Linguistics and Translation
(Answers to Paper B)
Part A Linguistics (total 100’)
I. Define the following terms (2’×10)
1.creativity Human language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. This ability is one of the things that sets human language apart from the kind of communication that goes on between animals..
2. Garden path sentences are sentences that are initially interpreted with a different structure than they actually have. It typically takes quite a long time to figure out what the other structure is if the first choice turns out to be incorrect.
3. surface structure the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.
4. Immediate Constituent Analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (or phrases)，which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own，and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
5. allomorph is the alternate shapes or phonetic forms of a morpheme. For example, the plural form of nouns have the following allomorphs: /s/, /z/, and /iz/.
6. phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.
7. backformation this is an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, the word “edit” is formed by deleting –or in the word “editor”.
8. Constatives is a type of sentence distinguished by Austin. The uttering of these sentences does not make up an action or make any change to the world.
9. Government is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.
10.parole this is the immediately accessible data, that is what is spoken by different speakers of
a language.
II. (2’×5)
1.arbitrariness
2.[b]
3.reference
4.acronym
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,ernment
III. (10’)
The description of consonants involves describing the manners of articulation, the places of articulation. In many cases there are two sounds that share the same place and manner of articulation. In such case, the consonants are distinguished by voicing. For example: [p] is described as : voiceless bilabial stop
IV.(5’) T ransformational-Generative Grammar can help reveal the ambiguity of some ambiguous structure which can not be revealed by IC analysis. For example:
The structure “the love of God”is ambiguous. According to Transformational-Generative Grammar, the structure is ambiguous because this structure is formed from 2 different deep structures: the love from god (God loves somebody), the love for God (Somebody loves God). From 2 different deep structures, the same surface structure is obtained.
V.(5’) The rule is simple: the sound [n] is inserted if it is after [ ] but in front of
a vowel.
VI.(20’)
No. People speaking Dani as their native tongue see the world as colorful as we see the world. They can use different strategy to express different colors. We can use Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis to support my argument.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently，different language may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument，two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand，language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other，similarity between languages is relative，the greater their structural differentiation is，the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.
Ever since the proposal of the hypothesis，linguists have had different views about it. Nowadays few people would possibly tend to accept the original form of this theory completely. Two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have been developed， a strong version and a weak version. The strong version of the theory refers to the claim the original hypothesis suggests，emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version of this hypothesis，however，is a modified type of its original theory，suggesting that
there is a correlation between language，culture，and thought，but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative，rather than categorical.
VII. Read the following sentence. Explain what is meant by the speaker using the theory of Conversational Implicature. (20’)
A: Miss X sang “Home sweet home”.
B: Oh, I think she produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the score of “Home sweet home”.
.
Conversational implicature is a type of implied meaning， which is deduced on the basis of the conversational meaning of words together with the context， under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.
The CP : make your conversational contribution such as is required， at the stage at which it occurs， by the accepted purpose or direction of the talke exchange in which you are engaged. Four maxims of CP:
Quantity: make your contribution as informative as is required.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality: try to make your contribution one that is true.
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Relation: be relevant.
Manner: be perspicuous. 1. avoid obscurity of expression.
2. avoid ambiguity.
3. be brief
4. be orderly.
B’s statement violates the maxim of Manner. It implies that he thinks Miss X’s performance was so poor that the word ‘sing ’cannot be applied.
VIII. What differences are there between gradable antonymy and complementary antonymy (10’)？
1.The pair of complementary antonymy forms a whole set while the gradable
pair does not.
2.The norm of complementary antonymy is absolute while that of gradable
is not.
3.There is no cover term for the two members of a pair in complementary
antonymy relation.
研讨五语料库翻译学 1. 什么是语料库翻译学？ 2. 语料库翻译学的理论基础？ 3. 语料库翻译学的研究内容？ 4. 什么是翻译共性？ 根据研究课题的来源，语料库翻译学的研究领域分为三类。 第一类源自传统译学研究，包括基于语料库的文学翻译、翻译史、翻译教学、翻译实 践、机器翻译和口译等领域的研究。 基于语料库的文学翻译研究以文学翻译作品的文本分析为基础, 研究文学翻译理论与实践的相关课题。这些课题具体为：1）意象和人物形象的再现与变形，2）文学风格的再现与 重构，3）文学翻译的创造性，4）译者风格，5）文学作品空白和未定性的翻译，6）文化负 载词的翻译，7）误译和漏译研究。 基于语料库的翻译史研究利用历时性平行语料库对名家译作进行文本分析, 揭示翻译家在翻译策略应用、翻译风格和翻译语言等方面所表现出的个性特征及其所遵循的翻译规范。 目前，翻译史研究大多将翻译家的观点或言论视为客观现实，满足于翻译事实的罗列，对于 翻译规范和历史语境关注不够。事实上，翻译家的所做与所言往往不一致，翻译家所言并不能反映其翻译作品的特征。此外，翻译是一种特殊的社会文化行为，受特定规范的制约。这些规范因时代或文化的差异而不同。利用语料库分析翻译文本的具体特征，归纳不同历史时期的翻译规范，可以阐明翻译家的所作所为，还原历史的真实面貌。另外，该领域的研究还通过提取语料库的篇头信息，对于具体某一历史时期的翻译活动进行客观描述。这些信息包括出版商、出版时间、作品主题、译者姓名和性别等内容。应当指出，语料库翻译学与翻译史均强调对研究对象进行客观描写，重视还原语境方法（con textualizatio n）的应用。这些共性为语料库在翻译史研究中的应用提供了作为空间。 以上研究均属语料库翻译学理论层面的研究，而基于语料库的翻译教学、翻译实践和机 器翻译研究都是应用层面的研究。前者侧重于探讨语料库在翻译评估、翻译教材编写和翻译 教学模式中的应用，后者主要关注双语词汇和句式之间的对应关系、翻译策略和方法的应用 等问题。基于语料库的机器翻译研究是指利用语料库的核心技术，建设具有海量信息的知识库，以满足机助翻译或自动翻译的需求。 基于语料库的口译研究侧重于分析口译语料词汇、句法和语篇等层面的特征，研究口译语言特征、口译规范、口译策略和方法等。该领域的研究是综合性研究，既有理论层面的探讨，也有实践层面的分析。 第二类研究领域源自描写性译学研究，涵盖翻译共性、翻译规范和批评译学等领域的 研究。 翻译共性是指由于翻译过程而形成的翻译文本所具有的区别于原创文本的特征, 与源语和目的语之间差异无关，具体表现为显化、隐化、简化和范化等。翻译规范是“译者在具体 时间或社会文化环境中所做出的规律性或习惯性选择”。“翻译规范是关于翻译作品和翻译过
江西社会科学2012．12 244 语料库翻译学：问题与展望 ■龙绍眖语料库翻译学在汲取语料库语言学、描写性译学及其他相关学科营养的同时，不断丰富和发展自己的研 究内容和研究方法，颠覆了传统译学的研究方法，形成了自己独特的研究对象，拓展和深化了翻译学研究的外延和内涵。然而，语料库翻译学研究也存在内容上的缺陷。因此，未来的语料库翻译学研究应紧密结合翻译学的跨学科属性，构建并完善语料库翻译学的理论体系，发挥其方法优势，突破自身的缺陷，实现其发展预期。 [关键词]语料库翻译学；跨学科属性；代表性；应用文体；深度与广度 [中图分类号]H0[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1004－518X（2012）12－0244－05 龙绍眖（1969—），男，江西师范大学外国语学院副教授，硕士生导师，主要研究方向为语料库语言学。（江西南昌330022） 20世纪以来，描写性译学悄然兴起，语料库语言学蓬勃发展。20世纪90年代，以英国曼彻斯特大学翻译与跨文化研究中心Mona Baker为代表的一批学者相继将语料库应用于翻译学研究，开启了全新的译学研究范式—— —语料库翻译学。语料库翻译学注重实证研究，强调数据统计与理论分析的有机结合，主张从大量翻译事实或现象出发，在对获取数据进行统计分析的基础上来阐明翻译本质、翻译过程、翻译策略及翻译活动的制衡因素，有效地弥补了定性研究的缺陷与不足。短短十几年的发展，语料库翻译学已逐渐形成自己独特的研究领域，并发展为翻译研究领域不可或缺的学科。但语料库翻译学研究在技术层面、研究方法、研究广度和深度等层面还有很多不足，本文就此提出一些建议与策略。 一、语料库翻译学的发展概况 语料库翻译学，指以语料库为基础，以真实的双语语料或翻译语料为研究对象，以数据统计和理论分析为研究方法，依据语言学、文学和文化理论及翻译学理论，系统分析翻译本质、翻译过程和翻译现象等内容的研究。[1]语料库翻译学最早由Mona Baker于1996年正式提出[2]，Tymoczko将该领域的研究命名为“Corpus Trans-lation Studies”(语料库翻译学研究)。[3]语料库翻译学是语料库语言学和描写性译学相互影响、相互结合的产物。Sara Laviosa认为：语料库语言学和翻译研究的结合形成了“一种连贯的、全面而丰富的研究范式。该范式涉及翻译理论、描写和实践等方面的问题，业已成为当代描写性译学研究的新范式”。[4]相应的，语料库翻译学具有这两个研究领域的特征，即语料库方法的运用与注重描写与实证。[1] 语料库翻译学已成为语料库翻译学区别于传统译学研究不可或缺的研究领域。译学研究语料库的建设应属语料库翻译学的研究内容之一。不同于以学者直觉和
《英语翻译基础》期末复习 13年12月 题型： 一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分） Section A; 选择译文中最符合原文意思的选项（考查翻译实践能力） Section B: 关于翻译理论知识的题目 二、改译句子。（每小题2分，共10分） 三、翻译句子。（每小题3分，共15分） 四、篇章翻译（每小题40分，共40分） 五、案例分析题（每小题15分，共15分） 注意：本门课程为：“闭卷（只允许考生带一本正规英汉词典参加考试，不得携带除此之外的任何查字工具。） I、Multiple Choice Questions (20 points, 2 points each) A : Directions : This part consists of five sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. 