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Unit 7 Information 第七单元 信息重点词汇inventory 存货清单downstream 下游地，下游的upstream 溯流而上的，上游的margin 边,边沿,边缘TEU 标箱FCL 整箱货LCL 拼箱货Vocabulary 1词汇 1action 行动analyze 分析blindly 盲目地capture 捕获consist 包含crucial 至关紧要的current 当前的downstream 下游地，下游的driver 驱动因素facility 设备，工具hardware 硬件information 通知，消息，信息intel 英特尔公司margin 差数，（时间、金额等的）富余newly 重新，最近新近PC（personal computer) 个人电脑pentium 第五，P-Intel公司生产的CPU芯片，意为“第五代”，中文译为“奔腾” policy 策略recommend 推荐，介绍relating 与之相关的revenue 收入，税收route 路线software 软件technology 工艺，科技，技术upstream 溯流而上的，上游的Vocabulary 2词汇 2acceptable 可以接受的candidate 候选人Charles 查尔斯（男子名）colleague 同事column 纵列，栏concern 涉及，关系到cozy 舒适的enable 使能够engaged 忙碌的，使用中的evaluate 评价，估计FCL=full container load 整箱货frequency 频率handy 手边的，近便的，便于使用的 hypermarket 超大型超市install 安装internet 互联网LCL=less than a container load 拼箱货 log in 登录Malmo （地名）马尔默marvelous 奇异的，了不起的，妙极的 measurement 衡量，测量，尺寸，度量制 pamphlet 小册子password 密码precisely 正好，精确地project 项目revise 修改run 运行sailing 航行Sweden 瑞典TEU/teu=twenty-foot equivalent unit标箱trace 追踪Supplementary Vocabulary补充词汇bar code 条形码budget 预算，做预算，编入预算cellular 细胞的clipboard 有纸夹的笔记板，剪贴板commit 把...提交给，使承担义务cycle 周期，循环cnhance 提高，增强furniture 家具，设备ground-based 陆基的handheld unit 手提计算机laser 激光mainframe 主机，大型机notification 通知，布告，告示prior (to) 在前，居先proficient 精通scanner 扫描器，扫描仪schedule 时间表，进度表signature 签名，署名toll 通行税（费）译为“奔腾”。
Unit7LogisticsTransportationUnit Seven Logistics TransportationPart One TextLogistics TransportationWhat is logistics transportation?Logistics transport or logistics transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans(“across”) and portare(“to carry”). Industries which have the business of providing transport equipment, transport services or transport are important in most national economies, and are referred to as logistics transport industries.Transportation network is an important tie binding our economy together. Our strong and efficient transportation system provides business with access to materials and markets, and provides people with access to goods, services, jobs and other people. Transportation touches each one of us every day in all aspects of our life.A Diversity of Transportation ModesTransportation modes are the means by which people and freight are carried. They fall into one of three basic types, depending on over which physical environment they travel, land (road, rail and pipelines), water (maritime shipping), and air (aviation). Each mode is characterized by a set of technical, operational and commercial characteristics:Road transportation. Road infrastructures are large consumers of space with the lowest level of physical constraints among transportation modes. However, physiographical constraints are significant in road construction with substantial additional costs to overcome features such as rivers or rugged terrain１. Road transportation has an average operational flexibility as vehicles can serve several purposes but are rarely able to move outside roads. Road transport systems have high maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and infrastructures. They are mainly linked to light industries where rapid movements of freight in small batches are the norm２. Yet, with containerization, road transportation has become a crucial link in freight distribution.Rail transportation.Railways are composed of a traced path on which are bound with vehicles. They have an average level of physical constraints linked to the types of locomotives and a low gradient is required, particularly for freight. Heavy industries are traditionally linked with rail transport systems, although containerization has improved the flexibility of rail transportation by linking it with road and maritime modes３. Rail is by far the land transportation mode offering the highest capacity with a 23,000 tons fully loaded coal unit train being the heaviest load ever carried.Maritime transportation. Because of the physical properties of water conferring buoyancy and limited friction, maritime transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances４. Main maritime routes are composed of oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers and channels. However, due to the location of economic activities maritime circulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime space, particularly over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. The construction of channels, docks and dredging are attempts to facilitate maritime circulation by reducing discontinuity. Comprehensive inland waterway systems include Western Europe, the V olga / Don system, St. Lawrence / Great Lakes system, the Mississippi and its tributaries, the Amazon, the Panama / Paraguay and the interior of China. Maritime transportation has high terminal costs, since port infrastructures are among the most expensive to build, maintain and improve. High inventory costs also characterize maritime transportation. More than any other mode, maritime transportation is linked to heavy industries, such as steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port sites.Air transportation. Air routes are practically unlimited, but they are denser over the North Atlantic, inside North America and Europe and over the North Pacific. Air