1961年至2012世界各国城镇化率数据
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城市化道路的几个阶段城市化水平的高低是衡量一国现代化水平高低的核心指标。
新中国成立前夕,我们就确定了两个重心转移(从乡村到城市,从农业到工业)的方针,城市化与工业化均提上现代化日程。
从现代化融合的视角看,当代中国城市化道路可划分为以下六大阶段。
第一阶段是新中国建立初期(1949-1952),为工作重心由乡村向城镇转移、城镇化恢复期。
属于经济恢复、政治重构与社会秩序逐渐稳定的时期。
1949年我国城镇人口为5765万人,城镇化率达到10.6%。
到1952年,我国城镇人口已达7163万人,城镇化率达到12.46%。
这一时期,我国还处于新民主主义社会时期,各种经济成分在市场经济基础上在国营经济主导下共存发展,城市化与市场化融合在一起。
随着工业化的起步,城市建设逐步展开,农村人口流入城镇,城镇化水平稳步增长。
但市场经济的作用也在强大的国有经济和国家力量干预下越来越显示出它的限度。
到1952年,国企职工已经占到职工总数的96.67%。
新民主主义理论明确了新中国成立以后工作重心从农村转到城市,从农业转到工业,以工业化与城市化为现代化根本方向的发展战略。
要求城市领导农村,工业领导农业。
农业与乡村必须在工业与城市领导下才能发展,才能机械化、现代化。
这一时期虽然并没有太强调城市化,但极其强调工业化。
要求即使商业占多数的城市也要以工业为主,城市化与工业化高度结合。
但与市场化的结合逐渐削弱,国家力量组织的城市人口下乡与市场力量推动的农村人口进城二者并存,城市二元结构虽然存在,但城乡二元体制还没有形成。
城市人口以自然增长为主,机械增长不多。
城市之间通过市场与政府的资源分配保持联系。
城市结构是大城市主导的城市化结构。
第二阶段是“一五”计划(1953-1957)与“三面红旗”时期(1958-1960),为快速城镇化与急剧城镇化时期,城镇人口以机械增长为主。
其中,“一五”计划时期(1953-1957),城镇化率由12.46%上升为15.39%。
世界城镇化发展历程及其经验[提要] 从世界城镇化发展历程看,城镇化表现出明显的阶段性和不平衡性,各国城镇化动力机制也不尽相同。
从中总结的经验教训有:城镇化不能脱离农业现代化;城镇化水平要与经济发展水平相适应;城镇化要遵从市场调节,也要在政府合理有效的宏观调控下推进;城镇化应集约利用土地,避免过度郊区化。
关键词:世界;城镇化;历程;经验一、世界城镇化历程与特点(一)城镇化进程阶段性明显。
18世纪后期开始的工业革命可以视为世界现代城镇化的发展开端,所以世界城镇化发展至今已经历了两个世纪有余,整个进程表现出明显的阶段性特征。
第一阶段是1800~1900年,这100年是欧洲工业革命的初期,城市人口随着城市工业的发展逐渐增加,但增速非常缓慢,世界城镇化率由1800年的5.3%提高到1900年的13.6%,100年仅提高了8.3个百分点。
这一阶段也没有形成城市体系。
第二阶段是1900年至今,可视为城镇化的快速发展阶段。
2000年,世界城镇化率为46.6%,比1900年提高了33个百分点,这100年城镇化增速是上100年的3倍。
进入21世纪,世界城镇化保持快速发展,2008年世界城市人口比重超过50%,到2011年,世界城镇化率提高到52%。
(二)城镇化发展不平衡。
城镇化在地域和发展上的不平衡性也是伴随世界城镇化进程的显著特征。
工业化起步于欧洲国家,所以欧洲国家的城镇化进程也较其他国家快,随着时间的推进,城镇化在各地域的差异明显。
根据2011年版《世界城市化展望》数据,2011年较发达地区居住在城市的居民比例为78%,而这一比例在欠发达地区只有47%。
从国家的城镇化率的比较上也可看出这种不平衡,新加坡很早就实现了城镇化,2000年以后其城镇化率即为100%,美国、英国、日本等发达国家的城镇化率在2011年分别达到82.4%、79.6%和91.1%,而孟加拉国、柬埔寨和斯里兰卡的城镇化率还都在30%以下。
二、典型国家城镇化进程由于国情、发展环境和发展战略的不同,各国城镇化进程表现出一定的差异,甚至形成了完全不同的城镇化模式。
世界城市化发展进程和特点与中国⽐较世界城市化发展进程和特点与中国⽐较摘要:城市化是当今世界的主要趋势,城市化⽔平的⾼低是衡量⼀个国家经济发展⽔平的重要标志,中国作为⼀个⼈⼝⼤国,⼀百多年来,城市化发展的进程是⼀条⼗分曲折、反复的道路。
本⽂是通过2010年世界发展指标上的数据,对世界城市化与中国城市化的发展进程和主要特点进⾏研究分析并做出⽐较。
⼀、城市化的基本内容1、定义:城市化也称作是城镇化、都市化。
从地理学⾓度来说,是由农业为主的传统乡村社会向以⼯业和服务业为主的现代城市社会逐渐转变的历史过程,具体包括⼈⼝职业的转变、产业结构的转变、⼟地及地域空间的变化。
城市化也意味着城镇⽤地扩展,城市⽂化、城市⽣活⽅式和价值观在农村地域的扩散过程。
从⽣态学领域来说,城市化指⼈类⽣产和⽣活⽅式由乡村型向城市型转化的历史过程,表现为乡村⼈⼝向城市⼈⼝的转化以及城市不断发展和完善的过程。
2、城市化三⼤标志:(1)劳动⼒从第⼀产业向第⼆、三产业转移;(2)城市⼈⼝在总⼈⼝中⽐重上升(最主要标志);(3)城市⽤地规模扩⼤。
3、演进过程:正常的城市化进程都会经历从城市化、郊区城市化、逆城市化、再城市化的过程。
⼆、城市化的背景早在原始社会向奴⾪社会转变的时期,就出现了城市。
但是,在相当长的历史时期中,城市的发展和城市⼈⼝的增加极其缓慢。
直到1800年,全世界的城市⼈⼝只占总⼈⼝的3%。
只是到了近代,随着产业⾰命的掀起和社会化⼤⽣产的出现,造成了农村⼈⼝向某些中⼼区域的迅速集中。
⽽资本主义⽣产⽅式的产⽣和发展也使得涌现出许多新兴的⼯业城市和商业城市,城市⼈⼝迅速增长,城市⼈⼝⽐例不断上升。
从1800~1950年,地球上的总⼈⼝增加1.6倍,⽽城市⼈⼝却增加了23倍,这期间多数西⽅发达国家基本上实现了“城市化”也就是说多数⼈⼝形成了聚集居住的格局。
1950年左右,⼀些西⽅国家的城市⼈⼝占全部⼈⼝⽐例分别为:三、发达国家与发展中国家城市化特点⽐较发达国家: 1、起步早。
世界城镇化发展历程及趋势作者:于晓滨裴东慧来源:《时代金融》2013年第36期【摘要】以诺瑟姆城镇化发展的阶段性规律为基础,对工业革命后世界范围内的城镇化历程进行梳理,将城镇化历程分为三个阶段,并在回顾历史的基础上,对世界范围内的城镇化趋势进行分析。
【关键词】城镇化发展阶段发展趋势诺瑟姆(Northam)认为城镇化呈“S”型曲线发展,其过程可划分为三个阶段,这为众多研究证实和引用。
根据城镇化发展的“S”形曲线,当一个国家或地区的城镇化率低于30%的时候,处于城镇化初始阶段,城镇化速度相对缓慢;当城镇化率处于30%—70%的时候,城镇化高速发展;当城镇化率超过70%以后,城镇化的速率有所回落进入平稳发展阶段,这一阶段是城镇化的高级阶段。
依据以上标准,结合世界城镇化发展的实际历程,我们将1800年之后的世界城镇化进程分为三大阶段。
一、城镇化发展阶段(一)第一阶段:城镇化初步发展阶段(1760-1850)在这个阶段,工业革命的发源地英国,城市化进程走在世界前面。
从1760年开始,经过90年的发展,到1851年,英国成为世界上第一个城市人口比重超过50%的国家,基本实现城市化。
而在1850年,世界城镇人口比重仅为6.3%;其中发展中国家的城镇人口比重为6.0%,发达国家的比重也仅仅达到11.4%。
(二)第二阶段:城镇化局部发展阶段(1850-1950)英国的工业革命和城市化道路对欧洲和北美等发达国家的城市化起到了很好的示范作用。
在这100年时间里,发达国家城市化水平达到了51.8%。
同期,发展中国家的城市化进程也有明显进步,从1850年的6.0%增长到1950年的16.2%。
在这个阶段,发展中国家的城镇化水平依然处于30%水平以下,处于城镇化发展缓慢的初级阶段,而发达国家在1900年的城市化水平超过30%,城镇化水平加速发展,发展中国家的城镇化进程明显滞后于发达国家。
(三)第三阶段:城镇化的普及发展阶段(1950-2010年)20世界50年代以后,全世界作为一个城市化水平取得了较大的提高。
数据库:年度数据地区:全国男性人口(万人)女性人口(万人)城镇人口(万人)乡村人口(万人)城镇化率时间年末总人口(万人)2013年1360726972866344731116296153.73%2012年1354046939566009711826422252.57%2011年1347356906865667690796565651.27%2010年1340916874865343669786711349.95%2009年1334506864764803645126893848.34%2008年1328026835764445624037039946.99%2007年1321296804864081606337149645.89%2006年1314486772863720582887316044.34%2005年1307566737563381562127454442.99%2004年1299886697663012542837570541.76%2003年1292276655662671523767685140.53%2002年1284536611562338502127824139.09%2001年1276276567261955480647956337.66%2000年1267436543761306459068083736.22%1999年1257866469261094437488203834.78%1998年1247616394060821416088315333.35%1997年1236266313160495394498417731.91%1996年1223896220060189373048508530.48%1995年1211216180859313351748594729.04%1994年1198506124658604341698568128.51%1993年1185176047258045331738534427.99%1992年1171715981157360321758499627.46%1991年1158235946656357312038462026.94%1990年1143335890455429301958413826.41%1989年1127045809954605295408316426.21%1988年1110265720153825286618236525.81%1987年1093005629053010276748162625.32%1986年1075075558151926263668114124.52%1985年1058515472551126250948075723.71%1984年1043575384850509240178034023.01%1983年1030085315249856222748073421.62%1982年1016545235249302214808017421.13%1981年1000725151948553201717990120.16%1980年987055078547920191407956519.39%1979年975425019247350184957904718.96%1978年962594956746692172457901417.92%数据来源:国家统计局注:1981年及以前人口数据为户籍统计数;1982、1990、2000、2010年数据为当年人口普查数据推算数;其余年份数据为年度人口抽样调查推份数据为年度人口抽样调查推算数据。
中国城镇化基本特征中国城镇化的基本特征是中国城市发展方针的直接反映,因而表现出强烈的阶段性和波动性,即在不同时期,中国城镇化特征具有一定的差异性。
但纵观新中国成立以来的城市化发展过程,可以得出以下几个基本特点。
1.国家计划控制的影响大首先,由于政府是经济发展的决策机构和工业化的发动者,所以中国城镇的建立和发展基本上是由政府支配的,从而形成了政治中心与经济中心两位一体的城镇网络。
在某些时期,城市发展的政治指向甚至优先于城市发展的经济指向。
在变消费性城市为生产性城市的长期指导方针下,各级政府的投资重点一般均放置在所在城市或其周围地区,其结果是各级行政中心也就自然成为所在地区的最大经济中心,中央直辖市、省会城市、县城所在地的发展都是如此。
这种城镇网络的优点是能够集中有限的资本、人力和各生产要素,发展若干急需发展的产业,形成便于统一管理的城市体系;其缺点是容易形成政府对企业的过多行政干涉,挫伤企业的积极性,降低企业的经济效益。
其次,利用政府的主体地位,政府便可以通过强有力的措施限制农村人口向城镇的过度流入,从而使城镇发展限定在一个可控范围之内,避免像其它发展中国家那样形成城市失业大军和城市贫民区。
但是这些措施却造成了城乡壁垒,强化了城市居民所具有的世袭性特权,限制了乡村青年的发展。
另外,政府还可以通过强有力的方式从农业中获取工业化和城市化所必需的原始资本积累,即通过工农产品的“剪刀差”进行隐性积累,用来发展工业和城镇。
同时通过资本投入的调控和户籍政策的变动,实现政府不同阶段的发展目标,加速或减缓城镇化发展过程。
“一五”时期和80年代以来中国城镇化的快速发展,以及60年代至70年代后期的慢速发展,正是政府推动城镇化的结果。
2.城镇化进程的波动性根据城镇人口的变化特点,可将中国城镇化阶段大体分为如下几个阶段。
(1)恢复和起步时期(1949~1957年)这一时期是中国城镇化发展较快时期,城镇人口从1949年的5765万人增长到1954年的9949万人,年平均增长率达7%,是总人口年平均增长率2.2%的3倍多。
数据来源:世界银行Country Name Indicator Name19611962 World Urban population (% of total)34.0310134.46401 Aruba Urban population (% of total)50.760850.7456 Andorra Urban population (% of total)60.84963.248 Afghanistan Urban population (% of total)8.2658.537 Angola Urban population (% of total)10.848811.2626 Albania Urban population (% of total)30.8130.915 Arab World Urban population (% of total)32.194533.03269 United Arab Emirates Urban population (% of total)73.932274.3644 Argentina Urban population (% of total)74.162674.7142 Armenia Urban population (% of total)52.144453.0138 American Samoa Urban population (% of total)66.635667.0602 Antigua and Barbuda Urban population (% of total)39.046838.4376 Australia Urban population (% of total)81.920282.3114 Austria Urban population (% of total)64.778264.8364 Azerbaijan Urban population (% of total)52.363252.0634 Burundi Urban population (% of total) 2.0726 2.1072 Belgium Urban population (% of total)92.595492.7308 Benin Urban population (% of total)9.923810.5726 Burkina Faso Urban population (% of total) 4.7996 4.8992 Bangladesh Urban population (% of total) 5.3502 5.5654 Bulgaria Urban population (% of total)38.83140.562 Bahrain Urban population (% of total)82.35682.392 Bahamas, The Urban population (% of total)60.379461.1048 Bosnia and Herzegovina Urban population (% of total)19.795420.5508 Belarus Urban population (% of total)33.546234.6914 Belize Urban population (% of total)53.718653.4092 Bermuda Urban population (% of total)100100 Bolivia Urban population (% of total)37.06137.36 Brazil Urban population (% of total)47.118648.0982 Barbados Urban population (% of total)36.849836.9226 Brunei Darussalam Urban population (% of total)45.245847.0906 Bhutan Urban population (% of total) 3.8142 4.0324 Botswana Urban population (% of total) 3.2158 3.3716Urban population (% of total)Sub-Saharan Africa (IFC classificationCentral African Republic Urban population (% of total)20.783821.4676 Canada Urban population (% of total)69.827270.5934Urban population (% of total)East Asia and the Pacific (IFC classifEurope and Central Asia (IFC classificUrban population (% of total)Switzerland Urban population (% of total)51.658652.2982 Channel Islands Urban population (% of total)38.43738.174 Chile Urban population (% of total)68.60869.38 China Urban population (% of total)16.579616.9562 Cote d'Ivoire Urban population (% of total)19.043220.4074Urban population (% of total)Latin America and the Caribbean (IFC cUrban population (% of total)Middle East and North Africa (IFC clasCameroon Urban population (% of total)14.525615.1142 Congo, Rep.Urban population (% of total)32.335433.0698 Colombia Urban population (% of total)46.230847.4286 Comoros Urban population (% of total)13.436414.3218 Cape Verde Urban population (% of total)16.957817.2366 Costa Rica Urban population (% of total)34.561434.8688 South Asia (IFC classification)Urban population (% of total)Caribbean small states Urban population (% of total)31.7054231.97397 Cuba Urban population (% of total)58.588258.7754 Curacao Urban population (% of total)Cayman Islands Urban population (% of total)100100 Cyprus Urban population (% of total)36.1436.652 Czech Republic Urban population (% of total)60.041660.5352 Germany Urban population (% of total)71.498271.6124 Djibouti Urban population (% of total)51.481852.6386 Dominica Urban population (% of total)29.148631.0072 Denmark Urban population (% of total)74.359275.0314 Dominican Republic Urban population (% of total)31.19132.153 Algeria Urban population (% of total)31.936633.3632 East Asia & Pacific (developing only)Urban population (% of total)17.2960717.66563Urban population (% of total)23.0371123.47705 East Asia & Pacific (all income levelsEurope & Central Asia (developing onlyUrban population (% of total)39.8316540.50498Urban population (% of total)55.755456.30836 Europe & Central Asia (all income leveEcuador Urban population (% of total)34.430434.9828 Egypt, Arab Rep.Urban population (% of total)38.427438.9908 Euro area Urban population (% of total)62.5067563.03157 Eritrea Urban population (% of total)10.077410.4038 Spain Urban