学说，采用数值模拟等方法对固体充填采煤充实率的问题进行了进一步的探讨。
结果表明：当结合等价采高原理时，根据关键层的位置可以得到一个临界充实率，在达到此充实率的前提下，导水裂隙带将不会发育至关键层，关键层将保持结构的稳定性。
在特定的条件下，充填采煤将允许有一定的欠接顶量，这将大大简化充填采煤的充填工艺，克服充填采煤采充工艺的不连续性，从而显著提高工作面的年产量。
关键词等价采高 关键层 充实率中图分类号 TD823.7 文献标识码 A doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-2801.2017.12.031Impact of Key Strata Position on Filling Ratio of Backfilling Mining TechnologyOu Cai -hua(Datong Coal Mine Group Co., LTD, Shanxi Datong 037003)Abstract: Based on the theory that when the distance between key strata and coal seam is greater than 7~10 times of the height of coal seam, the water flowing fractured zone will just develop to the key strata, but not runs through the key strata. By applying the numerical simulation, the paper will have a further study on the issue of backfilling ratio. The result indicates that there is a critical backfilling ratio by combining the theory of equivalent mining thickness. When the filling ratio is up to the critical backfilling ratio, the water flowing fractured zone will keep developing under the key strata, meanwhile the key strata will maintain stability. Under some particular conditions, the backfilling operation allows a certain distance between the backfilling body and the roof. This will simplify the backfilling operation to a large extent and overcome the discontinuities of the mining operation and backfilling operation and dramatically improves the annual production capacity of the mining face.Key words : equivalent mining thickness key strata backfilling ratio收稿日期2017-08-15作者简介 欧财华（1988-），男，汉族，广西平乐县人，2013 年毕业于华北科技学院采矿工程专业，现就职于大同煤矿集团有限公司煤峪口矿综采二队。
2024年成人高考成考英语(高起专)复习试卷及解答参考一、语音知识（本大题有5小题，每小题2分，共10分）1、Choose the word that has the same pronunciation as the word “elephant.”A. elephantB. elephantC. elephantD. elephantAnswer: BExplanation: The word “elephant” is pronounced as /ˈɛl.ɪ.fɑːnt/. Among the options provided, “elephant” in option B is pronounced the same as the original word.2、Select the word that has the opposite meaning of “increase.”A. increaseB. increaseC. decreaseD. decreaseAnswer: CExplana tion: The word “increase” means to make larger or greater. The wordthat has the opposite meaning is “decrease,” which means to make smaller or less. Among the options, “decrease” in option C is the correct answer.3、The word “communicate” is pronounced as:A. /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/B. /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/C. /kəˈmjuːniːkeɪt/D. /kəˈmjuːniːkeɪt/Answer: AExplanation: The correct pronunciation of “communicate” is /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/. The “c” in “communicate” is not hard, as it does not precede a double vowel.4、Which of the following words has the correct pronunciation?A. “Environment” - /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmeɪnt/B. “Education” - /ˌɛdʒuˈkeɪʃən/C. “Imagine” - /ɪˈmædʒɪneɪt/D. “Compass” - /kəˈmæpəs/Answer: BExplanation: The correct pronunciation of “education” is /ˌɛdʒuˈkeɪʃən/. The “e” in “education” is long, as it is followed by a “g” which is silent. The other options have mispronounced vowels or consonants.5、The sentence “She always has a smile on her face” emphasizes that sheis always __________.A. cheerfulC. nervousD. sadAnswer: A. cheerfulExplanation: The word “always” in the sentence indicates a constant state or behavior. The phrase “has a smile on her face” suggests that she is in a good mood or happy, which is best described by the word “cheerful.” The other options do not accurately capture the positive connotation of the sentence.二、词汇与语法知识（本大题有15小题，每小题2分，共30分）1、Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentence below.The_______of the meeting was quite impressive.A. atmosphereB. audienceC. attendanceD. occasionAnswer: CExplanation: The correct answer is “attendance” because it refers to the number of people who were present at the meeting. The other options do not fit the context of the sentence.2、Select the word that does not belong in the following list.A. enthusiasticC. exhaustedD. alertAnswer: CExplanation: The word “exhausted” does not belong in the list because it is an adjective that describes someone who is very tired, whereas “enthusiastic,” “energetic,” and “alert” all describe someone who is full of energy or has a positive, watchful attitude.3、Choose the word that best completes the sentence.The teacher___________the students to be quiet during the examination.A. requestedB. suggestedC. orderedD. recommendedAnswer: C. orderedExplanation: The correct choice is “ordered” because it indicates a direct command or instruction from the teacher. The other options, while they could be used in some contexts, do not convey the same level of authority or necessity as “ordered” does in this sentence.4、Complete the sentence using the correct form of the verb in parentheses.If you________(be) more careful, you would not have made so many mistakes.A. areB. wereC. will beD. had beenAnswer: B. wereExplanation: The correct form of the verb to use in this sentence is “were,” which i s the past subjunctive form of “to be.” The sentence is expressing a hypothetical situation, which is a situation that is not real but is being considered for the sake of argument. The past subjunctive is used to describea condition that is not true but could have been or would have been.5、Choose the word that best completes the sentence.The professor___________the students’ questions eagerly.A. ignoredB. addressedC. neglectedD. overlookedAnswer: B. addressedExplanation: The correct word to complet e the sentence is “addressed,” which means to speak to or write to someone formally or officially. The professor is expected to address the students’ questions, not ignore, neglect, or overlook them.6、Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.They___________(be) discussing the project when the meeting was called toorder.A. wereB. had beenC. have beenD. isAnswer: A. wereExplanation: The correct form of the verb is “were,” which is the past continuous tense. The sentence describes an action that was happening at a specific past time (when the meeting was called to order), so the past continuous tense is appropriate. The other options are incorrect because they do not match the context or the tense required.7、Choose the word that best completes the sentence.The teacher was surprised by the student’s_ability to understand complex concepts.A)surpriseB)surprisedC)surprisingD)surpriseablyAnswer: C) surprisingExplanation: The correct answer is “surprising” because it is the adjective form that describes the student’s ability. “Surprise” is a noun, “surprised” is the past participle form of the verb, and “surpriseably” is not a word.8、Complete the sentence with the correct form of the given verb in brackets.They (be) (not) aware of the changes that (take) place in the company last month.A)wereB)areC)wasD)beAnswer: A) wereExplanation: The correct answer is “were” because the subject “they” is plural, and the past perfect tense “had taken” indicates that the cha nges occurred before the awareness of them. Therefore, “were” is the correct past tense form of “be.”9.Choose the word that best completes the sentence.I can’t believe how____________changes have occurred in this small town over the past decade.A)numerousB)rapidC)suddenD)gradualAnswer: D) gradualExplanation: The sentence is describing changes that have occurred over a period of time, suggesting a process that was not immediate or extreme. “Gradual” fits this context best, indicating changes that happen slowly over time.10.Select the correct form of the verb to complete the following sentence.The professor___________us a detailed outline of the research project before the deadline.A)gaveB)has givenC)will giveD)is givingAnswer: B) has givenExplanation: The sentence implies that the action of giving the outline has already occurred before the deadline. The present perfect tense (“has given”) is used to describe actions that have a present relevance or result.11.Choose the correct word to complete the sentence:The manager was_about the new project, but the team was confident.A)apprehensiveB)optimisticC)indifferentD)enthusiasticAnswer: A) apprehensiveExplanation: The correct answer is “apprehensive” because it means feeling or showing anxiety or fear about something, which fits the context of the manager being concerned about the new project. The other options do not convey the same sense of worry or anxiety.12.Select the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined word:The teacher’s_appr oach to teaching made the