1. I prefer driving to being driven. B A. 我喜欢开车，不喜欢别人开车。 B. 我喜欢开车，不喜欢坐车。 C. 我开车比被开车更喜欢。 D. 我喜欢开车，也喜欢被开车。 2. She had deprived herself of the advice of all but yesmen. C A．她丧失了除了唯唯诺诺的人之外的所有人的劝告。 B．她剥夺了自己的所有人的劝告，唯唯诺诺的人除外。 C．她喜欢唯唯诺诺的人，根本听不进所有其他人的劝告。 D．她剥夺了所有人的劝告，除了唯唯诺诺的人。 3．我第一次听她在晚上唱歌，她的歌声就深深地打动了我。B A．Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her song moved me deeply. B. When I first heard her sing at a party, I was deeply moved. C. I first heard her singing a party, I was deeply moved. D. Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her voice moved me deeply. 4.When it came to reading, they were as good as blind. B
不用买参考书了！大学课本答案网址大全！留着绝对有用，赶紧转吧！ ?分享 ?复制地址 转载自郑静 2010年10月13日 00:13 阅读(1) 评论(0) 分类：为人处世权限: 公开 ?字体：大▼ o小 o中 o大 ?更多▼ o设置置顶 o权限设置 o推荐日志 o转为私密日志?删除 ?编辑 不用买参考书了！大学课本答案大全！--爱死你了！（为什么大四才发现啊）2008-12-18 16:50 |(分类:默认分类)注册可用 公共课程 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,/forum-6-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第四册答案 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,/thread-7-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第三册答案 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,/thread-6-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第二册答案 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,/thread-5-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第一册答案 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,/thread-4-1-1.html 新视野大学英语视听说答案3-2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,/thread-175-1-1.html 新视野大学英语视听说答案3-1 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,/thread-174-1-1.html 《马克思主义基本原理概论》习题答案参考 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,/thread-13-1-1.html 全新版大学英语听说教程mp3下载 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,/thread-11-1-1.html 《马克思主义基本原理概论》复习思考题参考答案
第三章英汉词语比较与翻译对等 第一节翻译对等 Equivalence is the relationship between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT) that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST in the first Place. 对等是翻译理论中的中心概念。 卡特福德认为翻译的中心任务就是确定翻译对等的性质和条件。 奈达提出了“动态对等”与“形式对等”这两个概念。形式对等：原语文本的形式在目的语中被机械地再现，目的是允许原语文本以自己的表达方式说话，而非经过调整来适应目的语文化，实践中，既不分句也不合句并保留标点和分段等形式标示。由于两种语言之间的差异，这类翻译扭曲了目的语的语法和文体风格，从而导致信息歪曲。运用形式对等主要是追求翻译的精确性并尽可能保留原语的形式。形式对等有其局限性，但有时却是最为合适的翻译策略。动态对等就是将原语译成目的语后，目的语读者的反应与原语读者读原语时的反应一致。它通过分析、转移和重建三个过程来实现，进行动态对等翻译包括：运用适合目的语文化的表达法去替代原语中的相应表达法；使原语文本中语言上隐含的信息明显化；为了增进理解增加一定量的冗余表达。例如，奈达将《圣经》中的“Lamb of God”译为“Seal of God”。有时功能对等也被用来代替奈达提出的动态对等。 第二节英汉词语比较与翻译对等 词的意义是它在特定的语言系统中的具体价值或通过在特定语言系统中的运用而具有的个性。 词的意义可分为四种：命题意义(propositional meaning)、表情意义(expressive meaning) 、搭配意义(collocational meaning)和唤起意义(evoked meaning)。 命题意义描述一个词与现实世界或想象世界中所指称或描述的事物之间的关系，是判断话语是真还是假的基础。语言以符号的方式描绘经验世界。 人总是能够说出他们经验当中的任何事物，因为语言符号覆盖了这个经验世界。但是，语言对经验世界的分割表现出若干层次性。词对于世界的分割应表现为不同的层次。 English: skill craft craft guild 汉语：技巧技巧行会行会
