人力资源 Literature Review of Interview

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Literature Review of Interview/Re-interview Designs1.IntroductionThe blood circulation of the enterpriseA management expert said,"If you want to know about an enterprise,you have to know about people therein"(Xu,1999). In another word,the characteristics of the staff stand for the enterprise's. It is not difficult to understand that the enterprise is made up of organisations and management by people,which has no life,but it is also full of all kinds of people and the designed works ,ideas,policy,rules,finished goods and services.In the process of metabolism,blood play a very important role,which is responsible to translate oxygen to all organisations of the body and collect wastes at the same time. In an enterprise,the cash, equipments and facilities are the skeleton, muscle and other tissue organs of the body, however, managers and other staffs are the blood,who manage and operate enterprise's departments,give advices and suggestions and make full of all resources to achieve the goal--profit.An enterprise being lack of talents is like an anemia body,which can't afford hard work.,so it need to enrich the blood. As far as an enterprise,recruitment is a way to enrich the "blood". So how to select people become an important object for the managers of the enterprise.2.Development history and definition2.1. HistoryIn ancient China,"zhi ren" is the most simple way of talent assessment(Ma,2011). But talent assessment still is a new thing to the world,because the history of contemporary talent assessment is no more one hundred year,moreover,China has started since 1980's. The idea of talent assessment comes from the assessment to the people's psychological characteristics and ability,which thanks to the common application of the psychological assessment,making the evaluation of the staff more accurate. Exam is an important invention of China, just like a ruler,objectively measuring people's knowledge and talent. It get rid of the subjective emotion and the relative situation. The European way of selecting officials by exam is reference from Chinese Imperial examination.Recruitment is has a long history in China, the earliest recruitment can trace to Shang periods B.C. The king of Shang had hired the gentleman named Yin five times to help govern the country.To the Zhou dynasty, recruiting talents begin to form system, and the provision is "hire a brilliant, genty and virtuous people"in March every year. Three kingdoms period, Cao cao convene a meeting named " seek a virtuous talent" several times. the Ming dynasty yuanzhang zhu post "seek talent list" in every place and so on(Sun,2004). But recruitment as a scientific activities begins from the age of scientific management of Tylor ,from then on, recruitment had adifferent meaning of science.Robert L. Mathis (1988), think recruiting and selection is to choose the potential holder.R.Wayne Mondy (1993) believe that Recruitment is to attract qualified individuals timely and enough, and encourage them to apply to join in the process of the organization work.Eugene Mckenna and Nic Beech (1995) considered recruitment is looking for the right person for the right post at the right time, or recruitment is a planned handover way between the enterprise and internal or external human resources.James. Stone, (1999), think, recruitment is basing on the human resources management plan ,and establish adequate alternative talent pool, which can select qualified talents from.In George kovich and John w. 's book "human resources management",the definition is: recruitment is the process to confirm and attract a large mount of candidates , and select person who accept employment requirements from them.2.2. Definitionfrom the above ideas can see that, the meanings of recruitment have different expressions, but all have common idea: First, recruitment is the foundation of human resource management,which will be related to the survival and development of the organization,so enterprises want to win in the competition ,they must pay highattention to the members of the selected mode, which will affect organizational survival ability, adaptation ability and development ability; Next, recruitment is a process,including attract applicants to be applied, screened, employed and other links; Finally, enterprise should according to the position's requirements, the quality condition, enterprise human resources policies to select and recruitcandidates(Wang,2003).All above, we can express the meaning of recruitment and selection forthat:recruitment and selection is the process to show enterprise the needs to survive and develop,according to the human resource planning and analysis of personnel work quantity and qualifications requirements,and release the demand information to find and attract those who have the ability, and are interested in this enterprise ,and choose appropriate personnel to be employed through the scientific selection,who will be arranged to the needed post(Xiong,2003).The golden rule of the human resources recruitment is the matchingprinciple.Matching principle refers to person's ability and the requirement of the ability can be completely matched,their corresponding make the person's ability play well,and finish the task at best.its core element is: the best may not match, the match is the optimal choice(Liao,2002). The goal of the recruitment is to successfully select and hire enterprise required talents, to achieve personnel and post effectively matching.Human resources recruitment is a complex, complete and continuous procedureprocess, it is a highly scientific, artistic work. It includes four stages :recruitment, screening, employment, and evaluation. Recruiting isthe several activities that enterprise in order to attract more and better candidates,including: recruitment plan, examination and approval of the recruitment information release, applicants apply for, etc.; Screening is the enterprise select the most suitable people for the position from the candidates, including: apply for the qualification examination, primary election, examination, interview, physical examination, personnel selection, etc.; Employment is the enterprise select the