subject much more engaging.A)traditionalB)innovativeC)passiveD)objectiveAnswer: B) innovativeExplanation: The underlined word “innovative” means introducing new methods or ideas. The sentence suggests that the teacher’s approach was different and made the subject more engaging. The word “traditional” would imply a more conventional method, “passive” would suggest a lack of interest, and “objective” would imply a neutral approach, none of which fit the context as well as “innovative.”13.Choose the word that best completes the sentence.The company’s new policy has been widely __________, with both positive and negative reactions.A. criticizedB. implementedC. supportedD. rejectedAnswer: B. implementedExplanation: The correct word here should reflect that the policy has been put into effect. “Implemented” means to carry out or put into effect, which fits the context. “Criticized” would imply there are negative reactions,“supported” would imply positive reactions, and “rejected” wo uld imply outright refusal, none of which fully capture the act of the policy being put into practice.14.Select the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence.She_______(go) to the market every morning, but now she has a car.A. used to goB. uses to goC. used goD. uses goAnswer: A. used to goExplanation: The correct phrase to use in this context is “used to” followed by the base form of the verb, which indicates a past habit or practice that has since changed. “Used to go” is the correc t past simple form that indicates a habit in the past. The other options are grammatically incorrect or do not convey the intended meaning.15.Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentence.The professor___________the students to study hard for the exam.A. advisedB. recommendedC. suggestedD. proposedAnswer: B. recommendedExplanation: The correct answer is “recommended” because it is the most appropriate word to express the professor’s advice. “Advised,” “suggested,” and “proposed” can also mean giving advice or suggestions, but “recommended”is often used in a more formal context, such as in an academic setting.三、完形填空（30分）Passage:In the small town of Willow Creek, there was once a charming old library that stood at the heart of the community. The library was a hub of learning and culture, where people of all ages would gather to read, discuss, and exchange ideas. The librarian, Mrs. Thompson, was known for her warm smile and vast knowledge of books. She had been working at the library for over 30 years and was deeply loved by everyone in the town.One day, the town’s mayor announced that the library was in danger of closing due to budget cuts. The community was shocked and immediately rallied to save their beloved library. They organized a series of events, including a book sale, a bake sale, and a benefit concert, to raise funds.The most successful event was the “Willow Creek Reads” program, where local authors were invited to read to the children and talk about their writing process. The children were excited and inspired, and the adults were reminded of the power of books to bring people together.As the days went by, more and more people began to donate books and moneyto the library. Mrs. Thompson was overwhelmed by the outpouring of support from the community. She knew that the library would not only survive but thrive.One evening, as Mrs. Thompson was organizing a new shelf of donated books, she noticed a mysterious note tucked inside one of the books. The note read, “To Mrs.Thompson, from the Friends of Willow Creek Library. We hope these books bring you joy and continue to inspire the community.”Mrs. Thompson smiled, knowing that the spirit of the library was alive and well.Blanks:1.The library in Willow Creek was a___________of learning and culture.2.Mrs. Thompson was___________for her warm smile and vast knowledge of books.3.The town’s mayor announced that the library was in___________due to budget cuts.4.The community___________to save their beloved library.5.The most successful event was the___________program.6.The children were___________and inspired by the local authors.7.The adults were___________of the power of books to bring people together.8.More and more people began to___________books and money to the library.9.Mrs. Thompson was___________by the outpouring of support from the community.10.The note was a___________from the Friends of Willow Creek Library.11.Mrs. Thompson smiled, knowing that the spirit of the librarywas___________and well.Questions:11.What was the note a___________from the Friends of Willow Creek Library?A)InvitationB)ComplaintC)Thank youD)ApologyAnswer:C) Thank you四、阅读理解（本部分有5大题，每大题9分，共45分）第一题Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. With just a few clicks, we can connect with people from all over the world, access a vast amount of information, and even conduct transactions online. However, along with these benefits, the Internet has also brought about various challenges and risks. One of the most significant risks is the potential for cybercrime, which includes hacking, identity theft, and phishing.1.What is one of the major risks associated with the use of the Internet?A. Improved communicationB. Access to a vast amount of informationC. Potential for cybercrimeD. Increased business opportunities2.What are some examples of cybercrimes mentioned in the passage?A. Hacking, identity theft, and phishingB. Improved communication and access to informationC. Increased business opportunitiesD. Reduced need for physical interaction3.How does the Internet impact the way we conduct business?A. It reduces the need for physical interactionB. It increases the potential for cybercrimeC. It provides a platform for global communication and transactionsD. It eliminates the need for traditional banking and financial servicesAnswers:1.C2.A3.C第二题Passage:The rapid development of technology has greatly influenced the way people communicate. Social media platforms have become an integral part of daily life,allowing individuals to connect with others across the globe. However, this shift in communication has raised concerns about the impact on face-to-face interactions and the potential loss of traditional social skills.One of the most popular social media platforms is Instagram, which is known for its focus on visual content. Users can share photos, videos, and stories, and follow others who share similar interests. While Instagram can be a great way to stay connected with friends and discover new things, it also has its downsides.A recent study found that excessive use of Instagram can lead to feelings of loneliness and depression. The constant comparison with others’ seemingly perfect lives can create a sense of inadequacy. Additionally, the platform’s algorithm can create a filter bubble, where users are only exposed to content that aligns with their existing beliefs and interests, thus limiting their exposure to diverse perspectives.Despite these concerns, many people find Instagram to be a valuable tool for networking and personal growth. It can provide a platform for artists, writers, and entrepreneurs to showcase their work and connect with potential audiences. Moreover, it can be a source of inspiration and motivation, as users are exposed to the achievements and stories of others.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A) The benefits of using social media platforms.B) The negative effects of Instagram on social interactions.C) The history of social media platforms.D) The role of technology in modern communication.2、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential negative effect of using Instagram?A) Feelings of inadequacy.B) Limited exposure to diverse perspectives.C) Improved communication skills.D) Increased feelings of loneliness and depression.3、What is the author’s attitude towards Instagram?A) Highly critical.B) Indifferent.C) Positive and supportive.D) Ambiguous.Answers:1、B) The negative effects of Instagram on social interactions.2、C) Improved communication skills.3、D) Ambiguous.