黄山学院初等教育学院2008－2009学年度第二学期06级英语班《英语翻译》期末考试卷 班级序号姓名成绩 一、选择题。（请将答案写在序号前面）20% 1. Success in many fields depends on getting the latest information. A. 许多领域的成功都取决于能否得到最新消息。 B. 田里的收成在很多方面依靠获得最新的消息。 C. 从很多方面讲，成功主要依靠在最后的时刻还能得到信息。 D. 在众多领域里，成功是获得最晚信息的保障。 2. At least three persons died in the fire and 23 others were injured. A. 至少3人因这次火灾和另外23次火灾造成死亡。 B. 起码有3个人在大火中丧命，23个以外的人受伤。 C. 火灾造成至少3人死亡，23人受伤。 D. 至少有3人死于火海，23人被火海包围。 3. Not only has he a first-class brain, but he is also a tremendously hard worker. A. 在一班，他不仅是头领，而且，也是一个非常严肃的工作者。 B. 他有一流的头脑，是个非常难对付的家伙。 C. 他不仅头脑好用，而且，还喜欢做极端困难的工作。 D. 他不仅头脑非常聪明，而且，工作上也非常勤奋。 4. It is reported that some areas of Australia have had no rain for more than four years. A. 有报道说，澳大利亚地区已经4年多没下雨了。 B. 据报道，澳大利亚的部分地区有4年多没下雨了。 C. 澳大利亚的个别地方被报道说没下雨的时间已经超过了4年。 D. 报纸报道，某些澳大利亚地区已经有4年多没下雨的时间。 5. The village was named after the high mountain standing in front of it. A. 这个村庄是以矗立在它面前的那座高山命名的。 B. 这个村庄的名字是来自于它面前的那座高山。 C. 这个村庄的名字是在前面的那座高山之后起的。 D. 这个村庄的名字是以站立在它面前的那座高山起的。 6. It was officially announced that the birth rate dropped greatly in the past three years. A. 据官方宣布，出生率在过去的三年中有了大幅下降。 B. 正式宣布，过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 C. 正式宣布，出生率大幅下降在过去三年。 D. 据正式声明，过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 7. The introduction of the new technique reduced the cost of the product three times. A. 对新技术的介绍，使产品的成本减少到三分之一。 B. 新技术的引进使产品的成本减少了三倍。 C. 对新技术的介绍使产品的成本减少到原来的三分之二。 D. 新技术的引进使产品成本减少了三分之二。 8. If you are buying a car, you may pay for it out of savings. A. 假使你正在买一辆汽车，你也许会透支购买。 B. 如果你要买一辆汽车，你可以用自己的储蓄存款支付。 C. 假定你打算买一辆汽车，你得花掉你得全部存款。 D. 加入你买一辆汽车，你需要用你的积蓄交此款。 9. Full-service banks can offer services unavailable at smaller financial institutions. A. 全面服务的银行能提供在小财政机构所不能获得的服务。 B. 提供全方位服务的银行能提供较小的金融机构所不能提供的服务。 C. 充满了服务的银行可能提供给较小的财政机构某些无法获得的服务 D. 全面服务的银行可能提供服务，这种服务是较小的金融机构所不能提供的。 10. The following qualifications are required from the candidates for the above position. A. 我们要求应聘高职位的求职者需具备以下资历。 B. 应聘以上职位，需具备下列资格。 C. 候选人为了高职位要求自己具备以下资历。 D. 以下资历是对应聘此职位的候选人的要求。 二、用正反表达法翻译下列句子。20% 1. The teacher found some of the pupils absent. 2. I wonder if he is coming. 3. Your request is beyond my power. 4. You will fail unless you work harder. 5. That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson. 6. Be sure to lock the door when you leave. 7. Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 8. The doubt still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 9. Such flight couldn’t long escape notice. 10. All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 三、用重复法翻译下列句子。20% 1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems. 2. It's our duty to rebuild and defend our home-land. 3. People forget your face first, then your name. 4. Each had his own business to handle. 5. Big families had their own difficulties.
