八年级英语Unit 4练习题
一.单项选择
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并将其标号填入题前括号内。
( )1.Parents play an important role their children' s learning.
A. on
B. for
C. in
D. with
( )2.Dale is much better at than Peter, because he performs plays each school year.
A. acting
B. act
C. swimming
D. swim
( )3.Mary helped me buy a ticket. She an hour ago.
A. gave it to me
B. gives meit
C. gives it me
D. gave me to it
( )4.--Why did you_______me for the job? --Because you are more excellent.
A. reach
B. choose
C. share
D. dream
( )5. Alex, it' s up to you when we will start. Any time is OK to me.
A. to decide
B. decide
C. to describe
D. describe
( )6.Of all the boys, John does his homework .
A. more careful
B. the most careful
C. more carefully
D. the most carefully
( )7. Tina, driving to Taiyuan is expensive, The train takes you there_______.
A. cheaply
B. quickly
C. beautifully
D. quietly
( )8. People in this small village are all , but little Alex's
family is of all.
A. poor; poor
B. the poorest; poor
C. the poorest; the poorest
D. poor; the poorest
( )9.-- is it from your home to the train station?
--Half an hour by bus.
A. How much
B. How far
C. How long
D. How often
( )10.Mr. Green an interesting story to teach his students the new words.
A. cut up
B. made up
C. brought out
D. blew out
( )11.-- Gina is smart and she always has new ideas.
--Yes. She is really .
A. creative
B. serious
C. lovely
D. outgoing
( )12. Spring is coming. The weather is getting .
A. warm and warm
B. the warmer and the warmer
C. warmer and warmer
D. the warmest and the warmest
( )13.The famous news , Chai Jing, wrote the book Insight.
A. actress
B. doctor
C. teacher
D. reporter
( )14.The dictionary has many . of how words are used.
A. activities
B. examples
C. programs
D. symbols
( )15.--Liu Ning thanks for telling me the way to the library.
-- .
A. Of course
B. Not really
C. Good idea
D. No problem
二．完形填空
A few weeks ago, John went to a new school. He likes it better than his 16 school.The classrooms are big and clean. Every classroom has a computer in it The 17 is also really great! There are lots of books, magazines and newspapers. It also has the most comfortable chairs and students can sit on them when they 18 . The food in -the school dining hall is delicious and not 19 . All the students like to eat there. The beef noodles are John's favorite.John's favorite 20 at the school is the big auditorium (礼堂). The students often go there to listen to speeches (演说), Last week John went there for an interesting speech and he 21 it.
The school has all kinds of activities. 22 ,there is a music festival every June. The students like their School band (乐队) very much. The sports meet is 23 one of the most popular activities at the school. It is in September every year.
John is happy that he can 24 at this school.He enjoys his every day here 25 he has the best teachers and the friendliest classmates.
( )16.A. old B. new C. big D. small
( )17. A. classroom B. library C. dining hall D. sports center
( )18. A. sing B. dance C. read D. sleep
( )19. A. expensive B. popular C. healthy D. enough
( )20.A. time B. place C. person D. subject
( )21.A. forgot B. waited C. stopped D.loved
( )22.A. Of course B. In fact C. For example D. So far
( )23.A. either B. again C. too D. also
( )24.A. study B. work C. live D. travel
( )25.A. but B. or C. though D. because
三．阅读理解
阅读下面三篇语言材料，然后按文后要求做题。
A
Richard is the unluckiest boy in the world. He hardly ever falls ill (生病), but if he falls ill, it is on the weekend. He is a good student, but when he takes a test, his pen breaks. His bird sings very well, but when he asks his friends to listen to it,the bird becomes silent (沉默的).
But Richard thinks he is the luckiest boy in the world. He has wonderful parents and a lovely sister. He has a singing bird. His classmates are friendly.Richard
is always happy and he is kind.
One day his mother gave him some money to buy an ice-cream. When he arrived at the ice-cream shop, be saw an old man outside it. He had old clothes, terrible glasses, and he looked hungry. Richard thought he was poor. He decided
not to buy the ice-cream and gave the money to the manl
"Thank you. You are a kind boy. But I' m not poor. Keep your money, l'm the richest (最富有的) man in town and I sometimes wear old clothes to see what people do," the man said and gave the money back.
The man took Richard to the biggest shop in town and said, "Choose anything you like. 1 can buy you the most expensive one." Richard asked,
"Can I choose two? Of course," answered the man.
Richard chose the newest radio because when his bird keeps silent, he can at least listen to it with his friends. He then chose a new pair of glasses for the man.
根据材料内容选择最佳答案，并将其标号填入题前括号内。
( )26.How does the passage show us“ Richard is the unluckiest boy in the world” ?
A. By giving examples.
B. By asking questions.
C. By describing his look.
D. By using an old man' s words.
( )27.Which of the following does NOT make Richard feel lucky according
to Paragraph 2?
A. A singing bird.
B. A lovely gift.
C. Wonderful parents.
D. Friendly classmates.
( )28.What did Richard do after he saw an old man outside the ice-cream shop?
A. He gave him some money.
B. He gave him an ice-cream.
C. He bought him new clothes.
D. He bought him a new pair of glasses.
( )29.How many gifts did Richard choose?
A.1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
( )30.Why did Richard choose the newest radio?
