Testing gravity in Large Extra Dimensions using Bose-Einstein Condensates

高一英语科学探索方向多元思考单选题50题1. In the scientific experiment, the researcher needed to ______ the data carefully.A. analyzeB. calculateC. observeD. measure答案：A。

本题考查动词的用法。

“analyze”意为“分析”，在科学实验中，仔细分析数据是常见的操作。

“calculate”侧重于“计算”，通常是针对具体的数值。

“observe”表示“观察”，重点在于看和注意。

“measure”是“测量”，与数据的处理方式不太符合。

这里需要对数据进行深入的处理，所以用“analyze”最合适。

2. The new scientific ______ has changed our understanding of the universe.A. discoveryB. inventionC. creationD. production答案：A。

“discovery”指的是“发现”，新的科学发现能够改变我们对宇宙的理解。

“invention”是“发明”，通常指创造出新的物品或技术。

“creation”是“创造、创作”。

“production”是“生产”。

这里说的是对宇宙理解的改变，所以用“discovery”。

3. During the research, they had to ______ many difficulties.A. overcomeB. avoidC. faceD. prevent答案：A。

“overcome”有“克服”的意思，在研究过程中克服困难是常见表达。

“avoid”是“避免”，“face”是“面对”，但没有克服的意思强烈。

“prevent”是“预防、阻止”，不符合语境。

4. The scientist spent years ______ a cure for the disease.A. looking forB. finding outC. searchingD. discovering答案：A。

中考英语科学实验的探究与创新方法单选题40题1. In the chemistry experiment, we need to measure the liquid accurately. Which tool should we use?A. Test tubeB. BeakerC. Graduated cylinderD. Flask答案：C。

解析：A选项“Test tube（试管）”主要用于少量试剂的反应容器，不是用于精确测量液体的。

B选项“Beaker 烧杯）”可用于盛装、加热液体等，但测量液体体积不够精确。

C选项“Graduated cylinder（ 量筒）”专门用于精确测量液体体积，符合题意。

D选项“Flask 烧瓶）”常用于反应或储存液体，不是测量液体体积的精确工具。

2. When we are doing a physics experiment about heat, we often usea ____ to heat things.A. ThermometerB. Bunsen burnerC. MicroscopeD. Telescope答案：B。

解析：A选项“Thermometer（温度计）”是用于测量温度的，不是用于加热物体的。

B选项“Bunsen burner 本生灯）”是在物理实验中常用于加热物体的仪器。

C选项“Microscope 显微镜）”是用于观察微小物体的，和加热无关。

D选项“Telescope（望远镜）”是用于观察远处物体的，与加热实验无关。

3. In a biology experiment, if you want to hold a small specimen for observation, you may use a ____.A. Petri dishB. ForcepsC. DropperD. Stirrer答案：B。

解析：A选项“Petri dish（ 培养皿）”主要用于培养微生物等，不是用于夹持小标本的。

高三英语询问科学研究单选题50题1. In the famous Millikan's oil - drop experiment, which of the following was the key variable that Millikan was trying to measure?A. The size of the oil dropsB. The charge on the oil dropsC. The speed of the oil dropsD. The mass of the oil drops答案：B。

解析：在密立根油滴实验中，密立根主要是想测量油滴所带的电荷，这是该实验的关键变量。

本题主要考查对科学实验中变量概念的理解，同时也考查了词汇“variable（ 变量）”“charge（ 电荷）”等。

在语法上，这是一个由which引导的特殊疑问句。

2. When Darwin proposed his theory of evolution, his initial hypothesis was based on his observations during his voyage. Which of the following was part of his original hypothesis?A. All species are created equalB. Species do not change over timeC. Species evolve through natural selectionD. All organisms have the same ancestors答案：C。

解析：达尔文的进化论最初的假设是物种通过自然选择进化。

选项A所有物种生来平等不是其假设内容；选项B物种不随时间变化与进化论相悖；选项D所有生物有相同祖先不是最初假设。

初二科学与人类未来英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly important role in the field of healthcare. AI has the potential to revolutionize the way we diagnose and treat diseases.One of the main applications of AI in healthcare is in medical imaging. AI algorithms can analyze medical images such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to detect diseases and abnormalities. This can help doctors make more accurate diagnoses and provide better treatment plans.Another application of AI in healthcare is in drug discovery. AI can analyze large amounts of data to identify potential drug candidates and predict their efficacy and safety. This can speed up the drug discovery process and lead to the development of new treatments for diseases.AI also has the potential to improve patient care. For example, AI-powered chatbots can answer patient questions and provide support, while AI-powered wearable devices can monitor a patient's health and alert doctors if there are any problems.However, there are also some potential risks associated with the use of AI in healthcare. One concern is that AI algorithms may not be accurate or reliable. If an AI algorithm makes a mistake, it could lead to incorrectdiagnoses or treatment plans. Another concern is that AI could lead to job losses in the healthcare industry. As AI becomes more advanced, it may be able to perform tasks that are currently done by humans, such as diagnosing diseases and prescribing medications.Despite these potential risks, the benefits of AI in healthcare are significant. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more applications of AI in healthcare in the future.1. What is one of the main applications of AI in healthcare?A. Medical research.B. Medical imaging.C. Patient care.D. Drug development.答案：B。

高二英语科学创新案例单选题40题1. In the field of scientific innovation, the new discovery was truly _____.A. amazingB. amazedC. astonishingD. astonished答案：A。

本题考查形容词辨析。

amazing 意为“令人惊奇的”，通常修饰物；amazed 意为“感到惊奇的”，通常修饰人；astonishing 意为“令人惊讶的”，程度较深；astonished 意为“感到惊讶的”，修饰人。

在本句中，修饰“new discovery”，应使用amazing 。

2. The scientist worked _____ to complete the experiment.A. hardB. hardlyC. heavyD. heavily答案：A。

本题考查副词辨析。

hard 作副词时有“努力地”之意；hardly 意为“几乎不”；heavy 和heavily 通常不用于修饰“work”。

此处表示“努力工作”，用hard 。

3. The innovative technology has made our lives more _____.A. convenienceB. convenientC. inconvenientD. inconveniently答案：B。

