山东省济南市章丘区第四中学2019-2020学年高二英语下学期第六次教学质量检测试题{含解析}

山东省济南市章丘区第四中学2019—2020学年高二语文下学期第五次教学质量检测试题说明:本试卷共七个大题,150分。

考试时间共150分钟（5月16下午2：00——4:30）。

选择题按照题号在智学网上填写,其余主观题答在答题纸上拍照上传。

一、基础知识（共46分）1。

下列词语解释有误的一项是：A。

隳名城,杀豪杰名城：高大的城池B。

景翳翳以将入翳翳：昏暗的样子C. 当侍东宫当:应当D。

而刘夙婴疾病婴：缠绕2.下列词语解释全部正确的一项是：A。

才能不及中人中人：平常人但以刘日薄西山但：但是B. 三径就荒就：是犹望一稔稔：庄稼成熟C。

是以区区之情不能废远区区：微不足道曷不委心任去留委心：随心D. 享国之日浅享国：君主在位年数奋六世之余烈奋：振作3.下列词语解释全都正确的一项是：A。

追亡逐北北:败北的军队本图宦达，不矜名节矜：怜惜B. 茕茕孑立，形影相吊吊:安慰一夫作难而七庙隳作难:起事C. 策扶老以流憩扶老：扶着而倔起阡陌之中阡陌:田间小路D. 悟已往之不谏谏：借鉴恨晨光之熹微恨：遗憾4.下列句子句式与其他三项不同的是（）A.遂见用于小邑B。

今臣亡国贱俘C.则告诉不许D。

为天下笑者5。

对下列句子的句式判断不正确的一项是( ）A.问征夫以前路（状语后置句)B。

而刘夙婴疾病（省略句）C.今臣亡国贱俘（判断句）D。

乐夫天命复奚疑 (宾语前置句）6。

对下列句子的句式分类正确的一项是( ）①耕植不足以自给②急于星火③既自以心为形役④复驾言兮焉求⑤农人告余以春及⑥而刘夙婴疾病⑦胡为乎遑遑欲何之⑧今臣亡国贱俘⑨将有事于西畴⑩然陈涉瓮牖绳枢之子,氓隶之人，而迁徙之徒也⑪且臣少仕伪朝A.①④⑦⑪/②⑨/③⑤⑥/⑧⑩B.①④⑦/②⑨/③⑤⑥/⑧⑩/⑪C.①④⑦/②⑤⑨/③⑥/⑧⑩/⑪D.①④⑤⑦/②⑨/③/⑥⑪/⑧⑩7、下列句子没有词类活用的一项是（）A.子孙帝王万世之业也B.外连横而斗诸侯C.木欣欣以向荣D。