population (% of total)57.509258.4514 Estonia Urban population (% of total)58.29659.059 Ethiopia Urban population (% of total) 6.6638 6.8946 European Union Urban population (% of total)61.4143861.89545 Finland Urban population (% of total)56.163657.0372 Fiji Urban population (% of total)30.261230.8414 France Urban population (% of total)62.918263.9564 Faeroe Islands Urban population (% of total)22.21723.051 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.Urban population (% of total)22.55722.802 Gabon Urban population (% of total)18.673419.9488 United Kingdom Urban population (% of total)78.319478.1948 Georgia Urban population (% of total)43.56244.055 Ghana Urban population (% of total)23.816424.3808 Guinea Urban population (% of total)10.973211.4744 Gambia, The Urban population (% of total)12.609813.0906 Guinea-Bissau Urban population (% of total)13.749813.8996 Equatorial Guinea Urban population (% of total)25.7325.923 Greece Urban population (% of total)43.818644.7462 Grenada Urban population (% of total)30.520430.7088 Greenland Urban population (% of total)60.037261.5404 Guatemala Urban population (% of total)31.694632.2682 Guam Urban population (% of total)51.227252.3074 Guyana Urban population (% of total)29.04929.089 High income Urban population (% of total)62.9496463.52355 Hong Kong SAR, China Urban population (% of total)85.444485.6888 Honduras Urban population (% of total)23.338423.9298Urban population (% of total)12.5503312.97822 Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC)Croatia Urban population (% of total)31.118632.0832 Haiti Urban population (% of total)15.990416.3878 Hungary Urban population (% of total)56.333256.7554 Indonesia Urban population (% of total)14.826615.0672 Isle of Man Urban population (% of total)55.359455.5958 India Urban population (% of total)18.096218.2684 Not classified Urban population (% of total)Ireland Urban population (% of total)46.399446.9768 Iran, Islamic Rep.Urban population (% of total)34.401635.0682 Iraq Urban population (% of total)44.449445.9998 Iceland Urban population (% of total)80.78481.268 Israel Urban population (% of total)77.666478.4848 Italy Urban population (% of total)59.857460.3538 Jamaica Urban population (% of total)34.51535.261 Jordan Urban population (% of total)51.555652.2322 Japan Urban population (% of total)64.190865.1096 Kazakhstan Urban population (% of total)44.767845.3376 Kenya Urban population (% of total)7.61067.8592 Kyrgyz Republic Urban population (% of total)34.51534.849 Cambodia Urban population (% of total)10.39410.503 Kiribati Urban population (% of total)16.95717.624 St. Kitts and Nevis Urban population (% of total)28.286228.9284 Korea, Rep.Urban population (% of total)28.638229.5664 Kosovo Urban population (% of total)Kuwait Urban population (% of total)75.76976.645 Latin America & Caribbean (developingUrban population (% of total)49.1883149.99167 Lao PDR Urban population (% of total)8.02148.0968 Lebanon Urban population (% of total)44.061445.7798 Liberia Urban population (% of total)19.327220.0224 Libya Urban population (% of total)28.591629.8602 St. Lucia Urban population (% of total)21.721.94Urban population (% of total)50.0492650.83955 Latin America & Caribbean (all incomeUrban population (% of total)9.87382610.18541 Least developed countries: UN classifiLow income Urban population (% of total)11.420311.73252 Liechtenstein Urban population (% of total)20.243820.0506 Sri Lanka Urban population (% of total)16.6716.909 Lower middle income Urban population (% of total)21.1017221.4133 Low & middle income Urban population (% of total)22.5711123.01975 Lesotho Urban population (% of total) 4.0004 4.5858 Lithuania Urban population (% of total)40.45841.456 Luxembourg Urban population (% of total)70.036470.5168 Latvia Urban population (% of total)53.6654.453 Macao SAR, China Urban population (% of total)95.466695.6442 St. Martin (French part)Urban population (% of total)Morocco Urban population (% of total)29.85830.359 Monaco Urban population (% of total)100100 Moldova Urban population (% of total)24.252425.0808 Madagascar Urban population (% of total)10.989411.3368 Maldives Urban population (% of total)11.2311.287Urban population (% of total)35.8112336.65632 Middle East & North Africa (all incomeMexico Urban population (% of total)51.588652.4242 Marshall Islands Urban population (% of total)36.999838.4156 Middle income Urban population (% of total)23.9743724.44832 Macedonia, FYR Urban population (% of total)35.28736.554 Mali Urban population (% of total)11.374411.6828 Malta Urban population (% of total)90.068290.0074 Myanmar Urban population (% of total)19.57519.924Urban population (% of total)34.7102435.49986 Middle East & North Africa (developingMontenegro Urban population (% of total)19.543620.2992 Mongolia Urban population (% of total)36.96638.253 Northern Mariana Islands Urban population (% of total)52.72754.235Mozambique Urban population (% of total) 3.8552 4.0434 Mauritania Urban population (% of total)7.5228.164 Mauritius Urban population (% of total)33.941434.7058 Malawi Urban population (% of total) 4.4936 4.5972 Malaysia Urban population (% of total)27.26127.924 North America Urban population (% of total)70.3299470.74171 Namibia Urban population (% of total)18.334218.7594 New Caledonia Urban population (% of total)38.817240.2744 Niger Urban population (% of total) 5.9962 6.1994 Nigeria Urban population (% of total)16.950417.7398 Nicaragua Urban population (% of total)40.206240.8314 Netherlands Urban population (% of total)59.952260.1524 High income: nonOECD Urban population (% of total)54.2236655.11079 Norway Urban population (% of total)51.449652.9792 Nepal Urban population (% of total) 3.5314 3.5828 New Zealand Urban population (% of total)76.576677.1552 High income: OECD Urban population (% of total)64.753165.2639 OECD members Urban population (% of total)62.8348463.33931 Oman Urban population (% of total)17.587618.7752 Other small states Urban population (% of total)14.8840715.43473 Pakistan Urban population (% of total)22.385422.6668 Panama Urban population (% of total)41.885442.5218 Peru Urban population (% of total)47.822448.8338 Philippines Urban population (% of total)30.558430.8198 Palau Urban population (% of total)57.113657.4042 Papua New Guinea Urban population (% of total) 4.074 4.423 Poland Urban population (% of total)48.338848.7856 Puerto Rico Urban population (% of total)45.939247.3344 Korea, Dem. Rep.Urban population (% of total)41.174242.1534 Portugal Urban population (% of total)35.337235.7194 Paraguay Urban population (% of total)35.703835.8386 Pacific island small states Urban population (% of total)22.5422422.98478 French Polynesia Urban population (% of total)43.59744.75 Qatar Urban population (% of total)85.636686.0362 Romania Urban population (% of total)34.906635.6042 Russian Federation Urban population (% of total)54.619455.5078 Rwanda Urban population (% of total) 2.4738 2.5476 South Asia Urban population (% of total)16.9053817.08546 Saudi Arabia Urban population (% of total)32.753834.2576 Sudan Urban population (% of total)11.271411.7968 Senegal Urban population (% of total)23.670224.3404 Singapore Urban population (% of total)100100 Solomon Islands Urban population (% of total) 6.0634 6.3588 Sierra Leone Urban population (% of total)17.945818.5146 El Salvador Urban population (% of total)38.457838.5706 San Marino Urban population (% of total)50.000451.1008 Somalia Urban population (% of total)17.842418.3728 Serbia Urban population (% of total)Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only)Urban population (% of total)15.2238215.70168 South Sudan Urban population (% of total)8.73648.7248Urban population (% of total)15.2353115.71271 Sub-Saharan Africa (all income levels)Small states Urban population (% of total)21.4778621.91789 Sao Tome and Principe Urban population (% of total)17.22518.377 Suriname Urban population (% of total)47.229847.1996Slovak Republic Urban population (% of total)34.179834.8956 Slovenia Urban population (% of total)29.062629.9212 Sweden Urban population (% of total)73.403274.3164 Swaziland Urban population (% of total) 4.4292 4.9454 Sint Maarten (Dutch part)Urban population (% of total)Seychelles Urban population (% of total)28.76329.853 Syrian Arab Republic Urban population (% of total)37.407638.0572 Turks and Caicos Islands Urban population (% of total)48.021648.3642 Chad Urban population (% of total)7.03727.3794 Togo Urban population (% of total)11.068412.0388 Thailand Urban population (% of total)19.781819.8916 Tajikistan Urban population (% of total)33.564833.9616 Turkmenistan Urban population (% of total)46.557446.7028 Timor-Leste Urban population (% of total)10.343410.5958 Tonga Urban population (% of total)17.941418.3308 Trinidad and Tobago Urban population (% of total)16.748616.1482 Tunisia Urban population (% of total)37.953638.3962 Turkey Urban population (% of total)32.057432.5998 Tuvalu Urban population (% of total)16.474617.0542 Tanzania Urban population (% of total) 5.4028 5.5596 Uganda Urban population (% of total) 4.6354 4.8538 Ukraine Urban population (% of total)47.563448.3348 Upper middle income Urban population (% of total)26.3544326.98119 Uruguay Urban population (% of total)80.458480.6758 United States Urban population (% of total)70.372670.7492 Uzbekistan Urban population (% of total)34.240234.5024 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Urban population (% of total)26.404826.8666 Venezuela, RB Urban population (% of total)62.694863.7766 Virgin Islands (U.S.)Urban population (% of total)57.837459.1978 Vietnam Urban population (% of total)15.044215.3884 Vanuatu Urban population (% of total)10.58910.774 West Bank and Gaza Urban population (% of total)Samoa Urban population (% of total)19.00119.076 Yemen, Rep.Urban population (% of total)9.48529.8704 South Africa Urban population (% of total)46.744846.8706 Congo, Dem. Rep.Urban population (% of total)23.060423.8208 Zambia Urban population (% of total)19.190420.2358 