A. Because it looked cool.
B. Because his friends liked it very much.
C. Because it was the most expensive in the shop.
D. Because he and his friends can listen to it when his bird doesn't sing.
B
Mario always talked about how many friends he had at school. One day his grandpa said to him, "Mario, I don' t think you have as many real friends as you think."
Mario didn't agree with his grandpa. However,he wasn' t sure who his real friends were. His grandpa said, "I have something for you." Grandpa left and soon came back. He seemed to carry (搬)something in his hands, but Mario could see
nothing there.
"Here is a special chair for you. You can' t see it because it's invisible. When you sit on it,.it will help you know who your real friends are."
Mario took the chair to school, He asked everyone to stand around him and his chair."Look! You'll see something great."
Mario tried to sit on the chair. Because. he couldn' t see the chair, he fell (跌倒to the ground. Everyone laughed. Mario tried again. But again he fell to the ground. He kept trying to sit on the chair, and kept falling to the ground ... On
his last try, he didn' t fall.
Mario looked around and saw George,Lucas, and Diana -- three of his best friends.They were holding him up (搀扶) so he wouldn' t fall. At the same time, many others he thought of as friends did nothing. They just stood there and laughed at him. Then Mario knew who his real friends were.
根据材料内容选择最佳答案，并将其标号填入题前括号内。
( )31.Mario's grandpa gave him a chair to_______.
A. help him know who his real friends were
B. let him sit comfortably at school
C. help him make more friends
D. let him help others in need
( )32.The underlined word " invisible " in Paragraph 3 means“_______”in
Chinese.
A．方便的 B.结实的 C.珍贵的 D.隐形的
( )33.Why did Mario always fall to the ground?
A.Because the chair was too small.
B.Because the chair could move around.
C.Because there wasn’t anything for him to sit on.
D.Because his friends didn’t help him to sit on the chair.
( )34.How many real friends did Mario have at school?
A.None at all
B.Two
C.Three
D.As many as he thought
( )35.What does the passage mainly want to tell us?
A. Real friends will care about us, not laugh at us.
B. Old people are always right about something.
C. It's impossible to have a lot of real friends.
D. Friends at school are real friends.
C
Think about this question: what would it be like if there was no other way to get around and we could only use our feet? 36 Also, we would spend a lot of time on the way before we got somewhere.. So we really need to thank all those modes of transportation (交通方式).
37 The earliest boats were canoes (独木舟). Later there were sailing boats (帆船), but they could only be used in one direction ( 方向) 38 .
In the 19th century, some modes(方式) of transportation that we know today came out, such as the bike, the train and the subway. 39 As it got easier to travel, people wanted to get to places faster. In the early 20th century, the first plane in
the world came out. By the 1970s, many families in the UK had a car.
40 They all make our traveling easier and faster and help us see this world better.
根据材料内容，从下面五个选项中选出能填入文中空缺处的最佳选项，使短文意思通顺，内容完整，并将其标号填写在下面题号后的横线上。
A. In today' s world, we have many modes of transportation.
B. If that was true, we would make our feet very tired.
C. If the wind blew in another direction, people had to try hard to make the boats
move.
D. In 1863 the world's earliest subway opened in London.
E. Boats are maybe the earliest mode of transportation.
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
四．词语运用
阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空，使短文通顺、意思完整。请将答案写在下面题号后的横线上。每空限填一词，每词限用一次。方框中有两个词是多余的。
Miss Dinsmore lived in a little house.
"It's a nice 41 house," said Miss Dinsmore."But I wish it looked happier. Maybe I should paint ( 刷漆) it a bright (鲜艳的) 42 .
Miss Dinsmore went to the store. She saw lots of colors there -- yellow, red, blue, green ...It was 43 to choose.
"I know what to do," said Miss Dinsmore at last. "I' 11 draw pictures of my house with all of these-colors. Then I'll 44 the best one."
Then Miss Dinsmore 45 to draw picture after picture of her little house. "All of the pictures of my house are beautiful," said Miss Dinsmore. "But I still can't 46 which color will make my house happier."
One day, a neighbor (邻居) saw Miss Dinsmore's pictures. She liked 47 very much,"I'll tell others," she said. "Everyone will want to see your pictures."
It was true. Lots of people 48 to see the pictures. "What a nice little house you have," everyone said.
"It is a nice little 49 ," said Miss Dinsmore."But I wish it looked ..."
She stopped and looked around. Her little house was full of people looking at pictures, 50 tea, talking, laughing, and having fun. "It' s a nice little house," she said again. "And it' s a happy little house, too when good friends come to visit me."
41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
五．补全对话。
根据下面的对话情景，在每个空白处填上一个适当的句子，使对话的意思连贯、完整。
A：Hi,Jeff!Dad,Where Are We Going is on in so many movie theaters these days.
B:Really?51. ?
A:No.I didn’t go to see it.My friend went to see it last Sunday.
B:52 ?
A:He thinks it is a great movie.
B:53. ?
A:Yes,I’d like to.Which do you think is the best movie theater in our neighborhood?
B:City Theater.
A:But it’s too far.And it is the most expensive.I think Gold Theater is the best one.
B:54. ?
A:It’s only five yuan if we show them our student ID cards.
B:Great!What about getting there at 6:30 p.m.?
A:OK.55. .