猥以微贱，当侍东宫8、下列每组句中横线字的活用用法不相同的一项是（ )A.谨拜表以闻吞二周而亡诸侯B。

山东省济南市章丘区第四中学2021-2022高二数学下学期第六次教学质量检测试题（含解析）一、单选题1.如图所示，在空间四边形OABC 中，OA a OB b OC c ==＝，，，点M 在OA 上，且2,OM MA N =为BC 中点，则MN =（ ）A. 121232a b c -+ B. 211322a b c -++ C. 111222a b c +-D. 221b 332a c -+-【答案】B 【解析】 【分析】由向量的加法和减法运算，12()23MN ON OM OB OC OA =-=+-，即得解 【详解】由向量的加法和减法运算：12211()23322MN ON OM OB OC OA a b c =-=+-=-++.故选：B【点睛】本题考查了空间向量的加法和减法运算，考查了学生空间想象，概念理解，数学运算能力，属于基础题2.已知复数z 满足()122z i i +=+（其中i 为虚数单位），则复数z 的虛部为（ ） 2 B. 2- 2i D. 2i -【答案】B 【解析】 【分析】由复数的除法运算及模的运算可得22z i =-，再结合复数虚部的概念即可得解.【详解】解：复数z 满足()122z i i +=+，则221i z i+===-+，即复数z 的虛部为， 故选：B.【点睛】本题考查了复数的除法运算及模的运算，重点考查了复数虚部的概念，属基础题. 3.若直线,m n 表示两和不同的直线，则//m n 的充要条件是（ ） A. 存在直线l ，使m l ⊥，n l ⊥ B. 存在平面α，使m α⊥，n α⊥ C. 存在平面α，使//m α，//n α D. 存在直线l ，使,m n 与直线l 所成的角都是45︒ 【答案】B 【解析】 【分析】根据充要条件定义和平行线定义，逐项判断，即可求得答案.【详解】对于A ，若m l ⊥，n l ⊥，则直线m ，n 可以平行，也可以相交，还可以异面， 故A 错误；对于B ，若存在平面α，使m α⊥，n α⊥，则//m n ， 故：“m α⊥，n α⊥”可以推出“//m n ”，∴“存在平面α，使m α⊥，n α⊥”是“//m n ”的充分条件若//m n ，则存在平面α，使m α⊥，n α⊥故：“//m n ”可以推出“存在平面α，使m α⊥，n α⊥”∴“存在平面α，使m α⊥，n α⊥”是“//m n ”的必要条件故B 正确；对于C ，若//m α，//n α，则直线m ，n 可以平行，也可以相交，还可以异面， 故C 错误；对于D ，若直线m ，n 与直线l 所成的角都是45︒，则直线m ，n 可以平行，也可以相交，还可以异面， 故D 错误． 故选：B.【点睛】本题考查直线与直线､直线与平面的位置关系，考查考生的空间想象能力和逻辑推理能力．4.通过随机询问110名性别不同的大学生是否爱好体育，得到如下的列联表：由公式算得：K2＝()()()()()2n ad bca b c d a c b d-++++≈7.8.附表：参照附表，得到的正确结论是( )A. 有99%以上的把握认为“爱好体育运动与性别有关”B. 有99%以上的把握认为“爱好体育运动与性别无关”C. 在犯错误的概率不超过0.1%的前提下，认为“爱好体育运动与性别有关”D. 在犯错误的概率不超过0.1%的前提下，认为“爱好体育运动与性别无关”【答案】A【解析】【详解】22110(40302020)7.860506050k⨯⨯-⨯=≈⨯⨯⨯27.8 6.635K≈>，则有99%以上的把握认为“爱好体育运动与性别有关”.本题选择A选项.点睛：独立性检验得出的结论是带有概率性质的，只能说结论成立的概率有多大，而不能完全肯定一个结论，因此才出现了临界值表，在分析问题时一定要注意这点，不可对某个问题下确定性结论，否则就可能对统计计算的结果作出错误的解释.5.我国古代名著《九章算术》中，将底面为长方形，两个三角面与底面垂直的四棱锥体称之为阳马．