Zimbabwe Urban population (% of total)13.010413.4128196319641965196619671968196919701971 34.8319735.1994135.5579935.7725935.9866536.1857436.3956536.5951436.80517 50.730450.715250.750.684850.669650.654450.639250.62450.608865.64768.04670.44572.38774.32976.27178.21380.15581.57448.8099.0819.3539.688610.024210.359810.695411.03111.4804 11.676412.090212.50412.994613.485213.975814.466414.95715.791231.0231.12531.2331.33231.43431.53631.63831.7431.9344 33.8740634.7167335.559636.2474936.9359137.6272638.3251539.0319939.672674.796675.228875.66176.06976.47776.88577.29377.70178.083875.265875.817476.36976.871277.373477.875678.377878.8879.2978 53.883254.752655.62256.470457.318858.167259.015659.86460.6134 67.484867.909468.33468.74469.15469.56469.97470.38470.778 37.828437.219236.6136.051835.493634.935434.377233.81933.8986 82.702683.093883.48583.84184.19784.55384.90985.26585.3962 64.894664.952865.01165.060465.109865.159265.208665.25865.2746 51.763651.463851.16450.932850.701650.470450.239250.00850.38582.1418 2.1764 2.211 2.2452 2.2794 2.3136 2.3478 2.382 2.5492 92.866293.001693.13793.278293.419493.560693.701893.84393.9704 11.221411.870212.51913.353414.187815.022215.856616.69117.73364.99885.0984 5.198 5.3076 5.4172 5.5268 5.6364 5.746 5.86625.7806 5.99586.211 6.4874 6.76387.04027.31667.5938.041642.29344.02445.75547.06448.37349.68250.99152.353.352482.42882.46482.582.75583.0183.26583.5283.77584.015 61.830262.555663.28163.969864.658665.347466.036266.72567.3798 21.306222.061622.81723.693824.570625.447426.324227.20128.0184 35.836636.981838.12739.303640.480241.656842.833444.0145.3308 53.099852.790452.48152.177451.873851.570251.266650.96350.804610010010010010010010010010037.65937.95838.25738.560838.864639.168439.472239.77640.0836 49.077850.057451.03752.011452.985853.960254.934655.90956.885 36.995437.068237.14137.220637.300237.379837.459437.53937.7552 48.935450.780252.62554.43556.24558.05559.86561.67561.73884.2506 4.4688 4.687 4.96745.2478 5.5282 5.80866.089 6.44643.5274 3.6832 3.8394.6385.4376.2367.0357.8348.644 22.151422.835223.51924.280825.042625.804426.566227.32828.2536 71.359672.125872.89273.444473.996874.549275.101675.65475.645452.937853.577454.21754.847255.477456.107656.737857.36857.368237.91137.64837.38537.125636.866236.606836.347436.08835.70770.15270.92471.69672.402273.108473.814674.520875.22775.8588 17.332817.709418.08617.948817.811617.674417.537217.417.4 21.771623.135824.525.232625.965226.697827.430428.16328.9762 15.702816.291416.8817.56418.24818.93219.61620.321.6984 33.804234.538635.27336.044236.815437.586638.357839.12939.956 48.626449.824251.02251.781652.541253.300854.060454.8255.5638 15.207216.092616.97817.460417.942818.425218.907619.3919.7598 17.515417.794218.07318.370218.667418.964619.261819.55919.931 35.176235.483635.79136.398237.005437.612638.219838.82739.331432.2528332.5389732.8290233.1417233.4566133.7679534.0697434.3584934.70738 58.962659.149859.33759.522859.708659.894460.080260.26661.0576100100100100100100100100100 37.16437.67638.18838.702639.217239.731840.246440.76142.0642 61.028861.522462.01662.493262.970463.447663.924864.40265.505 71.726671.840871.95572.018872.082672.146472.210272.27472.3312 53.795454.952256.10957.242658.376259.509860.643461.77762.85 32.865834.724436.58338.644640.706242.767844.829446.89148.572 75.703676.375877.04877.585878.123678.661479.199279.73780.218833.11534.07735.03936.07337.10738.14139.17540.20941.305434.789836.216437.64338.014438.385838.757239.128639.539.666 18.0257318.3864618.7473418.7529818.7599418.7666618.7718918.7760118.87022 23.8455924.2182324.5886224.6345124.685624.710824.7950724.8415224.97011 41.1730341.8361742.4932443.1804843.8601344.5372945.2128845.8822646.46751 56.8641357.4202757.9818858.5174159.0428259.5680160.1002560.6304761.08458 35.535236.087636.6437.167637.695238.222838.750439.27839.895 39.554240.117640.68140.986641.292241.597841.903442.20942.4576 63.5660664.1026464.6432865.1255665.5976466.0688366.5525267.0296667.34689 10.730211.056611.38311.62511.86712.10912.35112.59312.7652 59.393660.335861.27862.2363.18264.13465.08666.03866.7444 59.82260.58561.34862.067862.787663.507464.227264.94765.4754 7.12547.35627.5877.78727.98748.18768.38788.5888.7624 62.3797662.8632663.354863.7811664.1896864.5990365.0212865.4420965.81115 57.910858.784459.65860.467261.276462.085662.894863.70464.5294 31.421632.001832.58233.017233.452433.887634.322834.75835.1506 64.994666.032867.07167.867868.664669.461470.258271.05571.4292 23.88524.71925.55326.032626.512226.991827.471427.95128.426 23.04723.29223.53723.791224.045424.299624.553824.80825.018 21.224222.499623.77525.4227.06528.7130.3553234.1942 78.070277.945677.82177.680277.539477.398677.257877.11777.2302 44.54845.04145.53446.028446.522847.017247.511648.00648.4736 24.945225.509626.07426.653627.233227.812828.392428.97229.1892 11.975612.476812.97813.577814.177614.777415.377215.97716.684613.571414.052214.53315.525616.518217.510818.503419.49620.48214.049414.199214.34914.505614.662214.818814.975415.13215.2956 26.11626.30926.50226.592426.682826.773226.863626.95427.0452 45.673846.601447.52948.52449.51950.51451.50952.50453.0646 30.897231.085631.27431.461631.649231.836832.024432.21232.2826 63.043664.546866.0567.388868.727670.066471.405272.74473.073 32.841833.415433.98934.300234.611434.922635.233835.54535.7796 53.387654.467855.54856.822458.096859.371260.645661.9266.2624 29.12929.16929.20929.252229.295429.338629.381829.42529.5334 64.0963564.6695165.2457765.8020266.3546966.9037367.4651368.0293868.45967 85.933286.177686.42286.683486.944887.206287.467687.72988.1222 24.521225.112625.70426.343626.983227.622828.262428.90229.5436 13.4061213.833614.2605314.741415.2221615.7032116.1848716.6673717.08034 33.047834.012434.97736.020837.064638.108439.152240.19641.182 16.785217.182617.5818.016418.452818.889219.325619.76219.8904 57.177657.599858.02258.4458.85859.27659.69460.11260.5358 15.307815.548415.78916.045416.301816.558216.814617.07117.5202 55.832256.068656.30556.210256.115456.020655.925855.83155.1454 18.440618.612818.78518.9819.17519.3719.56519.7620.074447.554248.131648.70949.311649.914250.516851.119451.72252.1044 35.734836.401437.06837.896838.725639.554440.383241.21242.119 47.550249.100650.65151.751652.852253.952855.053456.15457.199 81.75282.23682.7283.15683.59284.02884.46484.985.2538 79.303280.121680.9481.59182.24282.89383.54484.19584.6846 60.850261.346661.84362.328862.814663.300463.786264.27264.5462 36.00736.75337.49938.26439.02939.79440.55941.32441.8618 52.908853.585454.26254.603854.945655.287455.629255.97156.3068 66.028466.947267.86668.668269.470470.272671.074871.87772.6448 45.907446.477247.04747.684848.322648.960449.598250.23650.7016 8.10788.35648.6058.9439.2819.6199.95710.29510.8188 35.18335.51735.85136.17436.49736.8237.14337.46637.61 10.61210.72110.8311.85812.88613.91414.94215.9713.658 18.29118.95819.62520.517621.410222.302823.195424.08825.191629.570630.212830.85531.512232.169432.826633.483834.14134.318230.494631.422832.35134.021635.692237.362839.033440.70442.1698 77.52178.39779.27380.550681.828283.105884.383485.66186.4056 50.7961151.60252.4096153.1753453.942654.7124255.4860356.2641257.01768 8.17228.24768.3238.58348.84389.10429.36469.6259.9162 47.498249.216650.93552.64354.35156.05957.76759.47560.9756 20.717621.412822.10822.891423.674824.458225.241626.02526.8964 31.128832.397433.66636.86740.06843.26946.4749.67152.293822.1822.4222.6622.909423.158823.408223.657623.90724.1656 51.6312252.4246453.2199753.9739154.7293855.48756.2475857.0116657.74655 10.4969810.8084611.1199411.5134411.907212.3022212.6998713.101113.41213 12.0417612.3514712.6639913.0923613.5230213.9567414.3935314.8329615.1251 19.857419.664219.47119.267419.063818.860218.656618.45318.4272 17.14817.38717.62618.003618.381218.758819.136419.51419.5078 21.7241522.0317822.3367522.636522.9330723.2268723.5189523.8063924.16757 23.4373523.8541524.2663424.5206824.7760425.027725.275225.520625.82008 5.1712 5.7566 6.342 6.79527.24847.70168.15488.6089.0508 42.45443.45244.4545.47146.49247.51348.53449.55550.781 70.997271.477671.95872.441272.924473.407673.890874.37474.9586 55.24656.03956.83257.608258.384459.160659.936860.71361.4018 95.821895.999496.17796.34896.51996.6996.86197.03297.203830.8631.36131.86232.38532.90833.43133.95434.47735.1244100100100100100100100100100 25.909226.737627.56628.466429.366830.267231.167632.06832.8988 11.684212.031612.37912.723213.067413.411613.755814.114.5468 11.34411.40111.45811.54511.63211.71911.80611.89312.9752 37.4952238.3384339.1782639.8952340.629741.3481742.077342.821343.52538 53.259854.095454.93155.74956.56757.38558.20359.02159.7686 39.831441.247242.66344.828846.994649.160451.326253.49254.92 24.8803525.3127725.7404925.974726.2114826.4435426.6690926.8905727.1906437.82139.08840.35541.699843.044644.389445.734247.07947.777 11.991212.299612.60812.952413.296813.641213.985614.3314.7128 89.946689.885889.82589.799889.774689.749489.724289.69989.707620.27320.62220.97121.342821.714622.086422.458222.8323.0484 36.2907637.0831437.8772638.5284839.1812539.8357240.4923741.1516941.76978 21.054821.810422.56623.423424.280825.138225.995626.85327.806839.5440.82742.11442.701643.289243.876844.464445.05245.772855.74357.25158.75961.019663.280265.540867.801470.06272.16044.2316 4.4198 4.608 4.84245.0768 5.3112 5.5456 5.786.3638.8069.44810.0910.984811.879612.774413.669214.56415.765 35.470236.234636.99938.005639.012240.018841.025442.03242.3142 4.7008 4.8044 4.908 5.137 5.366 5.595 5.824 6.053 6.3728 28.58729.2529.91330.621231.329432.037632.745833.45434.2936 71.153771.5660271.9787272.343172.7077573.0725373.4371673.8016673.81036 19.184619.609820.03520.486420.937821.389221.840622.29222.5638 41.731643.188844.64645.963247.280448.597649.914851.23252.0186 6.4026 6.6058 6.8097.2067.60388.3978.7949.319 18.529219.318620.10820.627621.147221.666822.186422.70623.2714 41.456642.081842.70743.571644.436245.300846.165447.0347.3714 60.352660.552860.75360.93561.11761.29961.48161.66361.967 55.9930656.8697557.7473758.6089559.481460.3495661.2147862.0857862.89945 54.508856.038457.56859.133660.699262.264863.830465.39665.9542 3.6342 3.6856 3.737 3.7808 3.8246 3.8684 