section 17 B cell recognition and response of antigens

甘薯花粉—柱头乳突细胞间相互作用的细胞学研究第16卷第4西南师范大学(自然科学版)1991if-12月V.】.16No.4JournalofSouthwestC抽aTeachersU~iversity(NataralScience)Dec?1991甘薯花粉一柱头乳突细胞闻相互作甩的细胞学研究’唐云明李坤培张启堂(西南师范大学生钎系.重痰63O715)唐佩华.(中国科学院北京植暂研究所.北寨J00044)摘要甘薯鸟吃种和高自一号为亲本进行人工自花授耕,以甘薯鸟吃种和高自一号为母本,河北351为父本进行杂交授粉.观察了花粉在柱头上的行为,柱头乳突细胞衰面糖蛋白啦定位舟布,授耕前后乳突细咆超擞结构的变化.结果表明,不育组台首先表现出花粉在柱头上毫占附和永台能力很弱,花粉不萌发.能育组合授粉后花粉在柱头上的帖甜水台能力很强,争教花粉萌发.但:有的花粉管不进入柱头,仅在乳突细胞表面爬行,或提前硗裂,焉放内察物,-琢在花耪饕接触的柱头乳突细胞中沉积阱胝质.糖蛋白(钉红着色物质)在能育与不育组台的柱头乳突细胞壁上的分布有明显的差异,作者用细胞化学定位法验证了糖蛋白与自交不育可能存在的相关性鸟吃种柱头乳突细胞杂交授粉后12h其超微结构明显退化I而自花授粉后3h 就已明显退化.拄头乳突细胞退化的早晚可能与所授花粉是否能育相关.-关键词相互作用;花粉;乳突细胞;糖蛋自;甘薯-中朗分类号Q248甘暮(1pomoeaba~atasLam.)的胚胎学研究表明,其结实率非常低,务数品种是自交不育的[1].针对甘薯自交不育的问题进行了花粉一柱头乳突捆胞阊相互作用的超檄结构研究,以便从超微结构水平探讨不育的机制,为甘薯育种提供理论依据. 1材料和方法’为了确定自交不育而杂交能育和自交与杂交均能育的组合,我们于埔88～1969年进行了田问自交与杂交试验.从lO个品种,几十个杂交和自交组合中,选出鸟吃种,高自r,号和河北351三个品种进行杂交和自交试验.其组台是:高自一号x河北351,鸟吃种×河北351,以及高自一号和鸟吃种自交.其中高自一号是自交和杂交均能育的品种,鸟吃种为自交不育但杂交能育的品种.所有能育组合其结实率均在4oe左右,大多浆犀蜜只有一粒种子..1991年4月I3日收到.臣索自摘科学基金资助的项日.车文曾在第三届垒国植钎生殖生哟学学术讨诗舍上交流.488西南师范大学(自然科学版)第i6卷于开花前2d,1d,开花时和开花后3h,12h(授粉和来授粉)各取l0～20个柱头,每个对分为二,～半用0.1tool_日申酸缓冲液(pH7.3)配制的4%戊二醛前固定.前述缓冲液漂洗后用同样缓冲液配的】鹅酸后固定,酒精系列浓度脱水,Epon812包埋,LKB-2088-V型超薄切片机切.,1j醋酸双氧铀和硝酸铅染液进行双重染色,JEM—100CX电镜观察拍庸豁舅车汝厢掰令成等[2]韵方法用含钉红韵固定液进行固定处理;脱水,包埋,切片等与前述方法相同,切片不经染色,待干后即可进行电镜观察.同时,取30个雌蕊XA商穗液中圆睦,.爨_后腰l1NaOH软化13h,苯胺蓝染液处理2h,用BH一RFL荧光显微镜观察花粉南粘附,萌发,花粉管伸长生长情况和进行花柱及子房内花粉管数目的统计并拍照.2观察结果:.1花粉在柱头上的行为高自一号自花授粉和杂交授粉均能结实.授粉后在柱头上粘甜有大量的花粉粒,3h后开始萌发,但进入花柱的花粉管只有2～4个;另一些花粉管在柱头表面伸展.不进入枉头乳突细胞.变形或荧光染色强度很低的花粉粒,不能在柱头上萌发.鸟吃种为自l花不育品种,!窘变授粉后,其柱头上粘附的花粉粒极少,且不萌发(图版I:3).一杂变能育组合授粉后其花粉在柱头上的行为与高自一号相似(图版l1,2).2.2乳突细胞寰面糖蛋白的定位观寨柱头经钉红染色后,在电镜下表现稠密电子反差的糖蛋白(钉红着色物质),均吗显地定位于乳突细胞游离端的外表面上,在细胞壁内侧以及紧密相连的细胞之间没有观察辩明显的钉红着色物质.它们在乳突细胞外壁表面形成一个糖噩白层其厚度在30～100hm之间.紧贴细胞的部分比例致密,外部边绿比傀松散..授粉能育组的钉红染色反应:对3个能育组合的钉红染色反应进行了详细观察.结果为:在开花前2d糖蛋白含量较高,主要分布在角质层及其以内(图版I:4).开花前1d,含量仍较高,此忖糖蛋白主要分布在角质层及其以外(图版I:5).开花时糖蛋白含量最高且主要分布在角质屠以外(图版It8).自花授粉后3h,糖蛋白台量仍较高.对高自一号品种自花授粉和杂交授耪后的情况进行比较观察发现,尽管梳粉的来源不同,但柱头乳突细胞表面糖蛋白在授粉前后的变化动态类似.开花后sh未授粉的臂况与授粉∞圭要区别在于:前者在开花后3h糖蛋白继续向外扩散,而后者则停止扩散(图版I:,8):授粉不育组台’<即鸟吃种自交)的钉红染色反应授粉前柱头乳突细胞表面糖蛋白的分布情况与授粉能育组合相似(图版l:9,10).但在授粉君不育组台与能育组合有明显的差g.仞陆,在不育组合中,自花授粉君3h,糖蛋白含量比开花时低得多,表现为电子致密层很薄;不连续且不致密.直到授粉后12h糖蛋白含量仍很低(图版I_11,l2).2.8乳突细胞的超徽结构观寨2.3.1开花时乳突细胞的超微结构观察了乌吃种,高自一号和河北361柱头乳突细胞的超微结构,现以鸟吃种为例作一介绍.鸟吃种开花时乳突细胞的细胞质中线粒体丰富,线粒体崤清断(图般I:13).质体(内第4期唐云叫等:甘薯花粉一柱头乳突绌胞问相互作用的细胞学研究489含淀粉粒)非常丰富(图簸Ⅱ:14).细胞质中有较多内质网包围形成的液泡.细胞核大,核质较浓,核膜清晰(图版I:13)...2.3.2开花后轧突细胞的超微结构....鸟吃种杂交授粉后3h,乳突细胞的细胞质浓,细胞器较丰富,特别是内羼陬较睾富,高尔基体丰富,代谢功能活跃.细胞质中仅质体退化,胞质中有非丰富富的小型漓泡细胞核大,不规则(圈版Ⅱ:15,lq).杂交授粉后12h,乳突细胞已明显退化脆质稀少,细胞器退化,可见少量的线粒体,大型液泡增多(图版Ⅱ;17).另外观察到花粉蕾与乳突细r胞壁接触处,乳突细胞中有胼胝质沉识(图版Ⅱ:IS)..鸟吃种自花授粉后3h,乳突细胞已明显退化,表现为细胞器减少,内质网池=皤解,自裂,核周间隙扩张,核膜不清晰(圈版Ⅱ,10).授粉后12h,胞质几乎充满液泡和-漪化液泡,仅残存少量质体(图版Ⅱ:2o).可见能育组合授粉后乳突细胞退化晚于不育组台??3讨论j.’.3.1花粉和花粉蕾的行为..-.3.1.1花粉的萌发’一.人们在花粉与雌蕊相互作用的研究中,对花粉萌发前的粘附.水台佧甩越来越威Dumas等[认为,粘附和水合作用是由S-基因参与的雌薜读出系统与撩隹位驻尊黄的每息相作用的第—个阶段不亲和的种闻杂交往往碍障就在于拙骱蜃.,G~get等￡’的研究孵出了同样的结果,即花粉不能在不亲和的柱头上粘附.