已知阳马P ABCD -的顶点都在球O 的表面上，平面PAD ⊥平面ABCD ，平面PAB ⊥平面ABCD ，1AB AD AP ===，则球O 的半径为（ ） A.12B.32C. 1D. 3【答案】B 【解析】 【分析】将四棱锥置入到正方体中，利用正方体的体对角线为其外接球的直径即可得到答案. 【详解】将四棱锥置入到正方体中，如图， 因为1AB AD AP ===，所以2223PC PA AB AC =++=，所以外接球O 的半径为32PC =. 故选：B【点睛】本题考查求四棱锥外接球的半径，在处理较为特殊的锥体时，首先考虑能否将其置入长方体中，本题是一道容易题. 6.已知随机变量X 服从正态分布()22,N σ，若()30.84P X ≤=，则()13P X ≤≤=（ ）A. 0.34B. 0.48C. 0.68D. 0.84【答案】C 【解析】 【分析】根据正态分布()()()()13223232P X P X P X P X ≤≤=≤≤=≤-<⎡⎤⎣⎦，即可得到结论.【详解】因为随机变量X 服从正态分布()22,N σ，所以()()220.5P X P X <=>=，所以()()()()()1322323220.840.50.68P X P X P X P X ≤≤=≤≤=≤-<=-=⎡⎤⎣⎦． 故选：C.【点睛】本题考查正态分布，属于基础题．7.2020年3月31日，某地援鄂医护人员A ，B ，C ，D ，E ，F ，6人（其中A 是队长）圆满完成抗击新冠肺炎疫情任务返回本地，他们受到当地群众与领导的热烈欢迎．当地媒体为了宣传他们的优秀事迹，让这6名医护人员和接见他们的一位领导共7人站一排进行拍照，则领导和队长站在两端且BC 相邻，而BD 不相邻的排法种数为（ ） A. 36种 B. 48种 C. 56种D. 72种【答案】D 【解析】 【分析】根据题意，分2步进行分析：①领导和队长站在两端，由排列数公式计算可得其排法数目，②中间5人分2种情况讨论：若BC 相邻且与D 相邻，若BC 相邻且不与D 相邻，由加法原理可得其排法数目，由分步计数原理计算可得答案．【详解】让这6名医护人员和接见他们的一位领导共7人站一排进行拍照，则领导和队长站在两端且BC 相邻 分2步进行分析：①领导和队长站在两端，有222A =种情况，②中间5人分2种情况讨论：若BC 相邻且与D 相邻，有232312A A =种安排方法，若BC 相邻且不与D 相邻，有22222324A A A =种安排方法，则中间5人有12+24=36种安排方法， 则有23672⨯=种不同的安排方法； 故选：D ．【点睛】本题主要考查了带有限制的排列问题，解题关键是掌握分步计数原理和特殊元素优先排列，考查了分析能力和计算能力，属于中档题.8.若函数()212ln 2f x x x a x =-+有两个不同的极值点，则实数a 的取值范围是（ ） A. 1a > B. 10a -<<C. 1a <D. 01a <<【答案】D 【解析】 【分析】求出函数的导数，结合二次函数的性质得到关于a 的不等式组，解出即可． 【详解】()f x 的定义域是（0，+∞），()222a x x af x x x x-+'=-+=， 若函数()f x 有两个不同的极值点，则()22g x x x a =-+在（0，+∞）由2个不同的实数根，故14402440a ax ∆=->⎧⎪⎨--=>⎪⎩，解得：01a <<， 故选D ．【点睛】本题考查了函数的极值问题，考查导数的应用以及二次函数的性质，是一道中档题． 二、多选题9.我国是世界第一产粮大国，我国粮食产量很高，整体很安全按照14亿人口计算，中国人均粮食产量约为950斤﹣比全球人均粮食产量高了约250斤．如图是中国国家统计局网站中2010﹣2021年，我国粮食产量（千万吨）与年末总人口（千万人）的条形图，根据如图可知在2010﹣2021年中（ ）A. 我国粮食年产量与年末总人口均逐年递增B. 2011年我国粮食年产量的年增长率最大C. 202X 年﹣2021年我国粮食年产量相对稳定D. 202X 年我国人均粮食年产量达到了最高峰 【答案】BCD 【解析】 【分析】仔细观察2010﹣2021年，我国粮食产量（千万吨）与年末总人口（千万人）的条形图，利用条形图中的数据直接求解．