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Lesson 1Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.Franchising特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, isallowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing , contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion .International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. Fora BOT project , a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company .Lesson 2GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account without reference to (不针对) make efforts to engage inLesson 3Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyCustoms union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policyCommon market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.Lesson 4Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .MNC跨国公司=TNC: Multinational corporation, are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries, companies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.MNE跨国企业:Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.Home county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.Host country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.Lesson 5Absolute advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)Comparative advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Primary commodities：those commodities not processed，or only slightly processed，usually farm produce or raw materials.Specialization专业化: To restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.Lesson 6Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an areaTariff关税: A tax levied on a commodity when it crossesthe boundary of a custom area.Quota配额: A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Drawback退税: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating countryContract proper：the main body of a contractLesson 7Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则: It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Trade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of currency.Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic marketand industries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated.Multi-model transportation:Lesson 8Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.Quotation报盘: Estimate of how much something will cost Counter offer还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererOfferee收盘人：A first enquiry首次询价: An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt withA contract一个合同: An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer 一个实盘: Statement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.Force majeure不可抗力: is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties’ default, but of the uncontrollable causes. Onetype of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause. Or social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyLesson 9Hyperinflation极度通货膨胀is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly. The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical. The normal economic activities are out of the order, and finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.inflation :Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etcDevaluation贬值Barter易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Lesson 10Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherDocumentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection跟单托收:It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Payee收款人、领款人: The person receiving the payment.Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Usance draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer出票人: The person who draws the draft (usually the exporter)Drawee受票人: The person to whom the draft is drawn.Clean draft光票: The draft without documentsLesson 11Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer) applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/COpening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.Opening bank:the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exp orter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit (L/C、L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank议付行: The ba nk buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.Recipient: A person or an organization etc. that receives somethingWorld company: A multinational company whose nationalidentity has been blurredMiddleman trader: Person through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumerLesson 12Clean credit光票信用证: credit only require clean draft, which isn’t accompanied with shipping documents.The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankUnconfirmed credit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bankSight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftUsance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证:The credit can not be transferred.Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.Lesson 13Commercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter.Legal holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawPacking list装箱单: The documents gives informationsuch as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.Lesson 14Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).Transportation and freight transportation运输和货物运输:In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.Lesson 15Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).premium：the amount paid by all insured for coverage under the contractKnown premium已知的保险费is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goods Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.Lesson 16Indemnity赔偿原则: A contract of insurance restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he war in before the loss occurred.Subrogate: subrogation is of enormous importance in cargo insurance, the word “Subrogate” means “to take the place of another”.Insurable interest可保利益: It holds that no one mayinsure anything unless he has and interest in it. (Which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit form its preservation, but if it is any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affect.)Principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原则：The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.Contribution分摊原则: It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers. If two policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.Proximate cause of the loss近因原则: It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered. The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss.Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.Lesson 17Exchange rate汇率、兑换率: It refers to the price at which one currency can be exchange for another currency.Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A directexchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价:An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.Medial rate中间价 It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.Lesson 19Greenfield strategy绿地战略:Building new enterprises on land bought or leased in a foreign countryAcquisition并购: Purchasing existing facilities is known as acquisition. It does not have to start from scratch and face the difficulties in the greenfield strategy. But it has to take responsibilities for all the liabilities of the purchased firm, and deal with existing problems in management, labor relations, environmental protection obligations etc.Joint venture: A joint venture is an independent business entity founded and owned by two or more partners called parents. The proportions of ownership between the partners may be equal or unequal depending on their respective investments that are mostly in the form of capital but may also be in land, equipment, or intellectual property.Lesson 21Most-favored nation treatment最惠国:A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.GSP普惠制Generalized System of Preferences:Under the system, developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And the developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developed countries. So the GSP is an important exception to the non-discrimination principle of MFN.Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries。