transport constraints are multidimensional and include the site (a commercial plane needs about 3,300 meters of runway for landing and take off), the climate, fog and aerial currents. Air activities are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors, notably finance and tourism, which lean on the long distance mobility of people５. More recently, air transportation has been accommodating growing quantities of high value freight and is playing a growing role in global logistics.Pipelines. Pipeline routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or under water. The longest gas pipeline links Alberta to Sarnia (Canada), which is 2,911 km in length. The longest oil pipeline is the Transiberian, extending over 9,344 km from the Russian arctic oilfields in eastern Siberia to Western Europe. Pipeline construction costs vary according to the diameter and increase proportionally with the distance and with the viscosity of fluids (from gas, low viscosity, to oil, high viscosity). The Trans Alaskan pipeline, which is 1,300 km long, was built under difficult conditions and has to be above ground for most of its path. Pipeline terminals are very important since they correspond to refineries and harbors.Telecommunications. Telecommunication routes are practically unlimited with very low constraints, which may include the physiography and oceanic masses that may impair the setting of cables６. They provide for the instantaneous movement of information (speed of light in theory). Wave transmissions, because of their limited coverage, often require substations, such as for cellular phone networks. Satellites are often using a geostationary orbit which is getting crowded. High network costs and low distribution costs characterize many telecommunication networks, which are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors (stock markets, business to business information networks, etc). Telecommunications can provide a substitution for personal movements in some economic sectors.Three Components of Logistics transportationWith the growth of international trade and the globalization of production, logistics transportation systems have been under increasing pressures to support additional demands. This could not have occurred without considerable technical improvements permitting to transport larger quantities of passengers and freight, and this more quickly and more efficiently. Few other technical improvements than containerization have contributed to this environment of growing mobility of freight. Since containers and intermodal transportation improve the efficiency of globaldistribution, a growing share of general cargo moving globally is containerized. Consequently, transportation is often referred as an enabling factor that is not necessarily the cause of international trade, but a mean over which globalization could not have occurred without７. A common development problem is the inability of logistics transportation infrastructures to support flows, undermining access to the global market and the benefits that can be derived from international trade８. International trade requires distribution infrastructures that can support trade between several partners９. Three components of logistics transportation facilitate trade:Transportation infrastructure. It concerns physical infrastructures such as terminals, vehicles and networks. Efficiencies or deficiencies in transport infrastructures will either promote or inhibit international trade.Transportation services. It concerns the complex set of services involved in the international circulation of passengers and freight. It includes activities such as distribution, logistics, finance, insurance and marketing.Transactional environment. It concerns the complex legal, political, financial and cultural setting in which international transport systems operate. It includes aspects such as exchange rates, regulations, quotas and tariffs, but also consumer preferences. Modal CompetitionA general analysis of transport modes reveals that each has key operational and commercial advantages and properties. However, contemporary demand is influenced by integrated transportation systems that require maximum flexibility１０. As a result, modal competition exists at various degrees and takes several dimensions. Modes can compete or complement one another in terms of cost, speed, accessibility, frequency, safety, comfort, etc. Although intermodal transportation has opened many opportunities for complementarity between modes, there is intense competition as companies are now competing over many modes in the transport chain. A growing paradigm thus appears to be supply chain competition where the modal competition component occurring over three dimensions１１:1. Modal usage. Competition involves the comparative advantage of using a specific or a combination of modes. Distance remains one of the basic determinants of modal usage for passengers transportation１２. However, for a similar distance, costs, speed and comfort can be significant factors behind the choice of a mode.2. Infrastructure usage. Competition results from the presence of freight and passenger traffic on the same itineraries linking the same nodes.3. Market