我们观察辅皋,自交不育的花粉在拄拳-上几乎不能粘附,一个柱头上只有3～6颗花粉粒,且葫发.而自交自B 育和杂交能育晦柱头上粘附有大量的花粉.该结果与前面报道的结果相同.因此,我们认为甘薯币商可能是l冉于不亲和性.但这与朱彤等[5】的结果不同,他们观察到,无论亲和与否,花粉均能在柱上粘附,水岔并萌发,,3.1.2花粉管的异常行为,,.花粉在柱头上授粉后,能育花粉在3h内已经萌发,有的花粉管已谨八拄.衄一是有一部分花粉粒没有萌发,不萌发的花粉荧光染色强度明显低予能育花粉,常变形.能萌想并进,入花柱的花粉管很少,一般为3～5条,到达子房的花粉管更少,只有1至2条.另外商锋多的花粉管在柱头表面爬行,沉积胼胝质或其它物质以及先端破裂释放内容物等,这与李文钿等【e]和朱形等[5]在大叶杨组间杂交中观察的情况相似.根据Knox等m和wi1ia等[B]的观点,当杂交障碍表现为花粉与柱头作用不亲和时,花粉管的异常行为直视为不亲和性的表现,因此我们认为,甘薯在杂交中可能存在不亲和性,而在自交中存在不配合性,这是导致结实率低的重要原因之一.,s.2乳突细胞裹面糖蛋白与不育的关系,.Luff[~?1o]首次将钉红(RutheniumRed)用于电镜的缩胞化学研兜,使细胞丧?面的糖蛋白外被的结构更加清晰.在动物细胞方面已有大量的研鱿绪果证明,细胞表面糖蛩自外被具有细胞识别抗原性过滤作用,调控微环境及充当酶作用等多种重要的生理功能cⅥn].近年来,通过生化技术研究结果证q}j,植物细胞表面也存在着糖蛋白,并发现它与多种细胞识别现象有关,例如,高等植物花粉与柱头的识别[1]i藻类雌雄配子体之间的识别与结490西南师范大学(自然科学版)第i6卷合[¨,15];植物与病源菌之间的识别与抗病性[16,1T]等.关于细胞化学定位研究糖蛋白,仅在个别植物上有过报道[2].从观察结果可以看出,乳突细胞表面糖蛋白与自交不育相关.在授粉前随着开花时间的到来,糖蛋白逐渐从角质层以内向角质层以外运输,到开花时几乎都到达细胞表面.授粉后,经花粉与柱头的识别作用,能育的柱头通过乳突细胞游离壁继续向外分泌糖蛋白,直到授粉后12h,仍有明显的糖蛋白层存在.不育的柱头乳突细胞贝【i停止向外分泌糖蛋白,因此在授粉后3h,糖蛋自层不明显,即糖蛋白含量很低.这一结果用细胞化学方法证鹏了糖蛋白与花粉和柱头的识别作用有关.据报道[18],甘薯成熟花粉粒是3一细胞.如果自交不育属于不亲和性,甘薯则属于孢子体不亲和性.根据前人结论[19],在孢子体不亲和性中,当花粉粒与抑制花粉萌发的柱头乳突细胞表面的物质接触时,便由这些物质引起不亲和反应,即花粉不被粘附和水合,因此就不萌发.这说明抑制花粉萌发的物质(糖蛋白)应始终存在,即在传粉后3h,12h柱头表面的糖蛋白应不减少,而我们所得的结果刚好相反.我们为,只有当花粉与柱头亲和时才能继续分泌糖蛋白,由于糖蛋白的作用,使花粉粘附水台并萌发.根据这一结果,我们认为用糖蛋白处理柱头,可能克服不亲和性,至于是哪一种或几种糖蛋白起作用,有待进一步探讨.8.8乳爽细胞的超徽结构与不青的关系.关于柱头乳突细胞在授粉前后的解体退化已有报道[‘6,200.1.各个植物乳突细胞退化解体时间各异如棉花[2o]在授粉前即开始退化:锷梨等在授粉后开始退化【幻].甘薯鸟吃种能育授粉后12h明显退化,不育组台授粉后3h就明显退化.甘薯乳突细胞解捧退化的主署表现为,内质网池膨大,断裂:细胞质解体,液泡化等.与一些文献[22,24]报道的情况相似.这种自体消化很可能与内质网池膨大,弯曲形成的液泡有荧.因为有人[4]用细胞化学方法曾在其中测出许多水解酶的活性,因此当这些液泡破裂释放内容物时就会在细胞质中继续出现液泡.在自然停粉和自交不亲和传粉柱头细胞反应的研究中,Herrero等[口]和sedg1eg[23,iI】认为,柱头细胞的衰亡与传粉不亲和性无关,而只与花粉管的营养有燕.我们的结果证明乳突细胞的衰退号传粉不育相关.这究竟是营养关系或是不亲和性关系,或是二者都有,有待进一步研究.因此,柱头乳突细胞的提前解体退化应视为不育反应的一部分.在电境超薄切片和观察过程中承蒙西南农业大学测试中心电镜室全体同志的太力支l持,在此致谢.I’参考文献1李坤培,张启堂.甘薯旺胎及果实发育的研究,植物,1987,29t34—4O 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nalRec,1971,171l369--38011StettleiRF,KosterR,SteenakersV.InterspecifleHybridizationinPoplar.T heorApplGenet,1980,53:273--28212Luft】H.TStructureandPropertiesoftheCeilSurfaceCoat.IniReoCyiol,1976,45l 291--38213ClarkeAE,K日oxRB.CellRecognitioniaF10百eri”gpIants.Ouar.Rev.Bio1.1978,53I3—28,14KochertG,Y atesI.PurificationandPartialCharacterizationofaGlycopror einSexualInOicerFromV ailAcadSclUSA,1974,71I1211—121415WatsonBA,WaalasdSD.PartialPurificationasdCharacterizationofaGly coprotrlnCellFusionHormoueFromGriffithiaPacifica,RedA1g4.Plan#Phy~iol,1983.7 1I327--33216DicklnsouHG,LewisD.CytocbemicalandUltrastruetnralDifferencesBe tw~eulatxa$pecific社,1987.251—31620HerreroM,DickinsonHG.Pollen—plstilIncompatibilityinPetusiaHybri detChangesinthePistilFo]dowingIncompatibleIntraspecifieCrosses.,CellScf,1979,6i1—8 21JensenWA,FisherDB.CottonEmbryogeuesis~TheTissueofStigmaandS tylea=dTheirRe1ationt0thePollenTable.Planta,1989,84I97—12122OwensSJ,McGrathS,FraserMA.FoxLR.TheA~tomyjHistochemistxya nd AltrastruetureofStigmasandStylesiaCqmaelinaceae.AnnBot,1984,54I59 1—6O323SedgleyM.StIucturalChangesinthePollinatedaudUnpollinatedAvocad oStigmaandStyle?JCellSci,1979,38l49—6O24EedgIcyM.AnatomyoftheUnpollinatedandPolliaatedWatermelonStig ma.,CellSci,1982.4:341—355责任缩辑骆秀琼西南师范大学(自然科学版)第l6卷囤版说叫GW.