非谓语动词与独立主格结构
非谓语动词分为三类:不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)与分词(participle)。其特点就是:
1.不定式、动名词与分词可以做很多句子成分,但就就是不能单独做谓语,这也就是它们被称为"非谓语动词"得原因。
2.它们具有各种形态:一般式、主动态、被动态、进行态与完成态。
3.不定式与动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用,它们都具有动词得功能,但无语法上得动词性质,这一点可以通过它们不受主语得人称与数得限制体现出来。
4.分词起形容词与副词作用,可做表语、定语、状语,但不能做主语与宾语。它也不受主语人称与数得限制。
一.不定式
1、完成式
不定式得一般形式所表示得动作, 通常与主要谓语表示得动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或就是在它之后发生、假如不定式所表示得动作, 在谓语所表示得动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式得完成式、
I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother)、
(比较: I am glad to see you、)
He is said to have written a new book about workers、
He pretended not to have seen me、
2、进行式
如果主要谓语表示得动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示得动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式得进行式、
You are not supposed to be working、You haven’t quite recovered yet、
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here、
He pretended to be listening attentively、
3、完成进行式
在谓语所表示得时间之前一直进行得动作, 就要用不定式得完成进行式、
The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years、
We are happy to have been working with you、
4、被动式
当不定式得逻辑上得主语就是不定式所表示得动作得承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式、
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here、
She hated to be flattered、
He wanted the letter to be typed at once、
【例】Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the nation、
A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left
结合选项来瞧,全句得意思:“78岁得丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布她得许多收藏品将留给国家"。收藏品就是"被留给国家”,因此需要一个被动式做宾语,所以答案就是D) is to be left。
(二)句法功能
1、不定式作主语
【例】It is not unusual for workers in that region _________、
A) to be paid more than a month later B) to be paid later than more a month
C) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a month
it 在句中作形式主语。而不定式to be paid more than a month就是句子得逻辑主语。结合选项全句得意思就是:“那个地方得工人一个多月后才得到工资就是常有得事”,答案就是A)。
2、不定式做宾语
大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。如:We are planning to build a reservoir here、
【例】There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _________ trouble、
A) making B) to make C) to have made D) having made
动词mean在本句中得意思就是“打算”,后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案就是B) to make。动词mean后面接名词与动名词时,意思就是“表示……得意思、意味着”,所以选项A 与D错误。
3、不定式做补足语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。
(1)不定式做主语补足语
【例】The ancient Egyptians are supposed _________ rockets to the moon、
A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending
在本句中,句首表示时间概念得ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前,不定式要用完成式, 因而答案就是C)。在本句中,该不定式完成式to have sent作主语补足语。
(2)不定式做宾语补足语
这样得动词有:advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, mand, pel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, remend, remind, report, request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。
这样得短语有:call on(请求), care for(关心), count on(依靠,指望), depend on(依赖、依靠), keep on at(困扰,追问), long for(渴望), make out(分辨), vote for(选举), prevail on(说服), rely on(信赖), wait for(等待)。
【例】They are going to have the serviceman __________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow、
A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed
