skin spleen皮肤 脾

中西医结合护理Chinese Journal of Integrative Nursing2024 年第 10 卷第 2 期Vol.10， No.2， 2024OPEN ACCESShttp ：/ / 背部刮痧治疗皮肤瘙痒效果观察李志家（北京市鼓楼中医医院 护理部， 北京， 100009）摘要： 目的　观察背部刮痧治疗瘙痒性皮肤病患者皮肤瘙痒症状的效果。

方法　选取18例瘙痒性皮肤病患者为研究对象，进行背部刮痧治疗，治疗后观察瘙痒症状减轻情况。

依据瘙痒程度视觉模拟评分变化进行疗效判定。

结果　刮痧治疗后，所有患者瘙痒症状均减轻，治疗总有效率100.00%。

结论　背部刮痧能有效缓解瘙痒性皮肤病患者瘙痒症状关键词： 刮痧； 皮肤瘙痒； 皮肤病； 中医护理中图分类号： R 244.4 文献标志码： A 文章编号： 2709-1961（2024）02-0094-03Effect of back scraping therapyon the treatment of pruritusLI Zhijia（Department of Nursing ， Gulou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine ， Beijing ， 100009）ABSTRACT ： Objective To observe the effect of back scraping therapy on the treatment of pru⁃ritus symptoms in patients with pruritic skin diseases ．Methods Totally 18 patients with pruritic skin diseases were treated with back scraping treatment ， and the effect was evaluated by using symptom integral of Traditional Chinese Medicine ．Results After scraping treatment ， all sub⁃jects had significantly reduced itching symptoms ．The pruritus symptoms had been controlled in all patients ， achieving a treatment effective rate of 100.00%.Conclusion Back scraping therapy is effective to relieve pruritus symptoms in patients with pruritic skin diseases.KEY WORDS ： scrape therapy ； pruritus ； skin disease ； Traditional Chinese Medicine nursing 刮痧是一种传统中医外治方法，其是在中医经络腧穴理论指导下，采用水牛角、玉石等刮痧器具蘸油或水等介质在体表部位进行反复刮拭至皮肤出现潮红、瘀点或瘀斑，以达到活血通络、调节脏腑、排除毒素、养生保健等作用，已广泛应用于内、外、妇、儿、骨伤及皮肤科等疾病的治疗。

基因组学与应用生物学，2020年，第39卷，第10期，第444丨-4448页研究报告Research Report花鲈7Y7?基因表达和功能分析庞微1赵紫维1申亚伟1李军2,3陈晓武4,5#1上海海洋大学,水产科学国家级实验科教示范中心，上海,201306; 2中国科学院海洋研究所实验海洋生物学重点实验室，青岛，266071; 3青 岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室，海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室，青岛，266237; 4上海海洋大学，上海水产养殖工程技术研究中心，上海，201306; 5上海海洋大学，水产动物遗传育种中心上海市协同创新中心,上海，201306* 通信作者，***************.cn摘要花鲈是中国重要的海水鱼，它可以在河口或淡水中生长。