对外汉语教学考试复习点
对外汉语教学考试复习点： 教学计划：教学计划是根据教育目的和培养目标所制定的全面指导某专业教与学活动的规范性文件。教学大纲：是根据教学计划、以纲要形式制定的、对具体课程的教学目的、教学内容、教学进度和教学方法进行规范的指导性文件。 对外汉语教学：是指对外国人的汉语教学，也包括
第一语言不是汉语的海外华人进行的汉语教学。 中介语：是指在第二语言习得的过程中，学习者通过一定的学习策略，在目的语输入的基础上所形成的以中既不同于其第一语言也不同于目的语、随着学习的进展向目的语逐渐过渡的动态的语言系统。信度：又称可靠性，指测试结果的可靠程度或稳定性，也就是考试成绩是否反映了受试者的实际水
平。 区分度（性）：指测试区分受试者知识和能力差别的性能，是试题的质量标准。泛化：当某一反应与某种刺激形成条件联系后，这一反应也会与其它类似的刺激形成某种程度的条件联系，这一过程称为泛化。对比分析:是将两种语言的系统进行共时比较，以揭示其相同点和不同点的一种语言分析法。 偏误分析：是对学习者在
第二语言习得过程中所产生的偏误进行系统的分析，研究其来源，揭示学习者的中介语体系，从而了解第二语言习得的过程和规律。 语法翻译法的知识要点：概念：又称传统法，是使用学生的母语来教授第二语言/外语，并以系统地教授语法知识为教学基础的一种第二语言/外语教学法。语法——翻译法主张在L2教学过程中学生的
母语语目的语并用，通过翻译和系统那个的语法知识的讲授学习L2。 语法——翻译法是最古老的教学法，最初用来学习古希腊文和拉丁文这类死的语言。盛行于18世纪末。代表人物：德国语言学家奥伦多夫语言学理论基础：机械语言或历史比较语言学心理学理论基础：联想心理学 基本原则和特点：语法是教授L2、外语的基础。
Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies Implications and Applications Mona Baker Cobuild, Birmingham Abstract The rise of corpus linguistics has serious implications for any discipline in which language plays a major role. This paper explores the impact that the availability of corpora is likely to have on the study of translation as an empirical phenomenon. It argues that the techniques and methodology developed in the field of corpus linguistics will have a direct impact on the emerging discipline of translation studies, particularly with respect to its theoretical and descriptive branches. The nature of this impact is discussed in some detail and brief reference is made to some of the applications of corpus techniques in the applied branch of the discipline. 0.Introduction A great deal of our experience of and knowledge about other cultures is mediated through various forms of translation, including written translations, sub-titling, dubbing, and various types of interpreting activities. The most obvious case in point is perhaps literature. Most of us know writers such as Ibsen, Dostoyevsky and Borges only through translated versions of their works. But our reliance on translation does not stop here. Our understanding of political issues, of art, and of various other areas which are central to our lives is no less dependent on translation than our understanding of world literature. Given that translated texts play such an important role in shaping our experience of life and our view of the world, it is difficult to understand why translation has traditionally been viewed as a second-rate activity, not worthy of serious academic enquiry, and why translated texts have been regarded as no more than second-hand and distorted versions of …real? text s. If they are to be studied at all, these second-hand texts are traditionally analysed with the (233) sole purpose of proving that they inevitably fall short of reproducing all the glory of the original. A striking proof of the low status accorded to translated texts comes from the young but by now well-established field of corpus linguistics. A recent survey commissioned by the Network of European Reference Corpora, an EEC-funded project, shows that many corpus builders in Europe specifically exclude translated text from their corpora.1 This