initial settlement, adaptability of personnel training, probation, formal employ, etc.; Evaluation is the evaluation on the whole enterprise recruitment activities benefit and the quality of personnel .3.Differences between countriesBecause the countries social system, the level of economic development, technology development level, national culture, values, and other aspects are different, the recruitment and selection work is also different(Liang,2008).3.1. JapanJapan as a Oriental nation, and its culture are mainly from three aspects: the nation's Shinto, Chinese Buddhism, China's Confucian culture, etc. These culture idea have influence on the enterprise culture. General speaking, the Japanese enterprise culture mainly has these idea like "business is education", pay attention to local culture construction, look "people" as the center, respect and trust staffs characteristics. These characteristics and has great influence on human resources recruitment andselection work. Japanese enterprise traditional human resources recruitment and selection basically has the following characteristics: Internal adjustment is an important way of human resources; Main recruitment channel is the campus recruitment; Enterprise value recruitment of the school students. After the 1990 s, Japanese enterprise human resources management has changed greatly, the biggest characteristic recruitment and selection is the diversity of the recruitment channels, main show is:(1) Midway selection is paid attention to , and some enterprise beginning to use "dig corner" way. (2) Regular contracting personnel becomes very popular, and mainly sign labor contract for 3-5 years, and hiring people who develop specialized knowledge and skills in specific industries, specific field become a hiring form. (3) Timing work system becomes increasingly common. (3) Ability socialist begins popularity.3.2. AmericaThe United States is a immigrant nation of, and its enterprise culture is with a typical western enterprise culture colour, main show is: individualism, heroism and rationalism. These properties determine the characteristics of enterprise human resources recruitment and selection work: (1) the human resources added channel mainly is the external labor market. (2) recruitment and selection bases on the "free employment system " , the human resources flow is more frequent. (3) recruitment and selection attachs importance to candidates ability. (4) scientific job analysis is the premise of the recruitment and selection.3.3. SingaporeAs a island nation lacking of natural resources , Singapore pay much attention to the development of human resources and management work. Enterprise human resources development and management has no fixed mode, on the one hand, many enterprise merge with some western companies especially like Britain, the United States and eastern countries such as Japan company common management mode,at the same time, as a country has a large mount of chinese population , management absorb Chinese customs,on the other hand, their national conditions and human feelings, culture form an unique method of human resource management. Features in the recruitment and selection are:(1) pay attention to attract overseas talents. On the one hand, attract overseas talent through the provide favorable treatment and services, on the other hand ,attract foreign students by hosting many schools and provide them with many convenient. (2) the main sources of enterprise human resources is the open recruitment and good university graduates.3.4. Europein Europe, recruitment is influenced by the legal environment in a great extent.Recruitment mainly comes from the enterprise internal. A study shows that two-thirds of European enterprise recruit only 30% from the outside for a senior manager. When select applicants, enterprise pay more attention to psychology application and ways to interview. In addition, recruitment policy form multi-layered characteristics.4.New trend of recruitingWith all kinds of scientific methods and the introduction of advanced technology,recruitment in the human resources management even the whole enterprise management is in a strategic position, and some new trends appear like below(Li,2007):(1) Recruitment and retention work develop toward the direction of strategy.In the former days,the recruitment and employment are always statistics after the event, and now more is the forecast, especially in the strategic human resource management,enterprise more and more need recruit personnel who support strategic development target , so human resources management strategic level pay more attention to the long-term human resource planning.(2) Computer and other new techniques are apply to the recruitment more generally.Before the recruitment of the position analysis and employment plan work, enterprises use a increasing number of computers. Some enterprises use computers to develop their own personnel demand system. In recruitment stage, using computer database and the Internet for recruitment advertising and selecting applicants becomes very general, which greatly improve the working efficiency. In the selection process of the measurement, many of the early works can be accomplished by a computer. In addition, psychology, handwriting learning, honesty test and other new technologies also are recognized, even have obtained the certain effects.(3) All professional departments participate in recruitment.Original recruitment general managed by the personnel department,which provide comprehensive services from the beginning to the end. With all the functional andprofessional departments involved in recruiting and selection process, human resources management department change duties to provide support to other department , it can make a reasonable and effective implementation of the corresponding recruitment plan. At the same time liberate from the routine hiring work , devote into more meaningful screening and employment works.