area. Competition experiences between transport terminals for using new space (terminal relocation or expansion) or capturing new markets (hinterland).Modal competition can also been influenced by public policy where one mode could be advantaged over the others１３. This particularly takes place over government funding and regulation issues. The technological evolution in the transport industry aims at adapting the transport infrastructures to growing needs and requirements. When a transport mode becomes more advantageous than another over the same route or market, a modal shift is likely to take place. A modal shift involves the growth in the demand of a transport mode at the expense of another, although amodal shift can involve an absolute growth in both of the concerned modes１４. The comparative advantages behind a modal shift can be in terms of costs, convenience, speed or reliability. For passengers, this involved a transition in modal preferences as incomes went up, such as from collective to individual modes of transportation. For freight, this has implied a shift to faster and more flexible modes when possible and cost effective, namely trucking and air freight１５.Words and Expressions:access [ '?kses ] n. the act of approaching or entering; 通路,进⼊,使⽤之权aerial [ '??ri?l ] a. a pass to a receiver downfield from the passer; 空中的,航空的,空想的batch [ b?t? ] n. a collection of things or persons to be handled together;批, 成批, 分批bind [ 'baind ] v. to fasten or tie with a string; to place under obligation; 绑, 约束buoyancy [ 'b?i?nsi ] n. the tendency to float in water or other liquid; 浮⼒characterize [ 'k?rikt?raiz ] v. describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of; 表⽰...的特⾊,赋予...特⾊complementarity [ k?mplimen't?riti ] n. the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other;补充,补⾜comprehensive [ k?mpri'hensiv ] a. including all or everything; 综合的,⼴泛的,理解的confer [k?n'f?: ] v. present; 赠予,协议constraint [ k?n'streint ] n. the state of being physically constrained; 约束, 强制,约束条件current [ 'k?r?nt ] n. a steady flow (usually from natural causes) ; (⽔、⽓、电)流,趋势discontinuity [ 'dis.k?nti'nju(:) iti ] n. lack of connection or continuity; 断绝,中断,不连续dredging [ 'dred?i? ] n. remove with a power shovel, usually from a bottom of a body of water; 挖泥;flexibility [ fleks?'biliti ] n. the property of being flexible; easily bent or shaped; 灵活性,柔韧性friction [ 'frik??n ] n. effort expended in moving one object over another with pressure; 摩擦,摩擦⼒;impair [ im'p?? ] v. make worse or less effective; 损害infrastructure [ 'infr?'str?kt??] n. the basic structure or features of a system ororganization; 下部构造,下部组织,基础结构，基础设施inhibit [ in'hibit ] v. limit the range or extent of; 禁⽌,抑制instantaneous [ inst?n'teinj?s ] a. occurring with no delay; 瞬间的,即刻的integrate [ 'intigreit ] v. make into a whole or make part of a whole; 整合,使...成整体interior [ in'ti?ri? ] a. the region that is inside of something; 内部的,内地的,国内的,在内的itinerary [ ai'tin?r?ri, i't- ] n. an established line of travel or access; 旅程,旅⾏指南,游记maritime [ 'm?ritaim ] a. relating to or involving ships or shipping or navigation or seamen; 海的,海上的,海事的mobility [ m?u'biliti ] n. the quality of moving freely; 可动性,变动性,情感不定multidimensional [ m?ltidi'men??nl ] a. having or involving or marked by several dimensions or aspects; 多维的norm [ n?:m ] n. a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical; 标准,规范operational [ ?p?'rei??nl ] a. being in effect or operation; 操作的,运作的paradigm [ 'p?r?daim, -dim ] n. a standard or typical example; 例,模范,词形变化表quaternary [ kw?'t?:n?ri ] a. coming next after the third and just before the fifth in position or time or degree or magnitude; 四的(四进制的,第四纪的)refinery [ ri'fain?ri ] n. an industrial plant for purifying a crude substance; 精练⼚rug [ r?g ] a. topographically very uneven; ⾼低不平的,崎岖的,粗糙的substantial [ s?b'st?n??l ] a. fairly large; ⼤量的,实质上的,有内容的terrain [ 'terein ] n. a piece of ground having specific characteristics or military potential; 地带,地域,地形tertiary [ 't?:??ri ] a. coming next after the second and just before the fourth in position; 第三的,第三位的,第三世纪的undermine [ ?nd?'main ] v. destroy property or hinder normal operations; 渐渐破坏,挖掘地基viscosity [ vis'k?siti ] n. resistance of a liquid to sheer forces (and hence to flow); 粘度,粘性cost effective low in cost 费⽤低廉的to be composed of to be or make the parts of由…组成to be derived from to receive from another source; gain; 来⾃; 起源于,由...⽽来to be linked to to join by or as if by a link; unit;连接(联系), 有关联to fall into to be included in or classified as; 分成(变成,开始)to lean on to rest on for support; 靠在...上,倚在...上Special Terms:intermodal transportation 多式联运logistics transportation infrastructure: 物流运输基础设施transactional environment 交易环境transportation modes 运输⽅式Notes to the Text:1．However, physiographical constraints are significant in road construction with substantial additional costs to overcome features such as rivers or rugged terrain.然⽽，⾃然地理限制条件在公路建设中尤为明显，⼤量的附加成本要⽤于克服河流或凹凸不平的地形的特点。
Unit Seven Introduction to Logistics Text A The definition of logisticsThe term “Logistics” originates from a Greek word “logos”, which refers to reasoning. The term “logistics” was first used in a military sense in the early 19th century. This term then encompassed transport organization, army replenishments and material maintenance.“Logistics”来源于希腊词语中的”logos”，指的是合理的意思，最早于19世纪早期军事术语中使用，随后它的意义得到扩充，包含了交通运输组织、军事补给和物资供应。