样卷 广东外语外贸大学国际商务英语学院 《英汉笔译》2011-2012学年上学期期末考试试卷（A） 考核方式：开卷 考核对象：国际商务英语学院法律英语系2009级考试时间：120分钟姓名______________ 班级________ 学号____________________ 分数___________ PART I. LEGAL TERMS (20%, one point for each) 1.outstanding liabilities 2.without prejudice to PART II. Translation Improvement (30%) Directions: There may be one or more errors or inappropriate treatment in each of the following TRANSLATED VERSIONS. Please underline it (or them) and then correct it (or them) in the corresponding space provided on the ANSWER SHEET. If you believe the whole translation is wrong or inappropriate, you are advised to underline the whole translation. Marks will be given if you have identified and properly marked the error(s). (2 points for each save as specified otherwise) 21.His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 原译：他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。 改译： 22.The new father wore a proud smile. 原译：那位新父亲面带得意笑容。 改译： PART III. SENTENCES (30%) Directions: Translate the following sentences. Employ the translation skill suggested in the brackets where appropriate. (3 points for each save as specified otherwise) https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b11673927.html,mission depends on the quantity of goods ordered. (Amplification) 32.We learn that you have been dealers of Chinese products for many years. (Conversion) PART IV. PASSAGE (20%) Translate the underlined part of the following passage. 1
2018南京师范大学外国语言学及应用语言学（外应）考研初试经验 本科国际政治专业，跨考南师大外国语学院外国语学院外国语言学及应用语言学专业，初试总分410，复习那么久有了收获，感谢一直帮助我的那位上一届学姐，这里我也分享一些复习准备的经验，希望对19级考外应或者英语语言文学的学弟学妹们一点帮助。 这个专业对我来说相当于一张白纸，尤其是语言学，所以我开始得比较早，大三寒假确定了考研的学校和专业，上学期开学的时候买好了参考书以及一些复习资料，然后就着手慢慢复习了。前期的进度比较慢，基本上是以看书和做笔记为主，下半学期才进入完全的背记阶段。这里我分科说一下。 1/政治 政治考了68，比我预期的高。虽然我是学政治的，但是真的一点优势也没有（因为我对自己的专业真的一点兴趣也没有，学得也不好），政治可以说是复习得比较不上心的一门。我全程是跟着肖秀荣走的，但是我开始得比较晚，舍友七月份就开始看了，我九月份才开始看精讲精练，中途也断断续续的，最后可以说是赶进度才看完。所以学弟学妹们一定要把握好进度，不要过快也不要过慢。所有的资料都是肖秀荣教授的，从七八月份到十二月份，每个阶段都有每个阶段要看的内容。前期精讲精练一定要看仔细，但不需要完全背诵下来，主要练的是选择题，大题前面不用担心，到十一二月直接背肖四肖八就好。 精讲精练配套的1000题是要做好几遍的，我是看完大概两三章做一次题的，第一遍可以用铅笔写，然后把错题勾出来，再做一遍，最后一个月再把那些错题拿出来反复看。错题的价值是很高的，有些多选题我看了两三遍都还是会错。 大题最后直接背肖四肖八就好啦，肖四是必须要背的，不背写不出来，然后大题的平均分都差不多，所以选择题的正确率决定了最后的分。 2/二外 我的二外是日语，考了92分。日语可以说是救了我，考完专业课的时候真的崩溃，所以总分其实也就是日语捞了我一把。 我本科是外国语大学，然后专业课也没什么兴趣，大一下学期就修了日语双学位并且坚持上完了，三年级上学期准备了N2考试，所以这一门基本上没怎么操心，也没花太多时间。