第三题Reading Passage:In the small town of Greenfield, there was a long-standing tradition of the annual Greenfield Festival. The festival, which took place every autumn, broughttogether local artists, musicians, and performers from around the region. It was a time for celebration, a showcase of local talent, and a chance for the community to come together and enjoy the arts.One of the highlights of the festival was the “Greenfield Talent Show,” where local residents could audition to perform. This year, the talent show had a special twist: the winner would receive a scholarship to study music at a prestigious music school in the nearby city of Bluewater.Word Count: 102Questions:1、What is the main purpose of the Greenfield Festival?A) To promote tourism in GreenfieldB) To bring the community together and celebrate local artsC) To raise funds for charityD) To promote agricultural products2、Which event at the festival was of particular interest to this year’s participants?A) The art exhibitionB) The music concertC) The Greenfield Talent ShowD) The local craft fair3、What reward did the winner of the Greenfield Talent Show receive?A) A cash prizeB) A trip to the nearby cityC) A scholarship to study musicD) A trophyAnswers:1、B) To bring the community together and celebrate local arts2、C) The Greenfield Talent Show3、C) A scholarship to study music第四题Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The rise of e-commerce has revolutionized the way people shop and has had a significant impact on traditional brick-and-mortar stores. Online shopping has become increasingly popular due to its convenience and the vast variety of products available. However, this shift has also brought about challenges and changes in the retail industry.One of the main advantages of e-commerce is the convenience it offers. Customers can shop from the comfort of their own homes at any time of the day or night. This eliminates the need to travel to physical stores and wait in long queues. Additionally, online platforms often provide detailed product descriptions, customer reviews, and even virtual try-ons, which can help customers make more informed purchasing decisions.Despite these benefits, e-commerce has also presented challenges fortraditional retailers. Many have had to adapt to the changing landscape by investing in their online presence and offering competitive pricing and customer service. However, some have struggled to keep up and have been forced to close their doors.The retail industry is also witnessing a shift in consumer behavior. Customers are becoming more environmentally conscious and are increasingly looking for sustainable and ethical products. This has led to a rise ineco-friendly shopping options and a decline in demand for fast fashion.1.What is the main advantage of e-commerce mentioned in the passage?A) Competitive pricingB) ConvenienceC) Eco-friendly optionsD) Detailed product reviews2.How has e-commerce affected traditional brick-and-mortar stores?A) They have become more profitable.B) They have had to adapt and invest in online presence.C) They have seen a significant increase in foot traffic.D) They have closed down due to increased competition.3.What is the trend in consumer behavior mentioned in the passage?A) Customers are looking for more affordable products.B) Customers are becoming more environmentally conscious.C) Customers are preferring fast fashion over sustainable options.D) Customers are no longer interested in online shopping.Answers:1.B) Convenience2.B) They have had to adapt and invest in online presence.3.B) Customers are becoming more environmentally conscious.第五题Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.In recent years, there has been a growing interest in online education. This shift is primarily due to the convenience and flexibility it offers to students. Online courses allow individuals to learn at their own pace, from any location, and often at a lower cost compared to traditional in-person classes. However, despite these advantages, online learning also comes with its own set of challenges.One of the main concerns is the potential for reduced social interaction. In traditional classrooms, students have the opportunity to engage with their peers and professors, which can enhance their learning experience. Online students, on the other hand, may feel isolated and disconnected from the academic community. This can lead to a lack of motivation and engagement in the course material.Another challenge is the need for self-discipline. Online courses require students to be self-motivated and organized. Without the structure of a traditional classroom, students must set their own schedules and manage their time effectively. This can be difficult for some individuals, especially thosewho are accustomed to the routine of attending classes on campus.Despite these challenges, many online learners find that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. They appreciate the ability to work around their other commitments, such as full-time jobs or family responsibilities. Additionally, online courses often provide access to a wider range of resources and expertise than traditional courses.1.The primary reason for the growing interest in online education is:a) the opportunity for social interactionb) the flexibility and convenience it offersc) the lower cost compared to traditional in-person classesd) the access to a wider range of resources2.What is one of the main concerns mentioned about online learning?a) The convenience of learning at one’s own paceb) The potential for reduced social interactionc) The lower cost of online coursesd) The increased access to expertise3.According to the passage, which of the following is a challenge for online learners?a) The ease of engaging with peers and professorsb) The need for self-discipline and organizationc) The lower cost of online coursesd) The ability to work around other commitmentsAnswers:1.b) the flexibility and convenience it offers2.b) The potential for reduced social interaction3.b) The need for self-discipline and organization五、补全对话（本大题有5小题，每小题3分，共15分）第一题A: Excuse me, could you help me with some English vocabulary?B: Sure, I’d be happy to. What would you like to know about?A: I need to expand my vocabulary for the college entrance exam. Can you suggest some useful words for an “Adult Higher Education” (AHLE) English test?B: Absolutely! Here are a few words and phrases that are often included in such exams:1.(______) - a higher level of education beyond high school.2.(______) - a system of post-secondary education that allows working adults to earn degrees.3.(______) - a person who is studying or has studied at a college or university.4.(______) - a course or program of study that leads to a degree or certification.5.(______) - a test taken by students to gain admission to a college or university.A: Great, thanks! What should I write in the blank spaces?B:1.(______) - A higher level of education beyond high school.2.(______) - A system of post-secondary education that allows working adults to earn degrees.3.(______) - A person who is studying or has studied at a college or university.4.(______) - A course or program of study that leads to a degree or certification.5.(______) - A test taken by students to gain admission to a college or university.答案：1.Degree2.Adult Higher Education (AHLE)3.College student4.Curriculum5.Admission test解析：1.Degree - This word is used to describe a higher level of education, which is a key concept in the context of college education.2.Adult Higher Education (AHLE) - This specific term refers to the system that caters to working adults who wish to pursue further education.3.College student - This phrase describes someone who is currently or has been enrolled in a college or university.4.Curriculum - This word refers to the courses or program of study that an educational institution offers.5.Admission test - This term refers to the test that students must take to be admitted to a college or university, which is a common requirement for higher education.第二题1.A: I’m sorry, but I can’t help you with that right now.B: Why not?A: Because I’m currently in a meeting.B: Oh, I see. Well, can I leave you a message?A: Certainly, you can.B: Thank you. I’ll just write down my number and call you back after the meeting.A: That sounds good.B: Is there anything specific you need help with?A: Yes, actually. I need some information about the new software package our company is considering.B: Of course. Let me check if I have that information available.A: Alright, take your time.B: I should be able to find it for you. Just a moment, please.A: No problem.B: There we go. I have the information you need.A: Great, thanks. Can you send it to my email?B: Absolutely. I’ll send it over right now.A: Perfect. I appreciate your help.B: You’re welcome. Feel free to call back if you need anything else.A: Will do. Have a good meeting.B: You too. Goodbye.1.A: I’m sorry, but I can’t help you with that right now.B: Why not?A: Because I’m currently in a meeting.B: Oh, I see. Well, can I leave you a message?A: Certainly, you can.B: Thank you. I’ll just write down my number and call you back after the meeting.A: That sounds good.B: Is there anything specific you need help with?A: Yes, actually. I need some information about the new software package our company is considering.B: Of course. Let me check if I have that information available.A: Alright, take your time.B: I should be able to find it for you. Just a moment, please.A: No problem.B: There we go. I have the information you need.A: Great, thanks. Can you send it to my email?B: Absolutely. I’ll send it over right now.A: Perfect. I appreciate your help.B: You’re welc ome. Feel free to call back if you need anything else.A: Will do. Have a good meeting.B: You too. Goodbye.