【详解】由中国国家统计局网站中2010﹣2021年，我国粮食产量（千万吨）与年末总人口（千万人）的条形图，知：对于A ，我国粮食年产量在2010年至202X 年逐年递增，在202X 年至2021年基本稳定在66千万吨左右，202X 年，2021年略低；而我国年末总人口均逐年递增，故A 错误；对于B ，由粮食产量条形图得2011年我国粮食年产量的年增长率最大，约为5%，故B 正确； 对于C ，在202X 年至2021年基本稳定在66千万吨以上，故C 正确；对于D ，202X 年我国人均粮食年产量达到了最高峰，约为0.48吨/人，故D 正确． 故选：BCD【点睛】本题主要考查条形图，考查学生的数据分析和运算求解能力，是基础题． 10.已知i 为虚数单位，则下面命题正确的是（ ） A. 若复数3i z =+，则131010iz =-． B. 复数z 满足21z i -=，z 在复平面内对应的点为(),x y ，则()2221x y +-=． C. 若复数1z ，2z 满足21z z =，则120z z ≥． D. 复数13z i =-的虚部是3． 【答案】ABC 【解析】 【分析】直接运算可判断A ；由复数的几何意义和复数模的概念可判断B ；由共轭复数的概念，运算后可判断C ；由复数虚部的概念可判断D ；即可得解.【详解】由()()11333i 3i 3i 1010i i z -===-++-，故A 正确； 由z 在复平面内对应的点为(),x y ，则()221z i x y i -=+-=，即()2221x y +-=，则()2221x y +-=，故B 正确；设复数1z a bi =+，则2z a bi =-，所以()()21220a bi a b z bi z a +-=+=≥，故C 正确；复数13z i =-的虚部是-3，故D 不正确. 故选：A 、B 、C【点睛】本题综合考查了复数的相关问题，属于基础题.11.如图是()y f x =的导函数()f x '的图象，对于下列四个判断，其中正确的判断是（ ）.A. ()f x 在[2,1]-上是增函数；B. 当4x =时，()f x 取得极小值；C. ()f x 在[1,2]-上是增函数、在[2,4]上是减函数；D. 当1x =时，()f x 取得极大值. 【答案】BC 【解析】 【分析】这是一个图象题，考查了两个知识点：①导数的正负与函数单调性的关系，若在某个区间上，导数为正，则函数在这个区间上是增函数，若导数为负，则这个函数在这个区间上是减函数；②极值判断方法，在导数为零的点处左增右减取到极大值，左减右增取到极小值． 【详解】解：由图象可以看出，在[2-，1]-上导数小于零，故A 不对；1x =-左侧导数小于零，右侧导数大于零，所以1x =-是()f x 的极小值点,故B 对；在[1-，2]上导数大于零，在[]2,4上导数小于零，故C 对；1x =左右两侧导数的符号都为正，所以1x =不是极值点，D 不对．故选：BC．【点睛】本题是较基础的知识型题，全面考查了用导数与单调性，导数与极值的关系，是知识性较强的一个题．12.如图，正方体ABCD﹣A1B1C1D1的棱长为a，线段B1D1上有两个动点E，F，且EF22=a，以下结论正确的有（）A. AC⊥BEB. 点A到△BEF的距离为定值C. 三棱锥A﹣BEF的体积是正方体ABCD﹣A1B1C1D1体积的1 12D. 异面直线AE，BF所成的角为定值【答案】ABC【解析】【分析】由异面直线的判定判断A；由二面角的平面角的定义可判断B；运用三棱锥的体积公式可判断C；运用三角形的面积公式可判断D．【详解】对于A，根据题意，AC⊥BD，AC⊥DD1，AC⊥平面BDD1B1，所以AC⊥BE，所以A正确；对于B，A到平面BDD1B1的距离是定值，所以点A到△BEF的距离为定值，则B正确；对于C，三棱锥A﹣BEF的体积为V三棱锥A﹣BEF13=•12EF•AB•BB1•sin45°112322=⨯⨯a×a22⨯a112=a3，三棱锥A﹣BEF的体积是正方体ABCD﹣A1B1C1D1体积的112，正确；对于D，如图所示异面直线AE，BF 所成的角的平面角为AEM∠不为定值，命题D 错误；故选：ABC．【点睛】本题主要考查异面直线位置关系；点到面的距离；三棱锥的体积运算；属于中档题。

2019-2020学年济南市章丘第四中学高三英语下学期期末试卷及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AIf you had the opportunity to live forever, would you take it? Keeping your body alive indefinitely still seems like an impossibility, but some scientists think that digital technology may have the answer: creating a digital copy of your “self” and keeping it “alive” online long after your physical body has ceased to function.In effect, the proposal is to clone a person electronically. Unlike the familiar physical clones — children that have identical features as their parents, but that are completely separate organisms with a separate life — your electronic clone would believe itself to be you. How might this be possible? The first step would be to mapthe brain.How? One plan relies on the development of nanotechnology (纳米技术). Ray Kurzweil — one of the kings of artificial intelligence — predicts that within two or three decades we will have nano transmitters that can be put into the bloodstream. Inthe capillaries (毛细血管) of the brain, they would line up alongside the neurons and detect the details of the cerebral (大脑的) electronic activity. They would be able to send that information to a receiver inside a special helmet, so there would be no need for any wires sticking out of the head.As a further step, Ray Kurzweil also imagines the nano transmitters being able to connect you to a world of virtual reality on the Internet, similar to what was shown in the film “Matrix”. With the nano transmitters in place, by thought alone, you could log on to the Internet and instead of the pictures coming up on your screen, they would play inside your mind. Rather than send your friends e-mails you would agree to meet up on some virtual tropical beach.Some peoplebelieve that they can enjoy life after death. But why wait for that when you could have a shot of nanobots (纳米机器人) and upload your brain onto the Internet and live forever as a virtual surfer?One snag: to exist on the net you will have to have your neural network parked on the computer of a web-hosting company. These companies want real money in real bank accounts every year or they will wipe your bit of the hard disc and sell the space to someone else. With your body six feet underground how will you pay?1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Nano transmitters can help map the human brain.B. Electronic clones recreate the original human body.C. Electronic clones may put their physical selves into movies.D. Nano transmitters use a helmet to detect the cerebral activities.2. What is the author’s attitude towards electronic clones?A. Optimistic and careful.B. Interested and unconvinced.C. Excited and confused.D. Assured and critical.3. The author asks “how will you pay?” at the end of the article, because ________.A. you can’t pay to exist on the Internet if you are physically deadB. you can’t pay for hard disc space if you don’t have a bank accountC. you can’t pay for a special service if too many people want to use itD.you can’t pay the web-hosting company if you don’t have a neural networkBFor our official holidays, like the National Holiday, many people'd like to go on a visit to some places of interest. Yesterday our class had a heated discussion about whether we should travel during holidays.One man's meat is another man's poison.Some students are for it. They think visitors can enjoy a good variety of scenery. Facing glorious(壮丽的) touristattractions, travelers may well broaden their eyes. At the same time, they can keep fit by walking on foot, and taste different delicious food that they can't get in their own hometowns. What's more, travelling can make a contribution to our economy development, mainly to the local economy development. Most travelers need to buy tickets to go to their destinations, thus traffic department will earn money. Travelers also need to sleep and eat, thus local hotels and restaurants also share benefits. Paying admission(门票费) benefits local governments. As for native farmers, they can benefit from selling local specialities to many travelers. In this case, money circulation(货币流通) is speeded up.On the other hand, other students are against it. They believe it's a waste of money. Some famous places of interest are too crowded, while those smaller ones are not worth visiting. Travelling may cause traffic jams here and there. What's worse, due to travelling here and there, there exist some accidents on the road. Besides, it's known that travelling can also pollute the local environment. In order to reduce air and waste pollution, people should have a rest to the full, reading books or watching TV at home. Recently, many have been afraid of being infected with COVID-19 in particular.As far as I am concerned, travelling is a good choice to spend holidays. And the government should take somemeasures to solve the existing problems. More policemen should be on duty to deal with accidents in time. Can we make a small change to the period when people don't have to go to work in some provinces? Let's take the example of the National Holiday, if some provinces of our country spend this holiday mainly in late September, with the National Day coming to an end, rather than in earlyOctober, most famous places of interest will not become crowded. At the same time, visitors must obey traffic rules and shouldn't throw rubbish freely here and there. Last but not least, never should we travel when there is a pandemic(大流行病，瘟疫). It's our duty to prevent its spread.4. What does the underlined sentence “One man's meat is another man's poison” in this passage mean?A. Some persons like meat, while others don't.B. Different persons taste meals differently.C. A man mistakes meat for poison.D. Different persons have different opinions on one thing.5. How do travelers contribute to our economy development?A. They buy all kinds of tickets.B. They walk, sleep, eat and meet native farmers.C. They speed up money circulation by spending money on transport, accommodations(膳宿), specialities and admission.D. They only enjoy visiting many glorious tourist attractions.6. Which sentence of the following is not