细胞壁DV,消化液泡ER.内质网M.缦牲体N.细胞援P.质休V.淮泡D.高尔基件Pt.花粒管版图I1.鸟吃种x青北351拄粉暗3h示柱头上粘附的花粉,正常花粉萌发,一些花杼瞥进入拄头(蕾凶所抽).x7s2.鸟难种x河北315控粉后lSh.示不进入柱头的花粉管(箭头所示).x853.鸟吃种,圈春授粉后12h,花籽步仍束萌盅.x854--8.高自一号开花前后拄头乳囊细胞外壁上糖蛋白的避射电镜观察.4.开花前2d.括置白主要分布在角质层盈其以内.x200005.开花前(1d)楮蛋自主要抒布在角质层强其以外.xIS000S.开花时.糖蛋白主要分布在角质层以外,并向外扩敏.xI80007.开花后3h(束拦粉)括置白继续向外扩戢.xis000B.开花后I2h(束授粉),括置自古量降低.×200009.鸟吃种开花时.示柱头乳突细胞壁上的糖置白.xi000010.鸟吃种×河北351授辊后3h,示括蛋白层.is00011.鸟吃种自花授封后3h,糖蛋白明显骶于前面各组台同期水平.x15000l2.鸟吃种自花授粉后12h,楮莲白不明显.x20000图版I13--i4.成熟的鸟晦种柱头乳突细胞.13.示钱粒件和细晦棱等.×2000014.示质体和藏拖等.x1500015.鸟吃种×河北351授粉后3h的乳突细晦,示小型裱拖消化质体,内质阿,棱瓣裂.x8000l6.同l5,乖高承基体等.×I口o0o17.鸟吃种x河北35t拦粉后12h,示细胞质中的细晦器明星退化,仅残存少量鳃牲休.x20oo)l8.同17,示花粉督先端沉积的肼艚质(箭头所示).×19ooo19.鸟吃种自花授糟后3h,示乳突细施的细胞嚣明显退化,出现内质网谁扩张.断裂,甥粒件外膜不清晰.x36ooo20.鸟吃种自花授粉后后12h.示清佗藏渔.仅琬存少量可分辩的质件.×BoooCYT0LOGICALSTUDIESONTHEPOLLENSTIGMA TICCELLINTERACTIONINP0M0B7171STaY unmmgLiKunpeiZhangQita~g(D~pt.ofBiology.SottthwzstCMnaTeachersUniversity.Chongqi~gI)307l 6)TangPeihua(I批ofBotany,AcademiaSinica,Beiji~gi00¨4)ABSTRACTThebehaviorofthepol1engrains0nthestigma,the1oca.tionanddistribution oftheglycoproteinsatthesurfaceofth,estigmaticcellsafterstainingwith ruthenJamred,P..iidtheultrastructura1changeoftheu11pol1iaatedstigmati ccel1safterandbeforepollinationwerestudiedunderartificialself-pollination inI.batatas(niaoc]hizhoug)and.0口tzs(gaozj一1)tandcross-pollinationjn,.latas(niaochizhong)X1.bauitas(hebc]一35I),andr.bata~as(gaozi-1)X第4期唐云明等:甘薯花粉一柱头乳突细胞问相互怍用的细胞学研究493I.batatas(hebei一351).Theresultsshow,? Thesterilecombinationshowsthatabihtyoftheadhesionandhydration ofthepollengrainsonthestigmaareveryweekandthepollengrainsdo notgerminate.Afterpollinationthe.bi!Jyofhadhesionandhydrat!oaof thepollcngrainsonthcstlgmalnfortilecombinationisstrongerthanthesteri1combinaIion,aadtheratcofgcminationofbepollengrainsishigh, butafewofpollen”cubespenetrateintothcstigma,andotherpollentubes showabnormalbehavior:suchassweIling,creepingtburstinganddistortionwithcallosedepositiononthesti~maticcel1. Thedistributionoftheglyeoprokclas(subs~aneLskainedbyrutherriumred) onthestigmaticcellwallisobviousdifferencebetwceL1fertilenessandsteri!i 谤. Thereforeitisprovedbycellchemicalmethodthatglycoproteinsmay|.茕. closelyassociatedwithse1f—po11inatI.nstcrility. Beforepollination,thestigmaticcellsof2.baatas(niao—chizhong)contaiae d1arge~mount.oforganelles.Thestigmaticcellsstilleo~tainmanyOrgandies3 hoursaftercross—pollinatlort,untiltllestructure6hvioalslydegeneratedaft er12hours.Thestigmaticcellshaveobviouslydcgenera~d3hoursafterself——pollination.Thereforethedegenotationofthestigmaticcellsmaybet孳soEiated?withthepollinationsterilityorfertileness. KEYWORDSinteraction;pollen;mastoidcelhglycoprotein;.sweetpotato。