答案：解析：The correct continuation of the dialogue is B because it maintains the context of the original message and provides a logical progression of the conversation. It addresses the initial reason for the inability to assist and then moves on to offering a solution (leaving a message) and asking for further details about the assistance needed. The dialogue then proceeds with the person finding the information, offering to send it via email, and concluding with a friendly farewell.第三题A: Excuse me, I’m looking for the English section of the Adult College Entrance Examination. Can you help me?B: Sure, follow me. You need to go to the second floor and then turn right. The English section is located in Room 202.A: Oh, okay. Thank you. By the way, what time does the exam start?B: The exam will begin at 9:00 a.m. sharp. Make sure you arrive 30 minutes early to get settled.A: Got it. I’ll be there on t ime. One more thing, is there a specific roomfor the English exam?B: Yes, it’s Room 202 as well. You’ll see a sign indicating the English section.A: Perfect. Thanks again for your help.B: You’re welcome. Good luck with your exam!Answer:B: Yes, it’s Room 202 as well. You’ll see a sign indicating the English section.Explanation:In this dialogue, the student is asking for directions to the English section of the exam. The answer to the question is found in the response by the staff member. They confirm that the English exam is held in Room 202, as indicated by a sign, providing clear information to the student.第四题A: Excuse me, I seem to have misplaced my calculator. Can you help me find it?B: Sure, where do you think you might have left it?A: I was working on this problem for our math class, and I think I might have left it on the desk.B: Okay, let’s check the desk first. Is this the one you’re looking for?A: No, that’s not it. It was smaller and black.B: Alright, let’s look over there by the window. Do you see anything that。
高三英语科技发展单选题40题1. With the development of artificial intelligence, machines can ____ complex tasks much faster than humans.A. carry outB. carry onC. carry awayD. carry through答案解析：A。
carry out表示执行、开展，在句中表示机器能比人类更快地执行复杂任务，符合语境。
carry on表示继续进行，后面一般接with sth或者doing sth，在这里用法不符。
carry away表示拿走、使着迷，不符合句子要表达的意思。
carry through表示完成、使渡过难关，也不符合句子含义。
2. Quantum computing has the potential to ____ many traditional computing limitations.A. break throughB. break downC. break upD. break out答案解析：A。
break through表示突破，量子计算有突破传统计算限制的潜力，符合题意。
break down表示分解、出故障等，break up 表示分手、打碎等，break out表示爆发，这三个选项均不符合句子语境。
3. The new technology in self - driving cars allows them to ____ various obstacles on the road.A. get aroundB. get overC. get throughD. get across答案解析：A。
get around表示避开、绕过，自动驾驶汽车的新技术能让它们避开路上的各种障碍。
get over表示克服（困难等），get through表示通过（考试等）、接通（电话等），get across表示使被理解，均不符合句子意思。
广东省华附省实广雅深中四校2023-2024学年高二下学期期末联考英语试题一、单项选择1．After months of hard work and preparation, the company finally saw its business ________, attracting numerous investments.A．take up B．take over C．take off D．take in2．________ in the planning process for the group project will leave team members feeling disconnected and unproductive.A．Not involving B．Not involvedC．Not having involved D．Not being involved3．It is reported that a new wildlife conservation area has been established in ________ was once known for deforestation to protect endangered species.A．what B．which C．how D．where4．________ a healthy eating habit, and you can feel more energetic and improve your well-being.A．Have B．To have C．Having D．Had5．________ unique project, ________ of a series of experiments, is designed to investigate the potential of AI in identifying medical conditions.A．An; consists B．A; consists C．An; consisting D．A; consisting 6．The thrilling moment ________ Susan cherishes most is ________ she reached the peak of the mountain and appreciated the untouched wilderness below.A．that; when B．which; why C．where; when D．what; why 7．The new Guangzhou Cultural Museum, ________ a collection of historical relics from various dynasties, ________ visitors with its rich cultural heritage.A．housing; collects B．featuring; attracts C．displayed; gathersD．contained; fascinates8．By the time she ________ next year, Sarah ________ three internships, giving her a strong foundation for her career in finance.A．graduate; will complete B．graduates; will have completedC．graduated; will be completed D．graduating; will be completing9．________ mutual understanding, cultural exchange programs ________ among the countries participating in the meeting currently.A．Strengthening; is introduced B．Strengthened; is being introducedC．Having strengthened; are introduced D．To strengthen; are being introduced10．________ the weather is like, the marathon will continue as planned, with participants________ to prepare for rain or shine.A．Whatever; advised B．However; advisedC．No matter what; being advised D．No matter how; being advised11．A recent survey ________ 60% of US respondents believed social media platforms were evolving too fast, ________ 80% urged caution in introducing new features.A．shows, since B．has shown, so C．showed, while D．had shown, as 12．________ data leaks have become more common, worries about privacy are growing, and the chance ________ a person’s private details are at risk is getting higher.A．Given that; whether B．Now that; thatC．But that; whether D．Except that; that13．The information board ________ that all drones (无人机) under 250 grams must be registered with the local flight agency before ________ in public areas.A．reads; flew B．read; being flown C．reads; flying D．read; flying14．________ governments have addressed the problem of affordable housing ________ their commitment to providing accessible living options for all citizensA．What; reflects B．That; reflects C．There; reflected D．Whether; reflected 15．Novels by authors such as Dickens and Austen are widely read, some of ________ works, however, are sometimes difficult ________.A．which, to comprehend B．whose, to comprehendC．which, to be comprehended D．whose, to be comprehended二、阅读理解There are many scientific breakthroughs made by women in the Antarctic. Here are four landmarks in Antarctica and the female pioneers they’re named after.Jones TerraceThe ice-free terrace in eastern Antarctica’s Victoria Land bears Jones’ name. In 1969, geochemist Lois M. Jones led the first all-female research team from the U. S. to work in Antarctica. Jones and her team studied chemical weathering in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, an ice-free area of Antarctica. Through chemical analyses of rocks they had collected, Jones and her team discovered many geochemical characteristics of the valley’s ice-covered lakes.Mount Fiennes8,202-foot-high Mount Fiennes, located on Antarctica’s largest island — Alexander Island — is named after Ginny Fiennes. She established and maintained 80-foot-tall radio towers in the Antarctic with her colleagues. In 1985, Fiennes became the first female invited to join the Antarctic Club, a British supper club open to individuals who have spent extended time in the Antarctic region.Francis PeakThe 3,727-foot-tall peak on Antarctica’s Adelaide Island is named after Dame Jane Francis, who is the first female director of the British Antarctic Survey, the national polar research institute of the UK. Her collection of fossils on Seymour Island helped conclude in a 2021 paper that Antarctica’s abundant plant fossils indicate the continent once had a much warmer climate than it currently does.Peden CliffsPeden Cliffs near Antarctica’s Marie Byrd Land are proof of the labor of Irene Peden. She was the first American female scientist to both live and work in the Antarctic, where she used radio waves to study ice sheets. Peden and her team determined how very low frequency radio wave spread over long polar distances by measuring pathways in the ice. They also used varying radio wave frequencies to measure the thickness of Antarctica’s ice sheets.16．