(4) Recruitment and selecting are on the expansion trend.Many of the original work belong to adaptive training stage ,but now advance to the recruitment and selection stages.For example ,in recruitment, enterprise often let applicants fully understand the enterprise working environment, enterprise culture, and the advantages and disadvantages of applying position in the beginning. This, in fact, have begun a certain of adaptive trainings. Such doing can give candidates a self screening opportunity, reduce the workload of recruiters, and avoid employees being frustrated because of high fantasy . The final significance is to avoid faulty employment .(5) Employment work get more and more attention.As human resources are input system, hiring people the situation, directly determine the training and development work situation, work performance, the harmonious labor relations degree. In addition, recruitment and selection involves advertising, promotion and wide public communication, relates directly to enterprises their own image problems.(6) higher request on the quality of the interviewer.Enterprise pay high attention to the employment and seek for the high qualityworkers, and screening test technology is complicated ,which all require interviewer have good quality and a wider range of knowledge. Candidates should not only know the human resources management knowledge, but also have quite a bit of research on sociology, psychology, statistics, and so on . Only when the interviewer himself(herself) is a talent, he (she) can bring more talents in the enterprise.5.Main recruitment channel and development trend5.1. ChannelEnterprise recruitment channel mainly have internal recruitment and external recruitment. Internal recruitment is refer that enterprise transfer the information existing vacant positions to employees , attract qualified employees to apply for, or invite the person who fit for the job(Paul J.Taylor,2006). The main sources of internal organization are: ascension, rotation, personnel restart and to hire again. External recruitment is the process to obtain human resources for external solicitation applicants,which is according to the needs of the development of their own organizations,and enterprise post information to the outside , and the applicants receive the test, evaluation, and a period of time trial. External recruitment methods include staff recruitment, advertising recruitment, campus recruitment, network recruitment, outsourcing, characteristic recruitment etc.5.2. TrendRecruitment methods presents following trends: (1) lower the costs, improve efficiency, save energy, and a lot of enterprises that are growing cost conscious have started to recruit by agent(Li,2007). In general, the human resource service companyor large headhunting company have the strength and have their own advisers, expert teams. Its information coverage is large, and it chooses direction accurately reducing the risk of recruitment for enterprise recessive operation. They play the competent "matchmaker" roles, even the traditional methods of recruitment can not be incomparable with.(2) With the development of the Internet, network recruitment is chased after by more and more enterprises , and will become the future development trend of the recruitment.(3) Enterprise decideds to recruitment list only according to a written resume ,which kind of way is too hasty, so many enterprises have gradually accept a phone interview before the formal recruitment as a necessary step. (4) Video recruitment in our country at present is in the initial period, and it compared with other methods of recruitment has huge advantages and potential, becoming the main methods of recruitment. video recruitment could not only save cost, improve efficiency, but also can eliminate the stage fright psychology, thus it is more advantageous to the communication. Compared with the telephone recruitment, the authenticity of the video recruiting is more strong, through which employer can observe applicants manners and specific environment.6.Personnel selection and evaluation methodpersonnel selection and evaluation system of recruitment is a technical job, involves sociology, management, psychology, statistics and other different subjects, enterprise must make use of various disciplines, theory, method and technology to test applicants comprehensively and objectively,which is a very difficult task.At the same time, It lays the foundation of the development of the enterprise reserves, improvingprofitability, reducing costs and so on(Robert D. Gatewood ,2006). Commonly used for the selection of evaluation method include: interview, psychological tests ,evaluation center, paper and pencil tests, etc.6.1. Interviewinterview is the most main tool of the enterprise personnel recruiting, selection at present,and it is the most traditional and frequent personnel selection method. Interview is divided into different categories from different aspect, Liao,QuanWen in his book "recruitment and employment "(2002),divides interview into four aspects:First,according to the structure,interview is divided into unstructured interview, structured and semi-structured interview interview. Second, based on an interview organization way,which is divided into one-on-one interviews, series type interview, group interview and collective interview. Third, according to the purpose of the interview,which can be divided into pressure type interview and the no pressure type interview. Finally,according to the content of the interview,which can be divided scene of interview, position back interview, behavior description interview and mental interview. Liao,QuanWen and Li,YuanXun(2006) in their book "E-interview methods" according to the interview medium, divided interview into four categories:First, common interview (by no means, hereinafter referred to N interview), that is, without the help of any media , both sides are in the same interview room; Second, video phone interview (by telephone, hereinafter referred to T interview), which both sides interview via video phone ; Third, network (electronic) interview (by Internet or electronic, hereinafter referred to E interview), which interview are through thenetwork ; Fourth, other interview (by others, hereinafter referred to 0 interview), namely to other interview forms removing three kinds of interview forms above , such as interview through the closed circuit television equipment.With E interview developing , the site will be more focused, and users will