memorizing words
- 格式:ppt
- 大小:312.00 KB
- 文档页数:40
Daily reportToday my daily report’s topic is Methods and Habits of Memorize Words.I want to share you three interesting methods to help us to recite the words.一、联想记忆法1、根据词缀联想记忆比如我们已经非常熟悉的-inter这个前缀,它表示“在…之间,相互”的意思,像international国际的,interpersonal人与人之间的,人际的,interchangeable可互换的,等等。
intervene v. 干涉,干预→ interpose v. 插入,介入,置于→ intercede v. 调解,代为求情→ interdisciplinary adj. 跨学科的,交叉学科的For instance, our major is electromechanical and commercial English, so we can say our major is an interdisciplinary major.2、根据词根联想记忆- scribe equal to write,是写的意思,such as describe描写, script手稿、剧本等。
conscribe v. 征兵,招募→ inscribe v. 雕,刻,铭刻→ subscribe v. 签署,订阅,捐款3、可以根据单词的一些特点与生活中任何你认为有趣的、能够帮助你记忆的事物产生关联,从而帮助我们记忆单词Chrysanthemum n. 菊花Amiable adj. 性格友善的,和蔼的→ Amicable adj. 友善的,友好的Child → chid v. 责备、责骂二、谐音记忆法【Ponderous】这个词听起来像“胖得要死”,一个人如果胖得要死,那么他一定是【沉重的,笨重的】。
【导语】记忆英语单词有很多种方法,正如我们可以写出很多不同的话题的英语作文一样。
下面是给大家整理的如何记单词的英语作文,供大家参阅!【篇一】如何记单词的英语作文Memorizing WordsWhen learning Englise ,we have to face the problem of memorizing words.Some students can't remember a word no matter how much time they have spent on it.This is because they don't have a proper way.To my mind,the best way of memorizing words is to memorize the phrases and the sentences related to them.By reciting these phrases and the sentences,we can remember the words easily.What's more,keeping pratice is very important.We should recite the phrases and sentences very often in order to learn them by heart.【篇二】如何记单词的英语作文How to Memorize English WordsFor English beginners, memorizing new words is necessary but difficult, here are some tips to help. Firstly,Speak the word while memorizing it. Secondly,Understand word formation.Thirdly,Never memorize single English words, make as many associations and connections as possible,that is,Memorize words in groups.【篇三】如何记单词的英语作文How to learn English words? Maybe some people donot know how to learn English words. Learning English words is an easy and important studystyle.First,you should go bed early to read English words.early to read English words. And you must master the phonetic (音标)。
关于大声读的英语作文Loud reading is an art that can unlock the full potential of language learning. It not only helps in memorizing wordsbut also in understanding the rhythm and intonation of speech.The act of reading aloud allows us to hear the sounds we make, which is crucial for pronunciation practice. It's a way to connect the written word with its spoken form, making language acquisition more effective.Moreover, loud reading can boost confidence. When we read out loud, we practice expressing ourselves clearly and confidently, which is essential for public speaking and communication.In addition, reading aloud can improve comprehension. It slows down the reading process, giving our brains more timeto process what we're reading, leading to a deeper understanding of the text.Lastly, loud reading is a tool for emotional expression.It enables us to convey the emotions and nuances of the text, adding a layer of depth to our language skills that silent reading alone cannot provide.In conclusion, the practice of loud reading is a multifaceted approach to language learning that enhances pronunciation, comprehension, and emotional expression,making it an invaluable skill for anyone looking to master a new language.。