What do the first two pioneers have in common?A．They analyzed different chemicals of rocks in Antarctica.B．They both worked with their own team in Antarctica.C．They conducted the research in the ice-free areas in Antarctica.D．They joined the Antarctic Club for their stay in Antarctica.17．Who proved the previous higher temperatures of the Antarctic?A．Lois M. Jones.B．Ginny Fiennes.C．Dame Jane Francis.D．Irene Peden.18．What is the scientific breakthrough of Irene Peden?A．She was the first American scientist to explore the Antarctic.B．She measured the spreading frequencies of radio waves.C．She found out the thickness of Antarctica’s ice sheets.D．She discovered a lot of ice-covered lakes in the Antarctic.Canadian author Alice Munro, a master of the contemporary short story, passed away on May 13, 2024, at 92.Munro’s texts featured depictions of everyday but decisive events, pulling vast themes out of ordinary settings. Her characters often mirrored her own rural Ontario lifestyle. In an interview after winning the Nobel Prize, she said that living in a small town gave her the freedom to write. “I don’t think I could have been so brave if I had been living in a city, competing with people on what can be called a generally higher cultural level,” she said. “As far as I knew, at least for a while, I was the only person I knew who wrote stories.”Munro’s first short story was published when she was 37, a college dropout squeezing in writing time around her children’s naps. By the time she was in her 60s, she had become one of the most celebrated short-story writers in the world. Throughout her long career, she hardly ever failed to wow readers and critics with her quietly powerful language. In reviewing her last collection, Dear Life, NPR critic Alan Cheuse wrote “A Munro story gives us so much life within the bounds of a single tale that it nourishes (滋养) us almost as much as a novel does.”In a literary culture that tends to celebrate novels over shorter fiction, Munro has been a constant advocate for the power of the short story. In the interview, Munro emphasized the significance of her win not for herself, but for her art form: “I really hope this would make people see the short story as an important art, not just something you play around with until you get a novel written.”When asked “Do you want young women to be inspired by your books and feel inspired to write?” Munro replied, “I don’t care about that. I want people to find not so much inspiration as great joy. I want them to think of my books as related to their own lives in ways.”19．Why did Munro feel free to write while living in rural areas?A．She was inspired by rural landscape and lifestyles.B．She was free from stress of a more cultured setting.C．She had more courage to compete with urban writers.D．She had access to ordinary people and decisive events.20．What did Alan Cheuse say about Munro’s stories in Dear Life?A．They promote readers’ mental well-being.B．They have broken the length limit of short stories.C．They impress readers with quietly powerful language.D．They offer richness and depth in shorter format.21．How did Munro view the short story in literary culture?A．It is more powerful than novels.B．It is a way of entertainment for young writers.C．It is as important an art form as novels.D．It is an inspiration for young writers. 22．What did Munro want readers to get by reading her books?A．Inspiration to become writers themselves.B．Enjoyment and connection to their own lives.C．Pleasure and motivation to change their lives.D．Information about art forms and literary culture.Handwriting notes in class might seem old-fashioned as digital technology affects nearly every aspect of learning. But a recent study in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that taking notes with pen and paper is still the best way to learn, especially for young children.The new research builds on a 2014 study that suggested people may type notes quickly, without thinking much about what they’re writing-but writing by hand is slower and makes them actively pay attention to and process the incoming information. This conscious action of building on existing knowledge can make it easier for students to stay engaged and grasp new concepts.To understand specific brain-activity differences during the two note-taking approaches, the authors of the new study sewed 256 electrodes (电极) into a hairnet. These sensors let the scientists record 36 students’ brain activity as they wrote or typed words displayed on a screen. When students wrote by hand, the sensors picked up widespread brain connectivity throughout visual regions that receive and process sensory information, and the motor cortex (运动皮层) that helps the brain use environmental inputs to inform a person’s next action. Typing, however, resulted in minimal activity in these brain regions.Vanderbilt University educational neuroscientist Sophia Vinci-Booher says the recent studyhighlights the clear tie between physical actions and concept understanding, “As you’re writing a word, you’re taking this continuous understanding of something and using motor system to create it.” That creation then affects the visual system, where it’s processed again-strengthening the connection between an action and the words associated with it.Vinci-Booher notes that the new findings don’t mean technology is always a disadvantage in the classroom. Digital devices can be more efficient for writing essays and offer more equal access to educational resources. However, there’s a growing trend of relying on digital devices to perform cognitive (认知的) tasks, such as taking photos instead of memorizing information. Yadurshana Sivashankar, an researcher at the University of Waterloo says, “If we’re not actively using these areas, then they are going to become worse over time, whether it’s memory or motor skills.”23．Why does the author mention the 2014 study?A．To present different research findings.B．To make the new research more convincing C．To compare two note taking approaches.D．To show the advantage of writing slowly 24．What can be learned from the experiment in Paragraph 3?A．Sensors were used to process visual information.B．Electrodes were connected to students’ hair directly.C．Writing by hand activated more brain activity than typing.D．Typing stimulated the motor cortex to inform following action.25．What would Sophia Vinci-Booher probably advise students to do?A．Make better use of motor system.B．Take advantage of digital devices.C．Adopt a new approach to taking notes.D．Memorize words by writing essays. 26．What is the main idea of the text?A．Technology is not a disadvantage in classroom.B．Writing by hand comes with learning benefits.C．Taking notes enhances students’ brain activity.D．Two note-taking approaches have clear differences.The more scientists investigate the microbes (微生物) living inside us, the more they learn about the surprising impact of the tiny organisms on how we look, act, think, and feel. Are ourhealth and well-being really driven by the bacteria, viruses and fungi that live in our intestines (肠), in our lungs, on our skin, on our eyeballs? What a weird concept — that the bugs we carry around appear to be essential to establishing the basic nature of who we are.The effects of the microbiome, the microorganisms that exist in human body, can be profound and can start incredibly early. In a study, scientists showed that something supposedly as natural as a child’s character might be related to the bacteria in an infant’s digestive system; the more Bifidobacterium (双歧杆菌) there are, the sunnier the baby is. This observation, from the University of Turku in Finland, is based on an analysis of samples from 301 babies. Those with the highest proportion of Bifidobacterium organisms at two months old were more likely to exhibit a trait the researchers called “positive emotionality” at six months old.Microbiome science is still relatively young. Most studies so far have been initial and small-scale, involving only a dozen or so mice or humans. Scientists have found associations between the microbiome and disease but can’t yet draw clear cause-and-effect conclusions about our extensive collection of microorganisms and their effects on us as hosts. Still, the collection itself is mind-boggling — it’s now thought to be around 38 trillion microbes for a typical young adult male, slightly more than the number of actual human cells. And the prospects for putting that collection to use are more than promising.In the not-too-distant future, according to the most enthusiastic researchers, it might be a routine for us to take a dose of healthy microbes in various forms. Hopefully, with the help of new medical advances, we will be able to achieve our full potential by functioning at peak levels internally and externally.27．