六．书面表达。
假如Mary是你们的新外教，她想买几件衣服，但是她不了解学校附近的服装店。请你根据下表内容提示写一篇英语短文，向她介绍这三家服装店的情况。（注：五角星数与价格、质量和服务成正比）。
Clothes Store Price Quality Service
Funky Fashions ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
Jason’s☆☆☆☆☆
Trendy Teens ☆☆☆☆
要求：70词左右，开头已给出，不计入总词数。
There’re three clothes stores near our school.
人教版八年级英语上册8 单元知识点
重点单词 1. amount 2. instruction 3. finally 4. boil 5. salt 6. sandwich 7. bread 8. butter 9. check 10. duck 短语 1、one more thing另夕卜一件事情another ten minutes 再多十分钟 “数字+ more +物品”指“另外的??…” another +数字+物品”指“另外的……” 当数字为one时，常与more连用或只用another Eg：Give me two more hamburgers, please.请再给我两个汉堡。 Eg：The boys rode another two hours.那些男孩子们又骑了两个小时。 Eg：Do you want one more cup of tea? Do you want another cup of tea?你想再来杯茶吗？ 2、forget to do sth.忘记（去）做某事（还没有发生）forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（已经发生了）Eg: Don ' forget to close the windows. 不要忘记关上窗户。 Eg：I forget closing the windows.我忘记关了窗了 3、T urn on the blender. 1）turn on打开（电器等）反义词：turn off关上（电器等）。 2）turn up （音量调大，调高）turn down （把音量调小，调低）turn in上交（试卷等）turn into 使成为，翻译成turn to转向in turn依次地by turn轮流地 3）辨析：turn on/open turn on表示打开（电灯，自来水开关，煤气，无线电等）注意代词放中间：turn it on open表示敞开，展开，使... ；露在外面。open the window 4、C ut up the bananas. （banana名词宾语）将香蕉切成块。 1）cut up切碎后跟代词宾语时应该放在cut和up的中间，接名词宾语时放在后面eg：cup it up 2）cut…in two/half把 .. 切成两半cut down砍到cut --into pieces把...... 切成碎块 eg：cut it down 5、P our the milk into the blender.把牛奶倒进果汁机里。1）.......................... pour - into…扌巴........ 倒进.... 里put…in…:那E 放进里去 2）put…into…还有“把 . 译成... ”的意思Put the sentence into English ,please. put词组：put away把... 收起来放好put on穿上put off推迟，延期put out熄灭 put down放下put up建造，挂起，举起put-on…把…放在..... 上 6、m ix up 混合在一起
八上Unit4 What’s the best movie theater ? 一.根据首字母提示补全单词。（10x1=10） 1. We all know that Liu Qian is a great m . 2. We Chinese usually have 3 m a day,breakfast,lunch and supper. 3. --Who do you think is the best p_________？ --MeiLanfang, I think. 4. People in big cities often go to the countryside ,beacause the air there is f . 5. Relaxing on the beach makes me feel very c . 6. My home is very c to our school,so I often walk to school. 7.Now we look at the s in class instead of (而不是）the blackboard. 8.The food in the the restaurant is good and the s here is better,so many people come here. 9.Here are 3 movie theaters ,I don't know which one to c . 10.Now our country gives money to those p students to help them. 二.用所给词的适当形式填空。（15X1=15) 1.My father is much _________ than my mother.（busy） 2.He is the ________ in our class.（outgoing） 3.Jeans Corner is a ________ (good) store. It sells _________ (good) clothes in town . 4. Kitty has the _________ (little) milk of the three. 5. Liu Bing runs __________ of all.（fast） 6.Who do you think is (boring), Tim or Tom? 7. He is as _________ (friend) to us as his sister. 8. Tom is ____________ (tall) of the two. 9.Which one is ________of all the problems? (easy) 10.This radio is not so ________ as that one. (cheap) 11.It’s always interesting (watch) people (show) their talents. 12.She is good at (show) her talent. 13.However,not everybody enjoys (watch) these shows. 14.The people who watch the show usually play a role in (decide) the winner. 15. Which city is _________ (beautiful)，Beijing，Shanghai or Hangzhou? 三.单项选择（25X1=25） ( )1. This bread is too small. Do you have _____? A. a bigger piece B. a bigger one C. a big bread D.a big one ( )2.The girl sings . A.beautiful,beautiful B.beautifully,beautifully C.beautiful,beautifully D.beautiffully,beautiful ( )3.—is it from your home? —10 minutes by bus. A.How long B.How far C.What time D.When ( )4.China is one of in the world. https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c11376350.html,rger country https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c11376350.html,rger countries C.the largest countries https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c11376350.html,rgest country ( )5. Last week's talent show was a great _____. A.sucess B. success C. succeed D.successfully ( )6. You are _____ now,Victor.So you should wash your clothes by yourself. A.young enough B. enough old C. old enough D. enough young ( )7. There's going to _____ a basketball game tomorrow.