国际英语词汇大全解读国际的专业术语国际交流日益频繁，英语作为一种通用语言在国际间的应用越来越广泛。
为了更好地理解国际交流中的专业术语，我们需要熟悉国际英语词汇的相关知识。
本文将通过解读国际的专业术语，帮助读者更好地理解国际交流中的词汇。
一、国际商务术语1. Import/Export（进出口）- 表示从一个国家或地区引进产品或商品，或者将产品或商品出口到其他国家或地区。
2. Freight（货运）- 指商品或货物的运输费用。
3. Customs（海关）- 负责监管进出口货物的机构，负责收取关税并检查货物是否符合法律法规。
4. Letter of Credit（信用证）- 一种支付机制，由买方银行开出，确保卖方能够收到款项。
5. Trade balance（贸易平衡）- 指一个国家或地区的进出口商品值之间的差额。
二、国际金融术语1. Exchange Rate（汇率）- 两种不同货币之间的比价。
2. Stock Market（股票市场）- 交易买卖股票的市场。
3. Foreign Direct Investment（外国直接投资）- 指一个国家或个人投资于另一个国家的实体或设施。
4. Dividend（股息）- 公司分配给股东的盈利部分。
5. Currency（货币）- 一种通用的支付和交换手段。
三、国际政治术语1. United Nations（联合国）- 国际组织，由193个国家组成，致力于维护国际和平与安全。
2. Diplomacy（外交）- 国家间通过交际手段解决问题的方式。
3. Human Rights（人权）- 指与每个人通过生活所应享有的基本权利。
4. United Nations Security Council（联合国安全理事会）- 负责维护国际和平与安全的联合国机构。
5. Treaty（条约）- 国家之间达成的正式协议。
四、国际贸易术语1. Free Trade（自由贸易）- 指国家之间不设限制的贸易形式。
国际商务英语贸易术语：1.EXW （Ex Work）工厂交货2.FCA （Free Carrier）货交承运人3.FAS （Free Alongside Ship）船边交货4.FOB （Free On Board）船上交货5.CFR （Cost and Freight）成本加运费6.CIF （Cost Insurance and Freight）成本、保险和运费7.CPT（Carriage Paid to）运费付至8.CIP（Carriage Insurance Paid to）运费、保险费付至9.DAF（Delivered At Frontier）边境交货10.DES（Delivered Ex Ship）目的港船上交货11.DEQ（Delivered Ex Quay）目的港码头交货12.DDU（Delivered Duty Unpaid）未完税交货13.DDP（Delivered Duty Paid）完税后交货mercial Councilor’s Office 商务参赞处15.consignor 委托人、发货人、寄售人16.consignee 受托人、收货人、承售人17.firm 商号、商店、公司18.corporation 公司商会19.private-owned corporation 私有公司20.nonprofit corporation 非营利公司21.public corporation（state-operated corporation）国有公司22.limited liability company （股份）有限公司23.agent 代理人agency 代理代理权sole distributor 独家经销代理sole distributorship 独家经销代理权distributor 经销人distributorship 经销权24.duplicate 副本25.in duplicate 一式两份26.in triplicate 一式三份27.stipulation 规定28.rule 法则w 法律30.term 条款31.cash on delivery 货到付款（缩写C.O.D）32.m/t 公吨33.The sight L/C 即期信用证34.The usance L/C 远期信用证35.The revocable L/C 可撤销信用证36.The irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证37.partical shipment（s）分批装运38.Transshipment 转船39.Liner 定期班轮40.Tramp 不定期货轮41.Fragile 易碎42.Easy to Be Damaged 易损43.Easy to Be Deteriorated 易变质44.Inflammable易燃、Explosive 易爆、Poisonous有毒45.。
国际商务名词解释国际商务是指在国际范围内进行的跨国贸易和商业活动。
在这个全球化的时代，国际商务已经成为很多公司的主要业务之一。
以下是一些常见的国际商务名词的解释：1. 跨国公司（Multinational Corporation，MNC）：指在一个以上的国家开展业务并在各个国家都有子公司或分支机构的公司。
跨国公司通常在多个国家之间进行产品生产、销售和服务等商业活动。
2. 外商直接投资（Foreign Direct Investment，FDI）：指投资者在一个国家对另一个国家的企业进行直接投资，通过购买或建立新的子公司来进行经营活动。
3. 货物贸易（Trade in Goods）：指国际间物品的买卖交易。
包括出口和进口的物品，如原材料、商品和成品等。
4. 服务贸易（Trade in Services）：指国际间服务的买卖交易。
包括金融服务、咨询服务、旅游服务等。
5. 关税（Tariff）：指政府对进口货物征收的税项。
关税的目的是保护国内产业，提高进口产品价格，从而鼓励国内生产和消费。
6. 关税配额（Tariff Quota）：指在关税限额内规定的允许进口的商品数量。
当进口超过关税配额时，将额外征收高额的关税。
7. 世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization，WTO）：是一个国际组织，致力于促进跨国贸易，降低贸易壁垒，促进全球贸易自由化。
WTO的成员包括世界上大多数国家。
8. 自由贸易区（Free Trade Zone）：是指在一定区域内成立的为促进贸易自由化而设置的特殊区域。
自由贸易区会降低关税和非关税壁垒，鼓励区内的贸易和投资活动。
9. 贸易保护主义（Trade Protectionism）：是指国家采取各种措施限制进口，保护本国产业和企业免受国际竞争造成的压力。
贸易保护主义的措施包括提高关税、实施配额限制等。
10. 供应链（Supply Chain）：是指从原材料采购到成品销售的整个生产和分销过程。
国际贸易英语知识点总结一、国际贸易术语（Incoterms）1. FOB (Free on Board)- 含义：卖方在指定的装运港将货物装上买方指定的船只后，卖方即完成交货义务。
风险在货物越过船舷时转移给买方。
- 示例：We offer the goods FOB Shanghai.（我们提供上海港船上交货价的货物。
）- 相关费用：卖方负责将货物运至装运港船上之前的一切费用，包括国内运输、装卸等费用；买方负责从装运港到目的港的运费、保险费等。
2. CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责支付货物成本、保险费和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。
- 示例：The price is quoted CIF New York.（价格报的是纽约港到岸价。