3.9122 3.956 4.1308 77.733878.312478.89179.33479.77780.2280.66381.10681.4396 65.7744666.286566.8028867.2922867.7768368.2598168.7555269.2560269.60633 63.8439764.350264.8597965.3529165.8413966.3267666.827567.3303667.69192 19.962821.150422.33823.803425.268826.734228.199629.66531.3746 15.9832416.5296217.0737917.7461218.4190919.0888819.7500120.3994721.00967 22.948223.229623.51123.772224.033424.294624.555824.81725.1218 43.158243.794644.43145.072845.714646.356446.998247.6447.9196 49.845250.856651.86852.975654.083255.190856.298457.40658.217 31.081231.342631.60431.87932.15432.42932.70432.97933.4952 57.694857.985458.27658.563858.851659.139459.427259.71559.99964.7725.121 5.476.33527.20048.06568.93089.79610.2228 49.232449.679250.12650.525850.925651.325451.725252.12552.756 48.729650.124851.5252.881254.242455.603656.964858.32659.2144 43.132644.111845.09146.912848.734650.556452.378254.254.7 36.101636.483836.86637.253637.641238.028838.416438.80439.199 35.973436.108236.24336.407436.571836.736236.900637.06537.4482 23.4243123.8573424.2813824.6559725.0223425.383225.7420426.1019526.37941 45.90347.05648.20949.617651.026252.434853.843455.25255.577 86.435886.835487.23587.464487.693887.923288.152688.38288.4874 36.301836.999437.69738.221438.745839.270239.794640.31940.8214 56.396257.284658.17359.032659.892260.751861.611462.47163.2622 2.6214 2.6952 2.769 2.8536 2.9382 3.0228 3.1074 3.192 3.3532 17.2656917.445417.624417.8272618.0296318.2332118.4399918.6511218.97633 35.761437.265238.76940.74942.72944.70946.68948.66950.605 12.322212.847613.37314.00314.63315.26315.89316.52317.007 25.010625.680826.35127.080827.810628.540429.27023030.7386100100100100100100100100100 6.6542 6.94967.2457.57947.91388.24828.58268.9178.9586 19.083419.652220.22120.856821.492622.128422.764223.424.0712 38.683438.796238.90939.007639.106239.204839.303439.40239.8236 52.201253.301654.40255.481656.561257.640858.720459.862.1368 18.903219.433619.96420.506821.049621.592422.135222.67823.242 16.1721716.6367817.0968717.5434617.9884818.4330618.8780519.3240319.74498.71328.70168.698.67868.66728.65588.64448.6338.6216 16.1827816.64717.1067317.5529317.9975818.4417518.8862619.3316519.75186 22.3596622.7988123.232323.738424.2409724.7365425.2210625.6925626.1530819.52920.68121.83323.3724.90726.44427.98129.51829.9422 47.169447.139247.10946.876846.644646.412446.180245.94846.652235.611436.327237.04337.845838.648639.451440.254241.05742.097 30.779831.638432.49733.398434.299835.201236.102637.00438.078 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6.75887.12327.48767.8528.5108 5.0722 5.2906 5.509 5.74 5.971 6.202 6.433 6.664 6.7392 49.106249.877650.64951.485452.321853.158253.994654.83155.5426 27.5070928.0393528.5645128.7334728.9140929.0887329.251729.4111729.65434 80.893281.110681.32881.53681.74481.95282.1682.36882.5718 71.125871.502471.87972.223672.568272.912873.257473.60273.6122 34.764635.026835.28935.57435.85936.14436.42936.71437.1886 27.328427.790228.25228.738229.224429.710630.196830.68331.1914 64.858465.940267.02267.98868.95469.9270.88671.85272.6388 60.558261.918663.27964.541665.804267.066868.329469.59270.7226 15.732616.076816.42116.796817.172617.548417.924218.318.3964 10.95911.14411.32911.528211.727411.926612.125812.32512.53919.15119.22619.30119.511419.721819.932220.142620.35320.4808 10.255610.640811.02611.480811.935612.390412.845213.313.6088 46.996447.122247.24847.360247.472447.584647.696847.80947.869 24.581225.341626.10226.941627.781228.620829.460430.330.1406 21.281222.326623.37224.767826.163627.559428.955230.35131.2676 13.815214.217614.6215.168415.716816.265216.813617.36217.8642。
城镇化——国际经验与教训作者:吴波来源:人民日报城镇化与工业化相伴,在发达国家已有200多年历史,成为其现代化的基本内容和重要标志。
第二次世界大战之后,一些发展中国家急起直追,形成了多样的城镇化模式和路径。
他山之石,可以攻玉。
本期“观察”聚焦城镇化的国际经验和教训,约请专家剖析国外城镇化的典型模式,连线基层干部交流实践体会,以期为我国积极稳妥推进城镇化提供参考。
东亚国家城镇化模式及其得失东亚是当今世界经济中最具活力的地区之一。
从1950年到2011年,东亚地区城镇化率由17.8%迅速提高到55.6%,平均每年提高0.62个百分点,而同期世界城镇化率年均提高幅度仅为0.37个百分点。
由于发展阶段和条件不同,东亚国家城镇化模式和特点存在较大差异,其中较有特色的是日本和韩国模式。
日本:高度集中型城镇化二战之后,日本依靠工业化的强力推动,迅速迈入高速城镇化的轨道。
2011年,日本城镇化率已达91.3%。
由于国土狭窄、人口密集,开发空间有限,日本采取了高度集中型城镇化模式,对少数几个都市圈实行优先集中开发。
战后以来,日本的人口、产业和城镇高度集中在东京、大阪和名古屋三大都市圈。
这三大都市圈面积仅占日本国土面积的14.4%,但人口和国内生产总值占全国的50%以上。
尤其是首都东京,现已集聚3722万人口,占全国总人口的29.4%。
这种高度集中型城镇化模式,加快了日本工业化进程,有力支撑了战后日本经济的高速增长,但也带来经济过密与过疏的矛盾和问题。
一方面,大都市区急剧膨胀,住房紧张、地价高昂、交通拥挤、远距离通勤和生活环境恶化;另一方面,在农村和边缘地区,空心化、高度老龄化、劳动力不足、新娘短缺等问题突出,出现了一批老龄人口超过村庄总人口50%的“极限村落”。
针对这些问题,日本投入巨资加强都市圈交通体系建设和环境综合治理,大规模发展卫星城市,积极引导人口、产业和功能疏散,都市圈环境、交通状况明显改善。
但交通状况的改善又增强了对人口的吸纳能力,加剧了都市圈内工作地与居住地的分离,导致通勤成本和房价不断攀升。
世界各国城市化率国名1960年1965年1970年1975年1980年1985年1990年1995年中国香港特区85.2086.4087.7089.7091.5092.9099.50100.00中国澳门特别行政区95.3096.2097.0097.9098.5099.4099.8099.90直布罗陀100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00新加坡100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00摩纳哥100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00开曼群岛100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00百慕大100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00科威特74.9079.3085.7089.4094.8097.9098.0098.10波多黎各44.5051.5058.3062.8066.9069.2072.2087.10比利时92.5093.1093.8094.5095.4095.9096.4096.80卡塔尔85.2087.2088.4088.9089.4090.1092.2094.10英属维尔京群岛(美属)56.5063.3069.6075.2080.1084.3087.7090.40马耳他90.1089.8089.7089.7089.8089.8090.4090.90圣马力诺48.9054.4059.8071.5081.2088.3090.4091.70委内瑞拉61.6067.0071.9075.8079.2081.9084.3086.80关岛50.1055.5061.9083.6093.8092.3090.8092.10美属萨摩亚66.2068.3070.4072.4074.3077.8080.9085.30乌拉圭80.2081.3082.4083.4085.4087.2089.0090.50冰岛80.3082.7084.9086.7088.3089.6090.8091.60阿根廷73.6076.4078.9081.0082.9085.0087.0088.70特克斯和凯科斯群岛47.7049.4051.1053.1055.3065.4074.3079.90以色列76.8080.9084.2086.6088.6089.8090.4090.90北马里亚纳群岛51.2058.8070.1080.6086.8088.4089.7089.60英国78.4077.8077.1082.7087.9088.6088.7089.00安道尔澳大利亚81.5083.5085.3085.9085.8085.5085.4086.10巴林82.3082.5083.8085.0086.1087.2088.1088.40智利67.8071.7075.2078.4081.2082.6083.3084.40吉布提50.3056.1061.8067.1072.1074.6075.7079.70黎巴嫩42.3050.9059.5067.0073.7079.4083.1084.80丹麦73.7077.0079.7082.1083.7084.4084.8085.00新西兰76.0078.9081.1082.8083.4083.7084.7085.30巴西44.9050.3055.8061.7067.4071.3074.8077.80加蓬17.4023.8032.0043.0054.7062.4069.1075.40瑞典72.5077.1081.0082.7083.1083.1083.1083.80巴哈马59.7063.3066.7070.0073.1076.7079.8081.00格陵兰58.5066.1072.7074.4076.1078.0079.7080.90卢森堡69.6072.0074.4077.3080.0080.7080.9082.90沙特阿拉伯31.3038.8048.7058.3065.9072.6076.6078.70荷兰59.8060.8061.7063.2064.7066.7068.7072.80美国70.0071.9073.6073.7073.7074.5075.3077.30韩国27.7032.4040.7048.0056.7064.9073.8078.20帕劳56.8058.3059.7061.1062.5067.4069.6071.40加拿大69.1072.9075.7075.6075.7076.4076.6077.70约旦50.9054.3056.0057.7059.9066.3072.2078.20阿拉伯联合大公国73.5075.7077.7079.6080.7079.8079.1078.40利比亚27.3033.7049.7062.8070.1075.5075.7076.00挪威49.9057.6065.4068.2070.5071.3072.0073.80法国61.9067.1071.1072.9073.3073.7074.1074.90墨西哥50.8054.9059.0062.8066.3069.0071.4073.40西班牙56.6061.3066.0069.6072.8074.2075.4075.90古巴58.4059.3060.3064.2068.1070.9073.4074.30苏里南47.3047.1045.9049.5055.0063.8068.3070.20文莱43.4052.6061.7062.0059.9062.3065.8068.60哥伦比亚45.0051.0054.8058.5062.1065.6068.3070.50多米尼加27.3036.6046.9055.3063.4066.0067.7069.40德国71.4072.0072.3072.6072.8072.7073.1073.30捷克共和国59.5062.0064.4069.9075.2075.4075.2074.60瑞士51.0054.2057.4057.4057.1065.2073.2073.60白俄罗斯32.4038.1044.0050.6056.5061.8066.0067.90巴拿马41.2044.4047.6049.0050.4052.1053.9060.00俄罗斯联邦53.8058.4062.5066.9069.8072.0073.4073.40约旦河西岸和加沙阿曼16.4022.3029.7038.2047.6057.1066.1071.70秘鲁46.8051.9057.4061.5064.6066.9068.9070.30保加利亚37.1045.8052.3057.6062.1064.6066.4067.80马绍尔群岛35.6042.7053.5060.6058.3061.9065.1066.70马来西亚26.6029.9033.5037.7042.0045.9049.8055.70塞浦路斯35.6038.2040.8047.3058.6064.7066.8068.00爱沙尼亚57.5061.3064.9067.6069.7070.8071.1070.00多米尼加共和国30.2035.0040.2045.7051.3053.9055.2057.80土耳其31.5034.2038.2041.6043.8052.4059.2062.10伊朗伊斯兰共和国33.7037.1041.2045.7049.7053.4056.3060.20拉脱维亚52.9056.8060.7064.2067.1068.6069.3068.80意大利59.4061.8064.3065.6066.6066.8066.7066.90乌克兰46.8050.6054.8058.4061.7064.7066.8067.00匈牙利55.9058.0060.1062.2064.2065.1065.8065.20奥地利64.7065.0065.3065.3065.4065.6065.8065.80立陶宛39.5044.5049.6055.7061.2065.0067.6067.30马其顿(前南斯拉夫)34.0040.4047.1050.6053.5055.7057.8060.30伊拉克42.9050.7056.2061.4065.5068.8069.7068.80突尼斯37.5039.7043.5047.6050.6053.8057.9061.50日本43.1047.4053.2056.8059.6060.6063.1064.60厄瓜多尔33.9036.6039.3042.4047.0051.2055.1057.80玻利维亚36.8038.3039.8041.3045.5050.5055.6059.40阿尔及利亚30.5037.6039.5040.3043.5048.0052.1056.00菲律宾30.3031.6033.0035.6037.5043.0048.8054.00新喀里多尼亚37.4044.6051.2055.2057.4058.8059.6060.30亚美尼亚51.3055.6059.9063.6066.0067.1067.5066.30芬兰38.1043.9050.3058.3059.8059.8061.4061.40哥斯达黎加34.3035.8038.8041.3043.1045.6050.7055.80朝鲜40.2045.1054.2056.7056.9057.6058.4059.10刚果共和国31.6035.3039.1043.3047.9052.2054.3056.40爱尔兰45.8048.7051.7053.6055.3056.3056.9057.90波兰47.9050.1052.1055.3058.1059.9061.3061.50希腊42.9047.5052.5055.3057.7058.4058.8059.30南非46.6047.2047.8048.1048.4049.4052.0054.50萨尔瓦多38.3038.9039.4041.5044.1046.6049.2054.00圣多美和普林西比16.1021.8029.5031.6033.5038.0043.6048.60巴拉圭35.6036.2037.1039.0041.7045.0048.7052.10黑山18.8022.6026.9031.6036.8042.3048.0053.40利比里亚18.6022.1026.0030.4035.2040.3045.3050.00佛得角16.7018.1019.6021.4023.5031.5044.1048.80博茨瓦纳 3.10 