madeofdingshangtuwen 2016-2017学年度第一学期第一次月考 参考答案 1-5 EFCBA 6-10 BBCCA 11-15 DCADB 16-20 ACAAB 21-25 DBCDC 26-30 CBABC 31-35 ABBCC 36-40 CAABB 41-45 BBABD 46-50 ABABB 51. day 52. do 53. swimming 54. in 55. weather 56. winter 57.too 58. hot 59. go 60.friendly 61. difference 62. well, better 63.likes 64.clean 65.better 66. How often 67. didn’t read 68.more expensive than 69. three times 70. Where, go 71.talented in 72.That’s why 73.How was 74.at least two 75.Ninety percent of 书面表达：略 听力材料： 1.The girl with long hair is my good friend Alice. 2．My sister is as tall as me. 3．I like actors who can make me laugh. 4．The boy is much heavier than the girl. 5．Linda likes singing and dancing. 6.W：Did you have a good time yesterday? M：Yes. I went to see a movie. 7.M：Mary，did you buy anything in Beijing? W：Yes. I bought something for my sister，but nothing for my brother or myself. 8.M：Do you often eat junk food，Ann? W：No，I never eat it. 9.W：When do you usually get up，Bill? M：At 6：00 a．m. I usually go to bed at 9：00 p．m. 10.W：Is that boy Mike? M：No，he's Jack. Mike is taller than him. Common Progress Please Criticize
三、格式塔心理学的主要理论观点 （一）突现论 似动现象实验是韦特默建立完形主义心理学的主要实验根据，也是完形主义心理学派的开端和标志。所谓似动现象，是指先后出现的两个静止刺激，被个体知觉为刺激从前面一个刺激的位置向后面一个刺激位置运动的现象。韦特海默用速示器通过两条细长的裂缝，先后在幕布上投射出两条光线，一条是垂直线，另一条则同这条垂直线成20或30度角。如果先后投射这两条线间隔时间很长（如出200毫秒），被试者看到的是两条先后出现的光线。如果两条线出现的时距很短（如30毫秒）这时被试者看到的是两条同时出现的光线。可是，如果在两条线出现之间有一最适应的时间间隔（例如60毫秒），这时被试者实际看到的光线则是从一处向另一处移动。这种原来是静止的两条光线，能在一定条件下知觉为单线移动的现象，被称为似动现象（或φ现象）。 似动现象的实验是格式塔心理学起家的重要实验，也是格式塔心理学理论创建的重要基础，这一实验是由惠特海默主持的。惠特海默用舒曼所制的速示器来呈现先后出现的两条线段A和B（如图6-2），先呈现线段A，后呈现线段B，如果呈现两条线段之间的时间差是30毫秒时，则两条线段会被看作是同时出现，并构成一个90о的角。
如果呈现两条线段之间的时间差是200毫秒时，则出现了静止的两条线段一前一后出现；如果呈现两条线段之间的时间差正好是60毫秒时，则会引起最佳的运动现象，即我们可以看到线段A向线段B的移动。惠特海默把这种原本是静止的两条线段在一定条件下知觉为单线移动的现象称为似动现象，他又称ф现象或PHI现象。 惠特海默在解释这种现象时认为，似动现象不可能是眼球运动所致，实验已经证明，眼球的运动需要130毫秒的时间，实验的60毫秒时间之内是不可能产生眼球的运动。同样这也不是主体推理的结果。因此，惠特海默认为似动现象是一个依附在一定心理物理场中的崭新现象，也就是说是一个格式塔，是一种突现的现象。这种现象依附于一定的情景，是一个整体现象，它不可以分析为元素。实际上格式塔在这里突出地说明了一条最基本的完形原理：在现象场中，整体不同于其各部分之和，整体先于部分而存在，整体决定着各部分的性质。这一看似简单的发现其实是对构造主义心理学的最有力的反叛。 （二）同型论 知觉理论的一种。格式塔心理学派解释知觉组织作用和心理格式塔来源的理论。认为知觉经验的空间秩序在结构或形式上与大脑生理过程
最新教学资料·人教版英语 人教版初中英语八年级英语上册全套单元测试题 八上英语Unit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake？（人教新目标带答 案） (45分钟100分) 第Ⅰ卷(共40分) Ⅰ. 听力(10分) (Ⅰ)录音中有五个句子, 听一遍后, 选择与其相符的图片。(5分) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. I like sandwiches very much. 2. My brother likes ice cream very much. 3. Children like popcorn a lot. 4. We often eat watermelons in summer. 5. They don’t like bananas at all. 答案: 1~5. ECABD (Ⅱ)录音中有一段对话, 听两遍后, 选择最佳答案。(5分) 6. How does Lisa feel? A. Thirsty. B. Hungry. C. Tired. 7. What food does Lisa like best? A. Sandwiches. B. Dumplings. C. Noodles. 8. How many tomatoes do they need? A. One. B. Two. C. Three.
9. Where do they have the conversation? A. Probably at home. B. Maybe in a restaurant. C. Perhaps in a shop. 10. Who will go shopping? A. Lisa. B. Bill. C. Both Lisa and Bill. 答案: 6~10. BCBAA Ⅱ. 单项选择(20分) 1. (2013·济南中考)Tom is in good health, because he often exercises and eats a lot of healthy . A. food B. water C. pear D. carrot 【解析】选A。考查名词辨析。句意: 汤姆身体健康, 因为他经常锻炼, 而且吃很多健康食品。food“食品”; water“水”; pear“梨”; carrot“胡萝卜”。 2. —There some bread on the plate. You can eat it for breakfast. —OK, I will. A. are B. is C. was D. were 【解析】选B。考查主谓一致。bread是不可数名词, 句中some bread作主语, 谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式, 排除A、D两项, 由对话语境知此处应用一般现在时态, 排除C项。 3. —do you make fruit salad?