上海翻译Shanghai Journal of Translators2013 No． 2 国内语料库翻译学20年述评( 1993—2012) 宋庆伟匡华吴建平( 厦门大学外文学院，福建厦门 361005;济南大学外国语学院，山东济南 250022) ( 山东大学外国语学院，山东济南250061) ( 厦门大学外文学院，福建厦门361005) ［摘要］本文以中国知网( CNKI) 1993-2012年外语核心期刊中关于语料库翻译学的学术论文为样本，从翻译语言特征、译者风格和应用研究等六个方面对国内近20年语料库翻译学的发展历史进行钩沉，梳理其主要研究脉络和现状，总结语料库翻译学研究的成就、问题与趋势，以期能为该领域研究提供全景式的概况。作者认为，当前研究还存在诸如研究内容与视角比较狭窄，跨学科性研究不足，定量研究层次不高和语料库( 特别是口译语料库) 建设和研究相对滞后等问 题，亟待有针对性的改进与完善。 ［关键词］语料库翻译学; 翻译共性; 译者风格; 口译 ［中图分类号］H059 ［文献标识码］ A ［文章编号］1672-9358( 2013) 02-0025-06 1 引言到翻译研究当中，使语料库翻译研究迅速发展，逐步 近几年，语料库翻译学随着语料库语言学和描成为描述翻译研究中的一种新范式( Laviosa，1998: 写翻译理论的发展和融合迅速成长起来。从发展历474; 2002: 22)。基于语料库的研究为翻译学提供程来看，她还非常年轻，从1993年Mona Baker发表了新的方法和思路，现在学界形成的共识是利用语语料库翻译学的开山之作《语料库语言学与翻译研料库进行翻译研究是一种不可或缺且可靠的手段。究: 启示和应用》至2012年，刚刚走过了短短的20 从一定程度上来讲，语料库翻译学即语料库语言学年。国内语料库翻译研究几乎与国外同步，肇始于和描写性翻译研究的相加，二者的结合可以说是相1993 年，代表作为杨惠中《语料库语言学与机器翻得益彰，在当今翻译研究注重描写和实证的趋势下，译》一文。如今，国内语料库翻译研究已初具规模，语料库翻译学应运而生。语料库翻译学以翻译本体在翻译共性、译者风格和语料库建设等诸方面都取为研究对象，从大规模翻译文本或翻译语言整体入得了可喜的进步，Tymoczko( 1998: 652) 曾大胆预言手，采用语内对比与语际对比相结合的模式，对翻译基于语料库的翻译研究将是翻译研究的重中之重。现象进行描写和解释，探索翻译的本质。( 王克非、近20年，特别是近几年涌现出一大批语料库翻译学黄立波，2008: 9-14) 的专著和论文，国家社科基金和教育部人文社科基 金对该领域的研究也进行了倾斜。鉴于此，笔者认 3 数据采集 为极有必要对其发展脉络进行梳理和分析，以期为近几年，国内基于语料库的翻译研究发展迅速，今后的研究提供借鉴和参考。本文以中国知网研究的深度和广度也不断拓展，发表文章数量逐年( CNKI) 近20年来外语核心期刊中收录的有关语料增加。为了更好地说明这种趋势，笔者统计了近20 库翻译学的学术论文为基础，借以梳理其研究现状、年( 1993-2012) 中国知网收录的外语核心期刊中关分析成就和问题并展望发展趋势。于语料库翻译学的文章，该统计涉及2012-2013年 版CSSCI外语类来源期刊( 包括扩展版) 共15种，2 语料库翻译学基本原理收集有关文章共97篇，具体数据如下表所示: Mona Baker( 1993)开创性地把语料库方法应用 ［基金项目］本文是上海市科委课题“英汉双语平行句对应语料库建设”( 编号: 08dz1501100) 的阶段性成果。论文在写作过程中，得到秦洪武 教授的悉心指点，谨致谢忱! ［收稿日期］2013-02-20 ［作者简介］宋庆伟，厦门大学博士生，济南大学外国语学院讲师，研究方向: 语料库翻译学、双语词典编纂与翻译; 匡华，山东大学外 国语学院讲师，研究方向: 语料库语言学与英语教学; 吴建平，厦门大学外文学院教授，博士生导师，研究方向: 翻译学与双语词典学。
Unit1 A new study shows that dogs can detect if someone has cancer just by sniffing the person’s breath. Ordinary household dogs with only a few weeks of basic training learn to accurately distinguish between breath samples of lung- and breast-cancer patients and healthy subjects.One expert, who led the research, said, “Our study provides compelling evidence that cancers hidden beneath the skin can be detected simply by (dogs’) examining the odors of a person’s breath.” Early detection of cancers greatly improves a patient’s survival chances, and researchers hope that man’s best friend, the dog, can become an important tool in early screening. Unit 2 A research team recently replicated a bacterium’s genetic structure entirely from l aboratory chemicals, moving one step closer to creating the world’s first artificial organism. The researchers said, “It’s the second step of a three-step process to create a synthetic organism. But the final step could prove far more difficult.” Nonetheless, the research is pushing forward at a rapid pace. Last June, the team revealed details of an experiment in which researchers inserted the DNA of one species of bacterium into the cells of another. That process almost magically booted up the inserted