3.807.8011.9016.5026.7041.9049.00葡萄牙35.0036.9038.8040.8042.8045.3047.9051.10哈萨克斯坦44.2047.0050.2052.6054.1056.0056.3055.90克罗地亚30.2035.0040.2045.1050.1052.3054.0054.90蒙古35.7042.1045.1048.7052.1055.0057.0056.80喀麦隆13.9016.9020.3027.3031.9036.2040.7045.30尼加拉瓜39.6042.7047.0048.7049.9051.1052.3053.50安哥拉10.4012.5015.0019.1024.3030.3037.1044.00斯洛伐克共和国33.5037.0041.1046.3051.6054.2056.5056.50冈比亚12.1014.5019.5024.4028.4033.0038.3043.80摩洛哥29.4031.9034.5037.7041.2044.8048.4051.70塞舌尔27.7033.1039.1046.3049.4049.3049.3049.90罗马尼亚阿拉伯叙利亚共和国36.8040.0043.3045.1046.7047.9048.9050.10牙买加33.8037.5041.4044.1046.8048.4049.4050.60格鲁吉亚42.3044.9047.5049.5051.6053.9055.1053.90斐济29.7032.6034.8036.7037.8038.5041.6045.50塞尔维亚50.4050.90阿塞拜疆47.7048.8050.0051.9052.8053.5053.7052.20伯利兹54.0052.5051.0050.2049.4048.4047.5047.50法属波利尼西亚42.4048.2055.3056.9057.4057.3055.9053.50印尼14.6015.8017.1019.3022.1026.1030.6035.60马恩岛加纳23.3026.1029.0030.1031.2032.9036.4040.10世界32.7734.7736.0037.2439.0940.9342.9444.76图瓦卢15.9018.8022.1025.8029.8034.3040.7044.00科特迪瓦17.7024.5028.2032.2036.9038.3039.7041.40土库曼斯坦46.4047.1047.8047.6047.1046.0045.1045.30斯洛文尼亚28.2032.5037.0042.4048.0049.6050.4050.60危地马拉31.1034.0035.5036.7037.4039.2041.1043.10尼日利亚16.2020.1022.7025.5028.6031.8035.3038.90洪都拉斯22.7025.7028.9032.1034.9037.7040.3042.30波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那19.0022.8027.2031.3035.5037.6039.2041.10圣文森特和格林纳丁斯13.9019.8026.9027.0027.2033.6040.6043.00海地15.6017.6019.8020.4020.5023.3028.5032.60阿鲁巴50.8050.7050.6050.5050.5050.4050.3048.80阿尔巴尼亚30.7031.2031.7032.7033.8035.1036.4038.90基里巴斯16.3019.6024.1029.6032.3033.5035.0036.40苏丹10.7013.4016.5018.9020.0022.4026.6031.30中国16.0017.6017.4017.4019.6023.0027.4031.40阿拉伯埃及共和国37.9040.7042.2043.5043.9043.9043.5042.80毛里求斯33.2037.0042.0043.4042.4042.3043.9043.30塞内加尔23.0026.4030.0033.7035.8037.5039.0039.80多哥10.1015.0021.3022.9024.7027.2030.1033.20摩尔多瓦23.4027.6032.1036.2040.4044.2046.8046.30法罗群岛21.4025.6028.0030.3031.2030.8030.6030.90贝宁9.3012.5016.7021.9027.3030.8034.5036.80毛里塔尼亚 6.9010.1014.6020.6027.4035.0039.7039.80巴巴多斯36.8037.1037.5038.6039.6036.0032.7034.50赤道几内亚25.5026.5027.0027.4027.9029.9034.7038.80中非共和国20.1023.5027.3032.0033.9035.5036.8037.20马尔代夫11.2011.5011.9017.3022.3025.5025.8025.60塞拉利昂17.4020.2023.4026.8029.1031.6032.9034.20津巴布韦12.6014.6017.4019.9022.4025.4029.0031.70纳米比亚17.9020.0022.3023.7025.1026.4027.7029.80莫桑比克 3.70 4.60 5.808.7013.1016.7021.1026.20乌兹别克斯坦34.0035.3036.7039.1040.8040.7040.1038.40索马里17.3020.0022.7025.5026.8028.1029.7031.40吉尔吉斯共和国34.2035.9037.5038.2038.6038.4037.8036.30巴基斯坦22.1023.5024.8026.3028.1029.3030.6031.80赞比亚18.1023.4030.4034.9039.8039.7039.4037.10不丹 3.60 4.70 6.107.9010.1012.9016.4020.50几内亚10.5013.0016.0019.5023.6026.6028.0029.50刚果民主泰国19.7020.2020.9023.8026.8028.1029.4030.30缅甸19.2021.0022.8023.9024.0024.2024.9026.10圣基茨和尼维斯27.6030.9034.1035.0035.9035.2034.6033.70马里11.1012.6014.3016.2018.5021.0023.3025.50海峡群岛老挝人民民主共和国7.908.309.6011.1012.4013.8015.4017.40格林纳达30.3031.3032.2032.6032.9032.6032.2031.60也门共和国9.1011.0013.3014.8016.5018.4020.9023.80安提瓜和巴布达39.7036.6033.8034.2034.6035.0035.4034.00几内亚比绍13.6014.3015.1016.0017.6022.4028.1029.80印度17.9018.8019.8021.3023.1024.3025.5026.60马达加斯加10.6012.4014.1016.3018.5020.9023.6025.80圭亚那29.0029.2029.4030.0030.5030.0029.5029.10科摩罗12.6017.0019.4021.2023.2025.5027.9028.30越南14.7016.4018.3018.8019.2019.6020.3022.20圣卢西亚21.5022.7023.9025.2026.5027.9029.3029.60东帝汶孟加拉国 5.10 6.207.609.8014.9017.5019.8021.70乍得 6.708.4011.6015.6018.8019.8020.8021.90塔吉克斯坦33.2035.2036.9035.5034.3033.2031.7028.90坦桑尼亚 5.20 6.007.9011.1014.6016.8018.9020.50莱索托 3.40 6.308.6010.8011.5011.8014.0017.00斯威士兰 3.90 6.509.7014.0017.8021.8022.9023.00汤加17.6019.5020.2020.3021.2022.3022.7022.90瓦努阿图10.4011.3012.3013.4014.7016.7018.7020.20阿富汗8.009.4011.0013.3015.7017.0018.3019.80萨摩亚18.9019.3020.4021.0021.2021.2021.2021.50密克罗尼西亚联邦22.3023.5024.8025.9026.4026.1025.8025.10肯尼亚7.408.6010.3012.9015.7017.0018.2019.00柬埔寨10.3010.8016.00 4.409.0012.6012.6014.20厄立特里亚9.8011.4012.6013.5014.4015.2015.8016.60布基纳法索 4.70 5.20 5.70 6.308.8012.3013.8015.10马拉维 4.40 4.90 6.107.709.1010.2011.6013.30卢旺达 2.40 2.80 3.20 4.00 4.70 5.10 5.408.30索罗门群岛 5.807.208.909.1010.6012.4013.7014.70尼泊尔 3.50 3.70 4.00 4.80 6.107.408.9010.90埃塞俄比亚 6.407.608.609.5010.4011.5012.6013.90尼日尔 5.80 6.808.8011.4013.4014.5015.4015.80斯里兰卡16.4017.6019.5019.5018.8018.0017.2016.40列支敦士登20.4019.5018.5018.3018.3017.6016.9016.50特里尼达和多巴哥17.3014.3011.9011.4010.909.608.509.60乌干达 4.40 5.50 6.707.007.509.2011.1011.70巴布亚新几内亚 3.70 5.509.8011.9013.0014.0015.0014.10布隆迪 2.00 2.20 2.40 3.20 4.30 5.20 6.307.20中高收入46.3950.5754.4858.3461.7164.8567.5269.59世界各国城市化率世界银行数据2000年200220032004200520062007200820092010 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00 98.2098.2498.2698.2898.3098.3298.3498.3698.3898.40 94.6095.8096.4097.0097.6097.8498.0898.3298.5698.80 97.1097.1897.2297.2697.3097.3297.3497.3697.3897.40 94.9095.1095.2095.3095.4095.4895.5695.6495.7295.80 92.6093.2493.5693.8894.2094.4294.6494.8695.0895.3092.4092.8893.1293.3693.6093.8294.0494.2694.4894.7093.4093.6893.8293.9694.1094.1494.1894.2294.2694.30 89.7090.7491.2691.7892.3092.6492.9893.3293.6694.00 93.1093.1093.1093.1093.1093.1293.1493.1693.1893.20 88.8089.8090.3090.8091.3091.6491.9892.3292.6693.0091.3091.5891.7291.8692.0092.1092.2092.3092.4092.5092.2092.2092.2092.2092.2092.2292.2492.2692.2892.30 90.1090.6290.8891.1491.4091.6091.8092.0092.2092.40 84.6086.6487.6688.6889.7090.4291.1491.8692.5893.30 91.4091.4891.5291.5691.6091.6291.6491.6691.6891.70 90.2090.4490.5690.6890.8090.9091.0091.1091.2091.30 89.4089.5289.5889.6489.7089.7889.8689.9490.0290.1091.5691.1490.7290.3089.8489.3888.9288.4688.0087.2087.6087.8088.0088.2088.3888.5688.7488.9289.1088.4088.4088.4088.4088.4088.4488.4888.5288.5688.60 85.9086.5886.9287.2687.6087.8888.1688.4488.7289.00 83.3084.4284.9885.5486.1086.5086.9087.3087.7088.10 86.0086.2486.3686.4886.6086.7286.8486.9687.0887.20 85.1085.4285.5885.7485.9086.1686.4286.6886.9487.20 85.7085.9086.0086.1086.2086.3286.4486.5686.6886.80 81.2082.4083.0083.6084.2084.6685.1285.5886.0486.50 80.1081.5082.2082.9083.6084.0884.5685.0485.5286.00 84.0084.1284.1884.2484.3084.3884.4684.5484.6284.70 82.0082.4482.6682.8883.1083.3083.5083.7083.9084.10 81.6082.0882.3282.5682.8083.0483.2883.5283.7684.00 83.8083.4083.2083.0082.8082.6882.5682.4482.3282.20 79.8080.2880.5280.8481.4282.0082.5882.4282.2683.60 76.8078.1678.8479.5280.2080.7481.2881.8282.3682.90 79.1079.7880.1280.4680.8081.1081.4081.7082.0082.30 79.6080.0880.3280.5680.8081.0281.2481.4681.6881.90 69.9072.7874.2275.6677.1078.2279.3480.4681.5882.70 79.5079.7479.8679.9880.1080.2080.3080.4080.5080.60 78.3078.3078.3078.3078.3078.3478.3878.4278.4678.50 77.8077.7677.7477.7277.7077.7677.8277.8877.9478.00 76.4076.6476.7676.8877.0077.1877.3677.5477.7277.90 76.1076.5876.8277.0677.3077.3677.4277.4877.5477.6075.8076.1676.3476.5276.7076.9277.1477.3677.5877.80 74.7075.3475.6675.9876.3076.6076.9077.2077.5077.80 76.3076.4676.5476.6276.7076.8476.9877.1277.2677.40 75.6075.6075.6075.6075.6075.6275.6475.6675.6875.70 72.1072.8273.1873.5473.9074.2474.5874.9275.2675.6071.1072.0672.5473.0273.5073.9474.3874.8275.2675.7072.1072.7073.0073.3073.6073.9074.2074.5074.8075.10 71.1071.8272.1872.5472.9073.2473.5873.9274.2674.6073.1073.2273.2873.3473.4073.4873.5673.6473.7273.8074.0073.8073.7073.6073.5073.5073.5073.5073.5073.50 73.3073.3073.3073.3073.3073.3673.4273.4873.5473.60 69.9070.8271.2871.7472.2072.6273.0473.4673.8874.30 65.8067.8068.8069.8070.8071.6072.4073.2074.0074.80 73.4073.2073.1073.0072.9072.8872.8672.8472.8272.8071.5471.5671.5871.6071.7071.8071.9072.0072.10 71.6071.5671.5471.5271.5071.5471.5871.6271.6671.70 70.7070.8670.9471.0271.1071.2071.3071.4071.5071.60 68.9069.4269.6869.9470.2070.5070.8071.1071.4071.70 68.4069.0469.3669.6870.0070.3670.7271.0871.4471.80 62.0064.2465.3666.4867.6068.5269.4470.3671.2872.2068.6068.8869.0269.1669.3069.5069.7069.9070.1070.3069.4069.4069.4069.4069.4069.4269.4469.4669.4869.50 62.4064.1665.0465.9266.8067.5468.2869.0269.7670.50 64.7065.7466.2666.7867.3067.7668.2268.6869.1469.60 64.2065.2865.8266.3666.9067.4267.9468.4668.9869.50 68.1068.0668.0468.0268.0068.0468.0868.1268.1668.20 67.2067.3667.4467.5267.6067.7667.9268.0868.2468.40 67.1067.3867.5267.6667.8067.8667.9267.9868.0468.1064.6065.2865.6265.9666.3066.7067.1067.5067.9068.3065.8066.0866.2266.3666.5066.7266.9467.1667.3867.60 67.0066.8466.7666.6866.6066.7266.8466.9667.0867.20 62.9063.9064.4064.9065.4065.9066.4066.9067.4067.90 67.8067.4467.2667.0866.9066.8066.7066.6066.5066.40 63.4064.1664.5464.9265.3065.7066.1066.5066.9067.30 65.2065.5265.6865.8466.0066.1666.3266.4866.6466.8060.3061.6262.2862.9463.6064.2664.9265.5866.2466.9061.8062.7663.2463.7264.2064.6665.1265.5866.0466.50 59.8061.2061.9062.6063.3063.9464.5865.2265.8666.50 58.5060.1861.0261.8662.7063.4464.1864.9265.6666.40 61.9062.6262.9863.3463.7064.0664.4264.7865.1465.50 65.1064.7064.5064.3064.1064.0263.9463.8663.7863.70 61.1061.6261.8862.1462.4062.7063.0063.3063.6063.9059.0060.0860.6261.1661.7062.2262.7463.2663.7864.3060.2060.7661.0461.3261.6061.9662.3262.6863.0463.4058.3059.0659.4459.8260.2060.5860.9661.3461.7262.1059.1059.6659.9460.2260.5060.7861.0661.3461.6261.90 61.7061.6261.5861.5461.5061.4461.3861.3261.2661.20 59.7059.9860.1260.2660.4060.6060.8061.0061.2061.40 56.9057.8658.3458.8259.3059.7860.2660.7461.2261.70 58.4058.9659.2459.5259.8060.1060.4060.7061.0061.30 53.4055.2856.2257.1658.1058.9259.7460.5661.3862.2055.3056.5857.2257.8658.5059.1059.7060.3060.9061.50 58.5059.5860.1260.6661.2060.8660.5260.1859.8459.50 54.3055.8256.5857.3458.1058.7859.4660.1460.8261.50 53.4055.0055.8056.6057.4058.1458.8859.6260.3661.1053.2054.8455.6656.4857.3058.0658.8259.5860.3461.1054.4055.6856.3256.9657.6058.2258.8459.4660.0860.70 56.3056.6256.7856.9457.1057.3857.6657.9458.2258.5055.6055.9656.1456.3256.5056.7657.0257.2857.5457.8056.6056.6456.6656.6856.7056.8657.0257.1857.3457.50 49.9051.6652.5453.4254.3055.1255.9456.7657.5858.40 54.7055.1855.4255.6655.9056.1856.4656.7457.0257.30 49.0051.0052.0053.0054.0054.9055.8056.7057.6058.50 56.3056.2656.2456.2256.2056.3256.4456.5656.6856.80 49.1051.0251.9852.9453.9054.7455.5856.4257.2658.10 53.3053.9854.3254.6655.0055.3455.6856.0256.3656.70 51.0051.7652.1452.5252.9053.3853.8654.3454.8255.3053.5853.6253.6653.7053.8854.0654.2454.4254.60 51.6052.2452.5652.8853.2053.5453.8854.2254.5654.9051.8052.1652.3452.5252.7052.9053.1053.3053.5053.7052.7052.6252.5852.5452.5052.5852.6652.7452.8252.90 48.3049.3049.8050.3050.8051.3251.8452.3652.8853.40 51.1051.2651.3451.4251.5051.6851.8652.0452.2252.40 51.2051.3251.3851.4451.5051.6451.7851.9252.0652.20 47.8048.7649.2449.7250.2050.7051.2051.7052.2052.70 52.4052.1251.9851.8451.7051.6851.6651.6451.6251.60 42.0044.4445.6646.8848.1049.2250.3451.4652.5853.7051.5651.4451.3251.2051.0850.9650.8450.7250.60 44.0045.5246.2847.0447.8048.5449.2850.0250.7651.50 46.6747.5047.9148.3148.7349.1549.5850.0150.4350.85 46.0046.8447.2647.6848.1048.5649.0249.4849.9450.40 43.5044.8245.4846.1446.8047.4648.1248.7849.4450.10 45.8046.4046.7047.0047.3047.7448.1848.6249.0649.50 50.8050.2850.0249.7649.5049.2048.9048.6048.3048.00 