体色是鱼类重要的 生物学特征，与鱼或鱼肉的外观有密切关系，影响其市场价值。

酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,TYR)是黑色素合成的关 键酶。

本研宄克隆了花鲈基因，其包括完整开放阅读框1 620bp,编码539个氨基酸，分子量为61.1 kD,理 论等电点为6.04。

花鲈T Y R有丨9个氨基酸编码的信号肽，一个跨膜结构域。

花鲈基因还含有2个保守 的结构域:EGF-Iike结构域和铜离子结合区域，还有6个保守的组氨酸位点。

系统进化分析表明花鲈7Y/?与 大黄鱼(LaHmic/u/tys有着较高的同源性，物种间亲缘关系与其传统分类地位一致。

蛋白质结构预测也表明花鲈T Y R的三维结构具有典型的酪氨酸酶特征，包括酪氨酸结构域和铜离子结合的氨基酸位点。

PCR 结果显示花鲈7Y/?主要在鳃、脾、皮肤、胃盲囊、中肾、头肾和伪鳃中表达。

在胚胎期发育中，7T/?从原肠期开 始表达。

本研宄结果说明花鲈7Y7?不仅和黑色素的合成有关，也可能参与其它生理活动以及花鲈早期胚胎 发育，为进一步研究鱼类7Y/?的功能和进化提供理论依据。

关键词花鲈,717?基因，序列分析，蛋白质结构Expression and Function Analysis of TYR from Lateolabrax maculatusPang Wei 1Zhao Ziwei 1Shen Yawei 1Li Jun23Chen Xiaowu4,5*1National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306; 2 CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071; 3 Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237; 4 Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aqua­culture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306; 5 Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai O- cean University, Shanghai, 201306*Correspondingauthor,***************.cnDOI: 10.13417/j.gab.039.004441Abstract L a teo la b ra x maculatus is an important marine fish in China.It can grow in estuary and fresh water. Body color is an important biological feature of fish,it is also closely related to the appearance of live fish or fish meat product,and affected its market value.Tyrosinase (TYR)is the key enzyme in melanin synthesis.The L. maculatus TYR (Lm-TYR)gene was cloned and analyzed in this study.The gene includes 1 620 bp open reading frame,coding539 amino acid.The protein has a predicted molecular mass of61.1 kD and theoretical isoelectric point is6.04. Lm-TYR has a 19 amino acids putative signal peptide at the N terminal and a transmembrane region at the C-terminal end.The Lm-TYR gene family contains two conserved domain:EGF-like domain and copper ion binding domain.The protein has6 conserved histamine sites.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Lm-TYR gene基金项目：本研究由现代农业产业技术体系专项资金资助项目(CARS-47)和中国科学院海洋研究所实验海洋生物学重点实验 室幵放课题(No. KF2017NO2)共同资助引用格式：Pang W.，Zhao Z.W., Shen Y.W., Li J., and Chen X.W., 2020, Expression and function analysis of 7T7? frommac"/ato, Jiyinzuxue Yu Yingyong Shengwuxue (Genomics and Applied Biology), 39(10): 4441-4448 (庞澂，赵紫维，申亚伟，李军，陈晓武，2020,花鲈7T/?基因表达和功能分析，基因组学与应用生物学，39(10): 4441-4448)4442 基因组学与应用生物学was classified to a subfamily of teleost with high homology with Larimichthys crocea.The genetic relationship between species is consistent with their traditional taxonomic status.Protein structure prediction indicated that the three-dimensional structure of gastric caecum has typical TYR protein characteristics,including tyrosine domain and two copper ion-binding sites.RT-PCR showed that Lm-TYR was mainly expressed in gill,spleen,skin,gastric caecum,kidney,head kidney and pseudobranch.During embryonic development,Lm-T}R gene is expressed from the gastrula stage.The results showed that the tyrosinase was not only involved in the synthesis of melanin,but also involved in other physiological activities and early embryonic development.This paper lays a foundation for further research on the function of fish TYRs.Keywords Lateolabrdx rmicuhuus,Tyrosinase,Sequence analysis,Protein structure鱼体色由色素细胞存在的数量、性质以及分布决 定，黑色素细胞是最常见和最保守的一类。