）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物到达目的港之前的成本、保险费和运费；买方负责卸货后的费用，如进口关税等。
风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。
3. CFR (Cost and Freight)- 含义：卖方负责货物成本和运费，将货物运至指定目的港。
与CIF相比，不包含保险费。
- 示例：We can supply the goods CFR London.（我们可以供应伦敦港成本加运费价的货物。
）- 相关费用：卖方承担货物运至目的港的成本和运费，买方负责保险费及卸货后的费用。
风险在货物越过装运港船舷时转移给买方。
二、商务信函写作。
1. 信头（Letterhead）- 包含公司名称、地址、联系方式（电话、传真、电子邮箱等）。
- 例如：ABC Company.123 Main Street, New York, NY 10001.Tel: +1 - 212 - 1234567.Fax: +1 - 212 - 1234568.Email:*******************.2. 称呼（Salutation）- 如果知道对方姓名，用“Dear Mr./Ms. + 姓氏”，如“Dear Mr. Smith”；如果不知道具体姓名，可用“Dear Sir/Madam”或者“To Whom It May Concern”。
《2000通则》中共有13种贸易术语，其中最主要的贸易术语是 FOB、CIF、CFR、FCA、CPT、CIP，前3种贸易术语是国际贸易中最常用的，仅适用于海洋运输和内河运输；后3种是根据前3种发展而来的，适用于各种运输方式。
(一)FOB1．FOB的含义FOB(Free on Board…named port of shipment)——装运港船上交货(……指定装运港)，是指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内在指定的装运港将货物交至买方指定的船上，并负担货物越过船弦为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。
本术语只适用于海洋运输和内河运输。
2．买卖双方的责任划分表13—2 FOB术语买卖双方责任划分一览表 分类卖 方买 方 常规 责任 1．负责在规定时间，在指定的装运港按该港习惯方式将货交至指定的船上，并给予买方充分的通知；2．在需要办理海关手续时，负责办理出口手续，1．收取按合同规定交付的货物并负责按合同规定支付货物价款；2．在需要办理海关手续时，负责办理进口手续，取得进口许可证或其他官方许可；3．接受有关单据。
取得出口许可证或其他官方许可；3．负责提供交货凭证、运输单据或同等作用的电子讯息。
共同责任负担货物在装运港越过船舷前的一切费用和风险。
负担货物在装运港越过船舷后的一切费用和风险。
主要 责任 1．负责租船订舱，支付运费，并给予卖方关于船名、卖方的基本义务：办理出口清关手续，并负担货物越过装运港船舷以前的一切费用与风险。
在约定的装运期和装运港，把货物装到买方指定的船上，并及时向买方发出装船通知。
向买方提交约定的各项单证。
买方的基本义务：按时派船到约定的装运港接运货物，支付运费，并将船名和到港装货日期及时通知卖方。
承担货物越过装运港船舷时起的各种费用以及货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
按合同规定付款赎单。
为便于记忆，FOB术语买卖双方的义务和责任归纳如表13-2。
3．FOB的变形以FOB条件买卖时，如果使用班轮运输，由于班轮一般管装管卸，一切费用都包括在运费之内，则装卸费用由支付运费的一方即买方负担。
国际商务英语--重点考核商务术语英译互译〔熟记〕Unit 8 考核题型：商务术语-英汉互译Inquiry(enquiry) :询盘Quotation：报价Validity period：有效期Offer：出价Counter offer ：还盘Offeree：收盘人Sales (purchase) contract ：销售〔购货〕合约Sales (purchase) confirmation ：售货〔购货〕确认书Consignment ：寄售Contracting parties：缔约方Force majeure ：不可抗力Arbitration：仲裁Business line：业务范围Contract proper：合约正文Article number：货号Cargo compartment:货仓考核题型：商务术语-英文解释Uint 8A contract：It is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.Oral negotiation：direct discussions conducted at trade fairs; sending trade groups abroad; inviting foreign cusomers.Written negotiation : often begin with enquiries made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered.A firm offer: a promise to sell goods at a stated price.Sales contract: when the contract is made by the seller, it is called a sales contract.Purchase contract: when made by the buyer, it is called a purchase contract.Unit 9 考核题型：商务术语-英汉互译Counter trade: 对销贸易Hyperinflation：极度通货膨胀ReichXank：德国国家银行Cross-border contract：进出口合约Protectionism：贸易爱护主义Financial market：金融市场Clearing system：清算系统Net positions：实际头寸Compensation trade：补偿贸易Trade credit accounts：贸易信贷往来账户Barter ：易货贸易Counter purchase：互购贸易Buyback：回购贸易Vertical：垂直Centrally planned economies：中央方案经济Competitive devaluation ：竞争性贬值V olkswagen：群众汽车公司Xerox Corporation: 施乐公司Processing trade ：加工贸易Consignment：寄售Leasing trade：租赁贸易Auction：拍卖Agency：代理考核题型：商务术语-英文解释Uint 9Counter trade is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies.Barter: the direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase: the assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback: An agreement by an exporter of plant an d equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment . Bundling means that the exchange of goods and services are bundled together (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently or inter temporally).Unit 10 考核题型：商务术语-英汉互译Debtor: 债务人Debit 借方Financial standing账务状况Credit worthiness 资信可靠状况Periodic payments 分阶段付款Cash in advance 预付现金Open account 记账交易Draft (bill of exchange): 汇票Drawer ：出票人Drawee 受票人Payee 受款人Usance draft远期汇票Documentary draft 跟单汇票Clean draft 光票Documentary collection 跟单托收Documents against payment (D/P)：付款交单Documents against acceptance (D/P)：承兑交单考核题型：商务术语-英文解释Uint 