In the business world, the concept of “logistics”was applied solely to “Material Replenishment Programs”(MRP) and was confined to the manufacturing sector at the beginning, which is called the first party logistics nowadays. Therefore the extension of the concept to involve company operations is a relatively new one. 在商业世界, ”logistics”仅指物料补充计划，并且最开始仅限于制造业，被称为第一方物流，所以”logistics”从概念上加以扩充由此包含了企业运营的意思还是相对较新的概念。
Chapter 7 International Logistics教学目的和要求：1、Gain an understanding of the characteristics of international logistics2、Get an overview of components of international logistics management3、Get the basic knowledge of trade terms and international insurance4、Be familiar with various international logistics intermediaries教学重点：1、The characteristics of international logistics2、Components of international logistics management3、Trade terms and international insurance4、Various international logistics intermediaries教学过程：1. New Words and Expressions2. International Trade and International LogisticsThe movement of goods across national boundaries1) Historical Development of International LogisticsInternational logistics evolved into the art and science of determiningeminently concrete aspects of business arrangement, fromtransportation and packaging, to warehousing and inventorymanagement.2) Definition of International LogisticsInternational logistics is the process of planning, implementing andcontrolling the flow and storage of goods, services and informationfrom the point of origin to a point of consumption (revised to between,since there is reverse logistics) located in a different country.International logistics is actually about moving and exchanging goodsacross borders to promote world economic development and optimalallocation of world resources by utilizing international logistics network,facilities and technology based on the principle of international divisionof labors and collaboration and international practices.The ultimate objective is to get the right goods or services to the rightplace located in a different country, at the right time, lowest cost,minimum risk, and in the desired condition, by selecting the best wayand method, while making the greatest contribution to the firm and theworld as a whole.3) Features of International Logisticsa) Difference in environment, higher risksb) Complex ways of transportc) Advanced information systemd) Standardization requirement4) Government’s Interest in International Logisticsa) Economic importanceCost of insurance and transport always accompany import andexport, and they are service imported or exported.b) National defense concernsTransportation gave countries ability to project power domestically,regionally, and globally. It strengthened the economy by promotingtrade that further improved the military powers.c) Government support for its international carriersDeveloping countries use their own carriers as a rate equalizer toavoid being exploited by the more developed countries and keepabreast of transport technology.Cabotage technically does not involve international trade but itshould be mentioned. It is a worldwide practice and it means theeach nation reserves for its own carriers the exclusive rights tocarry domestic traffic.3. Components of International Logistics Management1) International TransportationInternational transportation is eminently more complicated, involvingdifferent modes of transportation, different carriers, different transportation documents, and much greater transit times. Its inherent risks and hazards are also much more significant.•Transport regulationThe purpose of regulation is to ensure that transportation servicesare provided adequately and that users of these services areprotected from excessive prices or unfair practices.•Cargo preferencePreference cargos are the single most important incentive forU.S.-flag operators in the international trade to remain underU.S. registry. The cargo preference laws provide a vital base ofcargo to help offset foreign-flag advantages.•NondiscriminationNondiscrimination is a legal concept designed to protectcompetition and fair business practice. In terms of internationaltransportation, it means two things. A carrier cannot chargedifferent prices for similarly situated shippers, and they cannotrefuse service to any shipper.•CabotageShipping cargo between two points in the same country isknown as cabotage.•Equipment balanceWhen there is the same amount of cargo going in both direction ofa trade lane (trade balance), there will be the same amount ofequipment going in both directions of that trade lane, this is calledequipment balance.2) International Insurancea) The principal perils•Free From Particular Average (F.P.A.)•With Average (W.A.)