本题考查形容词用法。

convenient 意为“方便的”；inconvenient 意为“不方便的”。

more 后接形容词原级构成比较级，此处是说让生活更方便，用convenient 。

4. The success of the project depends _____ on the teamwork.A. heavyB. heavilyC. hardD. hardly答案：B。

本题考查副词用法。

heavily 有“在很大程度上”的意思；hard 作副词是“努力地”；hardly 是“几乎不”。

我想成为一名宇航员八上英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1I Want to Become an AstronautEver since I was a little kid, I've been fascinated by the vast expanse of space that stretches out endlessly above us. On clear nights, I would gaze up at the twinkling stars and the brilliant moon, filled with wonder and a burning curiosity to explore the great unknown. As I grew older and learned more about the marvels of space exploration, a dream took root deep within me – the dream of becoming an astronaut.To me, being an astronaut represents the pinnacle of human achievement and the ultimate adventure. These extraordinary individuals are pioneers, pushing the boundaries of our knowledge and understanding of the cosmos. They brave the dangers of space travel, leaving the comforts of Earth behind to venture into the vast emptiness, all in the name of scientific discovery and human progress.Imagining myself floating weightlessly in the confined quarters of a spacecraft, peering out of the tiny window into theinfinite blackness of space, sends shivers down my spine. The thought of witnessing the breathtaking sight of our planet Earth, a vibrant blue and green sphere suspended in the void, is enough to fill my heart with awe and humility. To gaze upon the magnificence of the universe with my own eyes would be a dream come true.Beyond the sheer excitement and wonder of space travel, what truly inspires me is the opportunity to contribute to the advancement of human knowledge. Astronauts play a crucial role in conducting vital research and experiments that cannot be replicated on Earth. From studying the effects of microgravity on the human body to testing cutting-edge technologies, their work has profound implications for fields as diverse as medicine, engineering, and environmental science.Moreover, the spirit of exploration and discovery that drives astronauts resonates deeply with me. Throughout history, humanity has been propelled forward by those brave souls who dared to venture into the unknown, driven by an insatiable thirst for knowledge and a desire to push the boundaries of what was once thought impossible. Astronauts embody this pioneering spirit, and I aspire to follow in their footsteps, contributing to the ongoing quest to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos.Of course, the path to becoming an astronaut is arduous and fraught with challenges. It demands unwavering dedication, exceptional academic performance, and a relentless pursuit of excellence in both physical and mental disciplines. The competition is fierce, with only the most qualified and resilient candidates being selected for this prestigious role.Yet, despite the daunting obstacles, my determination to achieve this dream burns brighter than ever. I am willing to dedicate countless hours to study, training, and personal growth, honing my skills and knowledge to meet the rigorous demands of this profession. The sacrifices and hardships pale in comparison to the extraordinary opportunity to explore the final frontier and contribute to humanity's understanding of the cosmos.Becoming an astronaut is not merely a personal ambition; it is a calling to serve a greater purpose. By venturing into space, we expand the boundaries of human knowledge, inspire future generations, and forge a path towards a deeper understanding of our place in the universe. It is a noble pursuit that transcends individual aspirations and carries the weight of humanity's collective quest for knowledge and progress.As I look to the future, I can envision myself donning the iconic spacesuit, strapping into the powerful rocket that will propel me beyond Earth's atmosphere. The roar of the engines, the tremendous thrust, and the anticipation of what lies ahead will be a moment etched into my memory forever. And when I finally break free from the grip of Earth's gravity and gaze upon the infinite expanse of space, I know that my dream will have become a reality, and a new chapter in the exploration of the cosmos will begin.In that moment, I will be filled with a profound sense of gratitude – gratitude for the countless individuals who have paved the way, for the unwavering support of my loved ones, and for the opportunity to contribute to humanity's eternal quest for knowledge and understanding. With determination, perseverance, and an unwavering passion for exploration, I shall embark on this extraordinary journey, carrying the hopes and dreams of countless stargazers like myself, eager to unravel the secrets of the universe, one small step at a time.篇2I Want to Be an AstronautEver since I was a little kid, I've dreamed of becoming an astronaut. The idea of exploring the vast unknown of space has captivated my imagination for as long as I can remember. To me, there's nothing more exciting than the prospect of venturing beyond our planet and unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos.Growing up, I spent countless hours gazing up at the night sky, mesmerized by the twinkling stars and the brilliant moon. I would often imagine what it would be like to float weightlessly among those celestial bodies, to glimpse our beautiful Earth from afar, and to experience the wonders of the universe firsthand. The stories of legendary astronauts like Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Sally Ride only fueled my passion further, inspiring me to pursue my dream with unwavering determination.As I progressed through school, my love for science and technology only grew stronger. I devoured books on astronomy, physics, and space exploration, eager to learn everything I could about the field. In my free time, I would build model rockets and launch them into the sky, marveling at their ability to defy gravity, if only for a few fleeting moments. Each successful launch filled me with a sense of accomplishment and reinforced my desire to one day soar among the stars myself.Of course, the path to becoming an astronaut is not an easy one. It requires years of dedicated study, rigorous training, and an unwavering commitment to excellence. But I am prepared to put in the hard work and make the necessary sacrifices to achieve my goal.One of the most challenging aspects of becoming an astronaut is the intense competition. Every year, thousands of highly qualified individuals vie for a limited number of coveted spots in the astronaut corps. To stand out from the crowd, I know I need to excel academically, particularly in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). I am determined to maintain a stellar academic record and seek out opportunities to gain practical experience through internships, research projects, and extracurricular activities.In addition to academic prowess, astronauts must possess exceptional physical and mental fortitude. The rigors of space travel, including prolonged periods of weightlessness, extreme