10Open account:this means that no documents are involved and that legally the buyer can pay anytime.Consignment transactions:this means the exporter has to send his goods abroad and will not get payment until the goods are sold.A draft is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.A sight draft: call for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.A usance draft: it is payable at a later date, for example, 30,45,60,90 days after sight or date.documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected.D/P at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.D/P after sight gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but the documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the goods.Unit 11 考核题型：商务术语-英汉互译Applicant 开证申请人Opening bank 开证银行Beneficiary 受益人Correspondent bank关系行Advising bank 通知行Amendment 修改Reimburse 付款Unit price 单价Partial shipment 分批装运Transshipment 转船The uniform customs and practice of documentary credits 跟单信用证统一惯例In favor of 支持The carrying vessel装运船只考核题型：商务术语-英文解释Uint 11Applicant or princial: the importer who instructs his bank to issue an L/C in favor with the seller for the amount of the purchase is called the aplicant, or opener, principal etc.Opening bank or issuing bank: establishing bank: the bank that issues the credit is called the opening bank, the issuing bank or the establishing bank. Beneficially: the exporter in whose favour the credit is opened is called the beneficiary.。
国际商务英语一、汉译英1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than, domestic business.2、有形贸易是指将在一国生产或制造的商品，出口或进口到另一国消费或转售。
Visible trade refers to exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in an-other.3、外国直接投资，简称FDI。
投资者通过控制其投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。
Foreign direct investments of FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.4、国民生产总值指一个经济体凭借其居民拥有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市场价值。
GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.5、日本和中国是重要贸易伙伴，两国经济互补，又是一衣带水的近邻。
中日贸易关系对两国都有重要的意义。
With mutually complementary economy, Japan and China are major trade partners, and the two countries are close neighbours separated only by a strip of water. Sino-Japanese relations are therefore of great importance to both countries.6、加拿大和美国有很长的共同边境，而且大部分加拿大居民居住在边境地区。
《2000通则》中共有13种贸易术语，其中最主要的贸易术语是 FOB、CIF、CFR、FCA、CPT、CIP，前3种贸易术语是国际贸易中最常用的，仅适用于海洋运输和内河运输；后3种是根据前3种发展而来的，适用于各种运输方式。
(一)FOB1．FOB的含义FOB(Free on Board…named port of shipment)——装运港船上交货(……指定装运港)，是指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内在指定的装运港将货物交至买方指定的船上，并负担货物越过船弦为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。
本术语只适用于海洋运输和内河运输。
2．买卖双方的责任划分表13—2 FOB术语买卖双方责任划分一览表 分类卖 方买 方 常规 责任 1．负责在规定时间，在指定的装运港按该港习惯方式将货交至指定的船上，并给予买方充分的通知；2．在需要办理海关手续时，负责办理出口手续，1．收取按合同规定交付的货物并负责按合同规定支付货物价款；2．在需要办理海关手续时，负责办理进口手续，取得进口许可证或其他官方许可；3．接受有关单据。
取得出口许可证或其他官方许可；3．负责提供交货凭证、运输单据或同等作用的电子讯息。
共同责任负担货物在装运港越过船舷前的一切费用和风险。
负担货物在装运港越过船舷后的一切费用和风险。
主要 责任 1．负责租船订舱，支付运费，并给予卖方关于船名、卖方的基本义务：办理出口清关手续，并负担货物越过装运港船舷以前的一切费用与风险。
在约定的装运期和装运港，把货物装到买方指定的船上，并及时向买方发出装船通知。
向买方提交约定的各项单证。
买方的基本义务：按时派船到约定的装运港接运货物，支付运费，并将船名和到港装货日期及时通知卖方。
承担货物越过装运港船舷时起的各种费用以及货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
按合同规定付款赎单。
为便于记忆，FOB术语买卖双方的义务和责任归纳如表13-2。
3．FOB的变形以FOB条件买卖时，如果使用班轮运输，由于班轮一般管装管卸，一切费用都包括在运费之内，则装卸费用由支付运费的一方即买方负担。
国际商务英语燕园术语解释1.Customs union：a customs area extengding beyond national boundaries toinclude two or more independent nations is called a customs union.关税同盟：一个海关区extengding以外国界包括两个或两个以上独立的国家被呼吁一个关税同盟。
2.Trade terms：trade terms are terms used in international trade to describlethe general information about the trade ,such as the unit price port of shipment,port of destination and the kind of currency. （贸易术语：贸易术语术语使用在国际贸易值得要的一般信息关于行业，例如单价装运港，目的港，币种。
