专题02 代词(讲学案)-2018年高考英语复习精品资料 含解析
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第二讲代词语法填空【典题试做】1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give it/running a try.2.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find them(they) alive.3.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using it every day.4.(全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by its(it) mother.代词在语法填空中的考查点主要为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等在语境中的运用。
不定代词偶尔也会涉及。
短文改错【典题试做】1.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment that/which is created for them. yourselves→themselves2.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. another→other3.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain. us→me4.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I had done myself homework, but I was shy. myself→my/the5.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Mr.and Mrs.Zhang all work in our school. all→both或删除all6.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school...This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days. __your→my1.代词单复数的错用;2.人称代词与物主代词的错用;3.不定代词的错用;4.代词与其所指代的对象不符。
专题02 代词和介词【考向解读】代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词类。
在单项填空考查中主要考查人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词以与it的特殊用法、代词的辨析、代词与否认词构成的否认与半否认等。
对介词的考查主要集中在介词的根本用法上,最常见的是介词短语的考查与介词的固定搭配。
【命题热点突破一】人称代词、物主代词、指示代词和反身代词例1、Half of ________ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears.A.these B.someC.ones D.those答案:D1.在没有谓语动词的句子中,人称代词常用宾格。
—Glad to meet you.——很高兴见到你。
—Me,too.——我也是。
—I’d like to go to climb the mountain this weekend.——这个周末我想去爬山。
—Me,too.——我也想去。
2.形容词性物主代词通常在句中作定语。
名词性物主代词通常在句中起名词作用,可以作主语、宾语和表语。
名词性物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词之前。
We took our fishing pole and headed for the lake.我们带上鱼竿朝湖走去。
This camera is mine and that is yours.这部相机是我的,那个是你的。
3.反身代词的用法:(1)反身代词可以在be,feel,look,seem 等系动词后作表语,表示身体或精神状态。
She is not quite herself today.她今天身体不太舒服。
(2)含有反身代词的习惯用语:①介词+反身代词:by oneself单独地,独自地;for oneself亲自,为自己②动词+反身代词:devote oneself to 致力于;apply oneself to 专心致志于;enjoy oneself 过得愉快;help oneself to 随便吃;随便用;make yourself at home 不拘束;seat oneself 坐下;behave oneself 举止得体; come to oneself恢复知觉;苏醒过来;adapt/adjust oneself to适应于;abandon oneself to沉迷于,放纵于;express oneself 表达某人的思想;lose oneself in(=be lost in迷失);say to oneself心里想;talk to oneself自言自语4.指示代词常见用法有:指上文提到的事,一般用that或 those;指下文或将要提到的事物,常用this或these。
专题二代词和介词高考中对代词的考查主要涉及人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、替代词、不定代词以及it的用法等。
对介词的考查多集中在几个常用介词和固定搭配上。
考点1人称代词、物主代词、反身代词①在语法填空中,若空格后是名词,则空格处多用形容词性物主代词、名词所有格或形容词修饰;②如果空格前是动词,就应考虑用人称代词的宾格和反身代词。
(2015·江苏高考)I thought to myself,“If he can do it, then so can I.”我心想,“如果他能做,我也能。
”考点2替代词的用法the ones和those可以换用,但是当后面有介词短语或who引导的定语从句修饰时,常用those。
(2015·安徽高考)The result is that we throw away useful possessions to make room for new ones.结果是我们扔掉有用的物品给新的东西腾地方。
(2015·重庆高考)When Alice was sixteen,I was the one who wanted to run away from home.当艾丽斯16岁的时候,我是那个想要离家出走的人。
The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.在冬天,北京的天气比南京的天气冷得多。
考点3不定代词的用法1.both,all,either,any,neither,none的用法[固定搭配:anything but 根本不;nothing but 只不过,仅仅;all but 差不多;none but 仅仅,只有。
everything 意为“每件事物,所有事物”,强调整体,与not连用时表示部分否定,意为“并不是所有事物都……”。