How to memorize words如何有效记忆单词:一、正确的读音二、了解构词法1. 派生法2. 复合法3转类 n. – v. – adj.4缩略 BBC , VOA, NATO, NASA5截短 automobile, telephone, refrigerator 6拼缀 smog, comsat, blog, docudrama7逆生 editor—edit, automation—automate三、结合语境,记忆单词四、分类和比较五、周期性复习词根ag,act 做,驱动agent代理人 active活动的,积极的agr 农田agriculture农业 agrarian田地的am 爱,亲爱amicable友善的 amiable和蔼可亲的anim 心灵,精神,生命animal动物 animate有生命的ann,enn 年annual一年的 centennial一世纪的astro 星astronomy天文学 astronaut宇宙航行员audi 听audience听众 audible听得见的bell 战争rebellion反叛,反抗 bellicose好战的bio 生命,生物biology生物学 antibiotic抗生的,抗生素brev 短brevity 简短 abbreviate缩短,节略cede 走precedent先行的,在前的 precede先行cent 百centimeter厘米 centigrade百分度的center,centr 中心concentrate集中 centrifugal离心力的cide,cis 杀,切suicide自杀 bactericide杀菌剂claim,clam 叫喊exclaim惊叫 proclaim宣布,宣告clar 清楚,明白declare表明,声明 clarify讲清楚clud,clos 关闭close关闭 exclude排斥cogn 知道recognize承认 cognitive认识的cord 心cordial衷心的 core核心cosm 宇宙,世界cosmic宇宙的 cosmos宇宙cred 相信credibility可信 credit信任cur,cours 跑occurrence出现,发生 current流通的cycl 圆,环bicycle自行车 cyclone旋风di 日diary日记 diarist记日记者dict 说predict预言 indicate表示duc,duct 引导conduct指导 induce引诱ed 吃edible可吃的 edacity贪吃fact 做,制factory工厂 manufacture制造,加工fer 带,拿transfer转移 ferry渡船flu 流fluent流利的 influenza流行性感冒form 形式,外形transform改变 formula公式fract,frag破,折fraction碎片 fragile易碎的fus 倾,注,溶化fusion熔解 effuse泻出gen 起源generate使产生 genetic遗传的geo 地球,土地geography地理 geology地质学grad 步,走,级gradual逐步的 graduate毕业gram 写,记录diagram图表 program节目单,方案graph 写,画,记录photograph照像 autograph亲笔,手稿gress 行走progress进步 retrogress后退hap 机会,运气,偶发happen发生 mishap灾祸hospit 客人hospital医院 hospitable好客的,殷勤的insul 岛peninsula半岛 insulation隔绝,孤立hydra 水hydraulic水利的 hydrant消防栓ject 投,掷,抛eject射出 project投射junct 连接,结合conjunction连接词 adjunct附属物lect,leg,lig 挑选,采集elect 选举 selection选举 eligible合格的,合适的lev 举,升elevator电梯 lever杠杆liber 自由liberate解放 liberalist自由主义的lingu 语言linguist语言学家 bilingual两种语言的liter 文字,字母literate识字的 literature文学loc 地方local当地的 locate使座落于log 词,语言,讲演dialogue对话 logic逻辑loqu 说话eloquent雄辩的 colloquial口语的,会话的manu 手manuscript手稿 manual手的,用手的medi 中间medium中等的 mediation居中调解memor 记忆,记住的memory记忆 memorial纪念日,纪念物milit 兵military军事的 militant战斗性的min 少,小minority少数 diminish减少,减小mob,mot,mov 移动mobile活动的 motion运动 immovable不可移动的mort 死亡mortal终有一死的 mortician承办殡葬的人nov 新novel小说 novelty新奇numer 数numeral数字的 numerous为数众多的oper 工作operate操作 co?operate合作opt 视线,光线optic视力的 optics光学path 感情,苦楚,疾病sympathy同情 pathetic可怜的pel 推,逐,驱expel驱逐 repel击退,反击,抵抗pend,pen 悬挂depend依靠 pendent悬空的phon 声音microphone扩音器 telephone电话plen 满,全plenty充足,大量 plentitude丰富,充足pon,pos 放置postpone推迟 position位置popul 人民population人口 popular人民的,大众的port 搬运,带portable可携带的 porter搬运工人prim 第一,首要primary最初的 primitive原始的psych 精神psychology心理学 psychic精神的pur 清,纯,净purify使纯净 depurate使净化rect 正,直erect直立的 correct改正rid,ris 笑ridicule嘲笑 derision笑柄,嘲笑rupt 破rupture破裂,裂开 interrupt中断scend,scens,scent 爬ascend上,升 descent下降sci 知道science科学 conscious有知觉的sens,sent 感觉sensation感觉 sentiment感情sol 太阳solar太阳的 parasol阳伞spec 看spectacle光景,景象 prospect展望spir 呼吸,生命conspire共谋 inspire吸气,鼓舞tact,tang,tag 接触intact未接触的 tangible可接触的tail 切,割tailor裁缝 retail零售tain,ten,tin 保持,握,容纳contain容纳 obtain取得,sustain支持tect 掩,盖detect侦察发觉,detective侦探的tele 远telescope望远镜 telegram电报tend,tens,tent 伸extend伸开,扩展 extensive广阔的text 编织textile纺织的 texture组织,结构therm 热thermal热的 thermometer温度计tor,tort 扭,扭转torsion扭转 distortion歪曲tract 拖,拉,吸引attract吸引 attractive有吸引力的un,uni 一unite统一,联合 union联合,工会ut 用utility有用 utilize利用vac,van 空,空虚vacation假期 vanity空虚,虚荣vari 变化various各样的 variant变异的,不同的ven 来intervene干预,介入 prevent防止vert,vers 转adverse相反的 convert转换vid,vis 看见evident明显的 visible可见的vit,viv 生活,生存vital生命的 survival幸存volv 滚动revolve旋转 involve卷入wis,wit 知道wisdom智慧 witty机敏的前缀a-,an- ①无,不,非astable不稳定的 acentric无中心的②含有in,on,at,by,with,to等意义asleep在熟睡中 ahead向前ab- 脱离abnormal不正常的 abaxial离开轴心的anti- 反抗antiwar反战的 anti-imperialist反帝的auto- 自动,自己autobiography自传 autostable自动稳定be- 使…加强belittle使缩小 befriend友好相待bi- 二,双biweekly双周刊 biligual两种语言的co-,col-,com-,con-,cor- 共同cooperation协作 collaboration协作,勾结 combine联合correlation相互关系counter-,contra- 反,对应counteraction反作用 contrast对比,对照di-,dif-,dis?