最新2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12024 Medical Doctor English ExamIntroductionThe 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam is a standardized test conducted for medical students who are pursuing a career in medicine. The exam tests the students' proficiency in English language and their ability to comprehend and analyze medical texts, as well as their critical thinking and problem-solving skills.Section 1: Reading Comprehension1. According to the passage, what is the main function of the kidneys in the human body?A. Filtration of bloodB. Regulation of blood pressureC. Production of red blood cellsD. Digestion of foodAnswer: A. Filtration of blood2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Insulin is produced by the pancreas.B. The liver is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood.C. The thyroid gland is located in the chest.D. The spleen is part of the digestive system.Answer: A. Insulin is produced by the pancreas.3. What does the phrase "immune response" refer to in the passage?A. The body's ability to fight off infectionsB. The process of digestionC. The function of the respiratory systemD. The production of hormonesAnswer: A. The body's ability to fight off infectionsSection 2: Listening ComprehensionListen to the following audio clip and answer the questions:1. What is the main topic of the conversation?A. The symptoms of a common coldB. The treatment for a broken boneC. The causes of diabetesD. The importance of physical exerciseAnswer: A. The symptoms of a common cold2. According to the speaker, what are the symptoms of a common cold?A. Fever and chillsB. Cough and sore throatC. Vomiting and diarrheaD. Muscle aches and joint painAnswer: B. Cough and sore throatSection 3: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic:"Discuss the impact of technology on modern healthcare."In your essay, you should address the following points:- How technology has revolutionized medical diagnosis and treatment.- The benefits and drawbacks of electronic health records.- The role of telemedicine in improving access to healthcare services.- The ethical considerations of using artificial intelligence in healthcare.ConclusionThe 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam is a comprehensive test that assesses students' knowledge and skills in the field of medicine. By preparing thoroughly for the exam and practicing with past papers, students can improve their chances of success and demonstrate their readiness to enter the medical profession.篇22024 Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and AnswersPart A: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions below.Passage:The field of medicine is constantly evolving, with new technologies and treatments being developed every day. As a medical doctor, it is crucial to stay updated on the latestadvancements in order to provide the best care for your patients. One area that has seen significant growth in recent years is personalized medicine, which involves tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.Question 1: What is personalized medicine?Answer: Personalized medicine involves tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.Question 2: Why is it important for medical doctors to stay updated on the latest advancements in medicine?Answer: It is crucial for medical doctors to stay updated on the latest advancements in medicine in order to provide the best care for their patients.Question 3: Give an example of a recent advancement in the field of medicine.Answer: Personalized medicine is a recent advancement in the field of medicine.Question 4: How can personalized medicine improve patient care?Answer: Personalized medicine can improve patient care by tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their genetic makeup.Part B: Vocabulary and GrammarChoose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.1. The (affect/effect) of the new treatment on patients will be evaluated in a clinical trial.2. The doctor ordered a(n) (X-ray/ex-ray) to determine the cause of the patient's symptoms.3. It is important for medical professionals to have (comprehensive/comprehensible) knowledge of the human body.4. The patient's condition (improved/implored) after receiving the new medication.5. The medical team worked (collectively/collectably) to develop a treatment plan for the patient.Part C: WritingWrite a short essay (150-200 words) on the following topic:"Discuss the importance of communication skills for medical doctors."Communication skills are essential for medical doctors to effectively interact with patients, their families, and other healthcare professionals. Strong communication skills not only help doctors build rapport with patients but also ensure that important medical information is effectively conveyed. Patients rely on doctors to explain their diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis in a clear and compassionate manner. Additionally, good communication skills enable doctors to listen attentively to patients' concerns, address any questions or fears they may have, and provide emotional support when needed.Furthermore, effective communication among healthcare professionals is crucial for coordinating patient care and ensuring that all members of the medical team are on the same page. Doctors must be able to communicate clearly with nurses, therapists, and other specialists to ensure that patients receive comprehensive and coordinated care.In conclusion, communication skills are a vital aspect of being a successful medical doctor, as they play a significant role in patient care, teamwork, and overall patient outcomes.篇3Sorry, I can't provide the specific content of the latest 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam questions and answers as they are copyrighted materials. However, I can provide some general information and tips on how to prepare for the Medical Doctor English Exam.The Medical Doctor English Exam is designed to assess candidates' proficiency in English language skills, including reading comprehension, listening, writing, and speaking. It may also include medical terminology and scenarios to test their knowledge and communication abilities in a medical context.To prepare for the exam, candidates should focus on improving their English language skills by practicing reading medical journals, listening to medical podcasts or lectures, and writing essays on medical topics. They can also benefit from taking practice exams to familiarize themselves with the format and types of questions that may appear on the actual exam.In addition, candidates should pay attention to medical terminology and consider taking additional courses or workshops to enhance their knowledge in this area. They shouldalso practice speaking English in a medical setting to improve their communication skills and confidence.Overall, successful preparation for the Medical Doctor English Exam requires dedication, practice, and a comprehensive understanding of both English language skills and medical knowledge. Good luck to all candidates preparing for the exam!。