3.none,no one/nobody,nothing 的用法(2015·福建高考)People were always doing things that annoyed her,and nothing was ever good enough.人们总是做着那些惹她恼怒的事情,没有一件事是好的。
代词、介词和介词短语专题02考点01代词1.(2024年浙江卷1月·语法填空)Who knows,perhaps some of the more forward-looking________(one)mayyet come out with a whole range of“just for you”pack sizes with special offers as well.【答案】ones【解析】考查代词。
句意:谁知道呢,也许一些更有远见的人可能还会推出一系列“只为你”的包装尺寸,并提供特别优惠。
代词one意为“一个人”,在some of后应用复数形式。
故填ones。
2.(2024年全国甲卷语法填空)This area,with_______(it)unique and breathtaking natural beauty,must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy-as a national park.【答案】its【解析】考查代词。
句意:这个地方,以其独特而令人惊叹的自然美景,必须被妥善保存供全国人民欣赏。
这里“它们”用形容词性物主代词做定语修饰名词beauty。
3.(2023年全国甲卷改错)In that class,Miss Zhao,our biology teacher,showed we insects on stamps.【答案】we→us【解析】考查代词。
句意:在那节课上,我们的生物老师赵老师给我们看了邮票上的昆虫。
作动词show的宾语,应用宾格us。
故we改为us。
4.(2023年全国乙卷改错)Last Friday my mom decided to color his hair.She studied with all the hair products at the drugstore.【答案】his→her【解析】考查代词。
高考语法复习 2 代词【走进高考】1.【2019·天津卷·单项填空】.A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are not.A. onesB. thoseC. theseD. them【答案】B【解析】考查代词。
句意:一项研究表明,参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。
空格处代词与the students是对应关系,可以用the ones或者those替代。
“them”指代的是前边提到的复数名词,不能与the students形成对应关系。
“these”一般不用定语从句修饰。
故选B。
2.【2016·浙江】In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ____in the UK.A. thatB. thisC. oneD. it【答案】A【解析】考查代词。
句意:在很多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系很不相同。
指代上文的名词education system,用that,而且后面有介词短语作后置定语。
This表示“近指”,one是泛指可数名词单数,it是特指上文提到的名词。
故选A。
3.【2016·浙江】I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend in the coming yearsA. little moreB. no moreC. much moreD. many more【答案】D【解析】考查短语辨析。
句意:我一直很喜欢你组织的所有的活动并且希望在未来的几年里参加更多的活动。
A.没有这个搭配;B.不再;C.多得多(修饰不可数名词);D. many more更多(修饰可数名词)。
专题二代词、介词和介词短语1.【2015·重庆】2. The meeting will be held in September, but____ knows the date forsure.A.everybodyB. nobodyC. anybodyD. somebody【答案】B【解析】试题分析:句意:会议将在九月举行,但没有人知道确切的日期.根据but表达转折可知没有人知道,故选B项.【考点定位】考查代词.【名师点睛】这道题考查不定代词,题目难度不大,不定代词的运用要根据题目中所给的语境,及关键词来进行确定.Somebody一般用于肯定的陈述句中,anybody多用于否定句,疑问句或条件句中,everybody用于肯定句; nobody表示没人或没有人;根据语境中的but可知表示转折,故暗示没有人知道确切的日期.2.【2015·重庆】10. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature0.68 ℃____ the average.A. belowB. onC. atD. above【答案】D【解析】试题分析:句意:去年是有纪录以来最热的一年,全球平均气温上升0.68度.With 的宾语global temperature ,宾语补足above the average.【考点定位】考查介词.【名师点睛】with的复合结构中,复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词和代词充当,第二部分补足语由形容词,副词,介词短语,动词不定式或分词充当.而本题考查with +名词/代词+介词短语,而介词的使用则根据当时语境的提示来做出相应的变化即句中的the warmest year onrecord起重要作用,可知高出平均气温.3.【2015·浙江】3. Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes animalsboth on land and sea?A. aboutB. toC. withD. over【答案】 B【解析】试题分析:句意:你是否有听说过树是陆上动物和海上动物的家?home to sth 固定搭配,是什么的家园的意思.该句是一个疑问句,其中还含有一个定语从句.比如这个句子转化为陈述句应该是You have ever heard of the trees that are homes animals both on land and sea? 然后把定语从句单独拿出来看将会是trees are homes animals both on land and sea. 根据固定搭配自然知道答案是to.【考点定位】考查介词【名师点睛】本题考查到了分析句子成分的能力.当遇到一个句子比较复杂的时候,比如含有从句或疑问句时,要划分句子成分.对于疑问句,首先把它转化为陈述句,然后找出句子的主谓宾,把那一些修饰成分去掉,最后就可以知道该题考查的是be home to sth.4.【2015·浙江】12. How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?A. themB. oneC. thoseD. it【答案】D【考点定位】考查代词It【名师点睛】it 为形式宾语,其后的不定式为真正的宾语.