否定,相反diffident不自信的 dislike不喜欢en-,em- 使…enlarge扩大 enable使…能 empower使…有权力e-,ex- 外,出external外部的 erupt喷出extra- 以外,超过extraordinary格外的 extrasolar太阳系以外的hyper- 在上,超hyperfrequency超高频 hypersonic超声的il-,im-,in-,ir- 否定illogical不合逻辑的 impossible不可能的 invisible不可见的irrational不合理的inter- 互相interchange交换 interlock连锁intra-,intro- 在内,内部intrapersonal个人内心的 introspect内省mal- 恶,不良maltreat虐待 malfunction机能失常micro- 微microscrope显微镜 microware微波mid- 中,中间mid-air半空中 midstream中流mini- 小minibus小公共汽车 ministate小国mis- 错,坏mistake错误 misspell拼错multi- 多multiparty多党的 multilingual多种语言的non- 否定nonsmoker不抽烟的人 nonexistent不存在的out- 超过,过度,外,出,除去outgo走得比…远 outgrow长得太大 outdoor户外的 outroot除根over- 上,过度overwork工作过度 overbridge天桥post- 后postwar战后 postnatal诞生后的pre- 前,领先prewar战前的 prefix前缀re- 回,再return返回 restart重新开始semi- 半semicircle半圆 semiconductor半导体sub-,suc-,suf-,sup- 次,亚,在下,低于substandard低于标准规格的 succeed继承 suffix后缀 supplement增补trans- 转换,变换,横过,越过transmit传送 transatlantic横渡大西洋的tri- 三tricar三轮车 triangle三角(形)un- 否定unstable不稳定的 unknown未知的under- 下,内(指衣服),不足underground地下的 underskirt衬裙 underpay付资不足uni- 单一uniform均匀的 unipolar单极的后缀-able,-ible 可…的,能…的readable可读的 sensible可觉察的-age 表状态,性质,行为breakage破损 shortage缺乏-al (adj.)具有…性质的,如…的personal个人的 regional地区的-al (n.)表动作,人,事物proposal提案 professional专业人员-ance,-ence 表状态,行为,性质importance重要性 confidence自信-ancy,-ency 表状态,行为,性质constancy一惯性 urgency紧迫性-ant,-ent 表人,物,行为applicant申请人 correspondent通信者-arian 表各种年龄,派别,主义,职业的人humanitarian人道主义的 utilitarian功利主义者-crat 支持,参与者democrat民主人士 bureaucrat官僚-dom 表性质,状态,行为freedom自由 wisdom智慧-ee 表动物的承受者employee雇员 trainee受训练的人-eer 从事…的人pioneer开拓者 volunteer志愿者-en (v.)使变成harden使硬 shorten使短-en (adj.)有…质的,似…的golden金色的 woolen毛的-er,-or 表人,物singer歌唱家 survivor幸存者-ery 表状态,性质,行为,活动地点nursery托儿所 robbery掠夺 slavery奴隶身份-ese 某国(地)的,某国(地)的人及语言Chinese中国人(汉语) Portuguese葡萄牙人(语)-ess 表女性,雌性hostess女主人 actress女演员-ful 充满…的,具有…性质的cupful一满杯 fearful可怕的-hood 表身份,状况,性质neighborhood邻里 manhood男子气概-ic,-ical 类似…的,具有…的heroic英雄般的 logical合逻辑的-ify 使成…,使…化magnify放大 purify提纯-ion,-tion 表情况,状态,性质,行为fashion时髦 decision决定-ish 似…的,有…的selfish自私的 childish儿童般的-ism 表示……主义,行为,…学,…派realism现实主义 tourism旅游 fatalism宿命论 modernism现代派-ist 从事…工作的人socialist社会主义者 dentist牙科医生-ity 表行为,性质,状态unity团结一致 maturity成熟性-ive 有…性质的,有…作用的,属于…的protective保护的 productive生产的 active积极主动的-ize,-ise,-yze,-yse 以…方式对待,…化realize实现 analyze分析 modernize现代化-less 没有…的fearless无畏的 useless无用的-let 小booklet小册子 leaflet传单-like 有…性质的,像…的dreamlike梦一般的 humanlike像人类的-logy 论,研究biology生物学 technology技术-ly 如…的,有…特性的manly男子气的 lovely可爱的-ment 表行为,状态,性质movement运动 management管理-ness 表状态,性质darkness黑暗 kindness仁慈-ous,-eous,-ious 充满…的dangerous危险的 famous著名的-ship 表状况,状态,身份,技艺,技能hardship苦难 doctorship博士学位 workmanship手艺,工艺-some 像…的,引起…的troublesome讨厌的 lonesome孤独的-ster 表示人youngster年轻人 gangster歹徒-ward(s) 表方向upward(s)向上 outward(s)向外-y ①(n?)表状态,性质,行为difficulty困难 victory胜利②(adj?)充满,包含hairy 多毛发的 irony钢铁般的Examples of collocation:maintain有"坚持,主张;维持;维修"等意思,可作其宾语的词汇很多,如可以说:maintain one’s opinion(principle,one’s ground)坚持自己的观点(原则,自己的立场);maintain life (one’s reputation,law andorder,friendship)维持生命(某人的名誉,法律和秩序),保持友谊;maintain machinery(roads,houses)维修机器、养护道路、维修住房等等.settle常用于下列动宾词组:settle a dispute(a controversy,a disagreement,problem)"解决争端(争议、分歧、问题)";settle a date(the boundaries)"确定日期(边界)";settlt a debt(a bill)"还清欠债(付清账单)"等等.。
记单词的英语作文Memorizing words can be a challenging task, but it's essential for improving our English vocabulary. One of the best ways to remember new words is to use them in context. By seeing the word used in a sentence or paragraph, it becomes easier to associate the word with its meaning.Another effective technique is to make flashcards. Write the word on one side and the definition or an example sentence on the other. Then, go through your flashcards regularly, testing yourself on the meanings of the words. This helps to solidify the information in your memory.It's also helpful to use mnemonic devices to remember words. These are tricks that help you associate a word with something easier to remember. For example, you might think of a rhyme or a visual image that reminds you of the word.Finally, don't be afraid to use a dictionary or thesaurus when you encounter an unfamiliar word. Look upthe definition and find out how it's used in a sentence. Then, try to use the word in your own writing or speech to solidify your understanding.Remember, memorizing words takes time and practice. But with these tips, you'll be able to expand your vocabulary and improve your English skills in no time!。