temperatures, and intense psychological stress, demand a level of resilience that few can match. To prepare myself, I have embraced a lifestyle of discipline and self-care, incorporating regular exercise, healthy eating habits, and mindfulness practices into my daily routine.Another crucial aspect of being an astronaut is the ability to work collaboratively as part of a team. In the confined quarters of a spacecraft or space station, effective communication, conflict resolution, and a shared sense of purpose are essential. I have made a conscious effort to develop my interpersonal skills and leadership abilities, actively seeking out opportunities to participate in team-based projects and activities.Despite the challenges, the rewards of becoming an astronaut are immense. The opportunity to contribute to the advancement of human knowledge and exploration is a privilege that few can claim. Moreover, the prospect of experiencing the awe-inspiring beauty of the cosmos firsthand is a dream that continues to inspire me every day.As I look to the future, I envision myself standing on the launchpad, clad in a sleek spacesuit, ready to embark on a journey like no other. I imagine the thunderous roar of the rocket engines as they propel me skyward, leaving Earth's embrace and hurtling towards the unknown. In those moments, I know that all the hard work, dedication, and sacrifice will have been worth it.But my ambition extends far beyond simply becoming an astronaut. I aspire to be a trailblazer, pushing the boundaries of what is possible and inspiring others to pursue their dreams, nomatter how lofty they may seem. Perhaps one day, I will be among the first to set foot on Mars or even lead a mission to explore the moons of Jupiter or Saturn.Regardless of where my journey takes me, I am committed to using my platform to ignite a passion for science and exploration in the hearts and minds of future generations. I want to be a role model, demonstrating that with determination, hard work, and an unwavering spirit, anything is possible.As I gaze up at the night sky tonight, I am filled with a sense of wonder and anticipation. The universe beckons, its mysteries waiting to be unraveled, and I am ready to answer the call. For me, becoming an astronaut is more than just a career choice – it is a lifelong pursuit, a burning passion that has defined my existence from the earliest days of my childhood. And as I take each step closer to realizing this dream, I am reminded of the infinite possibilities that await us among the stars.篇3Title: My Dream to Become an AstronautEver since I was a little kid, I've been fascinated by space and the idea of exploring the unknown vastness that surrounds our planet. The first time I gazed up at the twinkling stars on a clearnight sky, I was filled with an overwhelming sense of wonder and curiosity. What secrets do those celestial bodies hold? What would it feel like to leave Earth's atmosphere and venture into the great cosmic ocean? Those childlike questions planted the seeds of my dream to one day become an astronaut.As I grew older, that dream only intensified. I devoured books about space exploration, mesmerized by tales of pioneering astronauts like Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Sally Ride. Their bravery and determination inspired me deeply. I imagined myself floating weightlessly, looking down at our beautiful blue marble of a planet from the observation deck of the International Space Station. The thought of contributing to humanity's quest for knowledge by unlocking the mysteries of the universe filled me with pride and purpose.In school, I poured my efforts into scientific subjects, especially physics, determined to lay the academic foundation for a career in space exploration. Every lesson on gravity, propulsion, and celestial mechanics captivated me, and I found myself staying up late, feverishly working through complicated equations. My teachers commented on my insatiable thirst for learning about the cosmos, and I relished every opportunity todiscuss mind-bending concepts like black holes, dark matter, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.Beyond academics, I've worked tirelessly to develop the skills and qualities necessary for an aspiring astronaut. Physical fitness is paramount, so I've trained rigorously, pushing my body to its limits through activities like rock climbing, scuba diving, and long-distance running. These pursuits have not only honed my strength, endurance, and dexterity but have also taught me invaluable lessons in focus, discipline, and overcoming challenges – all essential traits for an astronaut.Moreover, I've sought out every opportunity to gain hands-on experience in fields related to space travel. During my summer breaks, I've attended prestigious aerospace camps and internships, where I've had the privilege of working alongside brilliant scientists and engineers. I've learned to operate complex machinery, conduct experiments in simulated space environments, and even pilot advanced flight simulators. These experiences have deepened my understanding of the intricacies involved in space missions and have further fueled my passion for this extraordinary endeavor.Yet, beyond the technical aspects, what truly drives my dream is a profound sense of curiosity and a desire to push theboundaries of human knowledge. I can't help but wonder what incredible discoveries await us in the vast expanse of the cosmos. Perhaps we'll uncover evidence of extraterrestrial life, unlocking profound insights into the origin and evolution of our universe. Or maybe we'll develop groundbreaking technologies that could revolutionize life on Earth, from advanced renewable energy sources to innovative medical treatments. The possibilities are endless, and I burn with the desire to be a part of this grand adventure of exploration and discovery.Of course, the path to becoming an astronaut is incredibly challenging and competitive. I understand that countless brilliant minds have pursued this dream, and only a select few are chosen for each mission. But I refuse to be deterred. I am prepared to dedicate my life to this pursuit, to work harder and smarter than anyone else, and to never give up on my aspirations, no matter how daunting the obstacles may seem.In the end, my dream to become an astronaut is about more than just personal ambition or glory. It's about contributing to the collective human endeavor of expanding our horizons, pushing the boundaries of our knowledge, and furthering our understanding of the cosmos we call home. It's about inspiringfuture generations to look up at the stars with the same sense of wonder and curiosity that first ignited my passion.So, as I gaze up at the night sky once more, I can't help but feel a profound sense of determination and excitement for the journey ahead. The challenges may be immense, but the rewards of unlocking the secrets of the universe are worth every ounce of effort and sacrifice. With unwavering resolve, I will continue to chase my dream, for I know that one day, I will soar among the stars, a humble explorer in the vast cosmic ocean.。