What can we learn about microbiome?A．The development of microbiome is quite mature nowadays.B．The more Bifidobacterium an adult has, the healthier one is.C．More microbes than human cells are present in young men.D．Microbes have little influence on shaping our identity28．What does the underlined word “mind-boggling” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A．Weakening.B．Astonishing.C．Disturbing.D．Misleading. 29．What can be inferred from the text?A．It’s necessary to remove certain fungi from our body.B．2-month-old babies are often more positive than 6-month-old ones.C．New supplements related to microbiome are likely being developedD．The relationship between microorganisms and disease remains unclear.30．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．How microbes benefit our health.B．How microbes shape our lives.C．What affects early childhood.D．What Turku University reveals about microbes.On a large scale, making the world a better place can seem challenging. 31 As a leader, your perspectives and ideas can directly impact your community for the better. Here are some ways to make an impact and grow your leadership through emotional intelligence.32 Being able to provide a safe space through deep listening creates trust, which lays the foundation for meaningful relationships and fruitful partnerships. As a result, people are more likely to share openly and honestly. Empathy and listening will increase the quality of your relationships and skyrocket your results.Making a positive impact can also be as simple as taking the time to acknowledge and inspire someone into action. Taking time to acknowledge someone by letting them know you see their efforts and talents. 33 An example of what this could sound like is, “Wow! I am blown away by your project. What I see possible for you is to share with the rest of the team how to do it too.”Get involved with your already existing communities and networking circles. Start by connecting with your peers and ask them about causes they’re already involved in. 34 There is almost no limit to the impact you can create contributing to a cause that matters to you and your peers. With a little time, you can make a big difference.Sharing your knowledge and strengths is another essential skill. When you share with others, you’re teaching them something special about you and your journey. Imagine what would be possible if your community was in the mode of cooperation and contribution. This approach creates new ideas and opportunities. 35A．Show your kindness and respect to others.B．This informs them that they are appreciated.C．As your conversation continues, ask what is needed.D．Support your friends and colleagues by listening actively.E．When you are in contribution to others, you make a positive impact.F．As a leader, you have your own unique set of strengths and knowledge.G．One person may not change the world, but you can make a positive impact daily.三、完形填空At one night in July 2020 in Reykjavik, Halli was wandering around the city’s main street with his wife and two kids. During their walk, his three-year-old son was 36 and wanted a drink from the corner store. But Halli soon discovered he couldn’t help with the 37 request: A 20-centimetre step 38 his access to the store.The barrier was all too 39 . Born with muscular dystrophy (肌肉萎缩), which causes progressive 40 and loss of muscle, Halli, now 46, has been using a wheelchair since he was 25.As he 41 his wife and children outside the shop, he recalls, “I thought about how very strange it is that we always 42 families in this way.”Living all over the world as a creative director and digital designer, Halli had 43 first hand how different cities consider and plan for accessibility, from ramps (坡道) and sidewalks to public transportation. He decided to start with a project to make Iceland wheelchair 44 .Ramp Up Reykjavik launched as a non-profit in 2021 with a 45 to build 100 ramps within 1 year. Unlike temporary solutions in other cities, these ramps are 46 structures that match the beauty of buildings.With the help of government funding and other sponsors, the Ramp Up team finished ahead of schedule and has 47 its scope to all of Iceland. In three short years, Hali has become a 48 in his hometown. Halli is proud that Ramp Up has 49 others to act. “Equal access to society is 50 not something that is a reality yet,” says Hali. But as he’s learned, change starts with just one person.36．A．anxious B．thirsty C．exhausted D．hungry37．A．special B．funny C．simple D．childish 38．A．replaced B．ruined C．supported D．blocked 39．A．surprising B．familiar C．unique D．complex 40．A．weakness B．depression C．strength D．trouble 41．A．waited for B．listened to C．worried about D．searched for 42．A．reject B．protect C．separate D．connect 43．A．ignored B．recorded C．questioned D．witnessed 44．A．accessible B．attractive C．effective D．practical 45．A．treatment B．limitation C．goal D．rule 46．A．convenient B．permanent C．formal D．useful 47．A．broadened B．hidden C．narrowed D．deepened 48．A．master B．legend C．success D．expert 49．A．prevented B．persuaded C．forced D．motivated 50．A．fortunately B．definitely C．eventually D．regularly四、语法填空语法填空When discussing global education systems, Finland stands out for 51 (it) high-ranking performance in international assessments and holistic (全面的) approach to education. The Finnish curriculum prioritizes essential life skills such as 52 (creative), cooperation, critical thinking, and communication. Additionally, Finnish schools 53 (emphasis) social and emotional skills like empathy and self-confidence, ensuring students are well-rounded and prepared for real-world challenges.Finland’s education system values cooperation 54 competition, fostering a cooperative learning environment 55 students learn from and support each other. Meanwhile, Finnish teachers enjoy freedom to design their course, which allows them 56 (tailor) their teaching methods to meet their students’ unique needs. This trust in teachers, combined with the cooperative learning environment, 57 (promote) innovation, continuous improvement, and collective responsibility for student success.58 , to imitate Finland’s success requires careful consideration of contextual factors and systemic differences. Finland’s model shows that comprehensive education, 59 (profession) trust, and cooperation are key to 60 (secure) long-term student success.五、书信写作61．上周六，你校组织了“走进社区”实践活动。
第24卷第4期2007年12月采矿与安全工程学报Journal of Mining &Safety EngineeringVol.24No.4Dec.2007收稿日期:2007-05-11基金项目:国家重点基础研究发展规划(973)项目(2007CB209400);国家自然科学基金项目(50574090);国家自然科学基金重点项目(50634050)作者简介:缪协兴(19592),男,江苏省江阴市人,教授,博士生导师,工学博士,国家“973计划”项目首席科学家,从事力学与采矿工程方面的研究.E 2m ail :xxmiao @ T el :0516283885058 文章编号:167323363(2007)0420379204矸石充填采煤中的矿压显现规律分析缪协兴1,张吉雄2(1.中国矿业大学深部岩土力学与地下工程国家重点实验室,江苏徐州 221008;2.中国矿业大学能源与安全工程学院,江苏徐州 221116)摘要:井下矸石直接用于充填置换“三下”压煤,是绿色开采体系中的重要内容之一.本文简单介绍了综采矸石充填采煤和普采矸石充填采煤方法;在大量矸石碎胀与压实特性试验基础上提出了矸石充填开采等价采高的概念,因而可以用传统矿压理论和地表沉陷预计的方法分析矸石充填开采中的采场矿压和地表沉陷的极限量;通过理论分析和现场实测等得到,矸石充填开采与同类地质条件下非充填开采相比,可显著降低采场矿压与地表沉陷显现的剧烈程度及绝对值,能开采用传统采煤方法无法采出的“三下”压煤.关键词:矸石充填采煤;采场矿压;岩层移动;“三下”开采中图分类号:TD 323;TD 823.7 文献标识码:AAnalysis of St rata Behavior in t he Process of Coal Miningby Gangue BackfillingM IAO Xie 2xing 1,ZHAN G Ji 2xiong 2(1.State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics &Deep Underground Engineering ,China University of Mining &Technology ,Xuzhou ,Jiangsu 221008,China ;2.School of Mining and Safety Engineering ,China University of Mining &Technology ,Xuzhou ,Jiangsu 221008,China )Abstract :The gangue backfilling technology directly using gangue to replace coal buried under buildings ,railways ,and water bodies is very important in green mining.The mining met hods wit h gangue backfilling in bot h t he f ully 2mechanized coal mining (FMCM )and t he convention 2ally mechanized coal mining (CMCM )are briefly int roduced in t his paper.According to a great number of test s on bulking and compaction properties of gangues ,we p roposed t he conception of equivalent mining t hickness in coal mining by gangue backfilling so t hat t he t raditional rock pressure t heory and t he p rediction met hod for ground subsidence may be used to analyze t he maximum values of st rata behavior and ground subsidence.From t heoretical analysis and t he in 2situ measurement ,we have obtained that the coal mining by gangue backfilling may obviously de 2crease the severe degree of the strata behavior and ground subsidence compared wit h t he coal mining wit hout using t he gangue backfilling under t he same geological conditions.What is more ,t he gangue backfilling technology can be used to exploit t ho se coal seams under buildings ,rail 2ways ,and water bodies which can not be mined out by using t raditional mining met hod.K ey w ords :coal mining wit h gangue backfilling ;gro und p ressure around coal face ;strata movement ;mining under buildings ,railways and water bodies采矿与安全工程学报第24卷 矸石充填采煤技术是针对我国煤矿开采存在的“三下”压煤问题、煤矸石排放问题和土地资源问题而开发出来的绿色采煤技术[1]之一,首先在新汶矿区实施并取得成功.