一般说来,当不定式、动名词、从句等用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时,就应在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移至句末.it 用作形式宾语的基本句型是:动词+形式宾语+宾语补足语+真正的宾语.另外,某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词,如like, enjoy, love, hate等,往往不能直接接宾语从句,需要用it作形式宾语.5.【2015·浙江】17. These comments came specific questions often asked by local newsmen.A. in memory ofB. in response toC. in touch withD. in possession of【答案】B【解析】试题分析:句意:这些评论是对某些经常被当地新闻人问到的问题的回应.A. in memory of 意为纪念, B. in response to意为回应,C. in touch with意为联系,D. in possession of意为拥有.分析句子成分知道空格处充当介词短语作状语的作用,根据常识和句意,评论应该是对问题的回应.所以答案应该是B. in response to回应.【考点定位】考查介词短语【名师点睛】介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系.本题考查的介词短语结构是介词+名词+介词的形式,本句另外还含有一个过去分词(asked by local newsmen)作定语的用法.6.【2015·天津】2. The quality of education in this small school is better than ______in some larger schools.A. thatB. oneC. itD. this【答案】A【解析】试题分析:句意:这所小学校的教育质量要好于一些大学校.句中代词代指不可数名词the quality of education,故用代词that.代词it和one都代指可数名词单数.故选A.【考点定位】考查代词.【名师点睛】本题考查代词辨析.代词it, one和that都指代前面提到的名词.一般说来, it指代同名同物;one与that则指代同名异物,但one为泛指, 相当于a/an+名词,只可代指可数名词;that为特指, 相当于the +名词,可以代指不可数名词.one既可代替事物, 也可代替人, that只能代替事物而不能代替人.掌握好这些知识就不难选出答案.7.【2015·浙江】10. Most people work because it’s unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work.A. As a resultB. In additionC. By contrastD. In conclusion【答案】C【考点定位】考查介词短语【名师点睛】本题关键词是不可避免unavoidable. 本题需要通过分析句子成分,判断前后的意思是相反的.介词的短语的考查,四个选项意思都是相差很大的,该题需要能够正确理解句子隐含意思.平时要注重识记介词短语的,另外这些介词短语表达可以运用在写作中.8.【2015·陕西】12. The little pupil took his grandma the arm and walked her across the street.A. onB. byC. inD. at【答案】B【解析】试题分析:句意:这个小学生拉住他奶奶的膀子和她一起穿过街道. take sb. by the arm拉住某人的膀子,所以选B.【考点定位】考查介词【名师点睛】介词的考查一般与方位有关,也有的是一些习惯搭配,这题就是这样.take sb by the arm拉住某人的膀子,如果是“打某人的脸”就是hit sb in the face.如果是“打某人的后背”就是用hit sb on the back.9.【2015·陕西】13. To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against .A. anotherB. the otherC. otherD. either【答案】B【解析】试题分析:句意:为了提醒自己,这个水手坐在火前面一只光脚摩擦另外一只脚.因为人有两只脚,一只是one,另外一只是the other,所以选B.【考点定位】考查代词【名师点睛】考查代词的题目首先要弄清它指代的是什么,指代的数量,结合句意和代词本身的用法,再进行辨析.如果是一些相似的、易混的代词如another; the other;other;others ,就要弄清它们之间的差别.结合上下文句意来进行判断.10.【2015·福建】21.The research group produced two reports based on the survey, butcontained any useful suggestions.A. allB. noneC. eitherD. Neither【答案】D【解析】试题分析:考查副词辨析.该句中A.all全部;B.none没有一个;C.either两个中任何一个;D.两者都不.根据该句意思:那个研究团队在那个调查上得出了两个报告,但是两个报告里面都没有任何有用的参考.故选D本题考查副词辨析,要求学生掌握大纲内每个副词的意义及用法.【考点定位】考查副词辨析.【名师点睛】本题考查副词辨析,neither是一个否定副词,副词的作用是修饰形容词,动词,副词或句子.这里的是用来修饰动词contain.副词最普遍的结构是以ly结尾,但是也有一些其他的副词,比如so、however、beside、neither、nor等.考生在进行解题时也要注意句子整体意思的把握,以便找到合适的词.11.【2015·福建】22._______A common memory they all have their school days is the school uniform.A. ofB. onC. toD. with【答案】A【解析】试题分析:考察介词辨析.A.of表示关于,表示从属关系;B.on表示在…之上;C.to表示对于;D.with表示和…在一起.该句意思为:他们共有的关于他们学校的记忆是校服.故选A 【考点定位】考查介词辨析.【名师点睛】介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系.本题考查的介词短语结构是介词+名词的形式.需要考生掌握好相应介词的功能.12.【2015·福建】32.Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live_________nature.A. in view ofB. in need ofC.in touch withD. in harmony with【答案】D【考点定位】考查介词短语辨析【名师点睛】短语辨析和单词的考察在试卷中经常出现.通常在介绍一个词语的时候会顺带着列出其固定搭配的短语.对于短语而言,没有捷径可言,只有老老实实的记忆.当然介词短语的记忆可以结合具体介词以及主要的名词的意思来进行记忆.13.【2015·江苏】34.