•All Risksb) Exclusions•Loss or damage caused by the intentional act or fault of the Insured•Loss or damage falling under the liability of the consignor•Loss or damage arising from the inferior quality or shortage of the insured goods prior to the attachment of this insurance •Loss or damage arising from normal loss, inherent vice or nature of the insured goods, loss of market and/or delay intransit and any expenses arising therefrom•Risks and liability covered and excluded by the Ocean Marine Cargo War Risks Clauses and Strike, Riot and CivilCommotion Clauses of this Companyc) Commencement and termination of coverThis insurance attaches from the time the goods hereby insured leave the warehouse or place of storage named in the Policy for the commencement of the transit and continues in force in the ordinary course of transit including sea, land and inland waterway transits and transit in lighter until the insured goods are delivered to the consignee’s final warehouse or place of storage at the destination named in the Policy or to any other place used by the Insured for allocation or distribution of the goods or for storage other than in the ordinary course of transit.d) Duty of the insuredIt is the duty of the Insured to attend to all matters as specified hereunder, failing which the Company reserves the right to reject his claim for any loss if and when such failure prejudice the rights of the Company.•The Insured shall take delivery of the insured goods in good time upon their arrival at the port of destination named in thePolicy. In the event of any damage to the goods, the Insuredshall immediately apply for survey to the survey and/or settlingagent stipulated in the Policy. If the insured goods are foundshort in entire package or packages or to show apparenttraces of damage, the Insured shall obtain from the carrier,bailee or other relevant authorities certificate of loss ordamage and/or shorthanded memo. Should the carrier, baileeor the other relevant authorities be responsible for suchshortage or damage, the Insured shall lodge a claim with themin writing and, if necessary, obtain their confirmation of anextension of the time limit of validity of such claim.•The Insured shall, and the Company may also, take reasonable measures immediately in salvaging the goods orprevention or minimizing a loss or damage thereto. Themeasures so taken by the Insured or by the Company shall notthe considered respectively, as a waiver of abandonmenthereunder, or as an acceptance thereof.•In case of a change of voyage or any omission or error in the description of the interest, the name of the vessel or voyage,this insurance shall remain in force only upon prompt notice tothis company when the Insured becomes aware of the sameand payment of an additional premium if required•The following documents should accompany any claim hereunder made against this Company:Original Policy, Bill of Lading, Invoice, Packing List, Tally Sheet,Weigh Memo, Certificate of Loss or Damage and/or ShortlandMemo, Survey Report, Statement of ClaimIf any third party is involved, documents relative to pursuing ofrecovery from such party should also be included.•Immediate notice should be given to the Company when the Cargo Owner’s actual responsibility under the contract ofaffreightment “Both to Blame Collision”clause becomesknown.e) The time of validity of a claimThe time of validity of a claim under this insurance shall not exceeda period of two years counting from the time of completion ofdischarge of the insured goods from the seagoing vessel at thefinal port of discharge.3) Packaging4) Terms of PaymentInternational means of payment are more involved, with the risks of nonpayment and currency fluctuation calling for specific strategies that are never used in domestic transactions.Non-payment risk is higher in international transactions for:•less credit information is available•lack of personal contact: no way to evaluate the character of the importer•collections are difficult and expensive•no easy legal recourse: there is no court with jurisdiction over international disputes•mistrusta) Cash in AdvanceIn a Cash in Advance transaction, the exporter requests that the customer provide payment in advance, before the shipment of the goods can take place. Payment is usually made with an electronic SWIFT fund transfer from the customer’s bank to the exporter’s bank.•Buyers in an area of instability•Buyer has bad credit•Exchange rate control•Goods are made to order•Buyer’s marketb) Open accountThe exporter just sends an invoice to the importer along with the shipment and trusts the customer to pay within a reasonable amount of time. Just opposite to Cash in Advance.c) Documentary collectionIt is a process by which an exporter asks a bank to “safeguard” its interests in the foreign country by not releasing the documents (B/L) until the importer satisfies certain requirements, most often paying the exporter (D/P) or signing a financial document (a draft) promising that it will pay the exporter within a given amount of time (acceptance) (D/A).d) Letters of creditA L/C is a conditional payment commitment of the bank in additionto commercial credit that it will pay the “beneficiary”upon the presentation of certain documents.•The exporter and the importer agree on a sale under “Letter of Credit” terms.•The importer/buyer applies for an LC from bank.•The importer’s bank (issuing bank) issues a LC and sends it to the exporter’s bank (notification bank)•The Notification bank notifies the exporter that an L/C was issued, and it is OK to ship the goods to the importer. Thenotification bank should check a number of things: L/C isdrawn on a legitimate bank, content meets requirement,irrevocable L/C.