记忆单词对我来说是很困难的英语作文Memorizing Words is a Challenging Task for MeAs a language learner, I have always struggled with the task of memorizing words. It seems like a simple enough task, but for me, it has always been a constant battle. Retaining new vocabulary and being able to recall it on demand is a skill that does not come naturally to me.One of the main challenges I face is the sheer volume of words that I need to learn. English is a language with an extensive vocabulary, and as a student, I am constantly being exposed to new terms and expressions. It can be overwhelming to try to commit all of these words to memory, especially when they are unrelated to each other and do not fit into a cohesive framework.Another issue I struggle with is the way in which words are presented and taught. Often, we are simply given a list of words and their definitions and expected to memorize them. This approach does not work well for me, as I find it difficult to make meaningful connections between the words and their meanings. I need to engage with the language in a more active and interactive way in order to trulyunderstand and retain the vocabulary.Furthermore, the way in which our brains process and store information can make memorizing words a challenge. The human brain is not designed to simply store information like a computer hard drive. Instead, we rely on various cognitive processes, such as association, repetition, and context, to help us remember things. When it comes to learning new words, these processes can sometimes fail to work effectively, leaving us struggling to recall the information when we need it.Despite these challenges, I have tried a variety of strategies to improve my ability to memorize words. One approach I have found to be particularly helpful is to create visual representations of the words I am trying to learn. By associating the words with images or diagrams, I can create stronger connections in my brain and make the information more memorable.Another technique I have used is to practice the words repeatedly, both in written and spoken form. By actively engaging with the language, I can reinforce the connections in my brain and make the words more readily available for recall.Additionally, I have found that breaking down the words into smaller, more manageable chunks can be helpful. By understanding the roots,prefixes, and suffixes that make up a word, I can better remember its meaning and how it is constructed.Overall, the challenge of memorizing words is one that I continue to grapple with on a daily basis. It is a skill that requires consistent practice and a willingness to experiment with different strategies. But through perseverance and a dedication to improving my language skills, I am confident that I can overcome this obstacle and become a more effective and confident language learner.。
记单词方法英语作文Title: Methods of Memorizing New WordsEnglish Essay:Learning a new language can be challenging, especially when it comes to memorizing vocabulary. There are several effective methods to aid in this process. One common technique is to use flashcards, which allow you to practice words repeatedly. Another method is to associate new words with vivid images or stories, making them more memorable. Additionally, immersing oneself in the language by reading, listening, and speaking can reinforce word retention. Finally, regular review and practice are key to solidifying new vocabulary in one's long-term memory.中文翻译:标题:记忆新单词的方法英语作文:学习一门新语言可能具有挑战性,尤其是在记忆词汇方面。
有几个有效的方法可以帮助这个过程。
一种常见的技术是使用抽认卡,这样可以让你反复练习单词。
另一种方法是将与新单词与生动的图像或故事联系起来,使它们更容易记忆。
此外,通过阅读、听力和口语练习沉浸在语言中可以加强单词的记忆。
最后,定期复习和实践是将新词汇巩固在长期记忆中的关键。
记住单词的英语作文Remembering Words。