高三英语询问科学探索单选题50题1. In an experiment about gravity, a ball is dropped from a certain height. If we ignore air resistance, which of the following statements is correct?A. The ball will fall at a constant speedB. The ball will accelerate at a decreasing rateC. The ball will accelerate at a constant rateD. The ball will decelerate as it falls答案：C。

解析：在忽略空气阻力的情况下，物体在重力作用下做自由落体运动，根据重力加速度的原理，物体下落时将以恒定的加速度下落，而不是匀速下落（A选项错误），加速度也不会减小（B选项错误），更不会减速 D选项错误）。

2. When studying electromagnetic induction, a conductor is moved ina magnetic field. What will happen?A. A static electric field will be generated onlyB. A magnetic field will disappearC. An electromotive force will be inducedD. The conductor will stop moving immediately答案：C。

解析：根据电磁感应原理，当导体在磁场中运动时，会产生感应电动势。

A选项，不仅仅是产生静电场；B选项，磁场不会消失；D选项，导体不会立即停止运动。

3. In a research on the force between two charged particles, if thedistance between them is doubled, according to Coulomb's law, which of the following is true about the electrostatic force?A. It will be doubledB. It will be quadrupledC. It will be one - half of the originalD. It will be one - fourth of the original答案：D。

a r X i v :h e p -p h /0002172v 1 16 F eb 2000hep-ph/0002172February 16,2000Search for TeV Strings and New Phenomenain Bhabha Scattering at LEP2Dimitri Bourilkov ∗Institute for Particle Physics (IPP),ETH Z¨u rich,CH-8093Z¨u rich,SwitzerlandAbstractA combined analysis of the data on Bhabha scattering at centre-of-mass energies 183and 189GeV from the LEP experiments ALEPH,L3and OPAL is performed to search for effects of TeV strings in quantum gravity models with large extra dimensions.No statistically significant deviations from the Standard Model expectations are observed and lower limit on the string scale M S =0.631TeV at 95%confidence level is derived.The data are used to set lower limits on the scale of contact interactions ranging from 4.2to 16.2TeV depending on the model.In a complementary analysis we derive an upper limit on the electron size of 2.8·10−19m at 95%confidence level.IntroductionThe Standard Model(SM)is very successful in confronting the data coming from the highest energy accelerators.Still,there are theoretical reasons to expect that it is not complete,and one of thefirst questions in the quest for new physics is what is the relevant scale,where new phenomena can give experimental signatures.Recently,a radical proposal[1–3]has been put forward for the solution of the hierarchy problem,which brings close the electroweak scale m EW∼1TeV and the Planck scale M Pl=1G N∼1015TeV.In this framework the effective four-dimensional M Pl is connected to a new M Pl(4+n)scale in a(4+n)dimensional theory:M2Pl∼M2+n Pl(4+n)R n(1) where there are n extra compact spatial dimensions of radius∼R.This can explain the observed weakness of gravity at large distances.At the same time,quantum gravity becomes strong at a scale M of the order of1TeV and could have observable signatures at present and future colliders.Thefirst experimental searches for large extra dimensions have concentrated on the effects of real and virtual graviton emission1.In a string theory of quantum gravity[7,8]there are ad-ditional modifications of Standard Model amplitudes and new phenomenological consequences. Effective contact interactions caused by massive string mode oscillations might compete with or even become stronger than those due to virtual exchange of Kaluza-Klein excitations of gravitons,and thus provide thefirst signature of low scale gravity or a lower bound on the string scale.Bhabha scattering above the Z resonance offers a reach huntingfield for new phenomena[6, 9].It can be used to search for manifestations of contact interactions and as a very sensitive probe of the point-like structure of the electron.This paper is organized as follows.In sections2and3the experimental data and the analysis technique are presented.In the following section,we describe the search for effects of TeV strings in Bhabha scattering.In sections5and6we use the data to obtain limits on the scale of different contact interaction models,and on the size of electrons respectively.We conclude with a discussion of the results.Experimental DataData on fermion-pair production at183or189GeV centre-of-mass energies from the LEP2 collider has become available recently.In the following we will concentrate on the measurements of Bhabha scattering at these two highest energy points,where large data samples have been accumulated during the very successful LEP runs in1997and1998.The ALEPH[10],L3[11]and OPAL[12,13]collaborations have presented results for the differential cross section of Bhabha scattering.In the case of L3and OPAL the results are for both energy points and the scattering angleθis the angle between the incoming and the outgoing electrons in the laboratory frame.In the ALEPH case the measurements are at183 GeV and the scattering angle is defined in the outgoing e+e−rest frame.The acceptance is given by the angular range|cosθ|<0.9for the ALEPH and OPAL measurements and by 44◦<θ<136◦for the L3measurement.The experiments use different strategies to isolate the high energy sample,where the inter-actions take place at energies close to the full available centre-of-mass energy.This sample isthe main searchfield for new physics.L3and OPAL apply an acollinearity cut of25◦and10◦respectively.ALEPH defines the effective energy,√2·∆2Measurement r(2)∆Measurement=error(Prediction(SM,ε)−Measurement)(3)where P rediction(SM,ε)is the SM expectation for a given measurement(a point in the differ-ential spectra)combined with the additional effect of new phenomena as a function of the mass scale or electron size,and Measurement is the corresponding measured quantity.The index r runs over all data points.The error on a deviation consists of three parts,which are combined in quadrature:a statistical error and a systematic error(as given by the experiments)and the theoretical error assigned above.The systematic errors account for small correlations between data points.TeV Strings in Bhabha ScatteringIn[8]the authors develop a model to study the effects of string Regge excitations on physical cross sections by a simple embedding of the Quantum Electrodynamics of electrons and photons into string theory.They use only one gauge group and only vector-like couplings,in order to avoid complications but grasp the general phenomenological picture.The results are model-dependent.The effects of TeV scale strings on Bhabha scattering are computed from the leading-order scattering amplitudes.All amplitudes are multiplied by a common form-factorS(s,t)=Γ(1−sM2S)M2S−tIn the case where the string scale M S is close to or smaller than the centre-of-mass energy,the Gamma-functions in this form-factor produce a very reach and complicated resonance structure.On the other hand,in the limit where the Mandelstam variables s and t are much smaller than M S ,we haveS (s ,t)=(1−π2M 4S+...).(5)So in this model the leading corrections are proportional to M −4S ,corresponding to an operator of dimension 8.11010cos Θd σ / d c o s Θ (p b )cos ΘD a t a / S M0.50.60.70.80.911.11.21.31.4Figure 1:The differential cross section for Bhabha scattering as measured by the L3collab-oration at 189GeV.The lower plot shows the ratio (data/SM expectation)together with the expected deviations from the SM for string models (dot-dash),finite electron size (dotted)and VV contact interactions (dashed).To compare the string predictions to the data on Bhabha scattering above the Z resonance one has to handle also the contributions due to Z exchange and the interference with photon exchange amplitudes.The Z is not part of the string QED model developed in [8],but as allQED Bhabha scattering amplitudes are multiplied by the common factor S (s ,t),the authors suggest to compare the differential cross section to the simple formulad σdcos θ)SM ·|S (s ,t)|2.(6)11010cos Θd σ / d c o s Θ (p b )cos ΘD a t a / S M0.50.60.70.80.911.11.21.31.4Figure 2:The differential cross section for Bhabha scattering as measured by the OPAL col-laboration at 189GeV.The lower plot shows the ratio (data/SM expectation)together with the expected deviations from the SM for string models (dot-dash),finite electron size (dotted)and VV contact interactions (dashed).The data from the LEP collaborations at 183and 189GeV show no statistically significant deviations from the SM predictions due to string effects.In their absence,we use the log-likelihood method,which after proper normalization gives the confidence level for any value of the scale M S in the physically allowed region.The exact definition can be found in [6].The one-sided lower limit on the scale M S at 95%confidence level is:M S =0.631TeV .