红外图像中瞳孔定位算法佚名【摘要】文中提出了一种改进的红外图像中瞳孔定位算法.在红外暗瞳图像中,首先用阈值分割获得候选瞳孔区域,通过形态学运算、团块筛选获得瞳孔区域,对该区域进行边缘检测、斑点去除和椭圆拟合等处理,精确定位瞳孔.实验结果表明,该算法能够很好的克服反射光斑、睫毛及阴影等干扰问题,保证较高的正确率.【期刊名称】《电子设计工程》【年(卷),期】2019(027)001【总页数】5页(P189-193)【关键词】瞳孔定位;阈值分割;椭圆拟合;形态学【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP301.6瞳孔定位在视线追踪、虹膜识别、医疗诊断中有着重要的作用。

在视线追踪中，可以根据瞳孔的运动状态判断视线方向或落点，进而可以获知人的心理活动；在虹膜识别中，通过瞳孔定位来提取虹膜区域，进而可以进行特征提取；在医疗方面，可以通过监测瞳孔情况判断一个人的精神状况。

总而言之，瞳孔定位具有很大的研究价值[1-2]。

目前比较实用的瞳孔定位算法主要有Hough变换法、梯度向量法、椭圆拟合法、对称变换法和微积分法。

1）Hough变换是常用的瞳孔定位方法，该方法在时间和空间消耗都非常大，无法满足实时性[3]。

2）梯度向量法速度较快，适合于分辨率较低，光照随机场景，容易受光斑、图像模糊等干扰，定位的鲁棒性不高。

3）椭圆拟合法速度快，但抗干扰性差，定位精度一般；4）对称变换法能够适应头部姿势的变化，但计算复杂度高、计算量大，不适合实时视线追踪系统。

5）微积分法定位结果精度较高，但速度较慢，图像质量要求较高[4]。

文中对椭圆拟合法进行了深入研究，针对其容易受到噪声干扰和鲁棒性差的问题，提出一种改进的适合于红外图像的瞳孔定位算法，通过形态学运算、斑点干扰去除等提高算法的抗干扰性。

1 椭圆拟合法该方法首先用边缘检测或射线发散法获得瞳孔的边缘点[5]，然后用椭圆拟合这些边缘点，将椭圆的中心作为瞳孔的中心。

图1是射线发散线法示意图，用射线发散法搜索瞳孔边界点时，先粗略定位瞳孔中心，其后由该中心向四周发出射线，当射线遇梯度较大的点时停止前进，将该点确定为边缘点。

生物医学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common type of cancer in the world?A. Lung cancerB. Breast cancerC. Prostate cancerD. Colorectal cancer答案：A2. The term "pathogen" refers to:A. A substance that causes diseaseB. A person who has a diseaseC. An organism that causes diseaseD. A symptom of a disease答案：C3. What is the primary function of red blood cells?A. To carry oxygenB. To fight infectionsC. To clot bloodD. To regulate body temperature答案：A4. The nervous system is divided into two main parts: thecentral nervous system and the:A. Peripheral nervous systemB. Autonomic nervous systemC. Sympathetic nervous systemD. Parasympathetic nervous system答案：A5. Which of the following is a characteristic of a viral infection?A. Presence of bacteria in the bloodB. Inflammation of the heartC. Infection by a virusD. Infection by a fungus答案：C6. The hormone responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels is:A. InsulinB. Thyroid hormoneC. CortisolD. Adrenaline答案：A7. What is the term for the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment?A. HomeostasisB. MetabolismC. Circadian rhythmD. Immunity答案：A8. The largest organ in the human body is:A. The brainB. The liverC. The skinD. The heart答案：C9. Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?A. Muscle tissueB. Nervous tissueC. Epithelial tissueD. Cartilage答案：D10. The process of cell division that results in two identical cells is called:A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. ApoptosisD. Cytokinesis答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. The study of the structure of organisms is called__________.答案：anatomy2. The process by which cells extract energy from nutrients is known as __________.答案：metabolism3. The basic unit of heredity is the __________.答案：gene4. The medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart and blood vessels is called __________.答案：cardiology5. The hormone that stimulates the growth and development of bones and muscles is __________.答案：growth hormone6. The study of the causes and effects of diseases is called __________.答案：pathology7. The body's response to injury or infection is known as__________.答案：inflammation8. The process by which the body gets rid of waste products is called __________.答案：excretion9. The largest gland in the human body is the __________.答案：liver10. The study of the nervous system is called __________.答案：neurology三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the role of the immune system in defending the body against infections.答案：The immune system plays a crucial role in defending the body against infections by recognizing and eliminating harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and otherforeign substances. It consists of various cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. When a pathogen enters the body, the immune system responds by activating white blood cells and producing antibodies that target and neutralize the invaders. This response helps to prevent the spread of infection and promotes healing and recovery.2. Describe the process of respiration in humans.答案：Respiration in humans is a process that involves the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. It consists of two main stages: inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth, then travels down the trachea and into the bronchi, which branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs. Oxygen from the air diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream, where itbinds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and forcing the carbon dioxide-rich air out of the lungs. This cycle of inhal。