人教版八年级上册英语单词 Unit1 how often 多久一次exercise v.& n.锻炼skateboard v.踩滑板hardly adv.几乎不 ever adv.曾，曾经once adv.一次twice adv.两次time n.次，次数 surf v.在…冲浪Internet n.网络program n.节目，表演high school 高中，完全中学 result n.结果active adj.活跃的，积极的for prep.对于，在…方面as for 至于,关于 about adv.几乎，大约junk n.废弃的旧物junk food 垃圾食品milk n.牛奶coffee n.咖啡 chip n.（食物等的）薄片cola n.可乐chocolate n.巧克力drink v.喝，饮health n.健康，健康状况how many 多少interviewer n.采访者habit n.习惯try v.试图，设法，努力of course 当然 look after 照顾，照看lifestyle n.生活方式grade n.分数，成绩better adj.& adv.更好的（地） same adj.同样的，相同的as prep.像…一样different adj.不同的，有区别的difference n.不同，差异，区别unhealthy adj.不健康的maybe adv.或许，大概although conj.虽然，即使for prep.达，计grandpa n.外公，爷爷 a lot of 大量，许多keep v.保持must modal v.必须less adj.更小的，较少的Unit2 中文 matter n.事情，问题have v.得（病），患（病）cold n.受凉，感冒have a cold 得了感冒stomachache n.胃痛sore adj.疼痛的back n.背，背部arm n.臂，胳膊ear n.耳朵 eye n.眼睛foot n.脚，足hand n.手head n.头，头部leg n.腿，腿部mouth n.嘴neck n.脖子，颈部nose n.鼻子stomach n.胃tooth n.牙齿throat n.喉咙toothache n.牙痛fever n.发烧，发热rest v.休息honey n.蜂蜜dentist n.牙医should modal v.应该headache n.头痛shouldn't=should not ago adv.以前so pron.如此，这样illness n.疾病advice n.劝告thirsty adj.渴的stress v.加压力于，使紧张(be)stressed out 有压力的，紧张的early adv.提早（地）problem n.问题way n.方法，手段，方式traditional adj.传统的believe v.相信，认为balance n.平衡，平衡状态weak adj.虚弱的，无力的herb n.草本植物，药草angry adj.愤怒的，生气的tofu n.豆腐medicine n.药物western adj.西方的everybody pron.每人，人人get v.变得few adj.很少的 a few 有些，几个，少数stay v.继续是，保持important adj.重要的balanced adj.平衡的diet n.饮食，节食moment n.瞬间，片刻at the moment 此时until conj.直到…之时host family 寄宿家庭hear v.听见，听说 Unit3 中文 babysit v.临时照顾（小孩）camp v.宿营plan n.& v.计划，规划Tibet 西藏hike v.徒步旅行，远足Hong Kong 香港how long 多久，多长时间away adv.向远处get back 回来send v.发送，寄postcard n.明信片 San Francisco 旧金山Hawaii 夏威夷bike n.自行车ride v.乘骑n.旅行的路程sightseeing n.观光，游览fishing n.捕鱼rent v.租用，出租Italy 意大利famous adj.著名的，出名的take a vacation 去度假Greece 希腊Spain 西班牙Europe n.欧洲something pron.某物，某事lake n.湖，湖泊the Great Lakes 五大湖leave v.离开，出发countryside n.农村，乡村nature n.大自然，自然界forget v.忘记a lot 很，常常，非常finish v.结束，完成Thailand 泰国tourist n.旅行者 Unit4 中文 subway n.地铁train n.火车forty num.四十fifty num.五十sixty num.六十seventy num.七十eighty num.八十ninety num.九十hundred num.一百minute n.分钟take v.花费（时间）by prep.表示交通方式by bus 乘坐公共汽车far adj.远的，遥远的how far 多远kilometer n.公里，千米shower v.淋浴quick adj.快的bicycle n.自行车early adj.早的，提早的mile n.英里stop n.车站transportation n.公共交通，运输 north adj.北部的，北方的North America 北美洲part n.地区depend v.依赖,依靠 depend on 视…而定river n.河，江boat n.小船by boat 乘小船must modal v.一定more adj.& adv.更多的（地）
人教版八年级上册英语单词Unit1 how often 多久一次 exercise v.& n.锻炼skateboard v.踩滑板 hardly adv.几乎不 ever adv.曾，曾经 once adv.一次 twice adv.两次 time n.次，次数 surf v.在…冲浪 Internet n.网络 program n.节目，表演 high school 高中，完全中学result n.结果 active adj.活跃的，积极的 for prep.对于，在…方面 as for 至于,关于 about adv.几乎，大约 junk n.废弃的旧物 junk food 垃圾食品 milk n.牛奶 coffee n.咖啡 chip n.（食物等的）薄片 cola n.可乐 chocolate n.巧克力 drink v.喝，饮 health n.健康，健康状况 how many 多少 interviewer n.采访者 habit n.习惯 try v.试图，设法，努力 of course 当然 look after 照顾，照看lifestyle n.生活方式 grade n.分数，成绩 better adj.& adv.更好的（地）same adj.同样的，相同的 as prep.像…一样 different adj.不同的，有区别的difference n.不同，差异，区别unhealthy adj.不健康的