true?A. There's a need for more policemen.B Some provinces can change the date of an official holiday completely.C. Visitors must obey traffic rules and shouldn't throw rubbish freely.D. People should never travel when there is a pandemic.7. What the author's attitude to travel during holidays?A. He doesn't show his opinion.B. He doesn't agree at all.C. He supports unconditionally.D. He supports and makes some suggestions.CYu Chenrui, 29, is a maker of automata (机关人偶) in Chengdu, Sichuan province. Automata are built to look like humans or animals and give the illusion (错觉) of being able to move on their own, “The art form amazes me, becauseit combines various skills, from storytelling to mechanics, and the pieces are built with a sense of humor,”Yu says. His creations have caught the attention of well-known artists and his fancy pieces of art have attracted collectors worldwide.Interested in handcrafts as a boy, Yu first encountered automata designed by Japanese artist Kazuaki at an exhibition in 2015 when he studied at the Communication University of China inBeijing. “It was like meeting a like-minded friend, ” Yu says, recalling the moment. As an art and design major, he began to learn the craft by himself and, with the support of his tutor, he kept studying and examining automata in school.When he graduated in 2016, Yu landed a job at an advertising agency inBeijing. He stayed on at the company for three years because, at that time, he was not sure that he could make a living out of his hobby. While working as a designer Yu kept exploring and advancing his skills in wood carving and mechanics. Eventually, despite the job’s good salary, it was not enough to make up for not following his true passion. Finally, in 2018, Yu quit his job and returned toChengduto open his automata workshop.To keep himself occupied while running his workshop, he planted blueberries, raspberries and cherries. He watered, weeded and added fertilizer (肥料) every day. “Daily routines helped me calm down and inspire my creativity, which resulted in an automaton called To Observe the Autumn,” Yu says.Over time, Yu’s reputation grew and his business flourished (兴旺). Many of Yu’s creations are built with a dash of wisdom, a sprinkle of humor and are inspired by observations of real life. Yu knows that there are many more creative ideas waiting to be expressed. “It feels quite good to be fully devoted to automata creation and I am still searching for myself.”8. What can we learn from the first paragraph?A. Yu is equipped with various skills.B. Yu is a person full of sense of humor.C. Yu is now gaining recognition worldwide.D. Yu is following the latest trend in handcraft.9. Why did Yu quit his job inBeijing?A. He couldn't make a living out of it.B. He wanted to pursue his own dream.C. He missed his family inChengdu.D. He thought he had a lot experience.10. According to Yu, what contributes to his creativity as an automata artist?A. The fruits he grows.B. Success of his business.C. His devotion to the job.D. Observation from daily life.11. Which of the following can best describe Yu’s story?A. There is no end to learning.B. Great hopes make great man.C. Actions speak louder than words.D. Experience is the mother of wisdom.DEvery racehorse has different abilities．Like humans，some are short- distance runners，while others are marathoners．Figuring out which is which and how to pace them can be the difference between failure in the finish and taking the award home．Jockeys（赛马骑师）and trainers have traditionally relied on centuries of experience and data from previous races to plan their races．Amandine Aftalion，a mathematician in Paris，thought she could add to that．Since 2013，she has been analyzing the performances of world champion runners like Usain Bolt．She has found that short-distance runners tend to win when they start strong and gradually slow down toward the finish line．Butin medium-distance races，runners perform better when they start strong，settle down，and finish with a burst of speed．Her model shows how those winning strategies maximize the energy output of muscles reliant on two different pathways：powerful aerobic（有氧的）ones that require oxygen，which can be in limited supply during a race，and anaerobic ones，which don't need oxygen but build up waste products that lead to tiredness．Aftalion wondered which strategy would be best for horses．So she and Quentin Mercier，anothermathematician，took advantage of a new GPS tracking tool inserted in French racing saddles（马鞍）．The two studied patterns in many races at the Chantilly racetracks north of Paris and developed a model that accounted for winning strategies for three different races：a short one(1，300 meters)，a medium one (1,900 meters)，and a slightly longer one (2,100 meters)，all with different starting points on the same track．The model takes into account not just different race distances，but also the size or friction fromthe track surface．The results might surprise jockeys who hold horses back early for bursts of energy in the last finish．Instead，a strong start leads to a better finish，the team found．“That doesn't mean those jockeys are wrong，though．If the start is too strong，it can bedevastatingas well，leaving the horse tired by the end，” Aftalion says．12. What should a runner do to get an award according to the text?A. Make a good start．B. Plan for the race early．C. Run slowly on the starting line．D. Try runningquickly all the time．13. What formed the basis for Aftalion's studying horse race?A The experience and data from previous horse races．B. The benefit of knowing horses' different abilities．C. The success in studying runners' winning strategies．D. The performance of horses on different race distances．14. What does the underlined word“devastating”in the last paragraph mean?A. Boring．B. Damaging．C. Astonishing．D. Puzling．15. What can we infer from the text?A. Runners have the same energy output of muscles．B. Aftalion's findings may help horses to win the race．C. What Jockeys and trainers do makes no sense to horses．D. World champion runners made a contribution to the study．第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