Aquaculture水产养殖Genetics 遗传学Genomics 基因组学Teleosts 硬骨鱼类Shellfish 贝类Shrimp 虾Physiologic 生理的Mechanisms 机制Maturity 成熟Bodyweight 体重Ovary 卵巢Testis 精巢Dimorphism 二态性Hormone 激素disulfide bonds 二硫键mediate 介导receptor 受体reproduction 繁殖immunity 免疫endocrine 内分泌的promotion 促进clone 克隆signal transduction 信号转导Transformation 转化Transfection 转染Infection 感Characterize 鉴定Gene 基因Pool 池塘Photoperiod 光周期water temperature 水温reproductive manipulation 繁殖调控egg 卵sperm 精子semen 精液female 雌鱼male 雄fertilization 受精volume 体积hatch 孵化gentle aeration 微充气larvae 仔鱼triplicate 重复3次dose 剂量Gonad 性腺RNA extraction RNA提取Ethanol 酒精Sex 性别Blood 血Brain 脑Eye 眼Gill 鳃Kidney 肾Intestine 肠Liver 肝Muscle 肌肉Pituitary 垂体Skin 皮肤Spleen 脾脏Stomach 胃Microscope 显微镜Aliquot 份Activate 激活Digestion 消化Protocol 实验计划Primer 引物Polymerase 聚合酶Reverse transcription 反转录Sequence 序列Fragment 片段Amplification 扩增Template 模板Cycle 循环Intron 内含子Exon 外显子Vertebrate 脊椎动物Kit 试剂盒Instruction 用法说明Agarose gel 琼脂糖胶Band 带Propagate 繁殖amino acid 氨基酸alignment 比对phylogenetic trees进化树marker 标记Quantitative 定量的Stage时期Procedure 程序Software 软件Concentration 浓度Motility 活力encoding region 编码区signal 信号residue 残基flounder 牙鲆common carp 鲤鱼grass carp 草鱼tissue 组织population 群体sex ratio 性比negative 负的positive 正的control 对照grow 生长production 生产molecular 分子的stock 群体sex determination mechanisms性别决定机制superfemale 超雌个体progeny 后代feeding 喂养manipulation 管理environment 环境study 研究species 种类catfish 鲶鱼microsatellite 微卫星elucidate 阐明further investigations 进一步的研究significantly 显著地spawn 产卵expression 表达up—regulate 上调fold 倍gynogenesis 雌核发育homozygosity 纯合性meiotic减数的irradiate灭活heterologous 异源的cold shock冷休克diploid 二倍体的morphology形态homogamete同配marine 海洋flatfish比目鱼coastal areas沿海地区adult成体individual个体investment投资chromosome染色体approach方法monosexual单性的second meiotic division第二次减数分裂induce诱导mitogynogenesis卵裂雌核发育the first mitotic division 第一有丝分裂homologous同源的development发育paternal父母的offspring子代Nowadays当前Cryopreserve冷冻Technique技术Practical实际的Feasible可行的Neomal伪雄鱼Theoretical理论的genetic diversity遗传多样性sex control性别控制lab 实验室sex differentiation性分化heterozygosity杂合度recombination重组locus位点Additionally另外地Increment增量cultivated population养殖群体basepairs碱基对feasibility可行性parameter参数survival rate成活率gynogenetic population雌核发育群体thaw 解冻fisheries水产trial实验experiment实验storage保存liquid nitrogen液氮waterbath水浴appropriate适宜的condition条件haploid单倍体diploid二倍体hybrid杂交子treatment处理incubator培养容器percentage百分率embryo胚胎fertilization rate受精率survival rate 成活率data数据batch批randomly随机地sample取样classic经典的mixture混合物enzyme酶Ligation 连接Restriction限制性的Dilute稀释pre—amplification预扩automatic自动的denaturation变性anneal退火elongation延伸polyacrylamide gel聚丙烯酰胺胶silver staining银染molecular weight分子量allele等位基因index指数Initiation起始Duration持续Putative 推定的Polymorphism多态性linkage disequilibrium连锁不平衡artificial人工的diploidization二倍化optimization优化proportion比例sex reversal性逆转crossover交换incorporation整合eel鳗鲡summary摘要abstract摘要discussion 讨论references参考文献material and method材料和方法result结果title题目manuscript草稿revise修改review评审funding资助genetic sexing遗传性别鉴定Acknowledgments致谢Mechanism机制Article文章Foundation基础Methylation甲基化Aromatase芳香化酶Promoter启动子Androgen雄激素Estrogen雌激素Masculinization雄性化inverse relationship负相关suppress抑制genotypic sex determination遗传性别决定temperature—dependent sex determination温度性别决定thermosensitive period温度敏感期non—mammalian vertebrates非哺乳类脊椎动物sex steroid 性类固醇激素hypothesize假定pattern模式pathway 通路epigenetic表观遗传的nuclear细胞核transcription factors转录因子biosynthesis生物合成mutual共同的dinucleotides二核苷酸transcription start site转录起始位点overall总体上frequencies频率phenotype表型genotype基因型housekeeping gene持家基因exogenous外源的temperature—dependent温度依赖的sex-dependent性别依赖的rear养殖culture 养殖stimulate刺激block阻止bioinformatic生物信息的putative推定的co—transfection共转染transcriptional activators转录激活因子luciferase reporter assay荧光素酶报告基因检测opening reading frame开放阅读框similarity相似度development发育demethylation去甲基化process过程sex differentiation性分化silence沉默DNA methyltransferases DNA甲基转移酶Identify鉴定、发现Influence影响Consistent一致的Nutrition营养Disease疾病Ingredient成分body size体长polygenic 多基因的monosex populations单性群体determine确定match匹配consequence结果migration迁移discern辨别hypermethylate超甲基化phenomenon现象conserved保守的threshold阈值scheme计划Fertlizating rate and survial rate are the important parameters of revaluatingThe quality of eggs受精率和成活率是评价卵的重要参数For improving the culturing production ,feeding and managent is very important饲养的管理对于提高养殖产量非常重要的The first step of breeding project design is the selection of the base population基础群的选择是育种计划设计的第一步The tilapia have a unique breeding characteristics： Male territory estoblisher and female mouth brooders罗非鱼具有奇特的繁殖习性：雄性领地占领者和雌性口腔孵化者The half—smooth tongue sole showed significand growth difference半滑舌鳎两性之间生长差异显著I have ten pools providing for culturing tilapia我有十个池塘养殖罗非鱼Reproductive manipulation is of importance for gonad maturity繁殖调控对鱼类的性腺成熟时非常重要的The hatching stage of sole eggs is 3 days舌鳎卵需要三天才能孵化Nowadays there are a lot of of nile tilapia femilies all over the world目前世界上有很多罗非鱼的品系Getting ready with data：gather all importantdata,analyses，plots and tables,organize results so that they follow a logical sequence,consolidate data plot and create figure for the manuscript，discuss the data with your advisor and note down important pointsFirst draft ：identify tow or three important findings emerging from the experiments make them the central theme of the article,note good or bad writing styles in the literature ，some a simple and easy to follow some are just too complex，note the readership of the journal that you are considering ,prepare figures schemes and tablesStructure of a scientific paper :title，abstract，toc graphics，introductionStructure of a scientific paper:experimental section ，result and discussion，conclusions,acknowledgments ,referencesSelecting a journal ：each journal specializes area of research ,hence its readership varies 。