Cancer Res,2004,10(10):3309.[15]L iu SS,Chan KY,Leung RC,et al.Enhance ment of the radi osen2 sitivity of cervical cancer cells by overexp ressing p73al pha.Mol Cancer T2 her,2006,5(5):1209.[16]L iu SS,Chan KY,Cheung AN,et al.Exp ressi on of delta Np73and T Ap73al pha independently ass ociated with radi osensitivities and p r ognoses in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.Clin Cancer Res,2006,12(13): 3922.[17]Hunt CR,D ix DJ,Shar ma GG,et al.Genom ic instability and en2 hanced radi osensitivity in H s p70.1-and H s p70.3-deficientm ice.Mol Cell B i ol,2004,24(2):899.[18]N iu P,L iu L,Gong L,et al.Overexp ressed heat shock p r otein70 p r otects cells against DNA da mage caused by ultravi olet C in a dose-de2 pendent manner.Cell Stress Chaper ones,2006,11(2):162.[19]W ano C,Kita K,Takahashi S,et al.Pr otective r ole of HSP27a2 gainst UVC-induced cell death in human cells.Exp Cell Res,2004, 298(2):584.[20]Tei m ourian S,Jalal R,Sohrabpour M,et al.Down-regulati on ofH s p27radi osensitizes human p r ostate cancer cells.I nt J U r ol,2006,13(9):1221.[21]Lee YS,Chang HW,Jeong JE,et al.Pr oteom ic analysis of t w o head and neck cancer cell lines p resenting different radiati on sensitivity. Acta O t olaryngol,2008,128(1):86.[22]Kassem H sh,Sangar V,Cowan R,et al.A potential r ole of heat shock p r oteins and nicotina m ide n-methyl transferase in p redicting re2 s ponse t o radiati on in bladder cancer.I nt J Cancer,2002,101(5):454.[23]Baek SH,M in JN,Park E M,et al.Role of s mall heat shock p r otein HSP25in radi oresistance and glutathi one-redox cycle.J Cell Physi ol, 2000,183(1):100.[24]A l oy MT,Hadchity E,B i onda C,et al.Pr otective r ole of H s p27 p r otein against gamma radiati on-induced apop t osis and radi osensitizati on effects of H s p27gene silencing in different human tumor cells.I nt J Radi2 at Dncol B i ol Phys,2008,70(2):543.(2008-07-03收稿)TLR4研究进展与肾脏疾病(文献综述)韩　凝1,2(综述)　张　彩1　罗南萍2(审阅) T oll样受体(T oll like recep t or,T LR)最早是从果蝇体内分离得到的,它主要决定果蝇腹背侧体轴发展方向和非特异性免疫反应。

高一英语生物词汇单选题30题1.The basic unit of life is the_____.A.atomB.moleculeC.cellD.tissue答案：C。

“atom”是原子；“molecule”是分子；“cell”是细胞，生命的基本单位是细胞；“tissue”是组织。

2.Which structure is responsible for controlling what enters and leaves the cell?A.nucleusB.cell membraneC.cytoplasmD.chloroplast答案：B。

“nucleus”是细胞核；“cell membrane”是细胞膜，负责控制物质进出细胞；“cytoplasm”是细胞质；“chloroplast”是叶绿体。

3.The power house of the cell is_____.A.nucleusB.mitochondrionC.endoplasmic reticulumD.Golgi apparatus答案：B。

“nucleus”是细胞核；“mitochondrion”是线粒体，被称为细胞的动力工厂；“endoplasmic reticulum”是内质网；“Golgi apparatus”是高尔基体。

4.Which organelle is involved in protein synthesis?A.ribosomeB.lysosomeC.vacuoleD.peroxisome答案：A。

“ribosome”是核糖体，参与蛋白质合成；“lysosome”是溶酶体；“vacuole”是液泡；“peroxisome”是过氧化物酶体。

5.The storage site of genetic information is the_____.A.nucleusB.mitochondrionC.chloroplastD.cytoplasm答案：A。