•The exporter ships the goods and gives documents to Notification bank.•The Notification bank checks that the documents match the requirements of the LC, and sends them to the Issuing bank.Issuing bank verifies that the documents match therequirements of the LC and notifies the importer thateverything is in order.•The issuing bank pays seller and buyer pays issuing bank. 5) Trade Terms•EXW•FCA•FAS•FOB•CFR•CIF•CPT•CIP•DES•DEQ•DAF•DDU•DDP6) Customs and Customs Clearancea) What does Customs do•National security is a broad area that refers mostly to military threats.•Revenue collection by customs is the source of funds for the country.•Managed trade and competitiveness refer to policies to promote the nation’s economy.•Gray making importing, also known as parallel importing, refers to the practice of importing a product contrary to thewishes of the producer, who normally has their officialdistributor.•Protecting national interests is the catchall for any goal the nation wishes to pursue.b) How does Customs operateEntry restriction-certain products may be completely restrictedfrom entry, or only under certain conditions.Rates-duties vary dramatically. Most are simply a nominal tax,while other are intended to discourage imports of a certain product.Information-Customs requires that certain information be providedon imports and exports. Government data on economic trends iscollected this way. Another reason for submitting information is tocontrol the import/export of some products.7) Inventory ManagementMajor international inventory issues are longer performance cycle,more in-transit inventory, border crossings, more complex locationdecisions, more shrinkage and more safety stock.4. International Logistics Infrastructure1) Free Trade ZoneA Free Trade Zone is, for Customs purposes, still “outside”of thecountry; goods can be shipped to the FTZ without being subject to dutyand quotations. Once in the FTZ, the goods can be transformed,assembled, repackaged, and so on. If the goods are re-exported, theynever pay duty in the host country in which the FTZ is located; if theyare sold in the host country, it is only after leaving the FTZ that theyhave to pay duty.The main reasons for using FTZ•Delay tariff•Avoid tariffs before shipment•Processing•Correct mistakes•SellMerchandise in a FTZ may be stored, repackaged, repaired, tested,relabeled, displayed as well as manufactured, assembled, salvagedand destroyed.2) PortsA port is the intersection of different modes of transport.Factors that influence the competitiveness of ports:•Location in relation to markets•Location in relation to its competitors•Inland connections•Infrastructure and technology•Accessibility to the trade lane•ManagementMost ports are run by a commission assigned by a local or regionalgovernment, called port authority.Types of port authorities:•Landlord port: the landlord port is one in which the port owns and manages infrastructure, and private parties mange everythingelse.•Tool port: the port also owns the superstructures, but private parties rent assets through concessions or licenses.•Service port: the service port is where the port has completed ownership and management.•Privately owned port5. International Logistics Intermediaries and Logistics AlliancesIntermediaries refer to many companies or individuals that facilitate trade.Some of them work for shippers, some for carriers, and some for consignees. Sometimes these arrangements become more elaborate, such as alliances.1) Main International Logistics Intermediaries/FacilitatorsInternational Logistics Intermediaries function as third-party logistics providers, firms that provide outsourced or “third party”logistics services to companies for part, or sometimes all of their supply chain management functions. Third party logistics providers typically specialize in integrated operation, warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled and customized to customer’s needs based on market conditions and the demands and delivery service requirements for their products and materials.Types of International Logistics Intermediaries or facilitators:•International freight forwarder is an individual or a company that books or otherwise arranges space for shipments betweencountries via common carriers.•Customs brokers are private individuals, partnerships, associations or corporations licensed, regulated and empoweredby Customs to assist importers and exporters in meeting nationalrequirements governing imports and exports.•Non-vessel Operating Common Carriers (NVOCC)buy space from carriers and resell them. NVOCCs essentially act as if theywere a carrier, but they do not own or control any of the ships,planes, etc.•Export Trading Company (ETC)and Export Management Company (EMC)assist companies in marketing their product inother countries.2) International Logistics AlliancesIn logistics, at least as much as any other industry, there has been a strong trend toward alliances in order to promote efficiency.Criteria of a good match:•Individual excellence•Importance•Interdependence•Investment•Information•Integration•Institutionalization•Integrity11。