目前,全国“三下”压煤达137亿t ,新汶矿区“三下”压煤高达2.67亿t ,占可采储量的70%.全国国有重点煤矿村下压煤52.2亿t.采用条带开采“三下”压煤,采出率只有30%左右.我国煤矿现有矸石山1600余座,堆积量约45亿t ,占地约15khm 2.目前每年矸石产生量约为1.5～2.0亿t ,约占地300～400hm 2.新汶矿区的煤流矸石高达30%～40%.每年由于煤炭开采塌陷土地面积约4万hm 2左右.目前,受煤炭开采下沉影响的土地面积达60万hm 2左右,直接经济损失约20亿元.矸石充填采煤是一种全新的采煤技术,其采场矿压和地表沉陷显现规律[223]与传统开采有着显著的差异,本文着重研究其显现规律和差异比较.1 矸石充填采煤方法1.1 综采矸石充填采煤综采矸石充填采煤的工艺流程为:由井下运矸系统将矸石输送上悬挂在综采支架后部的充填溜子,再由充填溜子的漏矸孔将矸石充入采空区,而综采支架掩护的工作面割煤运煤系统完全与普通综采相同,采煤与充填可实现并行作业.综采矸石充填支架与普通综采支架的区别在于后部不设掩护梁,取而代之的是较短的平直尾梁,并在尾梁上悬挂充填溜子.充填溜子是由刮板运输机底部开设漏矸孔方式设计而成.充填支架和充填溜子井下工况见图1.图1 综采矸石充填井下概况Fig.1 Working condition of undergroundbackfilling in FMCM1.2 普采矸石充填采煤普采充填技术的关键是在单体支柱支护下的采空区布置自行研发的高速抛矸系统,可实现采煤与抛矸充填并行作业.普采矸石充填开采工作面布置见图2.图2 普采矸石充填开采工作面布置Fig.2 Layout of backfilling working face by CMCM 普采矸石充填采煤工艺更能适应复杂的地质采矿条件,在3m 以下的采高情况下,采空区的充实率要高于综采矸石充填.2 采场矿压与地表沉陷规律2.1 矸石的碎胀与压实特性在研究中,采用自行开发的矸石碎胀与压实特性实验装置[426],对取自现场的矸石岩样测试了其多项力学特性.例如:图3a 显示的矸石碎胀系数与压应力关系,图3b 显示的矸石孔隙率与压应力关系,图3c 显示的矸石应力应变关系.图中g 1,g 3,g 5表示不同的矸石颗粒级配.图3 矸石的力学特性Fig.3 Mechanical characteristics of gangues 综合归纳起来,矸石的碎胀系数k 一般为1.30～1.40;矸石的残余碎胀系数k ′一般为1.10～1.15.83 第4期缪协兴等:矸石充填采煤中的矿压显现规律分析为了对比分析采场矿压与岩层移动(地表沉陷)的需要,引出等价采高的概念,即:等价采高为实际采高减去采空区充填矸石压实后的高度.这样,综采矸石充填等价采高H z为H z=h z+(k-k′)(H-h z),(1)式中:H z为综采矸石充填等阶采高;h z为综采矸石充填空顶距;H为实际采高.普采矸石充填等价采高H p为H p=h p+(k-k′)(H-h p),(2)式中:H p为普采矸石充填等阶采高;h p为普采矸石充填空顶距.以新汶矿区实际矸石充填开采为例,一般实测充填开采空顶距为h z=0.30～0.40m,h p=0.20～0.30m. 而当H=2.0m时有H z=0.64m,H p=0.56m. 也就是,当实际采高为2m时,矸石充填开采等同于开采0.5～0.6m的极薄煤层,因而其采场矿压与地表沉陷规律会显著区别于同类非充填开采.2.2 采场矿压显现规律1)支架载荷分析由等价采高的概念,就可很容易推导出充填开采与普通开采的支架载荷之比.支架的极限载荷为冒落顶板的重量,则有综采矸石充填和普采矸石充填支架载荷Q z与Q p分别为Q z=γΔz=αγH z,(3)Q p=γΔp=αγH p,(4)式中:γ为岩层的容重;Δz为综采矸石充填直接顶冒高;Δp为普采矸石充填直接顶冒高;α为冒高与采高之比.因此,以综采为例,充填与非充填开采支架的被动载荷之比η为η=αγH zαγH=H zH. 在新汶矿区,以2m采高为例,则有η=0.25～0.33.2)实测矿压对比对新汶矿区普采矸石充填开采与类似条件非充填普采矿压进行了实测对比,具体结果见表1.从表1中可以看到,充填开采时采场顶板下沉速度、下沉量以及两巷采动影响范围比非充填开采有十分显著的降低.表1 普采矸石充填开采与类似条件非充填开采矿压实测情况T able1 G round pressure comparisonbetw een f illed and unf illed by CMCM比较项目非充面充填面支柱阻力/t平均值最大平均值12.517.313.516.8顶板下沉量/mm平均值最大平均值159.3186.242.559.8顶板下沉速度/(mm・h-1)平均值最大平均值3.799.800.020.07动压影响范围/m平均值最大平均值25.322.610.18.5 对新汶矿区综采矸石充填开采与类似条件非充填综采矿压也进行了实测对比.工作面超前支承压力对比曲线见图4,工作面巷道顶底板及两帮移近量对比曲线见图5.图4 工作面超前支承压力对比曲线Fig.4 Advancing abutment comparisonin workingface图5 工作面巷道移近量Fig.5 Roadway convergence in working face 从图4中可以看到,在工作面前方支承压力对比曲线中,无论支承压力的影响范围还是峰值,充填开采都显著低于非充填开采,峰值仅为非完全开采的20%左右.从图5中可以看到,在工作面巷道采动变形对比曲线中,充填开采的收敛变形明显低于非充填开采,最大收敛变形面积仅为非充开采的30%左右.183采矿与安全工程学报第24卷 2.3 地表沉陷分析在新汶矿区矸石充填开采实践中,其中十分重要的控制指标之一是地表沉陷参数.引入等价采高的概念,采用传统地表沉陷预计方法,分别对综采矸石充填采区和普采矸石充填采区的地表沉陷进行预计和实测分析.综采矸石充填采区在村镇下面,采深700m,采高1.9～2.1m,其地表沉陷预计与实测情况见表2.从表2中可以看到,如非充填开采,地面变形等级则要达到Ⅱ级,必需对村镇实施搬迁;采用矸石充填开采,则地面变形等级仅为经微的Ⅰ级,无需对房屋实施加固或维修.目前,该采区已接近充分采动,实测到的地表变形量很小.表2 某村镇下综采矸石充填地表移动预计与实测T able2 G round movement forecast and measurementaround a tow n in FMCM with gangue b ackf illing比较项目 全高开采预计综采充填预计综采充填实测最大下沉量/mm108042018最大水平变形/(mm・m-1)20.80.01建筑物破坏等级ⅡⅠ 普采矸石充填采区在工业广场下面,采深450m,采高1.6～1.8m,其地表沉陷预计与实测情况见表3.从表3中可以看到,如非充填开采,地面变形等级则要达到Ⅱ级,也即无法实施本区域开采;采用充填开采,则地面变形等级仅为轻微的Ⅰ级,开采对该工业广场的影响不大.目前,该采区已充分采动,实测到的地表变形量很小.表3 某工业广场下普采矸石充填地表移动预计与实测T able3 G round movement forecast and measurement around an industrial squ are in CMCM with gangue b ackf illing比较项目 全高开采预计普采充填预计普采充填实测最大下沉量/mm96518015最大水平变形/(mm・m-1)30.60.01建筑物破坏等级ⅡⅠ3 结 论1)矸石充填开采,既可采用综采方式,也可采用普采方式.在连续的供矸前提下,综采矸石充填采煤可以达到高产高效生产指标.普采矸石充填采煤工艺能适应各种复杂的采矿地质条件,也具有较广泛的推广应用前景.2)运用等价采高的概念,可以将矸石充填开采视为极薄煤层开采,则可用传统矿压理论与地表沉陷预计等方法分析矸石充填开采中的矿压显现和地表沉陷规律.这是一种极限分析方法,得到的支架载荷、巷道变形、支承压力以及地表变形等参数都是其上限值.3)无论是理论分析,还是实测对比,都可看到,实施矸石充填开采后,显著降低了采场矿压的显现剧烈程度和绝对值.例如,显著降低工作面两巷的最大收敛变形量和支承压力的影响范围及峰值,实际中已没有十分明显的周期来压的情况.更为重要的是严格控制了地表沉陷变形量,用传统开采方法需要搬迁房屋的村镇下压煤或无法采出的工厂下压煤也能安全高效和高回收率采出.参考文献:[1] 钱鸣高,许家林,缪协兴.煤矿绿色开采技术[J].中国矿业大学学报,2003,32(4):3432348.QIAN Ming2gao,XU Jia2lin,MIAO Xie2xing.Greentechnique in coal mining[J].Journal of China Univer2sity of Mining&Technology,2003,32(4):3432348.[2] 钱鸣高,刘听成.矿山压力及其控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1991.[3] 何国清,杨 伦,凌庚娣,等.矿山开采沉陷学[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1991.[4] 缪协兴,茅献彪,胡光伟,等.岩石(煤)的碎胀与压实特性研究[J].实验力学,1997,12(3):3942399.MIAO Xie2xing,MAO Xian2biao,HU Guang2wei,et al.Research on broken expand and press solidcharacteristics of rocks and coals[J].Journal of Ex2 perimental Mechanics,1997,12(3):3942399.[5] 张振南,缪协兴,葛修润.松散岩块压实破碎规律的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(3):4512455.ZHAN G Zhen2nan,MIAO Xie2xing,GE Xiu2run.Testing study on compaction breakage of loose rockblocks[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2005,24(3):4512455.[6] 马占国,浦 海,张 帆,等.煤矸石压实特性研究[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2003,20(1):95296.MA Zhan2guo,PU Hai,ZHAN G Fan,et al.Study on the compaction characteristics of broken coal waste[J].Ground Pressure and Strata Control,2003,20(1):95296.283。
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小学上册英语下册试卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The symbol for molybdenum is _____.2.The cat loves to explore _____ new places.3.The chemical formula for silver bromide is _______.4.I like to ride my ________ (摩托车) on weekends.5.In a chemical reaction, the rearrangement of atoms leads to the formation of new_____.6.The moon is ___. (full)7.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. Mississippi8.What is the capital of Italy?A. RomeB. VeniceC. FlorenceD. Milan答案:A9.The ancient Romans used _____ to entertain their citizens.10.The _____ (火烈鸟) is a beautiful bird.11.The __________ is a large lake located in Canada. (安大略湖)12.The invention of the printing press revolutionized the spread of __________. (知识)13.I enjoy playing __________ with my family. (游戏)14.The ____ lives in the wild and is very fast.15.What is the name of the famous American singer known for "Ain't No Mountain High Enough"?A. Diana RossB. Aretha FranklinC. Tina TurnerD. Whitney Houston答案:A16. c Ocean is found near the ________ (北冰洋位于________附近). The Arct17. A solution that has a higher concentration of solute than the solvent is called a______ solution.18.The __________ (历史的记录者) document our journeys.19.I can ______ (solve) math problems quickly.20. e of Liberty was a gift from ________ to the United States. The Ston21.I enjoy _____ (购物).22.My cousin is a ______. She loves to help others succeed.23.What do you call a person who plays music?A. MusicianB. SingerC. PerformerD. All of the above答案:D24.What do we call a young guinea pig?A. PupB. KitC. CalfD. Baby答案:D Baby25. A _____ (植物历史) can provide context for their importance.26.What do we call the main character in a play or story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. Supporting characterD. Narrator27.Egypt is famous for its ancient ________ (埃及以其古老的________) and pyramids.28.Let’s go ________ to eat ice cream.29.I see a _______ (fox) in the distance.30.The process of ______ can change the landscape over time.31.The Earth's surface is constantly changing due to a variety of ______.32.The ________ is important for navigation on the seas.33.My aunt is a ______. She loves to teach children.34.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fantastic way to learn.35.The ________ was a major event that led to the founding of the United Nations.36.My ______ loves to explore new technologies.37.My mom always gives me __________ (鼓励) when I'm down.38.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. RectangleD. Circle答案:B39.The measure of how much space an object occupies is called ______.40.The __________ is part of the brain that controls movement.41. A __________ (化学职业) offers diverse opportunities in various fields.42.The __________ (非洲) has many diverse cultures and languages.43.I think technology is amazing, especially __________ because __________.44.What is the boiling point of water?A. 50°CB. 100°CC. 150°CD. 200°C答案:B45.What kind of animal is a frog?A. MammalB. ReptileC. AmphibianD. Fish答案:C46.What do we use to write on paper?A. PaintB. PencilC. GlueD. Tape47.There are many __________ in the garden.48. A _______ (小狼) learns to hunt from its parents.49.The ________ is a small, quiet creature.50.I like to watch the ______ at night.51.What do we call the place where we watch movies?A. TheaterB. ParkC. MallD. Playground52.My pet parrot can _________ (说话).53.What is the capital of Greece?A. AthensB. RomeC. IstanbulD. Cairo54.What is the primary color of a lime?A. YellowB. GreenC. RedD. Orange55.What do you call a baby dog?