45.1045.9446.3646.7847.2047.6648.1248.5849.0449.50 42.5043.9844.7245.4646.2046.9247.6448.3649.0849.80 44.4045.2445.6646.0846.5046.9647.4247.8848.3448.8043.2044.2044.7045.2045.7046.2846.8647.4448.0248.6044.4045.0045.3045.6045.9046.2846.6647.0447.4247.80 35.6038.4439.8641.2842.7044.0845.4646.8448.2249.60 46.7046.6646.6446.6246.6046.6646.7246.7846.8446.90 41.7042.9443.5644.1844.8045.4446.0846.7247.3648.00 43.0043.2443.3643.4843.6043.6843.7643.8443.9244.00 36.1037.9838.9239.8640.8041.6842.5643.4444.3245.20 35.8037.6438.5639.4840.4041.3042.2043.1044.0044.90 42.6042.6042.6042.6042.6042.6442.6842.7242.7642.80 42.7042.5442.4642.3842.3042.3642.4242.4842.5442.60 40.6041.0041.2041.4041.6041.8642.1242.3842.6442.90 36.5037.8638.5439.2239.9040.6041.3042.0042.7043.40 44.6043.8043.4043.0042.6042.3242.0441.7641.4841.20 36.3037.7038.4039.1039.8040.3440.8841.4241.9642.50 38.3038.9839.3239.6640.0040.4040.8041.2041.6042.0040.0040.1640.2440.3240.4040.6040.8041.0041.2041.40 36.3037.1437.5637.9838.4038.8839.3639.8440.3240.80 38.8038.8438.8638.8838.9039.0639.2239.3839.5439.70 37.6037.8037.9038.0038.1038.2638.4238.5838.7438.90 27.7030.1831.4232.6633.9035.2236.5437.8639.1840.50 35.5036.0236.2836.5436.8037.1237.4437.7638.0838.40 33.8034.6435.0635.4835.9036.3836.8637.3437.8238.30 32.4033.4834.0234.5635.1035.6836.2636.8437.4238.00 30.7032.2232.9833.7434.5035.2836.0636.8437.6238.40 37.3037.0636.9436.8236.7036.7436.7836.8236.8636.90 33.2034.0034.4034.8035.2035.6436.0836.5236.9637.40 35.4035.5635.6435.7235.8035.9636.1236.2836.4436.6033.2033.8834.2234.5634.9035.3235.7436.1636.5837.0034.8034.8834.9234.9635.0035.1435.2835.4235.5635.70 25.4027.6428.7629.8831.0032.1633.3234.4835.6436.80 31.0031.8032.2032.6033.0033.4833.9634.4434.9235.4030.7231.1831.6432.1032.7233.3433.9634.5835.2031.1031.5831.8232.0632.3032.6432.9833.3233.6634.00 28.0029.0429.5630.0830.6031.2631.9232.5833.2433.90 32.8032.5632.4432.3232.2032.2432.2832.3232.3632.40 27.9028.9429.4629.9830.5031.0631.6232.1832.7433.3030.5830.6230.6630.7030.8430.9831.1231.2631.40 22.0024.1625.2426.3227.4028.5629.7230.8832.0433.20 31.0030.8430.7630.6830.6030.6830.7630.8430.9231.00 26.3027.3427.8628.3828.9029.4830.0630.6431.2231.80 32.1031.5431.2630.9830.7030.6230.5430.4630.3830.30 29.7029.6629.6429.6229.6029.6829.7629.8429.9230.00 27.7028.1028.3028.5028.7028.9829.2629.5429.8230.1027.1027.6627.9428.2228.5028.8429.1829.5229.8630.2028.6028.4428.3628.2828.2028.2628.3228.3828.4428.50 28.1028.0227.9827.9427.9027.9628.0228.0828.1428.20 24.3025.1425.5625.9826.4026.8827.3627.8428.3228.80 28.0027.8427.7627.6827.6027.6827.7627.8427.9228.0025.0225.3825.7426.1026.5026.9027.3027.7028.10 23.6024.4424.8625.2825.7026.1826.6627.1427.6228.10 23.4024.1624.5424.9225.3025.7626.2226.6827.1427.60 26.5026.4626.4426.4226.4026.4226.4426.4626.4826.50 22.3023.0623.4423.8224.2024.6425.0825.5225.9626.40 20.0021.3221.9822.6423.3024.0224.7425.4626.1826.90 23.3023.6223.7823.9424.1024.3824.6624.9425.2225.50 23.2023.5223.6823.8424.0024.2624.5224.7825.0425.30 21.7022.4222.7823.1423.5023.9224.3424.7625.1825.60 21.3021.9422.2622.5822.9023.2823.6624.0424.4224.8021.9022.1022.2022.3022.4022.6022.8023.0023.2023.4022.3022.3022.3022.3022.3022.3822.4622.5422.6222.70 19.7020.1020.3020.5020.7021.0021.3021.6021.9022.2016.9018.0218.5819.1419.7020.3220.9421.5622.1822.8017.8018.4418.7619.0819.4019.8420.2820.7221.1621.60 16.6017.2817.6217.9618.3018.7219.1419.5619.9820.40 15.2016.0416.4616.8817.3017.8018.3018.8019.3019.80 13.8015.2816.0216.7617.5017.7818.0618.3418.6218.9015.7016.2216.4816.7417.0017.3217.6417.9618.2818.6013.4014.3614.8415.3215.8016.2816.7617.2417.7218.2014.9015.3815.6215.8616.1016.4016.7017.0017.3017.60 16.2016.2416.2616.2816.3016.3816.4616.5416.6216.70 15.7015.4615.3415.2215.1015.1015.1015.1015.1015.10 15.1014.8614.7414.6214.5014.4414.3814.3214.2614.20 10.8011.3611.6411.9212.2012.5412.8813.2213.5613.9012.1012.2612.3412.4212.5012.6612.8212.9813.1413.3013.2012.9612.8412.7212.6012.5812.5612.5412.5212.50 8.308.789.029.269.509.8010.1010.4010.7011.00 71.6142011。
地理知识·中国及世界城市化率统计数据1.中国城市化率历年统计数据(1949—2011)城市化过程中出现的问题城市规模的无限制扩大,城市人口的迅猛增长,城市化过程中出现了严重的问题。
具体表现在六个方面:(1)环境污染严重,原有生态环境改变,环境质量下降,趋于恶化;(2)中心区人口密集;(3)交通拥挤;4、地价房租昂贵,居住条件差;5、失业人口增多;(6)社会秩序混乱。
解决措施保护和改善城市环境的主要措施:(1)建立卫星城,开发新区;(2)改善城市交通和居住条件;(3)保护和治理城市环境、扩大绿化面积。
从城乡结构看,城镇人口71182万人,比上年末增加2103万人;乡村人口64222万人,减少1434万人。
城镇人口占总人口比重达到52.57%,比上年末提高1.30个百分点。
全国居住地和户口登记地不在同一个乡镇街道且离开户口登记地半年以上的人口(即人户分离人口)2.79亿人,比上年末增加789万人;其中流动人口为2.36亿人,比上年末增加669万人。
中国城市化率历年统计数据(1949—2011)年份城市化率(%)2010年49.902009年48.302008年47.002007年45.902006年44.302005年42.992004年41.762003年40.532002年39.092001年37.662000年36.22中国香港Hong Kong,China100100100100100中国澳门Macao,China1001001001001002.世界各国城市化率统计世界各国城市化率统计单位:%(%)国家和地区Country or Area20002005200820092010世界World46.748.75050.450.9孟加拉国Bangladesh23.625.727.127.628.1文莱BruneiDarussalam71.173.574.875.375.7柬埔寨Cambodia16.919.721.622.222.8印度India27.728.729.529.830.1印度尼西亚Indonesia4248.151.552.653.7伊朗Iran64.266.968.56969.5以色列Israel91.491.691.791.791.7日本Japan65.26666.566.666.8哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan56.357.157.958.258.5韩国Korea, Rep.79.680.881.581.781.9老挝Laos2227.430.93233.2马来西亚Malaysia6267.670.471.372.2蒙古Mongolia56.656.757.257.357.5缅甸Myanmar2830.632.633.233.9巴基斯坦Pakistan33.234.936.236.637菲律宾Philippines58.562.764.965.766.4新加坡Singapore100100100100100斯里兰卡Sri Lanka15.715.115.115.115.1泰国Thailand31.132.333.333.734越南Viet Nam24.326.427.828.328.8埃及Egypt42.642.642.742.842.8尼日利亚Nigeria42.546.248.449.149.8南非South Africa56.959.360.761.261.7加拿大Canada79.580.180.480.580.6墨西哥Mexico74.776.377.277.577.8美国United States79.180.881.78282.3阿根廷Argentina90.191.49292.292.4巴西Brazil81.284.285.68686.5委内瑞拉Venezuela89.792.393.393.794捷克Czech Rep.7473.573.573.573.5法国France75.876.777.477.677.8德国Germany73.173.473.673.773.8意大利Italy67.267.668.168.268.4荷兰Netherlands76.880.281.882.482.9波兰Poland61.761.561.361.361.2俄罗斯联邦Russian Fed.73.472.972.872.872.8西班牙Spain76.376.777.177.377.4土耳其Turkey64.767.368.769.169.6乌克兰Ukraine67.167.8686868.1英国United Kingdom89.489.789.99090.1澳大利亚Australia87.288.288.788.989.1新西兰New Zealand85.786.286.686.786.8附:拉美国家城市化存在的问题及其影响一、拉美国家城市化的现状19世纪末,拉美主要国家的现代化开始启动,到20世纪50年代,大多数国家进入了现代化的起飞阶段。
数据来源:世界银行Country Name Indicator Name19611962 World Urban population (% of total)34.0310134.46401 Aruba Urban population (% of total)50.760850.7456 Andorra Urban population (% of total)60.84963.248 Afghanistan Urban population (% of total)8.2658.537 Angola Urban population (% of total)10.848811.2626 Albania Urban population (% of total)30.8130.915 Arab World Urban population (% of total)32.194533.03269 United Arab Emirates Urban population (% of total)73.932274.3644 Argentina Urban population (% of total)74.162674.7142 Armenia Urban population (% of total)52.144453.0138 American Samoa Urban population (% of total)66.635667.0602 Antigua and Barbuda Urban population (% of total)39.046838.4376 Australia Urban population (% of total)81.920282.3114 Austria Urban population (% of total)64.778264.8364 Azerbaijan Urban population (% of total)52.363252.0634 Burundi Urban population (% of total) 2.0726 2.1072 Belgium Urban population (% of total)92.595492.7308 Benin Urban population (% of total)9.923810.5726 Burkina Faso Urban population (% of total) 4.7996 4.8992 Bangladesh Urban population (% of total) 5.3502 5.5654 Bulgaria Urban population (% of total)38.83140.562 Bahrain Urban population (% of total)82.35682.392 Bahamas, The Urban population (% of total)60.379461.1048 Bosnia and Herzegovina Urban population (% of total)19.795420.5508 Belarus Urban population (% of total)33.546234.6914 Belize Urban population (% of total)53.718653.4092 Bermuda Urban population (% of total)100100 Bolivia Urban population (% of total)37.06137.36 Brazil Urban population (% of total)47.118648.0982 Barbados Urban population (% of total)36.849836.9226 Brunei Darussalam Urban population (% of total)45.245847.0906 Bhutan Urban population (% of total) 3.8142 4.0324 Botswana Urban population (% of total) 3.2158 3.3716Urban population (% of total)Sub-Saharan Africa (IFC classificationCentral African Republic Urban population (% of total)20.783821.4676 Canada Urban population (% of total)69.827270.5934Urban population (% of total)East Asia and the Pacific (IFC classifEurope and Central Asia (IFC classificUrban population (% of total)Switzerland Urban population (% of total)51.658652.2982 Channel Islands Urban population (% of total)38.43738.174 Chile Urban population (% of total)68.60869.38 China Urban population (% of total)16.579616.9562 Cote d'Ivoire Urban population (% of total)19.043220.4074Urban population (% of total)Latin America and the Caribbean (IFC cUrban population (% of total)Middle East and North Africa (IFC clasCameroon Urban population (% of total)14.525615.1142 Congo, Rep.Urban population (% of total)32.335433.0698 Colombia Urban population (% of total)46.230847.4286 Comoros Urban population (% of total)13.436414.3218 Cape Verde Urban population (% of total)16.957817.2366 Costa Rica Urban population (% of total)34.561434.8688 South Asia (IFC classification)Urban population (% of total)Caribbean small states Urban population (% of total)31.7054231.97397 Cuba Urban population (% of total)58.588258.7754 Curacao Urban population (% of total)Cayman Islands Urban population (% of total)100100 Cyprus Urban population (% of total)36.1436.652 Czech Republic Urban population (% of total)60.041660.5352 Germany Urban population (% of total)71.498271.6124 Djibouti Urban population (% of total)51.481852.6386 Dominica Urban population (% of total)29.148631.0072 Denmark Urban population (% of total)74.359275.0314 Dominican Republic Urban population (% of total)31.19132.153 Algeria Urban population (% of total)31.936633.3632 East Asia & Pacific (developing only)Urban population (% of total)17.2960717.66563Urban population (% of total)23.0371123.47705 East Asia & Pacific (all income levelsEurope & Central Asia (developing onlyUrban population (% of total)39.8316540.50498Urban population (% of total)55.755456.30836 Europe & Central Asia (all