(7)Examples of the data analysis at189GeV are shown in Figure1and Figure2,where the SM predictions and the expectations from several manifestations of new phenomena are compared to the measurements of the L3and OPAL collaborations,respectively.In thesefigures we plot the combined statistical and systematic errors;the theory uncertainty is not shown.In the area of the forward peak the theory uncertainty in the SM prediction starts to limit the precision of our study.Contact InteractionsThe standard framework,used in searches for deviations from the SM predictions,is the most general combination of helicity conserving dimension-6operators[18].In this scheme,new interactions beyond the Standard Model are characterised by a coupling strength,g,and by an energy scale,Λ,which can be viewed as the scale of compositeness.At energies much lower thanΛ,we have an effective Lagrangian leading to four-fermion contact interactions.LR[0,0,±1,0]9.27.0RL[0,0,0,±1]9.27.0LL+RR[±1,±1,0,0]10.78.6LR+RL[0,0,±1,±1]12.910.1LL−RR[±1,∓1,0,0] 4.3 4.2Table1:Results of contact interactionfits to Bhabha scattering.The numbers in brackets are the values of[ηLL,ηRR,ηLR,ηRL]defining to which helicity amplitudes the contact interaction contributes.The models cover the interference of contact terms with single as well as with a combination of helicity amplitudes.The one–sided95%confidence level lower limits on the parametersΛ+(Λ−)given in Te V correspond to the upper(lower)sign of the parametersη, respectively.The differential cross section for fermion-pair production in e+e−collisions can be decom-posed in the usual way as:dσ4π=1and|ηij|≤1,where(i,j=L,R)labels the helicity of the incoming and outgoing fermions.We defineε=g2Λ2(9)where the sign of ηenables to study both the cases of positive and negative interference.As discussed in the previous section,the data from the LEP collaborations at 183and 189GeV show no statistically significant deviations from the SM predictions.In their absence,using the same technique we derive one-sided lower limits on the scale Λof contact interactions at 95%confidence level.They are summarized in Table1and Figure 3.The results presented here improve on the limits obtained by individual LEP experiments [10,13,19,20].1010LL LR LL RL LR LL +−+−Figure 3:One–sided 95%confidence level lower limits on the scale Λ+and Λ−for contact interactions in Bhabha scattering.Electron SizeIn the Standard Model leptons,quarks and gauge bosons are considered as point-like particles.A possible substructure or new interactions at as yet unexplored very high energies could manifest themselves as finite radii and anomalous magnetic dipole moments of these particles.The high precision measurements of the magnetic dipole moment (g −2)e of the electron can be used to put stringent limits on the electron radius r e [21,22].If non-standard contributions to (g −2)e scale linearly with the electron mass,the bound is r e ∼2·10−23m.On the other hand,if they scale quadratically with the electron mass,which is a natural consequence of chiral symmetry [21],the bound is reduced to r e ∼3·10−18m.In [22]the authors perform an analysis of the high precision data on the Z resonance,noting that while the assumption ofelementary photons is quite natural,the same is less obvious for the very massive Z bosons.In the pure electron case the limit is not competitive with the(g−2)e results.Here we perform a new analysis based on the LEP2data on Bhabha scattering,where again the photon exchange gives the dominating amplitudes both in the t-and s-channels,and good sensitivity to electron substructure can be expected.The differential cross section for fermion-pair production in e+e−collisions far above the Z is modified as:dσ)SM·F2e(Q2)·F2f(Q2)(10)dQ2where F e and F f are the form-factors of the initial(final)state fermions.They are parametrized in the standard way as[22]:1F(Q2)=1+2This value ofΛT corresponds,depending on the convention,also to a gravity scale M s=1.261TeV.The gravity scale with subscript small s should not be confused with the string scale M S,studied here.strong coupling g2αQED·Λ=0.085·Λ(13) where we have used the value of thefine structure constant and ignored the small effect of a runningαQED.For instance the VV model with positive interference gives effects similar to the ones resulting from afinite electron size,as shown in Figure1and Figure2.The limit for the VV model translates as follows:Λ+=13.0TeV⇒Λ′=1.1TeV⇒r=1.8·10−19m.(14) This results is comparable with the upper limit for electron substructure,derived using form-factors.The measurements of Bhabha scattering above the Z resonance confirm the predictions of the Standard Model and reach already a similar level of precision as the best theoretical tools available.In order to fully exploit the physics potential of the large data samples collected during the LEP running in1999and expected in2000,improved theory predictions are very desirable.Bhabha scattering is a probe,sensitive enough to provide afirst window to new physics at the TeV scale.AcknowledgementsThe author is grateful to A.B¨o hm,M.Peskin and I.Antoniadis for valuable discussions. 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关于宇航员太空的作文英语版100字全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Wonder of Space and AstronautsHave you ever looked up at the night sky and wondered what's out there? The twinkling stars, the bright moon, and the vast darkness seem so mysterious and exciting! That's how I feel about space – it's an incredible place that we're still learning so much about.And the people who get to travel to space and explore it up close are the bravest and coolest of all – astronauts! Can you imagine what it would be like to rocket off from Earth and go floating around in a spaceship? That must be the most thrilling adventure ever.Astronauts have to train really hard to get ready for space missions. They have to learn all about how the spacecraft works, practice doing science experiments in zero gravity, and exercise a lot to stay super fit and strong. I heard they even get to practice spacewalking underwater to get ready for fixing things outside the spacecraft!Once they finally blast off into space after years of preparing, astronauts get to see sights that take your breath away. The curvature of the Earth from so high up looks just like a beautiful blue and green marble. And the inky blackness of space sprinkled with stars is a view you can't get anywhere else. I'd love to witness that someday!While orbiting the Earth, astronauts do all sorts of cool things like operating robotic arms, conducting experiments, and talking to mission control down on the ground. Some even get to visit the International Space Station (ISS) and live there for months at a time with astronauts from other countries! The ISS must be like a kick space home away from home.My favorite part though is when the astronauts go outside their spacecraft for spacewalks. Seeing them float around so effortlessly while repairing equipment and doing work is just amazing. It's like they're real-life superheroes! I read that they have to be very careful though because their suits are their life support system providing air and protection from the harsh space environment.Every time there's a launch, I'm glued to the TV hoping to catch a glimpse of the rocket blasting off in a fiery cloud. I cheer for the astronauts on their daring journeys beyond our planet.While most of us can only dream about traveling to space, I'm thankful there are brave astronauts out there making those dreams into reality.Space is an endless frontier with so many mysteries left to uncover. Maybe I'll be an astronaut when I grow up and get to walk on the moon or even go to Mars one day! Or perhaps I could be a mission controller back on Earth helping guide the astronauts on their voyages. Whichever path I take, I know I'll always look up at the stars with a sense of wonder and possibility. The universe is an amazing place just waiting to be explored!