Learning English requires a lot of effort, and one important aspect is memorizing words. As a language learner, I understand the importance of expanding my vocabulary, asit allows me to understand and express myself better. Inthis essay, I will share some effective strategies that can help in remembering words.Firstly, it is essential to create a study plan and set specific goals. By setting aside dedicated time each day to study vocabulary, we can ensure consistent progress. For example, I personally set a goal to learn at least 10 new words every day. This helps to keep me motivated andfocused on my learning journey.Secondly, it is crucial to use various techniques to remember words. One effective method is to associate new words with familiar ones. For instance, if I come acrossthe word "exquisite," I can associate it with the word "beautiful" or imagine an exquisite piece of jewelry. Making such connections helps in retaining the meaning of words in our memory.Another technique that can be helpful is using flashcards. Writing the new word on one side and its definition on the other side of the card allows for easy review. By regularly going through these flashcards, we can reinforce our memory of the words.Additionally, using words in context is vital for remembering them. Instead of just memorizing the definition, it is beneficial to see the word in sentences or paragraphs. This helps in understanding the word's usage and creating a stronger memory connection. Reading books, newspapers, or online articles in English can provide ample opportunitiesto encounter words in context.Furthermore, incorporating technology into our learning process can be highly advantageous. There are numerous vocabulary-building apps and websites available that offerinteractive exercises and quizzes. These tools not only make learning more engaging but also provide instant feedback, allowing us to track our progress and identify areas that need improvement.Moreover, practicing speaking and writing with new words is crucial. Actively using the words in conversations or writing exercises helps to reinforce their meaning and usage. It is also helpful to engage in language exchange programs or find conversation partners to practice speaking with. By using the words in real-life situations, we can solidify our understanding and memory of them.Lastly, it is essential to regularly review and revise the words we have learned. Our memory tends to fade over time if we do not reinforce it. Therefore, setting aside time each week to review previously learned words is crucial. This can be done by revisiting flashcards, rereading notes, or even taking practice tests.In conclusion, memorizing words is an integral part of learning English. By creating a study plan, using varioustechniques, incorporating technology, practicing actively, and regularly reviewing, we can enhance our vocabulary and improve our language skills. With consistent effort and dedication, we can conquer the challenge of remembering words and become more proficient in English.。
How to Memorize English Words ?With the acceleration of globalization, English has boosted a hit throughout the world. That is,there has appeared a dramatic increase in the number of people learning English as a foreign language,of which Chinese people account for a large proportion.With more people starting to learn English,new problems have arisen.Now it is a popular phenomenon that many English learners in China complain about the difficulties of English learning,especially the vocabulary.We know that there are about 1,000,000 English words ,of which 170,000 are most frequently used.Without words, we cannot make up a phrase,a sentence,a paragraph or an article.So we English learners must attach great importance to English vocabulary. However,what methods should we Chinese English learners employ to memorize words and build a large vocabulary?Since I have learned English for eight