income leveEcuador Urban population (% of total)34.430434.9828 Egypt, Arab Rep.Urban population (% of total)38.427438.9908 Euro area Urban population (% of total)62.5067563.03157 Eritrea Urban population (% of total)10.077410.4038 Spain Urban population (% of total)57.509258.4514 Estonia Urban population (% of total)58.29659.059 Ethiopia Urban population (% of total) 6.6638 6.8946 European Union Urban population (% of total)61.4143861.89545 Finland Urban population (% of total)56.163657.0372 Fiji Urban population (% of total)30.261230.8414 France Urban population (% of total)62.918263.9564 Faeroe Islands Urban population (% of total)22.21723.051 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.Urban population (% of total)22.55722.802 Gabon Urban population (% of total)18.673419.9488 United Kingdom Urban population (% of total)78.319478.1948 Georgia Urban population (% of total)43.56244.055 Ghana Urban population (% of total)23.816424.3808 Guinea Urban population (% of total)10.973211.4744 Gambia, The Urban population (% of total)12.609813.0906 Guinea-Bissau Urban population (% of total)13.749813.8996 Equatorial Guinea Urban population (% of total)25.7325.923 Greece Urban population (% of total)43.818644.7462 Grenada Urban population (% of total)30.520430.7088 Greenland Urban population (% of total)60.037261.5404 Guatemala Urban population (% of total)31.694632.2682 Guam Urban population (% of total)51.227252.3074 Guyana Urban population (% of total)29.04929.089 High income Urban population (% of total)62.9496463.52355 Hong Kong SAR, China Urban population (% of total)85.444485.6888 Honduras Urban population (% of total)23.338423.9298Urban population (% of total)12.5503312.97822 Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC)Croatia Urban population (% of total)31.118632.0832 Haiti Urban population (% of total)15.990416.3878 Hungary Urban population (% of total)56.333256.7554 Indonesia Urban population (% of total)14.826615.0672 Isle of Man Urban population (% of total)55.359455.5958 India Urban population (% of total)18.096218.2684 Not classified Urban population (% of total)Ireland Urban population (% of total)46.399446.9768 Iran, Islamic Rep.Urban population (% of total)34.401635.0682 Iraq Urban population (% of total)44.449445.9998 Iceland Urban population (% of total)80.78481.268 Israel Urban population (% of total)77.666478.4848 Italy Urban population (% of total)59.857460.3538 Jamaica Urban population (% of total)34.51535.261 Jordan Urban population (% of total)51.555652.2322 Japan Urban population (% of total)64.190865.1096 Kazakhstan Urban population (% of total)44.767845.3376 Kenya Urban population (% of total)7.61067.8592 Kyrgyz Republic Urban population (% of total)34.51534.849 Cambodia Urban population (% of total)10.39410.503 Kiribati Urban population (% of total)16.95717.624 St. Kitts and Nevis Urban population (% of total)28.286228.9284 Korea, Rep.Urban population (% of total)28.638229.5664 Kosovo Urban population (% of total)Kuwait Urban population (% of total)75.76976.645 Latin America & Caribbean (developingUrban population (% of total)49.1883149.99167 Lao PDR Urban population (% of total)8.02148.0968 Lebanon Urban population (% of total)44.061445.7798 Liberia Urban population (% of total)19.327220.0224 Libya Urban population (% of total)28.591629.8602 St. Lucia Urban population (% of total)21.721.94Urban population (% of total)50.0492650.83955 Latin America & Caribbean (all incomeUrban population (% of total)9.87382610.18541 Least developed countries: UN classifiLow income Urban population (% of total)11.420311.73252 Liechtenstein Urban population (% of total)20.243820.0506 Sri Lanka Urban population (% of total)16.6716.909 Lower middle income Urban population (% of total)21.1017221.4133 Low & middle income Urban population (% of total)22.5711123.01975 Lesotho Urban population (% of total) 4.0004 4.5858 Lithuania Urban population (% of total)40.45841.456 Luxembourg Urban population (% of total)70.036470.5168 Latvia Urban population (% of total)53.6654.453 Macao SAR, China Urban population (% of total)95.466695.6442 St. Martin (French part)Urban population (% of total)Morocco Urban population (% of total)29.85830.359 Monaco Urban population (% of total)100100 Moldova Urban population (% of total)24.252425.0808 Madagascar Urban population (% of total)10.989411.3368 Maldives Urban population (% of total)11.2311.287Urban population (% of total)35.8112336.65632 Middle East & North Africa (all incomeMexico Urban population (% of total)51.588652.4242 Marshall Islands Urban population (% of total)36.999838.4156 Middle income Urban population (% of total)23.9743724.44832 Macedonia, FYR Urban population (% of total)35.28736.554 Mali Urban population (% of total)11.374411.6828 Malta Urban population (% of total)90.068290.0074 Myanmar Urban population (% of total)19.57519.924Urban population (% of total)34.7102435.49986 Middle East & North Africa (developingMontenegro Urban population (% of total)19.543620.2992 Mongolia Urban population (% of total)36.96638.253 Northern Mariana Islands Urban population (% of total)52.72754.235Mozambique Urban population (% of total) 3.8552 4.0434 Mauritania Urban population (% of total)7.5228.164 Mauritius Urban population (% of total)33.941434.7058 Malawi Urban population (% of total) 4.4936 4.5972 Malaysia Urban population (% of total)27.26127.924 North America Urban population (% of total)70.3299470.74171 Namibia Urban population (% of total)18.334218.7594 New Caledonia Urban population (% of total)38.817240.2744 Niger Urban population (% of total) 5.9962 6.1994 Nigeria Urban population (% of total)16.950417.7398 Nicaragua Urban population (% of total)40.206240.8314 Netherlands Urban population (% of total)59.952260.1524 High income: nonOECD Urban population (% of total)54.2236655.11079 Norway Urban population (% of total)51.449652.9792 Nepal Urban population (% of total) 3.5314 3.5828 New Zealand Urban population (% of total)76.576677.1552 High income: OECD Urban population (% of total)64.753165.2639 OECD members Urban population (% of total)62.8348463.33931 Oman Urban population (% of total)17.587618.7752 Other small states Urban population (% of total)14.8840715.43473 Pakistan Urban population (% of total)22.385422.6668 Panama Urban population (% of total)41.885442.5218 Peru Urban population (% of total)47.822448.8338 Philippines Urban population (% of total)30.558430.8198 Palau Urban population (% of total)57.113657.4042 Papua New Guinea Urban population (% of total) 4.074 4.423 Poland Urban population (% of total)48.338848.7856 Puerto Rico Urban population (% of total)45.939247.3344 Korea, Dem. Rep.Urban population (% of total)41.174242.1534 Portugal Urban population (% of total)35.337235.7194 Paraguay Urban population (% of total)35.703835.8386 Pacific island small states Urban population (% of total)22.5422422.98478 French Polynesia Urban population (% of total)43.59744.75 Qatar Urban population (% of total)85.636686.0362 Romania Urban population (% of total)34.906635.6042 Russian Federation Urban population (% of total)54.619455.5078 Rwanda Urban population (% of total) 2.4738 2.5476 South Asia Urban population (% of total)16.9053817.08546 Saudi Arabia Urban population (% of total)32.753834.2576 Sudan Urban population (% of total)11.271411.7968 Senegal Urban population (% of total)23.670224.3404 Singapore Urban population (% of total)100100 Solomon Islands Urban population (% of total) 6.0634 6.3588 Sierra Leone Urban population (% of total)17.945818.5146 El Salvador Urban population (% of total)38.457838.5706 San Marino Urban population (% of total)50.000451.1008 Somalia Urban population (% of total)17.842418.3728 Serbia Urban population (% of total)Sub-Saharan Africa (developing only)Urban population (% of total)15.2238215.70168 South Sudan Urban population (% of total)8.73648.7248Urban population (% of total)15.2353115.71271 Sub-Saharan Africa (all income levels)Small states Urban population (% of total)21.4778621.91789 Sao Tome and Principe Urban population (% of total)17.22518.377 Suriname Urban population (% of total)47.229847.1996Slovak Republic Urban population (% of total)34.179834.8956 Slovenia Urban population (% of total)29.062629.9212 Sweden Urban population (% of total)73.403274.3164 Swaziland Urban population (% of total) 4.4292 4.9454 Sint Maarten (Dutch part)Urban population (% of total)Seychelles Urban population (% of total)28.76329.853 Syrian Arab Republic Urban population (% of total)37.407638.0572 Turks and Caicos Islands Urban population (% of total)48.021648.3642 Chad Urban population (% of total)7.03727.3794 Togo Urban population (% of total)11.068412.0388 Thailand Urban population (% of total)19.781819.8916 Tajikistan Urban population (% of total)33.564833.9616 Turkmenistan Urban population (% of total)46.557446.7028 Timor-Leste Urban population (% of total)10.343410.5958 Tonga Urban population (% of total)17.941418.3308 Trinidad and Tobago Urban population (% of total)16.748616.1482 Tunisia Urban population (% of total)37.953638.3962 Turkey Urban population (% of total)32.057432.5998 Tuvalu Urban population (% of total)16.474617.0542 Tanzania Urban population (% of total) 5.4028 5.5596 Uganda Urban population (% of total) 4.6354 4.8538 Ukraine Urban population (% of total)47.563448.3348 Upper middle income Urban population (% of total)26.3544326.98119 Uruguay Urban population (% of total)80.458480.6758 United States Urban population (% of total)70.372670.7492 Uzbekistan Urban population (% of total)34.240234.5024 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Urban population (% of total)26.404826.8666 Venezuela, RB Urban population (% of total)62.694863.7766 Virgin Islands (U.S.)Urban population (% of total)57.837459.1978 Vietnam Urban population (% of total)15.044215.3884 Vanuatu Urban population (% of total)10.58910.774 West Bank and Gaza Urban population (% of total)Samoa Urban population (% of total)19.00119.076 