篇2Title: Exploring the Mysteries of SpaceHello, my name is Emma, and I'm a curious 8-year-old girl who loves learning about space. Have you ever wondered what it's like to be an astronaut and travel to the great unknown? It's a dream of mine to one day explore the vastness of the cosmos and unravel its secrets.Can you imagine being strapped into a powerful rocket, feeling the intense rumble as it lifts off from Earth? The sheer force must be incredible, pushing you back into your seat as youaccelerate faster and faster, breaking through the Earth's atmosphere and entering the inky blackness of space.Up there, in the endless expanse of the universe, everything looks different. Our planet, the one we call home, appears as a beautiful blue and green marble suspended in the void. It's hard to believe that all of humanity, with our cities, forests, and oceans, fits on that tiny sphere. From space, the Earth seems so small and fragile, reminding us how precious and unique our world truly is.Astronauts get to witness breathtaking sights that most of us can only dream about. Imagine gazing out of the window of the International Space Station and seeing the Sun rise and set every 90 minutes! The sunrises and sunsets must be spectacular, painting the Earth in ever-changing hues of orange, red, and purple.And then there are the stars – millions upon millions of them, twinkling brilliantly against the blackness of space. On Earth, we can only see a fraction of the stars due to light pollution and atmospheric interference. But in space, the entire celestial tapestry is on full display, a sight that must be awe-inspiring and humbling.Living and working in space is no easy feat, though. Astronauts have to undergo years of rigorous training to preparefor the challenges of weightlessness, extreme temperatures, and radiation. They also have to learn how to operate complex machinery and conduct scientific experiments in the confines of a spacecraft or space station.One of the most fascinating aspects of space exploration is the potential for discovering new worlds. Astronomers have already identified thousands of exoplanets – planets that orbit stars other than our Sun. Some of these exoplanets are rocky like Earth, while others are gas giants like Jupiter or Saturn. Who knows what wonders and alien landscapes await us on these distant worlds?Exploring space is not just about satisfying our curiosity; it's also about pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and technological advancement. The innovations that have come out of space programs have benefited society in countless ways, from improving communication systems to developing new medical treatments.As a kid, I can't wait to see what the future holds for space exploration. Maybe one day, humans will establish permanent settlements on the Moon or Mars, or even venture further into the depths of our galaxy. The possibilities are endless, and the mysteries waiting to be unraveled are countless.For now, I'll keep learning about space, watching documentaries, reading books, and dreaming of the day when I might get to join the ranks of the brave men and women who have ventured into the unknown. Who knows, maybe one day I'll be the one strapping into a rocket, ready to embark on an adventure like no other – an adventure that will take me to the stars and beyond.篇3Outer Space – The Final Frontier!Have you ever looked up at the night sky and wondered what it would be like to be an astronaut? To soar through the inky blackness, leaving Earth behind and exploring the great unknown? It's a dream shared by many kids (and grown-ups too!).Being an astronaut is one of the coolest jobs ever! Just imagine suiting up in your super special spacesuit and climbing aboard a huge rocket that will blast you off into space. The rocket Launch must be so exciting, with fire and smoke billowing out as the engines roar to life. Then suddenly, you're hurtling upwards faster than a speeding race car, pushing through the clouds until you leave the Earth's atmosphere entirely.Once in space, the real adventure begins. You'll be able to float around the spacecraft in zero gravity! No more pesky gravity to hold you down. You can do somersaults and flips, and move objects just by gently nudging them. How wild is that? Of course, you have to be very careful not to bonk your head or go drifting off into the void of space itself. That's why astronauts have to train rigorously and follow lots of safety protocols.After leaving Earth orbit, your spacecraft might journey to the Moon, Mars, or even farther out into the solar system. Can you imagine staring out the window and seeing those worlds just hanging there in the black vastness? The Moon up close must look so cratered and alien. And Mars is this mysterious rusty red planet that may once have had life. Perhaps humans will build a colony there one day!Life on a spacecraft is very different from life on Earth. There's no gravity, so everything has to be secured and strapped down. Eating and drinking takes some getting used to, as liquids form spherical blobs that you have to gulp down carefully. Having a bath is impossible – astronauts have to use special rinse-less shampoos and body wipes to stay clean. And going to the bathroom is...well, let's just say it takes some clever engineering!Some of the biggest challenges are the effects of living in microgravity for long periods. An astronaut's muscles and bones can start to weaken and deteriorate since they aren't having to work as hard to counteract gravity's pull. That's why astronauts have to do special exercises every day to stay fit and healthy. Space radiation is another major hazard that's difficult to avoid. Sleeping and adjusting to day/night cycles can also be really tough when you're whizzing around the planet every 90 minutes!Still, the chance to see our beautiful blue-and-green Earth hanging in the void is what makes it all worthwhile for many astronauts. No photo can compare to witnessing our pale blue dot with your own eyes, a vibrant oasis in the cold, dark, and silent sea of space. It must be both humbling and awe-inspiring to gaze upon our cosmic home from such a privileged vantage point.Would you like to be an astronaut when you grow up? If so, start studying your science and math now! You'll need those subjects, plus incredible perseverance and problem-solving skills. Only the best and brightest are selected to join this elite band of space explorers. But who knows? With hard work and dedication, maybe one day you too could leave your footprints on the dusty surface of the Moon or Mars. Just imagine yourself boundingacross an alien world in that famous "bunny hop" gait, looking up at strange alien skies. What an amazing dream to aspire to!So keep on stargazing, little astronaut-in-training. The stars are calling to us, beckoning humanity to unlock their cosmic mysteries. Who will answer that siren call from the final frontier? Perhaps it will be you one day. The sky is no longer the limit - it's just the beginning!篇4Exploring the Great Unknown: A Journey into SpaceHave you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered what lies beyond those twinkling stars? Well, let me tell you, the mysteries of space are truly fascinating! Astronauts, those brave explorers, venture into the great unknown to unlock the secrets of our vast universe.Imagine being an astronaut, strapping yourself into a massive rocket and blasting off into the inky blackness of space. The roar of the engines would shake you to your core as you leave Earth's cozy embrace and soar higher and higher, until you're floating weightlessly among the stars.In space, everything is different. You can't breathe the air like you can on Earth, so astronauts have to wear special spacesuits with their own air supply. They also have to be careful not to float away, so they use tethers to anchor themselves to their spacecraft.Speaking of spacecraft, those are the amazing machines that carry astronauts into space. They're like super-advanced rockets and spaceships combined, equipped with living quarters, control rooms, and even small laboratories. Some spacecraft are designed to travel to the International Space Station (ISS), a massive orbiting laboratory where astronauts live and work for months at a time.Life on the ISS is unlike anything you've ever experienced. Without gravity, water behaves strangely, forming floating blobs instead of dripping down. Eating is also a messy affair, with food crumbs floating everywhere! Astronauts have to be