2019-2020学年济南市章丘第四中学高三英语期末考试试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项A阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

The opening ceremony for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games was held at the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo on July 23, 2021 after a year of waiting due to the pandemic. Let's take a look at the highlights which make this opening ceremony unique.No spectatorsThere are no spectators during the opening ceremony in an effort to prevent the spread of the coronavirus infections. About 950 people, including officials and journalists, will watch in the main stadium, organizers said. Fewer athletes are expected to attend the ceremony because many are not allowed to stay for the entire Games due to COVID-19 restrictions.Male and female flag-bearersThe International Olympic Committee has actively encouraged all delegations toselect two flag-bearers at the opening ceremony, including one woman, as women's participation in the Tokyo Games reaches 48.8 percent, making it the most gender-balanced Olympics in the history of the event.Oath (宣誓) session updatedOne of the most symbolic parts of the opening ceremony—the Olympic oath—has been significantly adapted in order to “highlight the importance of solidarity, inclusion, non-discrimination and equality”. The number of oath-takers is also extended from three to six—two athletes, two coaches and two judges.Simplified ceremonyIn the 30-second video showing the rehearsal of the opening ceremony released to the public, the performances are integrated with dances, scenery and other display elements used in Japanese traditional festival activities.In order to prevent and control the COVID-19 pandemic and manage the cost, the Tokyo 2020 Organizing Committee said that the performances of the ceremony will be greatly simplified, with more light and shadow technology used instead of real decorations at the scene.1.Why isn't there any spectator during the opening ceremony?A.To limit the number of people present.B.To highlight the spirit of the Olympic Games.C.To control the spread of an infectious disease.D.To make room for the athletes all over the world.2.Why is each delegation encouraged to select one woman as a flag-bearer in Tokyo Olympics?A.Women will be in a leading position in sports.B.Women athletes make up a larger percentage than ever.C.Women will play a more important part in society.D.More and more women will take part in the Olympic Games.3.Which of the following statements is True according to the passage?A.Oath-takers are made up of six athletes.B.Tokyo uses more real decorations to cut the cost.C.About 950 people watch the entire games in the Tokyo Games.D.The opening ceremony presents the traditional culture of Japan.BElonMusk is a symbol of passion, hard work and success. A person may work hard in his life, but when hard work goes along with passion and a new idea, then something is created that astonishes the world. As the founder of big companies like PayPal, SpaceX, and Tesla Motors, Elon Musk is a guide and inspiration for the youth around the world.Elon Musk was born on June 28,1971 inPretoria,South Africa. He was the eldest of three children. His father Errol Musk, a British-born South African, was an engineer. Musk spent his childhood inSouth Africaand at the age of 9, he got his first personal computer. This got Elon interested in programming and he started to learn on his own. At the age of 12, he made his first computer game, Blaster, which earned him $500 when he sold the source code to a magazine.When he was 17, he decided to leave home and had wanted to move to theUnited Statesafter graduating from a secondary school inPretoria. However, he was unable to move to theUnited States. In 1989, Elon Musk moved toCanada, where his mother’s s lived. After obtaining Canadian citizenship, Musk went toMontreal. Due to a lack of money, he found a low-paying job. At the age of 19, he enteredQueensUniversityinKingston,Ontario, studying there for two years. Finally, in 1992, his dream came true—he moved to theUnited States.As a teenager, Musk struggled with depression. But then he realized that the most important thing was presenting himself with the right questions. The day he started doing this, everything started to get easier.Musk thought that a human being had to expand the limits of his consciousness—to ask the right questions and get answers to them; thus he asked the best question of all: what will have the greatest impact on the future of humans? Musk found that these things were the Internet and space exploration.The life of Elon Musk is inspiring. He found success on the Internet, without much formal learning. By reading books and using his willpower and dedication, he reached a level of knowledge that is difficult to imagine. He did not give up until he achieved his dreams. Elon Musk truly stands out among other billionaires because of his leadership abilities, positive attitude, ability to know when to take risks, and belief in futuristic technologies.4. According to the passage, Elon Musk gained knowledge of computer by ________.A. teaching himselfB. learning from his fatherC. taking online coursesD. studying inQueensUniversity5. What made things easier for Elon Musk when he suffered from depression?A. Expanding knowledge by reading books.B. Asking himself the right questions.C. Achieving success on the Internet.D. Designing computer games.6. What can we learn from the passage?A. It’s never too late to learn.B. Youth means limitless