years,I have some experience to share with you.I began studying English from junior school.It was the first time that I had contacted with English. And I was totally at sea with English at that time.Not even knowing how to pronounce a word correctly,I just repeat reading every letter of it and write it down for several times to memorize it.But I would forget it very soon. And we know it is what we call mechanical memory. It turns out to be an ineffective way.Later,I was taught the international phonetic symbols.Though I couldnot truly understand them,I still felt the power of them. One day,when I came across the word “father”, I seemed to be enlightened suddenly.Thinking that “a” usually pronounces /a:/ behind letter “f”, “th”usually pronounces / / and “er” usually pronounces / /,I quickly came up with the right spelling.From then on, I began to pay more attention on the phenetic rules and I found it a useful way to memorize words via their pronunciation.I had used this way for my whole high school and I benefited a lot from this way.By this way,we have to know the accurate pronunciation of the words .And we know that it is the phenetic symbols that will decide the the pronunciation of words.So it is important to have a good command of the phenetic rules.If we know the rules,we will be able to pronounce a word correctly and then we will be able to spell it correctly. However,there are few occasions where the rules are not applicable.Sometimes we will meet with words which do not keep to the general rules, such as rendezvous,silhouette,psychology,honest,etc.For these special words,we just need to pay more attention to them.After all,they do not make up a large proportion of English vocabulary.Now I am in college and every day I will come across a large number of new words.So it became even more difficult to memorize all the words.But after I have learned a new subject called lexicology,things become easier.In this book,it divides words into roots and affixes.So if weknow the meanings of the roots and affixes,we will estimate the meanings of words.It is really helpful when we come across new words.Though it‟s hard to memorize the meanings of all the roots, we will improve a lot if we make it.By the way,I also benefited a lot form other ways of memorizing words.One way is to visualize what the words look like.For example,there are different words depicting different kind of ships such as boat,canoe,ship,vessel.If we portray what each of them looks like in our mind when we are memorizing them,we will not mix them and will use them correctly.Another way is to use our imagination and sense of humor to create some interesting phrases or sentences to imprint them in our mind.To illustrate,we can memorize “business” by thinking of “Two …ss‟(snakes) and a …e‟(goose) are sitting in a …bus‟”.And in the film American Dreams in China,the protagonist ChengDongqing employed homophonic to teach his students to memorize words,such as “ambulance”(In Chinese,we say “An Bu Neng Si”,so it is “JiuHuChe”).I have to point out that all the ways mentioned above are just my suggestions.We should bear in mind that the most important thing is to find out what is the best way to us.Only if we adopt the most suitable way can we memorize words more efficiently.No matter what way you choose,we cannot ignore the fact that practicemakes perfect.There is rarely the case when we can keep along memory of a word if we only memorize it once.Therefor,we should review the words we have memorized for several times so that we can keep our memory longer.In addition,the ultimate purpose for memorizing words is to apply them to our life.So it is advisable for us to put a word in a context and try to understand what a word means in different contexts.Above all,no pains no gains.No matter which way you choose,we cannot make it without putting much efforts.。