careful not to get any bits of food in their eyes or nose.While living in space sounds like a lot of fun, it's also a lot of hard work. Astronauts have to conduct all sorts of experiments and repairs, both inside and outside their spacecraft. During spacewalks, they wear special suits and tether themselves to thecraft as they work in the vacuum of space, with Earth's beautiful blues and greens hanging majestically below them.Not all astronauts stay in orbit, though. Some brave souls have even journeyed to the Moon! Can you imagine walking on a world with no air, where your footprints remain undisturbed for centuries? Astronauts who have walked on the Moon describe it as a surreal and awe-inspiring experience, one that fills them with a profound sense of wonder and humility.Who knows what other amazing discoveries await us in the vast expanse of space? Maybe one day, we'll even find evidence of life on other planets! Until then, astronauts will continue to push the boundaries of human exploration, venturing deeper into the cosmos and unlocking its mind-boggling mysteries, one small step at a time.So, the next time you look up at the stars, remember the brave men and women who have journeyed there, and dream of the day when you too might explore the great unknown of space!篇5Space and Astronauts - A Journey to the StarsWoohoo, today we're going to learn about the coolest job ever - being an astronaut! Can you imagine traveling up into outer space and exploring other planets and galaxies? How amazing would that be?First, let's talk about what an astronaut does. Astronauts are people who get trained to go on space missions. They ride aboard spacecraft like rockets and shuttle ships that blast off from Earth and travel all the way into space! Once they're up there, they get to float around in zero gravity and look down at our planet from above the clouds. Some astronauts go to visit the International Space Station, which is like a big house in orbit where people live and work in space.But the really exciting astronaut missions are when they travel even further to places like the Moon or Mars. The astronauts get to walk around on the surface of these worlds in special spacesuits with oxygen tanks so they can breathe. They use cool rovers (which are like space cars) to drive across the rocky, dusty landscapes. They take lots of pictures and samples of soil and rocks to study when they get back home.Becoming an astronaut is not easy though. You have to go through years and years of intense training to prepare your body and mind for space travel. Astronauts have to be incredibly smartto operate all the complex equipment and handle emergencies if something goes wrong. They also have to be very brave because space is an extreme and dangerous environment. Things we take for granted on Earth like air, gravity, hot food, and bathroom breaks are huge challenges up there!Most astronauts start out by becoming expert pilots or scientists first. My friend Johnny wants to be an astronaut when he grows up, so he is already taking lots of math, science, and engineering classes. He exercises every day and eats super healthy foods to stay in top physical condition too. I asked Johnny what he's most excited about, and he said "I can't wait to look out the window at Earth from the spaceship and see our beautiful planet floating in the dark of space." How cool is that?Astronauts get to make history by being the first humans to visit and explore other worlds. The astronauts who landed on the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s were true pioneers and heroes. Neil Armstrong's first footsteps on the lunar surface were a giant leap for all of mankind. Some day, the first astronauts to walk on Mars will be just as famous!I can't wait to see where astronauts will go next. Maybe they'll travel to some of the moons of Jupiter or Saturn one day. Or set up a human colony on Mars so people can live therepermanently. Some scientists even talk about sending astronauts on incredible voyage that could take decades to reach the nearest stars outside our solar system! How amazing would it be to be one of the first people from Earth to visit an alien planet orbiting another sun?No matter where they go, astronauts have one of the most exciting jobs ever. They get to explore strange new worlds that were just imagined in science fiction not too long ago. Every kid dreams of blasting off into space at some point, but only a few extraordinary people get to actually become astronauts and turn that dream into reality.I hope this essay got you excited about space travel and the incredible astronauts who risk their lives to uncover the secrets of the cosmos. Keep reaching for the stars, and maybe one of you could end up being the first kid from our class to walk on Mars! How cool would that be? All explorers were kids with big dreams once, just like you.篇6Astronauts and Space: An Adventure Like No Other!Do you ever look up at the night sky and wonder what it would be like to travel to space? I sure do! Astronauts are someof the bravest people on Earth. They train for years and years to go on incredible missions that take them far beyond our planet.Can you imagine what it feels like to strap into a massive rocket and get launched into orbit? The power and rumbling of those rocket engines must be unbelievable! As the rocket blasts off the launch pad, the astronauts feel intense forces pushing them back into their seats. Within just a few minutes, they go from hanging out on Earth to zooming through the sky at thousands of miles per hour. Wow!Once in space, the real adventure begins. Astronauts get to float around weightlessly inside the spacecraft. It must feel like being a superhero who can fly without wings! They also get to look out the windows and see sights that take your breath away. The beautiful blue marble of Earth hanging in the blackness of space. The bright stars shining clearly without any clouds in the way. And the sun's blinding rays beaming across the voids between planets. I can't even imagine how incredible that view must be!Living and working in space isn't easy though. Everything is different with those low gravity conditions. Astronauts have to be strapped down when eating or drinking so their food doesn't just float away. They have to get really clever about simple taskslike using the bathroom or taking a shower. And they have to do tons of science experiments and repairs outside the spacecraft by putting on those big, puffy spacesuits and going on spacewalks. That looks both amazing and kind of scary!The coolest spacewalks must be the ones where astronauts get to visit other worlds in our solar system. How mind-blowing would it be to actually walk around on the surface of the Moon or Mars? Taking "one small step" just like Neil Armstrong did back in 1969. Using special tools to collect moon rocks and planetary soil samples. Setting up high-tech equipment to study these alien environments up close. I'd love to be an astronaut pioneer helping make discoveries that change our understanding of the cosmos.Still, I think a life journeying through the cosmos as an astronaut has to be one of the most thrilling adventures anyone could imagine! Getting to leave Earth behind and boldly go where only a few humans have gone before. Seeing the wonders of the universe firsthand and helping advance our knowledge of the stars, planets, and beyond. Living in excellently engineered spacecraft and rovers that let you work and survive in places absolutely alien to us. With every new mission, astronauts helppave the way for humanity to someday spread out and make our homes among other worlds.Maybe someday regular people will be able to take vacations in orbit or on the Moon! Can you picture boarding a hotel that's a rotating space station? Or checking into a fancy resort dome on the lunar surface? With our curiosity and determination, that kind of future seems almost within reach. For now though, space travel will remain the daring domain of those elite astronaut explorers who dare to dream of places we've only glimpsed from afar.If I work really hard at school and keep reaching for the stars, perhaps I could grow up to be an astronaut too. Then I'd get to experience the incredible journey of rocketing off Earth and plunging into the vast mysteries that lie beyond our small blue planet. What could be more amazing than that?。