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _______ Thomas Edison.A. thanks toB. regardless ofC. aside fromD. but for 【答案】D【解析】试题分析:句意:要不是爱迪生的发明,今天我们身边享用的很多东西都将不复存在.A项“多亏”,具有很强的迷惑性,如将题干改成“_______ Thomas Edison, now we can benefit from many of the things aroundus.”则选A项;B项“不管,不顾”;C项“除了”;D项“要不是”,常用于隐藏式(含蓄式)虚拟条件句.故选D项.【考点定位】介词短语辨析【名师点睛】本题侧重考查在特定的语境中辨析介词短语的能力.但很容易发现,A、C两项都可以表示“因为”,但but for还可以用于虚拟语气.因此,考生除了要充分利用特定语境理解词义,还应注意多辨析意思相近的介词短语,重点关注他们用法上的区别.14.【2015·安徽】33.They believe that there are transport developments ______ thatwill bring a lot of changes for the better.A. out of dateB. out of orderC. around the clockD. around the corner【答案】D【解析】试题分析:句意:他们认为即将到来的交通发展将会带来很多好的方面的变化.A过时的;B发生故障的;C昼夜不停地;D即将来临.故选D.【考点定位】考查介词短语【名师点睛】解答本题需要结合四个选项的意思和句意综合考虑,四个短语的意思分别是“过时的”;“出故障的”;“昼夜不停的”和“即将到来的”.根据“will”可知是将要发生的事情,四个选项中,只有D项表示将来.15.【2015·湖北】30.This meeting room is a non-smoking area. I would like to warn you _____ that if you smoked here you would be fined.A.in advanceB.in detailC. in totalD.in general【答案】A【解析】试题分析:句意:这个会议室是无烟区域.我想提前警告你:如果你在这里吸烟,会被罚款.A 项“提前”;B项“详细地”;C项“总共,总计”;D项“大体上,笼统地”.故选A项.【考点定位】介词短语辨析【名师点睛】本题侧重考查在特定的语境中辨析介词短语的能力.题干中的关键词“if you smoked here you would be fined”这一虚拟语气表示这是假设的情况,因此是在“提前”警告某人.另外,考生应注意积累“in+n.(+of)”这一常考搭配.。
高考对代词的考查主要涉及在给定的上下文中运用代词的能力,以及对不定代词和替代词的考查。
命题主要出现在单项填空、完形填空、语法填空、短文改错等题型中,侧重于在具体语境中考查各种代词之间的区别。
其考点主要包括:
1.考查替代词的用法。
常考的替代词有one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it等。
2.考查不定代词的用法。
常考的不定代词有any,some,all,none,other,another, every, nothing等。
3.考查反身代词的用法。
常考的反身代词有myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves等。
4.考查it的用法。
it作形式主语、形式宾语的用法; it的实指用法; it的虚指用法,如:can help it, put it, catch it, come it, make it, see to it that等。
一:both,all,either,each,every,neither,none的用法
1.both,either,neither用于两者。
both意为“两者都”;either意为“两者中的任何一个”;neither意为“两者中的任何一个都不”。
如:
Both the boys are clever.两个男孩每个都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很聪明。
Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。
2.all,none,each,every用于多者。
all意为“全部都”,指可数的东西时为复数,
指不可数的东西时为单数;none意为“全都不,任何一个都不”,指可数的东西时可为单数
或复数,指不可数的东西时为单数;each和every意为“每一个”,为单数,两者都能作定
语用,但each还可作主语、宾语和同位语。
All of the students are there.
All (of) the milk is there.
Every student in our school works hard.
我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have an edictionary./Each of the students has an
edictionary./The students each have an edictionary.
每个学生都可有一本电子词典。
二:some和any的用法
1.表示“一些”时,some常用于肯定句;any常用于否定、疑问或条件句中。
如:
If you have any questions, please ask me.
2.在疑问句中可用some,表示希望得到对方肯定的回答。
如:
Would you like some coffee?
3.some可接单数名词表示“某一个”;any可接单数名词表示“任何一个”。
如:
I remember having read this article in some magazine.
Here are three novels.You may read any.
三:复合不定代词的用法
由some,any,no,every加上body,one,thing构成的不定代词,叫复合不定代词。
1.some构成的不定代词一般用于肯定句,意为“某人或某物,重要的人或事”。
如:Somebody is waiting outside.
I have something for you.
She thinks she's something since she won the prize.
获奖之后,她觉得自己了不起了。
2.any构成的不定代词一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中,意为“随便某个人或物,无论什么人或物,什么人或物都可以”。
如:
Does anybody else want to go?
There isn't anything in the box.
If anyone wants to go on the trip, register here please!
有时也用于肯定句中表示“任何人或物”。
如:
Anybody can work out that simple maths problem.
You can take anything you like.
3.no构成的不定代词意为“没什么人或物”。
如:
I know nothing about it.
There is nobody here.
4.every构成的不定代词意为“一切人或物,每个人或物”。
everything还可表示“最重要的人或物”。
如:
Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.。