possibilities.C. Where there’s a will, there’s a way.D. He who doesn’t advance falls backward.7. Which words can best describe Elon Musk according to the passage?A. Optimistic and generous.B. Ambitious and determined.C. Independent and helpful.D. Adventurous and realistic.CWhy isn’t science better? Look at career incentive(激励).There are oftensubstantial gaps between the idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.All too often, however, what should be just isn’t so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn out not toreplicate(复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them -but the amount thatdoesn’t is too much for comfort.But there are also waysin which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment’s results after the fact are just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.It’s not like we don't know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls ondeaf ears.Why? Why aren't scientific methods better than they are? In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.In the 1970s, psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures for social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students’ performance on standardized tests, teachers respond by teaching “to the test”. In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.We can see this principle—often summarized as “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for tenure grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist?An oft-used metric is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.If scientists are motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try to game the system. And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud(欺诈). If malicious fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.8. Which of the following is TRUE about the general trend in scientific field?A. Scientists are persistently devoted to exploration of reality.B. The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.C. Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments' results.D. The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.9. What doesdeaf earsin the fourth paragraph probably refer to?A. The public.B. The incentive initiators.C. The peer researchers.D. The high-impact journal editors.10. Which of the following does the author probably agree with?A. Good scientists excel in seeking resources and securing research positions.B. Competition for resources inspires researchers to work in a more skeptical way.C. All the credentialed scholars and researchers will not take up university professorships.D. The number of publication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.11. According to the author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research?A. High-impact journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.B. The peer-review process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.C. Researchers are motivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system.D. Career incentives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.DPeggy Whitson's job demands a daily two­hour workout in a gym where weight has no meaning and the view changes at 17,000 miles an hour.Whitson makes it look easy. At 57, she is the oldest woman to fly in space, breaking the record last November, 2016, when she began her third long­term stay at the International Space Station. After returning home in September, 2017, the NASA astronaut feltmatter­-of­-factabout the age milestone.“It wasn't a record I was seeking for,” Whitson said. “I was 42 and 48 for my first two space flights. I feel lucky that I was able to get to do another one in my 50s. I don't think people should let age discourage them, even on those jobs that require some amount of physical fitness. The oldest man is John Glenn (at 77), and we've had male astronauts in their 60s before, so it's just a matter of time before women start flying in space at this age”.On the earth, she stays fit by weightlifting, biking, playing basketball and water skiing. She shared what it's like to live in microgravity: “It's like you're in a swimming pool, but you don't have to worry about breathing. If I push off from one side, I'm going to float to the other side. Every direction feels exactly the same, which is really hard for your brain to grasp, but it's amazing how fast you adapt.It's a big shock for the body to come back to Earth—everything is so heavy. We spend a lot of time getting used to being back in gravity again. Back pain was really the most dramatic for me this time. For me, coming home is harder than going up into space.”12. How long did Peggy Whitson spend for her third stay in the International Space Station?A. About 300 days.B. About 708 days.C. About 107 days.D. About57 days.13. What does the underlined word probably mean in the passage?A. Amazing.B. Not surprising.C. Enthusiastic.D. Unbelievable.14. According to the passage, which of the following is true?A. Peggy Whitson likes swimming most.B. Peggy Whitson is the oldest person to fly in space.C. Peggy Whitson had been in space in 2002 and 2008.D. There had been female astronauts over 60s flying in space before.15. Which of the following will Peggy Whitson probably say?A. You can still be successful and do physical things when old.B. I spent quite a lot of time getting used to the life in space.C. The moment we reached the earth, we felt so relaxed.D. I feel lucky that I am physically well after the whole journey.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。