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CubD. Foal56.My cat loves to chase after ______ (光点).57.My best friend is _______ (funny/sad).58.The chemical formula for ammonia is ______.59.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle答案:B60.We hear ___ (birds/planes) flying.61.What do you call a large body of saltwater?A. LakeB. SeaC. OceanD. River62.The backbone protects the ______ in animals.63.What do you call the story of someone's life?A. NovelB. BiographyC. FantasyD. Poem答案:B64.What shape is a basketball?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Oval答案:C65.We have a ______ (有趣的) discussion in class.66.I love to watch _____ (小动物) explore their surroundings.67.The chemical symbol for yttrium is ______.68.What do we call the warm-blooded animals that lay eggs?A. MammalsB. ReptilesC. BirdsD. Fish答案:C Birds69.The owl's exceptional hearing allows it to hunt effectively in ________________ (黑暗).70.We celebrate ________ (New Year) with fireworks.71. A lever can help lift a ______.72.What do we call a person who studies the past?A. HistorianB. ArchaeologistC. AnthropologistD. Sociologist73.Which animal is known for its long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. Polar BearD. Kangaroo答案:B74. A turtle can live for many ______ (年).75.The chemical symbol for bromine is ______.76.Which beverage is made from leaves?A. CoffeeB. TeaC. JuiceD. Soda77. A _____ (植物监测) program helps track plant health.78.What type of animal is a dolphin?A. FishB. MammalC. ReptileD. Bird79.The ancient Greeks held ________ in honor of their gods.80.What do we use to brush our teeth?A. ShampooB. ToothbrushC. SoapD. Comb答案:B81.I have a toy _______ that can change shapes and forms for fun.82.The __________ is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.83.The ________ has a sharp smell.84.Bubbles forming in a solution may indicate a ________ reaction.85.The _______ of sound can be amplified with a speaker.86.I enjoy cooking ______ (传统) dishes from my culture.87.The ______ is a key part of the food chain.88.What is the name of the popular board game where you try to take over the world?A. RiskB. MonopolyC. Settlers of CatanD. Clue答案:A89.My toy ____ can play music and dance! (玩具名称)90.Astrobiology studies the possibility of ______ life in the universe.91.The children are _____ at the playground. (playing)92.I enjoy painting with ______ (水彩) because it creates beautiful ____________ (色彩).93.I enjoy _______ (参加) science clubs.94.What do you call the center of an atom?A. NeutronB. ProtonC. NucleusD. Electron答案:C95.canopy) of a forest is formed by the tops of trees. The ____96.What color is the sky?A. BlueB. GreenC. RedD. Yellow97.What is the color of snow?A. BlueB. YellowC. WhiteD. Green答案:C98.The chemical symbol for cobalt is __________.99.What is the name of the popular animated film about a girl who becomes a princess?A. MoanaB. CinderellaC. FrozenD. Snow White答案:C100.What do you call a young goat?A. KidB. CalfC. LambD. Puppy答案:A。
下煤层充填开采充实率设计的数值模拟王冰;郭广礼;李怀展;郭庆彪【摘要】多煤层开采时,下煤层充填开采效果会直接影响地表移动变形值。
充实率越高,地表缓沉效果越明显,但其开采成本也越高。
基于此矛盾点,利用FLAC3D 数值模拟软件,系统地研究了某矿区下煤层不同充实率方案时地表移动变形值的变化规律。
实验结果表明：①随着充实率的提高,地表移动变形值是呈负指数函数减小的,直至趋于某值后不再变化；②在充实率为80%时,地表最大下沉值为750 mm、最大倾斜变形值为1．5 mm/m、最大水平移动值为1．4 mm/m,均满足规程要求。
不仅能保证地面建(构)筑物的安全,还能达到最优的经济效益。
研究成果对于指导下煤层充填开采具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。
%The filling effect of lower coal seam directly affects the surface movement and deformation in the multi-coal seam mining. The higher ratio of backfilling is,the more obviously the effect of surface subsidence decreases,but the higher the mining cost becomes. In view of this contradiction,and based on the FLAC3D numerical simulation software,the change law of the surface movement and deformation were studied systematically for different size of ratio of backfilling. The experimental re-sults showed that:①With the increase of ratio of backfilling,The value of surface movement and deformation is decreasing in negative exponent function,and no longer changes until it reaches a certain valu e.②When the ratio of backfilling is 80%,the maximum surface subsidence value is 750 mm,the maximum slope deformation value is 1. 5 mm/m,the maximum horizontal displacement deformation value is 1. 4 mm/m,and all of them conform tothe requirements of the regulations. Then,the safety of ground buildings( structures) can be ensured,and also the optimal economic benefits is achieved. The research results have important theoretical and practical significance for guiding backfilling mining of lower coal seam.【期刊名称】《金属矿山》【年(卷),期】2016(000)009【总页数】4页(P69-72)【关键词】条带开采;充实率设计;FLAC3D;地表移动变形【作者】王冰;郭广礼;李怀展;郭庆彪【作者单位】中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院，江苏徐州221008; 国土环境与灾害监测国家测绘地理信息局重点实验室，江苏徐州221008; 江苏省资源环境信息工程重点实验室，江苏徐州221008;中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院，江苏徐州221008; 国土环境与灾害监测国家测绘地理信息局重点实验室，江苏徐州221008; 江苏省资源环境信息工程重点实验室，江苏徐州221008;中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院，江苏徐州221008; 国土环境与灾害监测国家测绘地理信息局重点实验室，江苏徐州221008; 江苏省资源环境信息工程重点实验室，江苏徐州221008;中国矿业大学环境与测绘学院，江苏徐州221008; 国土环境与灾害监测国家测绘地理信息局重点实验室，江苏徐州221008; 江苏省资源环境信息工程重点实验室，江苏徐州221008【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TD325目前常用的沉陷控制方式有部分开采、充填开采、离层注浆等[1]。
2023年6月四级英语第二套英语作文In the modern world, technology has become a cornerstone of daily life. It has transformed the way we communicate, work, and even think. The rapid advancement of technology has brought about significant changes, particularly in the field of education. The integration of technology in education has been a topic of debate for many years, with arguments both for and against its use in the classroom. This essay will explore the impact of technology on education, examining how it has revolutionized learning processes and the potential challenges it poses.The advent of technology in education has made information more accessible than ever before. Students can now find a wealth of knowledge at their fingertips, thanks to the internet. Online libraries, educational apps, and virtual classrooms have opened up new avenues for learning that were previously unimaginable. The ability to access up-to-date information from anywhere in the world has made learning a continuous, lifelong process.Moreover, technology has facilitated a more interactive and engaging learning experience. Interactive whiteboards, educational software, and online simulations create dynamic learning environments that cater to various learning styles. Students can now engage with material in a way that is best suited to their individual needs, making education a more personalized experience.However, the reliance on technology in education also presents certain challenges. One of the main concerns is the digital divide, which refers to the gap between those who have access to modern information and communication technology and those who do not. This divide can lead to inequalities in educational opportunities and outcomes. Additionally, the overuse of technology can lead to a decrease in important social skills and face-to-face interactions, which are crucial for personal development.Furthermore, there is the issue of information overload. With so much information available, students may find it difficult to discern credible sources from unreliable ones.The skill of critical thinking becomes essential in navigating the vast sea of information that technology provides.In conclusion, technology has undeniably transformed the landscape of education. It has made learning more accessible, interactive, and personalized. However, it is important to address the challenges that come with technological integration to ensure that education remains a tool for equal opportunity and personal growth. As we move forward, it is crucial to find a balance between embracing the benefits of technology and mitigating its potential drawbacks. The future of education lies in our ability to adapt and integrate technology in a way that enhances learning while preserving the essential human elements of education. 。