maybe adv.或许，大概although conj.虽然，即使for prep.达，计 grandpa n.外公，爷爷 a lot of 大量，许多 keep v.保持 must modal v.必须 less adj.更小的，较少的Unit2 中文 matter n.事情，问题 have v.得（病），患（病）cold n.受凉，感冒 have a cold 得了感冒stomachache n.胃痛 sore adj.疼痛的 back n.背，背部 arm n.臂，胳膊 ear n.耳朵 eye n.眼睛 foot n.脚，足 hand n.手 head n.头，头部 leg n.腿，腿部 mouth n.嘴 neck n.脖子，颈部 nose n.鼻子 stomach n.胃 tooth n.牙齿 throat n.喉咙 toothache n.牙痛 fever n.发烧，发热 rest v.休息 honey n.蜂蜜 dentist n.牙医 should modal v.应该headache n.头痛 shouldn't=should not ago adv.以前 so pron.如此，这样 illness n.疾病 advice n.劝告 thirsty adj.渴的
中医药理论研究 医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)2009年10月第30卷第10期总第390期 探讨傣医四塔五蕴学说中的平衡观* 牛 菲 张 闯 郑 进 杨 梅 周红黎 摘要:傣医以四塔五蕴学说为核心内容来认识人的生、长、壮、老生命过程,将四塔五蕴之间的动态平衡关系看作是生命存在的前提和基础。探讨四塔五蕴学说中的平衡观,对于认识生命本质、疾病终极原因、病机本质及诊疗法度的确立等傣医理论的完善有着重要指导意义。 关键词:傣医,四塔,五蕴,平衡 中图分类号:R29 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-0772(2009)10-0062-02 Discussing the Balance of Four Elements and Skandhas about the Traditional Dai Medicine N I U F ei,ZH A N G Chuang, ZH EN G J in,et al.Yunnan Univer sity of T raditional Chinese M ed icine,K unming650500,China Abstract:T he theo ry o f four elements and skandhas is t he cor e o f traditional Dai medicine,w hich has been used to ex plain the process of human life bo th gr ow th and old.T he balance between four elements and skandhas is the fo undat ion o f life and ex istence o f the pr emise.T he traditional Dai medicine apply this v iew po int into some specifically ar ea,such as co gni tio n about life,ex pat iatio n o n physio lo gy and pat ho lo gy,etc.It is import ant fo r fulfillment o f traditional Dai medicine. Key Words:tr aditio nal Dai medicine,four elements,skandhas,balance 傣医以四塔五蕴学说为核心内容来认识人的生、长、壮、老生命过程,将四塔五蕴之间的动态平衡关系看作是生命存在的前提和基础。探讨四塔五蕴学说中的平衡观,对于深入认识生命本质、疾病发生终极原因、病机的本质变化及确立诊疗原则等傣医理论的完善有着重要指导意义。笔者以医学与平衡的认识为切入点,进而剖析四塔五蕴理论的平衡内涵。 1 医学与平衡观 医学是研究人生命活动的本质,研究疾病发生发展规律,研究疾病诊断和防治的一门科学。人的各个部分、各种功能都是相互联系着的,而人体的整体联系,又处于不断的运动变化之中,这种运动变化一般则又表现为有条件的一定范围内的动态平衡。它是微观有序基础上的宏观有序,结构与功能复杂、有机结合体,是难以用精密的数学方法来衡量处理的一个统一平衡体。生命活动的自身规律中的平衡性是不能否认,也不能忽视的。恩格斯早就指出,!在活的机体中,我们看到一切最小的部分和较大器官的连续不断的运动,这种运动在正常的生活时期是以整个机体的持续平衡为结果,然而又经常处在运动之中,这是运动和平衡的活的统一。?[1]我们在认识健康与疾病发生规律的过程时,不能违背机体自身的规律,也就是生命活动中的运动与平衡规律。将此认识规律深入思考,上升到哲学范畴来指导对生命活动规律的研究,认识正常生命活动中的平衡,是靠一系列运动来维持。故正确地认识和把握人体的动态平衡,对于深入认识生命的本质和疾病过程,有着重要的指导意义。 2 四塔五蕴理论的平衡内涵 傣医认为,正常情况下机体的!塔都档细?(四塔)和!夯塔档 云南中医学院 云南昆明 650500 *基金项目:云南省科技计划项目!傣医学理论体系的研究?,项目编号:2007C224M 哈?(五蕴)有机地联系起来,保持人体的各脏腑机能活动和各种物质代谢过程处于动态平衡之中,以维持机体的正常生长发育[2]。傣医经典著作#帷苏提麻嗄?云:!四大合和,人育健壮?; !四大失调,百病缠身,百节疼痛,坐卧不宁?。!四塔合和?、!四塔五蕴共栖?平衡是人体的组织器官、精神、意识和思维等生命活动正常进行的前提和基础。 2.1 !四塔合和?与平衡 傣医认为!四大合和?是生理机能的最佳状态,即人体内的!风、火、水、土?共栖平衡,处于一种!相互依止,依照俱生,才能相安无事?的状态。正如傣医常说:!四大合和,人畜健壮;四大各离,百疾缠身?。傣医学对!合和?思想的认识,依据傣医学理论形成的相关文化背景看,或多或少受到中国古代中原文化!合和?思想的影响。这里做初步探讨,追溯对!合和?思想内容的认识,高飞[3]认为,!合和,可称和合,用一个字表示则称为%和&,合和是中国古代思想史上的一个重要范畴,被界定为!整体协调?,旨在阐发自然及社会万事万物和谐默契、相异相成的本质关系。另一方面!合和?思想!不是某家某派的文化精神,而是涵摄佛、儒、道、墨各家的普遍文化精神??不是中国文化某一发展阶段特有的思想,而是传统文化%一以贯之&、绵延不绝的人文精神。?#说文?曰:!和,相应也。?和是适合,是恰到好处之意。#汉语大词典?中是!和谐、谐调?之意。和、调二字同义,既可表示一种平衡和谐的状态,又可表示调节的动态过程,!和?的状态应该是和谐平衡;!和?的动态,是向着和谐平衡的状态进行的动态调节[4]。傣医将!四塔合和?看作是机体健康的最佳状态,认为生命运动的最终结果是趋向机体!和?的状态。经过对傣医学文献资料的学习和研究,笔者尝试从以下三个层面进行!四塔合和?的思考和探讨。 2.1.1 相济而和,是指四塔之间相济而防其不及,达到!和?的要求,这实质是四塔之间相互资生、促进和助长的体现,即功能
重点单词 1. amount 2. instruction 3. finally 4. boil 5. salt 6. sandwich 8. butter 9. check 10. duck 短语 1、one more thing另外一件事情 another ten minutes 再多十分钟 “数字+ more + 物品”指“另外的……”“another + 数字 + 物 品”指“另外的……”