中医药学名词(二)全国科学技术名词审定委员会 zhōng yīpífūkēxué中医皮肤科学　dermatology of traditional Chin⁃ese medicine　研究皮肤疾病诊治与预防的临床中医学㊂pífū皮肤　skin　被覆人体表面,直接与外界环境相接触的组织㊂有保护机体,防御外邪,排泄汗液,调节体温,辅助呼吸的作用㊂pímáo皮毛　skin and hair　皮与毛之合称㊂皮,即皮肤,被覆人体表面,直接与外界环境相接触的组织;毛,附着于皮肤的毫毛㊂具有防止外邪侵入,调节人体津液与体温的功能,并能辅助呼吸㊂fèi zhǔpímáo肺主皮毛　lung governing skin and hair　皮毛赖肺的精气以滋养和温煦,皮毛的散气与汗孔的开合也与肺之宣发功能密切相关㊂zào xìng gān sè燥性干涩　dryness being dry and puckery　燥邪具有易伤人津液,导致人体阴津亏虚的特点,致病易表现出口鼻干燥㊁咽干口渴㊁皮肤干涩等症㊂wàng pífū望皮肤　observation of skin　用视觉观察病人全身皮肤的色泽㊁形态变化,以了解病情的诊断方法㊂yuán fāxìng písǔn原发性皮损　primary lesion　直接发生及初次出现皮肤损害的表现㊂bān zhěn斑疹　macule　限局性皮肤明显的颜色变化,不隆起,也不凹陷的表现㊂bān piàn斑片　patch　直径大于2cm的斑疹㊂qiūzhěn丘疹　papule　高出皮面的实性丘形小粒,皮肤损害直径小于0.5cm的表现㊂biǎn píng qiūzhěn扁平丘疹　planus papule　顶端扁平的丘疹㊂bān kuài斑块　plaque　丘疹相互融合,皮肤损害成片状扁平隆起的表现㊂bān qiūzhěn斑丘疹　maculopapule　介于斑疹和丘疹之间,皮肤损害稍有隆起的表现㊂qiūpào zhěn丘疱疹　papulovesicle　丘疹顶部有较小水疱的表现㊂nóng qiūpào zhěn脓丘疱疹　papulopustule　含有脓液的丘疱疹㊂fēng tuán风团　wheal　皮肤上限局性水肿隆起,皮肤损害时起时伏,消退后不留痕迹,发作时伴有瘙痒的表现㊂shuǐpào水疱　vesicle;blister　皮肤内有腔隙㊁含有清晰疱液的表现㊂dàpào大疱　bulla　直径大于0.5cm的水疱㊂nóng pào脓疱　pustule　皮肤限局性隆起,内有腔隙㊁含脓液的表现㊂xuèpào血疱　blood blister　皮肤内有腔隙㊁含有血样液体的表现㊂náng zhǒng囊肿　cyst　皮肤内含有液体或半固体物质的囊性损害,球形或卵圆形,触之有弹性感的表现㊂95jìfāxìng písǔn继发性皮损　secondary lesion　原发性皮损经过机械性损伤㊁治疗处理和损害修复过程中演变而成的皮肤损害㊂lín xiè鳞屑　scale　表皮角质层脱落,皮肤损害大小㊁厚薄不一,小如糠秕,大呈片状的表现㊂mílàn糜烂　erosion　水疱㊁脓疱或浸渍后表皮脱落,或丘疹㊁结节表皮破损而露出潮湿面等的皮肤表现㊂jiā痂　crust;scab　皮肤损害处渗液㊁渗血或脓液与脱落组织或药物等混合干燥后形成的皮肤表现㊂zhuāhén抓痕　scratch　搔抓致表皮浅表缺失,皮肤呈点滴状或线状损害,表面可见血痂等的皮肤表现㊂jūn liè皲裂　chap　线形坼裂等皮肤损害的表现㊂tái xiǎn huà苔藓化　lichenification　皮肤浸润肥厚,干燥粗糙,纹理宽深,状如皮革等的皮肤表现㊂sèsùchén zhuó色素沉着　hyperpigmentation　皮肤中色素增加,多呈褐色㊁暗褐色或黑褐色的皮肤表现㊂sèsùjiǎn tuì色素减退　hypopigmentation　皮肤中色素减少,多呈淡白或瓷白色的皮肤表现㊂jìn zì浸渍　maceration　皮肤长时间浸泡或处于潮湿状态所致变软发白㊁起皱等的皮肤表现㊂yìng huà硬化　sclerosis　皮肤限局性或弥漫性变硬,触诊更易察觉的皮肤病变㊂wěi suō萎缩　atrophy　表皮㊁真皮萎缩变薄,较透明,细胞数目减少等的皮肤表现㊂bān hén瘢痕　scar　真皮或深部组织缺损,或破坏后经结缔组织修复而成,其轮廓与先前损害相一致等的皮肤表现㊂jīfūjiǎcuò肌肤甲错　squamous and dry skin　全身或局部皮肤干燥㊁粗糙㊁脱屑,触之棘手,形似鱼鳞的表现㊂róng yè溶液　solution　将单味药或复方加水煎熬或溶解到一定浓度,过滤所得的液体制剂㊂sǎn jì散剂　powder　又称 粉剂”㊂将单味药或复方研成极细粉末的制剂㊂xǐjì洗剂　lotion　又称 水粉剂”㊂水和不溶性药粉混合在一起的制剂㊂yóu jì油剂　oil　将药物放在植物油中煎炸或直接压榨所得的油液制剂㊂yóu tiáo jì油调剂　oil paste　用植物油或药油与药粉调和成糊状制剂㊂hújì糊剂　