genome. The research team hopes to use a similar trick to boot up the artificially created genome, so as to create a man-made living organism. Unit 3 In recent years, the psychologists from many countries banded together to do a research which indicated that continued income growth could make people apply themselves to an ongoing consumption race rather than promote overall happiness. Everyone has to spend more and more money in order to maintain a constant level of happiness. This is because our vanity and jealousy are functioning . The way to sort out them out is to cultivate the noble sentiment of being considerate and serving the society. People shouldn’t pin all their hopes on money. Instead , friends, family and work are also playing a very improtant role . Therefore, hapiness is not an inborn trait, but a talent which everyone can learn. Unit 4 I used to feel excited at teaching my students the elegant economic theories that could supposedly cure societal problems of all types. But what is the good of all my complex theories when people were dying of starvation on the sidewalks and porches across from my lecture hall? My lessons were like the American movies where the good guys always win. But when I emerged from the comfort of the classroom, I was faced with the reality of the city streets. Here good guys were mercilessly beaten and trampled. Daily life ws getting worse, and the poor were growing even poorer. Unit 5 No one thought that shy little Einstein would grow up to a prominent scientist. He was slow in learning to speak, and he often paused to consider what he would say during a conversation.In school, Albert Einstein was singled out by his teachers as a troublesome child because he liked to ask difficult strange questions. He did not like to memorize facts and rules, but was interested in what lay below the surface of things. When he was four or five years old, for instance, his father gave him a compass. Little Einstein was curious about the mysterious force that could keep a compass needle always pointing north, which prompted him to read widely in science. His real studies were mostly done at home by reading books on mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Unit 6 Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make their own minds. They tend to take the initiatives, even when there is a risk in doing so. They have courage and do not give in easily. They are considered sentimental. When they see a flag on ceremonial occasions, or attend parades celebrating Ame rica’s glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. They tend to be emotional at the reunions with family and friends, too. Sometimes, they can laugh at themselves and their country, while they will always remain intensely patriotic.