）3.Protectionism：protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade forthe purpose of protecting a nation's own domestic market and industries.It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.（保护主义：保护主义一个贸易壁垒国际贸易为了保护一个国家的自己国内市场，industries。
it包括关税壁垒，非关税壁垒。
）4.Multinational enterprise：a multinational enterprise is a trade barrierto international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation's own domestic market and industries.It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers. （跨国企业：一个跨国企业一个贸易壁垒国际贸易为了保护一个国家的自己国内市场，industries。
it包括关税壁垒，非关税壁垒。
）5.Per capita GNP：per capita GNP refers to the total value of the goods andservices per man provide by all kinds of sectors during a certain period（a year，a quarter，etc.）（5。
人均国民生产总值：人均国民生产总值指的总价商品和服务每个人提供由各种各样的扇形中某期间（一年，四分之一，等等。
））6.Force majeure：Force majeure is a default of the contract which is givenrise to not because of the contracting parties’default，but of the uncontrollable causes.One type of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause. 不可抗力：不可抗力是一个默认的合同被引起——不因为缔约方全体'默认，但的不可控制的causes。
one事业的类型自然力，另一社会事业。
7.Drawer：The person who draws the bill of exchange is called the drawer.8.Proximate cause of loss：when an insurance policy is made out to certainrisk，a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate cause of the loss suffered.The proximate cause is the direct cause of the boss. 近因灭失原因：当保险政策被辨认出某些的风险，一个要求成为应付的只有那个风险发生作为导致损失的直接原因suffered。
the近因老板的直接原因9.Shortfall：Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.不足：不足平均值缺少某些的量或价值货物。
10.Tariff concession list：It refers to the list of commodities on whichthe deduced tariff rate is stipulated. 关税减让表：它指商品种类表，推断关税税率被规定。
pound duty：A type of tariff levied according both the amounts and theprices of the commodities. 复合税：一个关税形式征符合两量，价格的商品。
12.Customs clearance：As to customs clearance, for ordinary imported goods,the customs still sign on the shipping documents to release the goods. But for some particular duty-free goods or bonded goods, the customs still have control over it after the consignee acknowledged the receipt of shipment. 报关：至于报关，为普通进口货物，海关仍然签约雇用装运单据释放货物。
要不是一些特定免税商品或保税货物，海关仍然有控制它以后的的收货人承认装船的收据13.Insurance：Insurance is a social device in which a group of individualstransfer risk and provide for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk. Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism. Those who transfer risk are called insureds. Those who assume risk are called insurers.保险：保险是一个社会的设备，一群个体转移风险，为付款提供生活费的由基金所致的损失有助于由所有成员谁转移风险。
保险是一个风险转移机制。
那些谁转移风险被呼吁投保。
那些谁假设风险卡勒。
14.Standby arrangements：That’s the standby credit arrangement given byIMF to its member countries. 待机安排：那的待机信贷安排给由国际货币基金组织它的成员国15.Escape clause：It’s clause of contemporary cancerling of the preferentialtariff when some domestic industries are damaged because in bilateral and multilateral negotiations and agreements there are excessive importing commodities that enjoy the deduction of tariff and other trade allowance for the contracting parties. 免责条款：它的现代的的条款cancerling的优惠关税当一些国内的行业被损害因为里双边，多边谈判，协议有过多的进口商品，享受关税的扣除，其他贸易补贴为简约的爹16.Non-trade settlement：Non-trade settlement mainly means the settlementwhich occurs not because of trade between the trading parties,but of the other reasons such as the government agreement. 非贸易结算主要地平均值沉降——发生不由于行业的原因在之间营业党，但的其他原因例如政府协议17.Intermediate products：Intermediate products are products which are notthe same as the raw materials or as the finished goods.They can be called semi-finished products. 中间产品产品哪个与···不同原材料或作为结束goods。
they能被称为半成品18.Counter trade：Counter trade is the generic terms to describe a set ofcross border contracts which link a seller’s exports to imports from the buyer.对销贸易总称描述一套跨境合同哪个链接一个卖方的出口进口从买方19.Intra-MNE transfers：It refers to the transfer among different unitswithin the range and under the control of MNC它指转车其中不同单位内范围，受跨国公司的控制.20.Fair trade：It refers to the trade conducted by two parties on the equaltreatment. 公平贸易：它指贸易的行为由双方在平等待遇。