paste　用凡士林㊁羊毛脂等作为基质调和药粉(粉剂成分超过25%)形成的半固体制剂㊂dīng jì酊剂　tincture　不挥发药物的酒精溶液或不同浓度的酒精浸出物制剂㊂xǔjì醑剂　spiritus　挥发药物的酒精溶液制剂㊂chájì搽剂　liniment　又称 擦剂”㊂将药物提取物㊁药材细粉或挥发性药物,用油㊁乙醇或适宜的溶剂制成的澄清或混悬的外用液体制剂㊂rǔjì乳剂　emulsion　油水两种互不相溶的液体混合加入乳化剂制成的非均匀分散体系的药物制剂㊂rèchuāng热疮　heat sore;herpes simplex　发热或高热过程中,以皮肤黏膜交界处发生成簇水疱㊁糜烂㊁结痂㊁痒痛相兼为主要表现的皮肤疾病㊂相当于单纯性疱疹㊂06rèchuāng fēng rèwài xízhèng热疮㊃风热外袭证　heatsore with pattern of external assault by wind⁃heat　风热外袭,以水疱多发生于口唇面颊,自觉灼热刺痒,轻度周身不适,舌质淡红,舌苔薄为常见症的热疮证候㊂rèchuāng fèi wèi rèshèng zhèng热疮㊃肺胃热盛证　heatsore with pattern of heat exuberance in lung and stomach　肺胃热盛,以水疱多发生于口唇面颊,灼热痒痛,可伴发热,大便干,小便黄,舌质红,舌苔黄,脉弦数为常见症的热疮证候㊂rèchuāng yīn xūnèi rèzhèng热疮㊃阴虚内热证　heatsore with pattern of yin deficiency and internal heat　阴虚内热,以水疱间歇发作,口干唇燥,舌质红,舌苔薄,脉细数为常见症的热疮证候㊂shéchuàn chuāng蛇串疮　snake⁃like sore;herpes zoster　又称 缠腰龙”, 缠腰火丹”㊂以集簇性水疱沿身体单侧,断续排列成带,宛如蛇形,四畔焮红,伴疼痛为主要表现的皮肤疾病㊂相当于带状疱疹㊂shéchuàn chuāng gān jīng yùrèzhèng蛇串疮㊃肝经郁热证　snake⁃likesore with pa⁃ttern of heat stagnation in liver channel　肝经郁热,以皮损鲜红,疱壁紧张,灼热刺痛,伴口苦咽干,烦躁易怒,大便干或小便黄,舌质红,舌苔黄腻,脉弦滑数为常见症的蛇串疮证候㊂shéchuàn chuāng píxūshīkùn zhèng蛇串疮㊃脾虚湿困证　snake⁃likesorewith pat⁃tern of spleen deficiency and dampness retention　脾虚湿困,以皮损颜色较淡,疱壁松弛,伴口不渴,食少腹胀,大便时溏,舌质淡,舌苔白或白腻,脉沉缓或滑为常见症的蛇串疮证候㊂shéchuàn chuāng qìzhìxuèyūzhèng蛇串疮㊃气滞血瘀证　snake⁃likesorewith pat⁃tern of qi stagnation and blood stasis　气滞血瘀,以皮损消退后局部疼痛不止,舌质暗,舌苔白,脉涩为常见症的蛇串疮证候㊂yóu疣　wart;verruca　发生在皮肤浅表的一类良性赘生物㊂yóu mù疣目　verruca vulgaris　又称 枯筋”, 箭千日”㊂疮发于手背㊁手指㊁头皮等处皮肤,表面呈刺状的疣㊂相当于寻常疣㊂biǎn hóu扁瘊　verruca plana　发生颜面㊁手背等处的米粒大小的扁平隆起的疣㊂相当于扁平疣㊂biǎn hóu fēng rèdúyùn zhèng扁瘊㊃风热毒蕴证　verrucaplana with pattern of wind⁃heat toxin amassment　风热毒蕴,以皮疹淡红,数目较多,伴口干,舌质红,舌苔白,脉滑为常见症的扁瘊证候㊂biǎn hóu qìzhìxuèyūzhèng扁瘊㊃气滞血瘀证　verrucaplana with pattern of qi stagnation and blood stasis　气滞血瘀,以皮疹大小不一,苍老而坚,黄褐色或暗红色,舌质淡或紫暗,舌边有瘀点㊁瘀斑,苔薄白,脉弦或涩为常见症的扁瘊证候㊂xiàn hóu线瘊　verruca filiformis　发于颈周围及眼睑部位,呈细软丝状的疣㊂相当于丝状疣㊂shǔrǔ鼠乳　mouse nipple;molluscum contagiosum　又称 水瘊子”㊂以多发于躯干㊁四肢,呈粟米㊁绿豆大小,半球形隆起,中有脐窝,表面光滑,形如鼠乳为主要表现的疣㊂相当于传染性软疣㊂zhíyóu跖疣　verruca plantaris　发生于足底的疣㊂huáng shuǐchuāng黄水疮　impetigo　又称 滴脓疮”㊂以皮肤脓疱㊁结痂㊁破流黄水,浸淫成疮,瘙痒为主要表现的皮肤疾病㊂相当于脓疱疮㊂huáng shuǐchuāng shǔshīrèyùn