Thank you very much for purchasing Panasonic products.Please read this Instruction Manual carefully and thoroughly for the correct andoptimum use of this product.Kindly keep this manual in a convenient place for quick reference.1INTENDED PRODUCTS FOR CE MARKING●This product complies with the following standards / regulations.<EU Directive>EMC Directive<Standards in US / Canada>ANSI/UL 60947-5-2, CAN/CSA C22.2 No.14<Regulations in Korea>S1-G-1-2009, S2-W-5-2009●Caution about UL recognitionIn case requiring conformity of UL listing mark or C-UL listing mark, USe class2 power supply unit.●Contact for CEPanasonic Marketing Europe GmbH Panasonic Testing CenterWinsbergring 15, 22525 Hamburg,Germany2PART DESCRIPTION3MOUNTINGHow to connect1.Fit the rear part of the mounting sec-tion of the amplifier on a DIN rail.2.Press down the rear part of themounting section of the unit on theDIN rail and fit the front part of themounting section to the DIN rail.How to remove1.Push the controller forward.2.Lift up the front part of the amplifierto remove it.2.2.How to connect the fiber cableBe sure to fit the attachment to the fibers first before inserting the fibers to theamplifier. For details, refer to the instruction manual enclosed with the fibers.1.Snap the fiber lock lever down till itstops completely.2.Insert the fiber cables slowly into theinlets until they stops. (Note)3.Return the fiber lock lever to theoriginal position till it stops.Note: With the coaxial reflective type fiber, such as , FD-G4 or FD-FM2, insert the single core fiber cable into thebeam-emitting inlet “P” and the multi-core fiber cable into the beam-receiving inlet.If they are inserted in reverse, the sensing performance will deteriorate.4INSTALL MORE AMPLIFIER OF SERIES CONNECTION TYPE●Make sure that the power supply is OFF while adding or removing the seriesconnection type.●In case 2 or more the series connection types are connected in cascade,make sure to mount them on a DIN rail.●In case installing additional amplifier of series connection type, the maximum11 the series connection types using sub cables can be added to an amplifierusing a main connection cable.●When connecting 2 or more the series connection types in cascade, use thesub cable (optional) for the second series connection type onwards.How to cascade1.Mount the amplifiers, one by one,on the DIN rail.2.Slide the amplifiers next to eachother, and connect the quick-connection cables.3.Mount the end plates MS-DIN-E(optional) at both the ends to holdthe amplifiers between their flatsides.4.Tighten the screws to fix the endplates.How to Remove1.Loosen the screws of the endplates.2.Remove the end plates.3.Slide the amplifiers and removethem one by one.5I/O CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS<FX-501><FX-501P>Note: The quick-connection sub cable does not incorporate +V (brown) and 0V (blue). The power is supplied fromthe connector of the main cable.<Terminal arrangement>Terminal No.Terminal name1+V2Sensing output30V6OPERATION PROCEDUREThe changed settings are not stored if turning the power OFF whilesetting. Therefore, confirm the settings by pressing the SET key beforeturning the power OFF.●When turning ON the power, RUN mode is displayed and the digital displayshows the threshold value (green) and the incident light intensity (red).• Displays threshold value (green) and incident light intensity (red).• Teaching, threshold value fine adjustment and key lock functioncan be set.• For setting method of each function, refer to “TEACHINGMODE,” “THRESHOLD VALUE FINE ADJUSTMENT FUNC-TION,” or “KEY LOCK FUNCTION.”• Select either Light-ON or Dark-ON.• For the setting, refer to “SENSING OUTPUT OPERATIONMODE.”• The default setting is “ ” (Light-ON).• An item set in CUSTOM mode (Response time setting, Emissionpower setting and Hysteresis setting) is displayed.• For details, refer to “CUSTOM MODE.”• The default setting is “ ” (response time setting).• Advanced setting can be done.• For the setting, refer to “PRO MODE.”<RUN mode>7TEACHING MODE●Be sure that detection may become unstable depending on the use environ-ment in teaching if less margin is applied.●When teaching in Window comparator mode or Hysteresis mode, a settinghas to be made in PRO mode beforehand.In case 1-point teaching, make sure to set the shift amount. (initial value is10% or 100)For the setting, refer to <PRO6> in “PRO MODE OPERATION MANUAL.”●Teaching can be set in RUN mode.1-point teaching (Window comparator mode / Hysteresis mode)●This is method to set the shift amount to the desired value and to set thethreshold range by using the 1-point teaching.Stable sensing is possible1.Pressing SET key down2.Press the SET key down in the sensing object present condition.Stable sensing is not possible3.The threshold value (1_SL) that is 10% lower from the incidentlight intensity and the threshold value (2_SL) that is 10% higherfrom the incident light intensity are set. (Note 1, 2)Notes 1) The shift amount of 10% is an initial value. The shift amount can be set in PRO mode. Furthermore, the shift valuecan be set in incident light amount. For setting method, refer to <PRO6> in “PRO MODE OPERATION MANUAL.”2) If the value after setting exceeds the maximum (minimum), the maximum (minimum) sensitivity will be set.2-point teaching (Window comparator mode / Hysteresis mode)●This is method to set the threshold range by conducting the 2-point teaching (P-1, P-2).●When conducting teaching, use sensing objects (P-1 and P-2) whose incidentlight intensities are different from each other.<Window comparator mode>1_SL (P-1)2_SL (P-2)Stable sensing is possible1.Pressing SET key down (1st time)2.Press down the SET key in the sensing object present condition.(2nd time)Stable sensing is not possibleNote: If the value after setting exceeds the maximum (minimum), the maximum (minimum) sensitivity will be set.3-point teaching (Window comparator mode / Hysteresis mode)●This is the method to conduct the 3-point teaching (P-1, P-2, P-3) and to set thethreshold range by setting the threshold value (1_SL) of the mid-point between “A”and “B” and the threshold value (2_SL) of the mid-point between “B” and “C”.●When conducting teaching, use sensing objects (A, B and C) whose incidentlight intensities are different.●After teaching, P-1, P-2 and P-3 will be automatically relocated in ascending order:i.e. the lowest value is placed in “A”, the second lowest in “B” and the highest in “C”.<Window comparator mode>CStable sensing is possible1.Press SET key down in the sensing object present condition (1st time)2.Press SET key down in the sensing object present condition (2nd time)Stable sensing is not possible3.Press SET key down in the sensing object present condition (3rd time)Note: If the value after setting exceeds the maximum (minimum), the maximum (minimum) sensitivity will be set.Span adjustment in rising differential mode or trailing differential mode●Move to the rising differential mode, or the trailing differential mode in thePRO6 mode, and press the jog switch to confirm the setting.For the settingprocedure, refer to <PRO6> in “PRO MODE OPERATION MANUAL.”●The threshold can be set by using the threshold value fine adjustment function.For the threshold value fine adjustment function, refer to “THRESHOLDVALUE FINE ADJUSTMENT FUNCTION”Short spanLong span 056 222 38 18*********************SEN TRONICAG12PRO MODE●When MODE indicator: PRO (yellow) lights up, PRO mode can be set. ●For detail of PRO mode, refer to “ PRO MODE OPERATION MANUAL .”ProcedureShift amount setting Timer settingResponce time settingHysteresis settingEmission power settingTimer range setting Teaching lock settingSetting items in digital display settingSetting of digital display turningTime period hold setting Data bank loading settingBack up settingCommunication protocol setting Copy lock settingCopy action settingData bank saving settingCopy settingECO settingDisplay adjustment settingSetting of threshold value trackingCode settingReset settingCUSTOM settingInterference prevention settingSensing output settingLogic operation setting+,8THRESHOLD VALUE FINE ADJUSTMENT FUNCTION●Set the fine adjustment of threshold value in RUN mode.