当数字为one时，常与more连用或只用another Eg：Give me two more hamburgers, please. 请再给我两个汉堡。Eg：The boys rode another two hours. 那些男孩子们又骑了两个小时。 Eg：Do you want one more cup of tea Do you want another cup of tea 你想再来杯茶吗 2、forget to do sth. 忘记（去）做某事（还没有发生） f orget doing sth.忘记做过某事（已经发生了） Eg：Don’t forget to close the windows. 不要忘记关上窗户。Eg：I forget closing the windows.我忘记关了窗了 3、Turn on the blender. 1）turn on 打开（电器等）反义词：turn off关上（电器等）。2）turn up（音量调大，调高）turn down （把音量调小，调低）turn in 上交（试卷等） turn into使成为，翻译成 turn to 转向 in turn 依次地 by turn 轮流地 3）辨析：turn on/open
Unit4 What’s the best movie theater? 19.sing the most beautifully 唱得最美妙 20.be up to 是……的职责；由……决定21.play a role 发挥作用；有影响 22.make up 编造（故事流言等） 23.for example例如 24.take ...seriously认真对待 用法集萃 1. laugh v. & n. 笑 We all laughed loudly when she made a joke. 她说了个笑话，我们都大声笑起来。 We all laughed at his joke. 听了他的笑话我们都笑起来。 He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。/不要高兴得太早。 （与at连用）嘲笑 Don’t lau gh at him. 别嘲笑他。 People have often laughed at stories told by seamen. 人们常常嘲笑海员所讲的故事。Everyone laughed at his foolish antics. 大家都笑他那种愚蠢的滑稽动作。笑；笑声 We had a good laugh at his joke. 我们被他的笑话逗得哈哈大笑。 2. though conj. 虽然；纵然；即使；尽管 = although Though it was raining，he went there. 虽然当时正下着雨，他还是到那里去了。 Though he was poor he was happy. 虽然他很穷却很快乐。
人教版八年级上册英语 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】
人教版八年级上册英语1-5单元知识点梳理 Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation 语法知识 一般过去时 1．一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。 2．Be动词在一般过去时中的变化： ⑴am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasn’t） ⑵are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=weren’t） ⑶带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were 放到句首。 3．句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子 否定句：didn’t +动词原形，如：Jim didn’t go home yesterda y. 一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。 如：Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑问句： ⑴疑问词+did+主语+动词原形？如： What did Jim do yesterday? ⑵疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式？如：Who went to home y esterday?
动词过去式变化规则： 1．一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked 2．结尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted 3．末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped 4．以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i，再加-ed，如：study-studied 5．不规则动词过去式：参照P142-P143 二．复合不定代词的使用 复合不定代词是由some-，any-，no-，every-加上-one，-body，-thing等所组成的不定代词。复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等十二个。这些复合代词具有名词性质，在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但 不能用作定语。 一、复合不定代词的指代对象 1、含-body和-one的复合代词只用来指人，含-body的复合不定代词与含-one的复合不定代词在功能和意义上完全相同，可以互换。只是用-body时显得较通俗些，多用于口语中，用-one时显得较文雅些，更常见于正式场合及书面语中。如： Someone/Somebody is crying in the next room.有人在隔壁房间哭。
Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation? 第1课时Section A(1a ~ 2d) 重点教学 教学步骤 自主学习案 1.学生自学新单词和词组(教材P1的单词),看谁记得又快又准。(1 分钟)【新词自查】 2.根据首字母及汉语提示完成句子。(3分钟) (1) He told her not to tell a nyone. (2)There had never been such a beautiful woman a nywhere in the world. (3) This world is a w onderful place. (4)Only a f ew people here know his name. (5)On Sunday, I like staying at home m ost of the time to watch TV. (6)Quite a few(相当多)students were late this morning.