zhèng黄水疮㊃暑湿热蕴证　impetigowith pattern of summerheat⁃dampness heat amassment　暑湿热邪,蕴于肌肤,以脓疱密集,脓痂色黄,周围有红晕,糜烂面鲜红,多有口干,大便干,小便黄,舌质红,舌苔黄腻,脉濡滑数为常见症的黄水疮证候㊂huáng shuǐchuāng píxūshīkùn zhèng黄水疮㊃脾虚湿困证　impetigowith pattern of 16spleen deficiency and dampness retention　脾虚湿困,蕴于肌肤,以脓疱稀疏,脓痂色灰白或淡黄,糜烂面淡红,多有面黄,纳少,大便溏薄,舌质淡,舌苔薄微腻,脉濡细为常见症的黄水疮证候㊂nóng kēchuāng脓窠疮　pushole sore　以皮损中心溃烂而形成凹窝为主要表现的化脓性皮肤疾病㊂tāpíchuāng溻皮疮　dermatitis exfoliativa neonatorum　以婴儿周身皮肤出现红斑及水疱,表皮大片脱落,露出鲜红色肉面为主要表现的皮肤疾病㊂相当于新生儿剥脱性皮炎㊂tiān pào chuāng天疱疮　pemphigus and pemphigoid　以皮肤燎浆水疱,小如芡实,大似桃李,皮破津水,缠绵不愈为主要表现的皮肤疾病㊂相当于天疱疮或类天疱疮㊂tiān pào chuāng rèdúchìshèng zhèng天疱疮㊃热毒炽盛证　pemphigusand pemphi⁃goid with blazing heat⁃toxin pattern　热毒炽盛,蕴于肌肤,以发病急骤,水疱迅速扩展或增多,糜烂面鲜红,身热口渴,便干溲赤,舌质红绛,舌苔少或黄,脉弦滑或数为常见症的天疱疮证候㊂tiān pào chuāng xīn huǒpíshīzhèng天疱疮㊃心火脾湿证　pemphigusand pemphi⁃goid with pattern of heart fire and spleen dampness　心火脾湿,外灼肌肤,以口腔糜烂或疮面色红,心烦口渴,小便短赤,舌质红,舌苔黄腻,脉滑数为常见症的天疱疮证候㊂tiān pào chuāng píxūshīkùn zhèng天疱疮㊃脾虚湿困证　pemphigusand pemphi⁃goid with pattern of spleen deficiency and dampness retention　脾虚湿困,蕴于肌肤,以结痂较厚而不易脱落,或疱壁紧张,潮红不著,倦怠乏力,腹胀便溏,舌质淡胖,舌苔白腻,脉沉缓为常见症的天疱疮证候㊂tiān pào chuāng qìyīn liǎng xūzhèng天疱疮㊃气阴两虚证　pemphigusand pemphi⁃goid with qi⁃yin deficiency pattern　气阴两虚,以无新水疱出现,疱干结痂脱屑,倦怠无力,气短懒言,或五心烦热,舌质淡红,舌苔少或舌苔剥,脉沉细为常见症的天疱疮证候㊂huǒchìchuāng火赤疮　red⁃fire sore　以皮肤红斑㊁大疱壁薄,或水疱成群㊁呈环状排列,瘙痒难忍为主要表现的皮肤疾病㊂guōchuāng瘑疮　palmoplantar pustulosis　以手指端掌面或足背足踝起黄白脓疱,痒痛无时,破津黄汁水,时好时发为主要表现的皮肤疾病㊂相当于掌跖脓疱病㊂dēng dòu chuāng登豆疮　impetigo herpetiformis　以皮肤大片潮红,出现群集性帽针头至粟粒大小脓疱为主要表现的皮肤疾病㊂相当于疱疹样脓疱病㊂dēng dòu chuāng rèrùyíng xuèzhèng登豆疮㊃热入营血证　impetigo herpetiformis with pattern of heat entering nutrient⁃blood　热入营血,燔灼肌肤,以群集性脓疱,基底潮红,伴高热,畏寒,小便短赤,大便干燥,舌质红绛,舌苔黄或腻,脉弦滑或数为常见症的登豆疮证候㊂dēng dòu chuāng qìyīn liǎng xūzhèng登豆疮㊃气阴两虚证　impetigo herpetiformis with qi⁃yin deficiency pattern　气阴两虚,以皮肤淡红,脱屑,气短乏力,或五心烦热,舌质淡红,舌苔少,脉细数为常见症的登豆疮证候㊂fān huāchuāng翻花疮　cauliflower⁃like sore;squamous cell carcinoma　以生疮溃后,胬肉突出,其状如菌,破溃蚀烂,生长迅速,触之出血为主要表现的皮肤疾病㊂相当于鳞状细胞癌㊂yóu yán chuāng蚰蜒疮　centiped sore　以肢体出现疱疹或脓疮,溃破成疡,边高中低㊁边暗中红,附有黄绿色脓液或死肉,状如蚰蜒爬行为主要表现的疾病㊂xuǎn癣　tinea　发生在皮表㊁黏膜㊁毛发㊁指(趾)甲,以皮损边缘清楚,略高出皮面,边缘周围有丘疹㊁水疱㊁脓疱㊁结痂㊁鳞屑等,自觉瘙痒为主要表现的浅部真菌性皮肤疾病㊂26。