The concept of a space laboratory,or space experiment module,has been a cornerstone of human exploration and scientific advancement in the cosmos.This innovative engineering feat allows for the conduction of experiments in a microgravity environment,which is crucial for a multitude of scientific disciplines,from biology to physics.The idea of a space laboratory is not just a testament to human ingenuity but also a stepping stone towards a deeper understanding of the universe and our place within it.In the realm of space exploration,the International Space Station ISS stands as a beacon of international cooperation and scientific endeavor. One of its most significant components is the series of experiment modules that make up the space laboratory.These modules are designed to support a wide range of research activities,from studying the effects of microgravity on human physiology to testing new materials and technologies in space.One of the most fascinating aspects of space laboratories is the opportunity they provide for conducting biological experiments.In microgravity,organisms exhibit behaviors and physiological changes that are not observable on Earth.For instance,researchers have been able to study the growth of plants and the development of microorganisms in ways that are impossible in a gravitybound environment.These studies have led to breakthroughs in our understanding of how life adapts to different conditions and could potentially inform future longduration space missions.Moreover,the space laboratory serves as a unique platform for conducting physics experiments.The absence of gravity allows for the precise measurement of fundamental forces and the behavior of particles that are otherwise obscured by Earths gravitational pull.For example,experiments with gyroscopes in space have provided insights into the nature of angular momentum and the principles of rotation that are critical for the development of advanced navigation systems.The space laboratory also plays a vital role in the field of materials science. The microgravity environment is ideal for the synthesis of new materials, such as semiconductors and alloys,which can have unique properties due to the absence of convection currents that occur on Earth.These materials could have applications in various industries,including electronics, aerospace,and medicine.In addition to these scientific pursuits,the space laboratory is also a proving ground for technology development.Many of the technologies tested in space,such as life support systems and robotics,have direct applications on Earth.For example,the development of advanced life support systems in space has led to innovations in water purification and recycling technologies that are now used in various terrestrial applications.The success of space laboratories is not only measured by the scientific knowledge they generate but also by the inspiration they provide to future generations of scientists and engineers.The images of astronauts conducting experiments in space,floating amidst a backdrop of stars, serve as a powerful reminder of the limitless potential of human curiosityand innovation.However,the operation of a space laboratory is not without its challenges. The need for precise control and monitoring of experiments in a remote and hostile environment requires sophisticated engineering solutions. Additionally,the cost of launching and maintaining these modules in space is significant,necessitating international collaboration and investment.Despite these challenges,the benefits of space laboratories are immense. They not only contribute to our scientific knowledge but also inspire a sense of wonder and curiosity about the universe.As we continue to explore the cosmos,the role of space laboratories will only grow in importance,serving as a bridge between our terrestrial lives and the vast expanse of space.In conclusion,the space experiment module is a remarkable achievement in human engineering and scientific exploration.It offers a unique environment for conducting experiments that can lead to groundbreaking discoveries and technological advancements.As we look to the future,the continued development and utilization of space laboratories will be essential in expanding our understanding of the universe and our place within it.。