Yemen, Rep.Urban population (% of total)9.48529.8704 South Africa Urban population (% of total)46.744846.8706 Congo, Dem. Rep.Urban population (% of total)23.060423.8208 Zambia Urban population (% of total)19.190420.2358 Zimbabwe Urban population (% of total)13.010413.4128196319641965196619671968196919701971 34.8319735.1994135.5579935.7725935.9866536.1857436.3956536.5951436.80517 50.730450.715250.750.684850.669650.654450.639250.62450.608865.64768.04670.44572.38774.32976.27178.21380.15581.57448.8099.0819.3539.688610.024210.359810.695411.03111.4804 11.676412.090212.50412.994613.485213.975814.466414.95715.791231.0231.12531.2331.33231.43431.53631.63831.7431.9344 33.8740634.7167335.559636.2474936.9359137.6272638.3251539.0319939.672674.796675.228875.66176.06976.47776.88577.29377.70178.083875.265875.817476.36976.871277.373477.875678.377878.8879.2978 53.883254.752655.62256.470457.318858.167259.015659.86460.6134 67.484867.909468.33468.74469.15469.56469.97470.38470.778 37.828437.219236.6136.051835.493634.935434.377233.81933.8986 82.702683.093883.48583.84184.19784.55384.90985.26585.3962 64.894664.952865.01165.060465.109865.159265.208665.25865.2746 51.763651.463851.16450.932850.701650.470450.239250.00850.38582.1418 2.1764 2.211 2.2452 2.2794 2.3136 2.3478 2.382 2.5492 92.866293.001693.13793.278293.419493.560693.701893.84393.9704 11.221411.870212.51913.353414.187815.022215.856616.69117.73364.99885.0984 5.198 5.3076 5.4172 5.5268 5.6364 5.746 5.86625.7806 5.99586.211 6.4874 6.76387.04027.31667.5938.041642.29344.02445.75547.06448.37349.68250.99152.353.352482.42882.46482.582.75583.0183.26583.5283.77584.015 61.830262.555663.28163.969864.658665.347466.036266.72567.3798 21.306222.061622.81723.693824.570625.447426.324227.20128.0184 35.836636.981838.12739.303640.480241.656842.833444.0145.3308 53.099852.790452.48152.177451.873851.570251.266650.96350.804610010010010010010010010010037.65937.95838.25738.560838.864639.168439.472239.77640.0836 49.077850.057451.03752.011452.985853.960254.934655.90956.885 36.995437.068237.14137.220637.300237.379837.459437.53937.7552 48.935450.780252.62554.43556.24558.05559.86561.67561.73884.2506 4.4688 4.687 4.96745.2478 5.5282 5.80866.089 6.44643.5274 3.6832 3.8394.6385.4376.2367.0357.8348.644 22.151422.835223.51924.280825.042625.804426.566227.32828.2536 71.359672.125872.89273.444473.996874.549275.101675.65475.645452.937853.577454.21754.847255.477456.107656.737857.36857.368237.91137.64837.38537.125636.866236.606836.347436.08835.70770.15270.92471.69672.402273.108473.814674.520875.22775.8588 17.332817.709418.08617.948817.811617.674417.537217.417.4 21.771623.135824.525.232625.965226.697827.430428.16328.9762 15.702816.291416.8817.56418.24818.93219.61620.321.6984 33.804234.538635.27336.044236.815437.586638.357839.12939.956 48.626449.824251.02251.781652.541253.300854.060454.8255.5638 15.207216.092616.97817.460417.942818.425218.907619.3919.7598 17.515417.794218.07318.370218.667418.964619.261819.55919.931 35.176235.483635.79136.398237.005437.612638.219838.82739.331432.2528332.5389732.8290233.1417233.4566133.7679534.0697434.3584934.70738 58.962659.149859.33759.522859.708659.894460.080260.26661.0576100100100100100100100100100 37.16437.67638.18838.702639.217239.731840.246440.76142.0642 61.028861.522462.01662.493262.970463.447663.924864.40265.505 71.726671.840871.95572.018872.082672.146472.210272.27472.3312 53.795454.952256.10957.242658.376259.509860.643461.77762.85 32.865834.724436.58338.644640.706242.767844.829446.89148.572 75.703676.375877.04877.585878.123678.661479.199279.73780.218833.11534.07735.03936.07337.10738.14139.17540.20941.305434.789836.216437.64338.014438.385838.757239.128639.539.666 18.0257318.3864618.7473418.7529818.7599418.7666618.7718918.7760118.87022 23.8455924.2182324.5886224.6345124.685624.710824.7950724.8415224.97011 41.1730341.8361742.4932443.1804843.8601344.5372945.2128845.8822646.46751 56.8641357.4202757.9818858.5174159.0428259.5680160.1002560.6304761.08458 35.535236.087636.6437.167637.695238.222838.750439.27839.895 39.554240.117640.68140.986641.292241.597841.903442.20942.4576 63.5660664.1026464.6432865.1255665.5976466.0688366.5525267.0296667.34689 10.730211.056611.38311.62511.86712.10912.35112.59312.7652 59.393660.335861.27862.2363.18264.13465.08666.03866.7444 59.82260.58561.34862.067862.787663.507464.227264.94765.4754 7.12547.35627.5877.78727.98748.18768.38788.5888.7624 62.3797662.8632663.354863.7811664.1896864.5990365.0212865.4420965.81115 57.910858.784459.65860.467261.276462.085662.894863.70464.5294 31.421632.001832.58233.017233.452433.887634.322834.75835.1506 64.994666.032867.07167.867868.664669.461470.258271.05571.4292 23.88524.71925.55326.032626.512226.991827.471427.95128.426 23.04723.29223.53723.791224.045424.299624.553824.80825.018 21.224222.499623.77525.4227.06528.7130.3553234.1942 78.070277.945677.82177.680277.539477.398677.257877.11777.2302 44.54845.04145.53446.028446.522847.017247.511648.00648.4736 24.945225.509626.07426.653627.233227.812828.392428.97229.1892 11.975612.476812.97813.577814.177614.777415.377215.97716.684613.571414.052214.53315.525616.518217.510818.503419.49620.48214.049414.199214.34914.505614.662214.818814.975415.13215.2956 26.11626.30926.50226.592426.682826.773226.863626.95427.0452 45.673846.601447.52948.52449.51950.51451.50952.50453.0646 30.897231.085631.27431.461631.649231.836832.024432.21232.2826 63.043664.546866.0567.388868.727670.066471.405272.74473.073 32.841833.415433.98934.300234.611434.922635.233835.54535.7796 53.387654.467855.54856.822458.096859.371260.645661.9266.2624 29.12929.16929.20929.252229.295429.338629.381829.42529.5334 64.0963564.6695165.2457765.8020266.3546966.9037367.4651368.0293868.45967 85.933286.177686.42286.683486.944887.206287.467687.72988.1222 24.521225.112625.70426.343626.983227.622828.262428.90229.5436 13.4061213.833614.2605314.741415.2221615.7032116.1848716.6673717.08034 33.047834.012434.97736.020837.064638.108439.152240.19641.182 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49.845250.856651.86852.975654.083255.190856.298457.40658.217 31.081231.342631.60431.87932.15432.42932.70432.97933.4952 57.694857.985458.27658.563858.851659.139459.427259.71559.99964.7725.121 5.476.33527.20048.06568.93089.79610.2228 49.232449.679250.12650.525850.925651.325451.725252.12552.756 48.729650.124851.5252.881254.242455.603656.964858.32659.2144 43.132644.111845.09146.912848.734650.556452.378254.254.7 36.101636.483836.86637.253637.641238.028838.416438.80439.199 35.973436.108236.24336.407436.571836.736236.900637.06537.4482 23.4243123.8573424.2813824.6559725.0223425.383225.7420426.1019526.37941 45.90347.05648.20949.617651.026252.434853.843455.25255.577 86.435886.835487.23587.464487.693887.923288.152688.38288.4874 36.301836.999437.69738.221438.745839.270239.794640.31940.8214 56.396257.284658.17359.032659.892260.751861.611462.47163.2622 2.6214 2.6952 2.769 2.8536 2.9382 3.0228 3.1074 3.192 3.3532 17.2656917.445417.624417.8272618.0296318.2332118.4399918.6511218.97633 35.761437.265238.76940.74942.72944.70946.68948.66950.605 12.322212.847613.37314.00314.63315.26315.89316.52317.007 25.010625.680826.35127.080827.810628.540429.27023030.7386100100100100100100100100100 6.6542 6.94967.2457.57947.91388.24828.58268.9178.9586 19.083419.652220.22120.856821.492622.128422.764223.424.0712 38.683438.796238.90939.007639.106239.204839.303439.40239.8236 52.201253.301654.40255.481656.561257.640858.720459.862.1368 18.903219.433619.96420.506821.049621.592422.135222.67823.242 16.1721716.6367817.0968717.5434617.9884818.4330618.8780519.3240319.74498.71328.70168.698.67868.66728.65588.64448.6338.6216 16.1827816.64717.1067317.5529317.9975818.4417518.8862619.3316519.75186 22.3596622.7988123.232323.738424.2409724.7365425.2210625.6925626.1530819.52920.68121.83323.3724.90726.44427.98129.51829.9422 47.169447.139247.10946.876846.644646.412446.180245.94846.652235.611436.327237.04337.845838.648639.451440.254241.05742.097 30.779831.638432.49733.398434.299835.201236.102637.00438.078 75.229676.142877.05677.851678.647279.442880.238481.03481.3732 5.4616 5.9778 6.4947.13627.77848.42069.06289.70510.564830.94332.03333.12334.31235.50136.6937.87939.06840.5076 38.706839.356440.00640.673841.341642.009442.677243.34543.6882 48.706849.049449.39249.734850.077650.420450.763251.10651.4974 7.72168.06388.4069.03849.670810.303210.935611.56812.3676 13.009213.979614.9516.21617.48218.74820.01421.2821.6094 20.001420.111220.22120.354620.488220.621820.755420.88921.4628 34.358434.755235.15235.496835.841636.186436.531236.87636.608 46.848246.993647.13947.267247.395447.523647.651847.7847.7354 10.848211.100611.35311.659611.966212.272812.579412.88613.2274 18.720219.109619.49919.636619.774219.911820.049420.18720.217 15.547814.947414.34713.852813.358612.864412.370211.87611.7752 38.838839.281439.72440.475641.227241.978842.730443.48244.3032 33.142233.684634.22735.028435.829836.631237.432638.23438.9044 17.633818.213418.79319.450620.108220.765821.423422.08122.817 5.7164 5.8732 6.03 6.3944 6.75887.12327.48767.8528.5108 5.0722 5.2906 5.509 5.74 5.971 6.202 6.433 6.664 6.7392 49.106249.877650.64951.485452.321853.158253.994654.83155.5426 27.5070928.0393528.5645128.7334728.9140929.0887329.251729.4111729.65434 80.893281.110681.32881.53681.74481.95282.1682.36882.5718 71.125871.502471.87972.223672.568272.912873.257473.60273.6122 34.764635.026835.28935.57435.85936.14436.42936.71437.1886 27.328427.790228.25228.738229.224429.710630.196830.68331.1914 64.858465.940267.02267.98868.95469.9270.88671.85272.6388 60.558261.918663.27964.541665.804267.066868.329469.59270.7226 15.732616.076816.42116.796817.172617.548417.924218.318.3964 10.95911.14411.32911.528211.727411.926612.125812.32512.53919.15119.22619.30119.511419.721819.932220.142620.35320.4808 10.255610.640811.02611.480811.935612.390412.845213.313.6088 46.996447.122247.24847.360247.472447.584647.696847.80947.869 24.581225.341626.10226.941627.781228.620829.460430.330.1406 21.281222.326623.37224.767826.163627.559428.955230.35131.2676 13.815214.217614.6215.168415.716816.265216.813617.36217.8642。