目录脾（器官） (1)What Is The Spleen? (2)组织学结构： (3)神经分配： (4)What does the spleen do? (4)生理功能： (5)How can I keep my spleen healthy? (5)Can you live without a spleen? (6)complications of a damaged or missing spleen? (6)脾（器官）脾是重要的淋巴器官，位于腹腔的左上方，呈扁椭圆形，暗红色、质软而脆，当局部受暴力打击易破裂出血。

The spleen is a small organ inside your left rib cage, just above the stomach. It’s part of the lymphatic system (which is part of the immune system). The spleen storesand filters blood and makes white blood cells that protect you from infection. Many diseases and conditions can affect how the spleen works. A ruptured (torn) spleen can be fatal.脾位于左季肋区胃底与膈之间，恰与第9-11肋相对，其长轴与第10肋一致。

正常情况下，左肋弓下缘不能触及。

脾分为内、外两面，上、下两缘，前、后两端。

内面凹陷与胃底、左肾、左肾上腺、胰尾和结肠左曲为邻，称为脏面。

脏面近中央处有一条沟，是神经、血管出入之处，称脾门。

外面平滑而隆凸与膈相对，称为膈面。

上缘前部有2-3个切迹，称脾切迹。

脾肿大时，脾切迹仍存在可作为触诊的标志。

在脾附近，胃脾韧带及大网膜中，常可见到暗红色，大小不等，数目不一的副脾。

半规管 semicircular canal半月瓣 semilunar valve膀胱 bladder包皮 foreskin; prepuce背 back鼻副窦 sinus accessory鼻隔膜 septum of nose鼻骨 nasal bone鼻管 nasal duct鼻尖 tip of nose鼻孔 nostril鼻梁 bridge of nose鼻毛 nasal hair鼻腔 nasal cavity鼻咽 nasopharynx鼻中隔 septum of nose鼻子 nose臂神经丛 brachial plexus扁桃腺 tonsil表皮 epidermis波曼氏囊 Bowman's capsule; renal corpusculum 勃起组织 erectile/spongy tissue脖子 neck肠腹膜 peritoneum of intestine肠绒毛 villus of intestine肠系膜 mesentery肠皱襞 intestinal fold耻骨 pubic bone; pubis齿腔 dental cavity齿咬合 bite; occlusion齿质 dentin齿龈 gum; tooth-ridge尺骨 ulna尺骨神经 ulnar nerve处女膜 hymen; virginal membrane喘息 wheeze垂体 pituitary body/gland唇 lip雌激素 estrogen催产素 oxytocin催乳激素 prolactin催阵素 oxytocin大肠 large intestine大动脉 aorta大臼齿 molar (tooth)大脑 forebrain; cerebrum大腿 thigh大阴唇 labia majora; large/greater lips大趾 big toe胆 gall胆固醇 cholesterol; cholesterin胆囊 gall bladder胆脂醇 cholesterol; cholesterin胆汁 bile蛋白素 albumin第二趾 second toe蝶窦 sphenoid sinus顶骨 top of skull; parietal bone动脉 artery动情激素 estrogen动物淀粉 animal starch; glycogen肚皮 belly肚脐 navel; (inf.) belly button肚脐眼 navel; (inf.) belly button额骨 forehead; frontal bone额窦 frontal sinus颚 jaw颚骨 jawbone耳 ear耳垂 ear lobe耳朵 ear耳孔 ear canal耳蜗 cochlea耳咽管 Eustachian tube二头肌 biceps (muscle)发育内分泌 growth hormone发 hair珐琅质 enamel腓骨 fibula肺 lung肺胞囊 air sac肺动脉 pulmonary artery肺循环 pulmonary circulation肺叶 lung lobe分解性代谢 catabolism/destructive metabolism 跗骨 tarsal bone副甲状腺 parathyroid gland副交感神经系统 parasympathetic nervous system腹 abdomen; belly腹股沟 groin腹纹 stretch marks附睾 epididymis肝 liver肝动脉 hepatic artery感觉神经单位 sensory neuron肛门 anus; (inf.) asshole睾丸 testis; testicle睾丸激素 testosterone肱（骨） humerus鼓膜 eardrum; tympanic membrane古氏腺 Cowper's gland骨臼 bone socket骨膜 periosteum骨盘 pelvis骨盆 pelvis骨髓 marrow; medulla of bone骨骼肌 skeletal muscle股动脉 femoral artery股骨 femur股神经 femoral nerve关节 joint; articulation冠状动脉 coronary artery龟头 head/corona of penis; glans penis 海绵体 erectile/spongy tissue汗腺 sweat gland黑色素 melanin; skin pigment黑头粉刺 blackhead acne横隔膜 diaphragm横结肠 transverse colon恒齿 permanent tooth恒河猴因子 rhesus (Rh) factor红骨髓 red marrow红血球 red blood cell; erythrocyte瘊 wart喉结 Adam's apple喉咙 throat喉软骨 epiglottis喉头 larynx后臼齿 back tooth后脑 back of head后小腿 calf; upper leg呼气 exhalation呼吸 breathing; respiration呼吸系统 respiratory system踝骨 ankle bone踝关节 ankle黄体激素 progesterone黄体素 corpus luteum灰质 gray