be increasing, so as to form the virtuous cycle, and ultimately become the new trend of development of the interview(Li,2006).6.2. psychological testsPsychological tests deduce some fields of intrinsic psychological behavior and the qualities by evaluating a few person's behavior . In 1905, France psychologist A.Binet and Doctor Simon make the world's first intelligence test on the basis of C.Spearman intelligence theory . Since then, psychological tests began booming from the ability measure to nature, character, interests, values, interpersonal relationship, emotional and psychological motivation etc.The most famous methods have Wechsler intelligence scale, Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), California psychological inventory(CPI), Cattell the Sixteen Personality Pactor Text or Questionnaire(16PF), and Holland V ocational Preference Inventory, etc(Jia,2006). Holland V ocational Preference Inventory is based on his career-personality matching theory and divided into four parts: what activities you're interested in , what activities you are good at or competent, what you like and the comment on your career . He think that most people can be divided into six professional interest types: real type, research, art type, social type, entrepreneurial type and the conventional type.6.3. Assessment CenterThe earliest origins assessment center can be traced back to the 1930 s, since some of the German military psychologist selected the potential commander military. Later countries such as Britain subsequently emulated, the United States strategic CIA have used assessment center method select and evaluat spys and officers during the second world war(Fan,2005).Evaluation center comprehensively uses various evaluation technology, including personality test, ability test and psychological test , also including interview method, but the most outstanding characteristic is that it uses the scene simulation analysis to assess and inspect the specific behavior. Mainly have In - Basket Test , simulation interview, role playing, Leaderless Group Discussion (LGD), extemporaneous speech, case discussion and the management of the game.6.4. Pencil and paper testspeople were asked to write down your answers on the paper, according to the test items,through which employers can understand the psychological activity of the employees.Pencil and paper tests in recruitment play a significant role, especially in large-scale recruitment, the paper-pencil test is often used for primary selection, it can quickly understand the basic situation of the employees clearly.Paper-pencil test is an important level of education tools to evaluate candidates .This method can effectively measure with the candidate's basic knowledge, expertise, management expertise, comprehensive analysis, logical reasoning ability and writing skills etc.7. Significance of the effective HR recruitmentEffective human resource recruitment can provide endless energy. The effectiveimplementation of the recruitment of human resources management has very important implicationsnot only for itself but for the entire enterprise :(1) Ensure the quality of recruitment and improve their core competitiveness. High-quality front-line staff ensure high quality products and services; high-quality technical personnel ensure the business plan developed by the efficient and orderly operation. (2) Reduce employment cost, improve the working efficiency of the recruitment,including direct costs, replacement cost and opportunity cost.(3) Infuse new vitality and strengthen business innovation. Through recruitment,enterprise configure a new staff position to bring into the new management ideas and new modes, and also may impel the enterprise system innovation, management innovation and technological innovation.(4) Expand the enterprise visibility and establish a good corporate image. Recruitment involves a wide range, through the display of corporate power, favorable conditions for recruitment of proposed corporate philosophy reflects respect for talent, recruiters and others have demonstrated good quality help establish a good corporate image.(5) Reduce turnover and enhance internal cohesion. Enterprises can choose staffs from a number of candidates who have the common development goals and are willing to co-develop; On the other hand, candidates can learn more about the companies and job, and decide whether to join the enterprise according to their abilities, interests and development goals . (6) Enhance rational flow of human resources and improve the level of human resource potential. Survey shows that, the staff in the same post about eight years, easy to be tired, and the rational flow of employees will accept pressure and challenges of new jobs , and stimulate employees' internal potential(RobertWood,2005).Although the company attaches great importance to recruitment, the theory of recruitment, techniques and methods , but how effective and efficient recruit, and how to recruit the right employees excellently in time, the majority of recruiters, there is still a very challenging task .Based on the above reasons, the enterprise should make use of employee recruitment theory, combined with the concrete practice and ensure recruitment needs through the research and analysis of the problems existing in the bine the different methods of recruitment ,selection and evaluation for different vacancies to select the appropriate recruitment channels.Then forms a standard operational recruitment plan,which causes the enterprise the recruitment employment institutionalization. And won the talent for enterprise development and provide personnel protection, which undoubtedly has great significance on the company,also on the enterprises in our country which are facing with the similar problem.8.ReferenceHong Fan , Weibin Han .构建基于胜任力模型的评价中心[J].HR Management,2005, PP. 10;110-111.Quanwen Liao . Recruitment and retention [M] .Beijing:中国人民大学出版社,2002:pp.4-6.Quanwen Liao , Yuanxun Li . E面试方法刍议[[J].Development Technology,2006,pp.55-56.Yuanxun Li .招聘方式之四大趋势[J].Revolution,2007,11:pp.45-46.Weimin Sun . Recruitment and selection [M] .Shandong:山东人民出版社,2004:pp.40-47,303-424.Zhiming Wu .招聘与选拔实务手册[M]. 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