课堂导学案 Step 1情景导入 参考案例 T:What did you do last Sunday? S:… T:Today we are going to learn how to talk about past events. 环节说明:从询问全班学生的度假情况入手,让学生初步理解对过去事情的谈论,以及其基本结构。激发学生学习本单元的兴趣,自然地导入新课。 Step 2完成教材1a~1c的任务 1.要求学生翻开课本P1,理解1a中单词或短语的意思,并按要求完成课本上相应的任务。(1分钟) T:What can you see?Each picture shows something a person did in the past.Now, please match each phrase with one of the pictures. 2.检查答案,先要求几名同学给出他们的不同答案,并全班一起讨论。让学生进一步理解1a中动词或动词短语的过去式。(1分钟) 3.要求学生听第一遍录音,并完成课本上1b的听力任务。(1分钟) T:Listen to the recording.There are three conversations.The people talk about what they did on vacation.Listen to the recording and write numbers of the names in the right boxes in the picture. 4.让几个学生说出自己的答案。然后要求学生听第二遍录音,逐句进行跟读,并核查答案。(2分钟) 5.让学生根据课本上1b的听力表格,复述听力材料的基本内容,并请2~3名同学向全班同学汇报。(2分钟) 6.完成教材1c的任务,并邀请2~3对同学表演。(1分钟) T:You can talk about the activities in the picture or about any other activities you like. 7.巩固训练。(4分钟) 单句改错。 1.Where do you go on vacation?(did) 2.She goes to the mountains last summer.(went) 3.Did she visited her uncle?(visit) 环节说明:通过学习1a,让学生讨论本单元的话题,为学习对过去事情的询问和回答作好铺垫;通过1b的听力训练,让学生能听懂对过去事情的表达;通过1c的口语练习,提高学生的口头表达能力。 Step 3 完成教材2a~2d的任务 1.要求学生翻开课本P2。播放第一遍录音,完成2a的听力任务。(2分钟) T:Listen to their conversation and complete the chart. 2.让学生说出自己的答案或者逐一核对答案。然后要求学生听第二遍录音,完成2b的听力任务。(3分钟) T:How many people are there in the listening material? Yeah, there are three.They are Grace, Kevin and Julie.Listen to the conversation again and complete 2b.
第九课 现在正在宣讲《中观庄严论释》的总义部分。在这里，首先要通达胜义谛和世俗谛，有关这方面的内容，学习中观和俱舍的时候都讲过，大家应该会明白。 胜论外道、数论外道、顺世外道等对真谛和假象的判断都各不相同。总而言之，什么叫做胜义谛和世俗谛呢？胜义谛是一切万法的真相，而没有到达真相时的一种虚妄现象，则称为世俗谛。比如，没有戴任何变色眼镜的人，见到雪山是白色的；戴琥珀色眼镜的人将雪山看成黄色；而戴更深色眼镜的人，把雪山看成桔黄色。同样的道理，世间的各种宗派，依靠不同的“变色眼镜”束缚着自己的相续，他们各自所见到的真相也就各不相同。 无有眼病的人见到的海螺是白色的，这就是胜义谛、胜义所见；有眼翳的人所见的海螺是黄色，这叫世俗谛、世俗所见。因为海螺的真相并不是黄色，白色才是真相，也即真正的胜义谛。所以，不论是心还是外境，如果所见是真正的本来面目，就叫做胜义谛；如果所见是虚妄的现象，就叫做世俗谛。对于二者之间的差别，大家应该清楚。 前文已经讲述了外道各派对胜义谛和世俗谛的认识方法。现在接下来论述佛教各派当中，一方面由于善知识的差别，另一方面由于自己前世的因缘不同，有部宗和经部宗对于真谛——胜义谛的观点也并不究竟。 有部和经部认为：时间方面的无分刹那和外境方面的无分微尘必须存在；如果这二者不存在，万事万物的显现也就根本不可能存在。如同没有毛线就不能形成氆氇一样，如果毛线存在，尽管是一根线、一根线的，最后氆氇也会存在。同样，如果真正的胜义——最细微的无分刹那、无分微尘不存在，世间万事万物也根本不会存在。因此，所谓的无分微尘和无分刹那，即使胜义观察时也不能破坏。 其实，有部与经部的论师们只不过是缘众多极微尘与刹那心识聚集、刹那生灭自性的此近取五蕴而想当然地认为是我而已， 从最究竟的观点来讲，有部和经部也不承认“我”是存在的。那么，所谓的“我”是建立在什么基础上的呢？他们认为：如果详细观察，其实“我”是众多微尘和刹那心识的积聚，是具有毁灭性的一种法；在未经观察的情况下，众多微尘和刹那心识积聚的五蕴1，被人们想当然地认为是“我”。 这就是有部和经部的观点：依靠理证智慧详详细细分析时，所谓的五蕴只不过是许许多多的微尘和刹那心识的积聚，依靠此五蕴积聚的“我”根本不可能存在，而无分微尘和无分刹那则是存在的。在小乘《阿含经》或其他经典中1五蕴：色蕴、受蕴、想蕴、行蕴、识蕴。