matter回肠 ileum会厌软骨 epiglottis肌肉收缩 contraction of muscle肌纤维 muscle fibre鸡皮疙瘩 gooseflesh; goose pimples鸡眼 corn脊骨 vertebral/spinal column脊髓 spinal cord脊椎 spine脊椎垫骨 spinal disk脊椎骨 vertebra痂 scab颊 cheek甲状腺 thyroid gland甲状腺素 thyroxine尖瓣 cuspid valve肩 shoulder肩胛骨 shoulder blade; scapula腱 tendon (connecting bone with muscle) 降结肠 descending colon交感神经系统 sympathetic nervous system 脚 foot脚底 sole脚底心 arch (of the foot)脚跟 heel脚尖 tip of the toe; tiptoe脚内侧 instep脚趾 toe; digit脚趾甲 toenail角膜 cornea角质 keratin睫毛 eyelash; eyewinker睫状肌 ciliary muscle结膜 conjunctiva筋 tendon (connecting bone with muscle) 精包 epididymis精虫 sperm; spermatozoon精带 spermatic cord精囊腺 neck精索 spermatic cord颈 neck颈背 nape/back of neck颈静脉 jugular vein胫骨 tibia静脉 vein酒色斑 port wine stain酒窝 dimple臼齿 molar (tooth)抗毒素 antibody抗体 antibody咳嗽 cough可扑弗氏细胞 Kupffer cells口 mouth口腔 oral cavity口腔顶 roof of mouth骷髅 skull喇叭管 fallopian tubes阑尾 appendix肋 rib肋骨 rib (cage)肋间肌 intercostal muscle (between the ribs)肋膜 pleura; lung membrane泪管 tear duct泪腺 lachrymal gland脸 face两眼视力 binocular vision淋巴结 lymph nodes淋巴滤泡 lymph follicle淋巴球 lymphocyte淋巴腺 lymph glands卵巢 ovary卵泡内泌素 follicle-stimulating hormone (=FSH)) 卵细胞 egg; ovum; oocyte卵腺体 ovarian follicles螺纹 whorl (finger; etc.)麦芽糖酵素 maltase脉 pulse脉搏 pulse盲肠 cecum; appendix; blind gut盲点 blind spot毛干 hair shaft毛根 hair root毛孔 pore毛囊 hair follicle毛球 hair bulb眉毛 eyebrow门静脉 portal vein门牙 front tooth; incisor蒙古斑 Mongolian spot泌尿系统 urinary system密质骨 compact bone免疫 immunity免疫细胞 immune cell面骨 facial bone拇指 thumb奶晕 areola脑 brain脑垂体 pituitary body/gland脑干 brain stem; medulla oblongata脑皮质 cerebral cortex内耳 inner ear内分泌腺 endocrine/ductless gland内脏 viscera黏痰 phlegm尿道 urethra尿道口 urethral meatus尿管 ureter颞骨 side of skull; temporal bone凝血激素 thromboplastin脓 pus浓痰 phlegm女胸 bosom; bust; (inf.) boob欧氏管 Eustachian tube喷嚏 sneeze脾髓 spleen pulp脾脏 spleen皮肤 skin皮下脂肪组织 subcutaneous fatty tissue皮脂腺 sebaceous/oil gland皮痂 scab屁股 posteriors; buttocks; (inf.) bottom屁股沟 cleft of the buttocks; sulcus posterior 屁股眼 anus。

医美常用单词1. Botox（肉毒素）- 单词释义：一种由肉毒杆菌产生的神经毒素，在医美中常用于减少皱纹。

- 单词用法：可作名词，例如“Many people choose Botox to smooth outtheir facial wrinkles.”- 近义词：None really specific in the context of its unique function in aesthetics.- 短语搭配：Botox injection（肉毒素注射）。

- 双语例句：- I heard that Botox can make you look years younger. It's like a magic potion for the face!- She was so excited to get her first Botox treatment. “Botox is my new best friend,” she said.- Do you think Botox is the ultimate solution for wrinkles? Well, it sure does wonders for some people.2. Filler（填充剂）- 单词释义：用于填充皮肤凹陷或增加面部体积的物质。

- 单词用法：作名词，如“We use different types of fillers in our clinic.”- 近义词：Augmentation material (in a general sense).- 短语搭配：Filler injection（填充剂注射）。

- 双语例句：- Fillers can give your lips that plump look you've always wanted. It's like inflating a deflated balloon.- He was hesitant about getting fillers at first. “Fillers? Are they really safe?” he asked. But after seeing the results on his friend, he changed his mind.- I'm thinking of getting fillers in my cheeks. Oh, how exciting it would be to have more defined cheekbones!3. Laser（激光）- 单词释义：一种高强度、高度聚焦的光束，用于医美中的多种治疗，如脱毛、祛斑等。