●Also, the threshold value fine adjustment function can be used in forced ON output mode and forced OFF output mode.●For setting of the sensing output, refer to <PRO6> in “PRO MODE OPERA-TION MANUAL .”<Normal mode, Rising differential mode or Trailing differential mode>Press down Press down Automatically set without pressing <Window comparator mode or Hysteresis mode>●When setting sensing output to the window comparator mode or hysteresismode, “” and “ ” can be changed to another by pressing down SET key for 2 sec.In case conducting threshold value fine adjustment of “ ” or “ ”, press down UP key or Down key, and “ ” or “ ” are displayed. Then, the threshold value fine adjustment can be conducted.Press down Press down Press down Automatically set without pressing Note: It may not respond when values of “” and “” are close because of relation of hysteresis. Be sureto confirm with this device.9KEY LOCK FUNCTION●The key lock function prevents key operations so that the conditions set in each setting mode are not inadvertently changed. ●If operating key switch after key lock is set, “ ” is indicated on the digital display.<Set key lock>Press down for <Release key lock>Press down for 10SENSING OUTPUT OPERATION MODE●When MODE indicator: L / D (yellow) lights up, sensing output operation can be set.Press down SET keyPress down UP / DOWN key11CUSTOM MODE●When MODE indicator: CUST (yellow) lights up, Response time setting, Emission power setting or Hysteresis setting can be displayed.For the setting procedure, refer to <PRO5> in “PRO MODE OPERATION MANUAL .”●By pressing UP key or DOWN key, the setting ineach item will be changed.●Press SET key to confirm the setting.056 222 38 18*********************SEN TRONIC AG15ERROR INDICATION16SPECIFICATIONSNotes: 1) 50mA max. if 5 or more series connection types are connected together. 2) In case of using the quick-connection cable (cable length 5m) (optional). 3) Cables are not accessories. Be sure to use cables in table below.<Series connection type>CableCable length 1m Cable length 2m Cable length 5m Main cableSub cable Main cable Sub cable Main cable Sub cable FX-501□CN-73-C1CN-71-C1CN-73-C2CN-71-C2CN-73-C5CN-71-C517CAUTIONS●This product has been developed / produced for industrial use only.●Make sure that the power supply is OFF while adding or removing the amplifiers. ●Take care that if a voltage exceeding the rated range is applied, or if an AC power supply is directly connected, the product may get burnt or be damaged. ●Take care that short-circuit of the load or wrong wiring may burn or damage the product.●Do not run the wires together with high-voltage lines or power lines, or put them in the same raceway. This can cause malfunction due to induction. ●The specification may not be satisfied in a strong magnetic field. ●Verify that the supply voltage variation is within the rating.●If power is supplied from a commercial switching regulator, ensure that the frame ground (F.G.) terminal of the power supply is connected to an actual ground.●In case noise generating equipment (switching regulator, inverter motor, etc.) is used in the vicinity of this product, connect the frame ground (F.G.) terminal of the equipment to an actual ground.●The ultra long distance (U-LG, HYPR) mode is more likely to be affected by extraneous noise since the sensitivity of that is higher than the other modes. Make sure to check the environment before use.●Do not use during the initial transient time (H-SP , FAST, STD: 0.5 sec., LONG, U-LG, HYPR: 1 sec.) after the power supply is switched ON.●Be sure to using the quick connection cable (optional) as cable. When you ex-tend the cable, be sure to use cables which have 0.3mm 2 or more of conductor cross-section area. Extension up to total 100m is possible. However, in order to reduce noise, make the wiring as short as possible.●Make sure that stress by forcible bend or pulling is not applied to the sensor cable joint and fiber cable.●This product is suitable for indoor use only. ●Avoid dust, dirt, and steam.●Take care that the product does not come in contact with oil, grease, organic solvents such as thinner, etc., strong acid or alkaline.●This product cannot be used in an environment containing inflammable or ex -plosive gasses.●Never disassemble or modify the product.●This product adopts EEPROM. Settings cannot be done 100 thousand times or more because of the EEPROM’s lifetime.13OPTICAL COMMUNICATION●When the setting of data bank loading / saving, copy setting, or copy action setting is conducted via optical communications, cascade the sub amplifiers right side to the main amplifier as follows.However, in case using data bank loading / saving, use FX-502□ or FX-505□-C2 as main amplifier.●If an amplifier is under any of the following conditions, the setting of data bank loading / saving, or copy setting cannot be carried out.• Copy lock setting is set to copy lock ON “ .”• Digital display is blinking• External input setting of main amplifier is set to “ .” (Only data-bank loading / saving)●sub amplifier is set to communicationemission halt “” the setting amplifier.●conducted by optical communication.●When this product and other products (e.g. fiber sensor amplifiers, pressure sensor controllers, etc.) are connected together in cascade, install those prod-ucts so that they are in order of Group A, B, D and C as shown in the right fig -ure. This product is included in Group D.Group Model No.A FX-301□ (Conventional version unit)FX-301B □/G □/H □, LS-401□BFX-301□ (Modified version unit)FX-305□, FX-301□-C1C LS-403□, DPS series DFX-500 series●As for the products that are located between different groups, affix the ampli -fier protection seal FX-MB1 (optional) on the communication window of each corresponding product.●Within each group, identical models should be connected in a lump.●In case conducting copy setting of this device and other FX-500 series togeth-er, functions which are incorporated in this device will be copied but functions which are not incorporated in this device will not be copied.14INTERFERENCE PREVENTION FUNCTION●This device incorporates an interference prevention function by setting different emit-ting frequencies from an interference prevention function by optical communication. ●For Interference prevention function setting procedure, refer to <PRO5> in “PRO MODE OPERATION MANUAL .”●Possible number of amplifiers for interference prevention function is different ●In case putting in more amplifiers than limit of interference prevention function, put the amplifier protection seal to amplifier which is adjacent of end of an ampli -fier that the interference function is valid or set OFF in communication protocol setting of the end of amplifier that the interference prevention function is valid.Example: Putting in 12 of this device and set STD of response time setting.• Possible number of interference prevention is 4.Put the amplifier protection seals 4th and 5th amplifiers and between 8th and 9th amplifiers or change the communication protocol setting of 4th and 8th to OFF since interference prevention works from 1st to 4th, from 5th to 8th and 9th to 12th.●In case mounting more amplifiers whose response time setting are different,put protection seal between amplifiers that have different response time setting or set communication protocol setting of the upper amplifier to OFF.●For communication protocol setting procedure, refer to <PRO4> in “PRO MODE OPERATION MANUAL .”/id/pidsx/globalOverseas Sales Division (Head Office)2431-1 Ushiyama-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi, 486-0901, Japan Phone: +81-568-33-7861 FAX: +81-568-33-8591For sales network, please visit our website.PRINTED IN CHINA © Panasonic Industrial Devices SUNX Co., Ltd. 2015056 222 38 18*********************SEN TRONIC AG。