steady and unsteady compressible flows

流体力学常用名词术语中英文对照CFL条件 Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition KDU方程 KDV equationU形管 U-tubeA埃克特数 Eckert number奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation奥辛流 Oseen flowB巴塞特力 Basset force板块法 panel method半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme爆轰 detonation爆炸 explosion毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law壁剪切速度 friction velocity壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag壁效应 wall effect边界层 boundary layer边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界元法 boundary element method变分法 variational method标记网格法 marker and cell method, MAC method 表观粘度 apparent viscosity表面波 surface wave表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension表面张力波 capillary wave波高 wave height波列 wave train波能 wave energy波群 wave group波速 wave speed, wave velocit波阻 wave drag伯格斯方程 Burgers equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation泊 poise泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow不定常法 time-dependent method不规则波 irregular wave不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid不可压缩性 incompressibility不稳定性 instability布拉休斯解 Blasius solution部分相似 partial similarityC测速法 anemometry测压孔 pressure tap层流 laminar flow层流边界层 laminar boundary layer层流分离 laminar separation掺气流 aerated flow超空化流 supercavitating flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow超压[强] over pressure潮波 tidal wave沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition沉积物 sediment, deposit沉降速度 settling velocity成核 nucleation尺度效应 scale effect冲击波 shock wave出口 exit, outlet出口压力 exit pressure传播 propagation传导 conduction传感器 transducer, sensor传热系数 heat transfer coefficient传质系数 mass transfer coefficient船波 ship wave次层 sublayer猝发过程 bursting processD达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox大涡模拟 large eddy simulation单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme 单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow当地马赫数 local Mach number等熵流 isentropic flow低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics狄里克雷边界条件 Dirichlet boundary condition 底压 base pressure地面效应 ground effect定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem定倾中心 metacenter动力相似[性] dynamic similarity动力粘性 dynamic viscosity动量方程 momentum equation动量厚度 momentum thickness动量交换 momentum transfer动量守恒 conservation of momentum动态响应 dynamic response动态校准 dynamic calibration堵寒效应 blockage effect堵塞 blockage杜福特-弗兰克尔格式 Dufort-Frankel scheme 对流 convection对流传热 convective heat transfer对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equation对流涡胞 convective cell钝体 blunt body钝头体 bluff body多管压强计 multiple manometer多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem多重网格法 multi- grid methodE二次流 secondary flow二维流 two-dimensional flowF反扩散差分格式 anti-diffusion difference scheme 反流 reverse flow反射 reflection反压 back pressure放大矩阵 amplification matrix放大因子 amplification factor非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow非绝热流 diabatic flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow非线性波 nonlinear wave非线性不稳定性 nonlinear instability菲克定律 Fick law沸腾 boiling分布 distribution分步法 fractional step method分层流 stratified flow分离点 separation point分离流 separated flow分子扩散 molecular diffusion风洞 wind tunnel风速管 Pitot- static tube冯.诺伊曼条件 von Neumann condition弗劳德数 Froude number浮体 floating body辐射传热 radiative heat transfer附加质量 added mass ,associated mass附面层 boundary layer附体激波 attached shock wave附着点 attachment point附着涡 bound vortex复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocityG伽辽金法 Galerkin method盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave高度水头 elevating head高分辨率格式 high resolution scheme高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number构型 configuration孤立子 soliton拐角流 corner flow管流 pipe flow, tube flow规则波 regular wave过水断面 flow cross-sectionH海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem含沙流 sediment-laden stream含水层 aquifer焓厚度 enthalpy thickness耗散 dissipation洪水波 flood wave后缘 trailing edge滑移速度 slip velocity环量 circulation环流 circulation缓流 subcritical flow缓燃 deflagration回流 back flow汇 sinkJ积分方法 integral method激波 shock wave激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method激波层 shock layer激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel激波拟合法 shock-fitting method激波阵面 shock front激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter急变流 rapidly varied flow急流 supercritical flow几何相似 geometric similarity计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics计算区域 computational domain迹线 path, path line减阻 drag reduction剪切层 shear layer剪切流 shear flow渐变流 gradually varied flow浆体 slurry降水曲线 dropdown curve交错网格 staggered mesh交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADIscheme介质 medium紧差分格式 compact difference scheme进口 entrance, inlet近场流 near field flow近似因子分解法 approximate factorization method 静[态]校准 static calibration静压管 static [pressure]tube静压头 static head镜象法 image method局域相似 local similarity矩量法 moment method卷筒涡胞 roll cell绝热流 adiabatic flow均匀流 uniform flowK卡门涡街 Karman vortex street开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid克兰克-尼科尔森格式 Crank-Nicolson scheme空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空泡流 cavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics空蚀 cavitation damage孔板流量计 orifice meter孔流 orifice flow控制体积 control volume库埃特流 Couette flow库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 跨声速流[动] transonic flow扩散 diffusion扩散段 diffuser扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity扩散性 diffusivityL拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroff scheme拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle来流 incoming flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition 雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy雷诺数 Reynolds number厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke离解 dissociation离散涡 discrete vortex黎曼解算子 Riemann solver连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media涟漪 ripple量热状态方程 caloric equation of state临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number临界流 critical flow临界热通量 critical heat flux流[动] flow流场 flow field流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition流动参量 flow parameter流动分离 flow separation流动稳定性 flow stability流动显示 flow visualization流管 stream tube流函数 stream function流量 flow rate, flow discharge流量计 flow meter流面 stream surface流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition流速计 anemometer流态 flow regime流体动力学 fluid dynamics流体网格法 fluid in cell method,FLIC method 流体运动学 fluid kinematics流体质点 fluid particle流线 stream lineM马赫波 Mach wave马赫角 Mach angle马赫数 Mach number马赫线 Mach line马赫锥 Mach cone马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex脉线 streak line毛细[管]作用 capillarity弥散 dispersion明槽流 open channel flow磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole schemeN纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation 内流 internal flow能量传递 energy transfer能量法 energy method能量方程 energy equation能量厚度 energy thickness能量守恒 conservation of energy能量输运 energy transport拟序结构 coherent structure粘度测定法 visco[si] metry粘度计 visco[si] meter粘性流[动] viscous flow凝结 condensation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid浓度 concentration努塞特数 Nusselt numberO欧拉方程 Euler equation欧拉数 Euler number偶极子 doublet, dipoleP排放量 discharge排水 drainage配置方法 collocation method喷管 Nozzle皮托管 pitot tube频率响应 frequency response平面流 plane flow破碎波 breaking wave普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow普朗特数 prandtl number普雷斯顿管 preston tube谱方法 spectral methodQ起动涡 starting vortex气动加热 aerodynamic heating气动力 aerodynamic force气动热力学 aerothermodynamics气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动中心 aerodynamic center气化 gasification气体动力学 gas dynamics气体润滑 gas lubrication前缘涡 leading edge vortex浅水波 shallow water wave强迫对流 forced convection强守恒型 strong conservation form氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method区域分解 domain decomposition全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD schemeR扰动 disturbance, perturbation绕射 diffraction热传导 conductive heat transfer热对流 heat convection热交换 heat exchange热量传递 heat transfer热敏电阻 thermistor热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热状态方程 thermal equation of state 人工压缩 artificial compression人工粘性 artificial viscosity瑞利流 Rayleigh flow瑞利数 Rayleigh number弱解 weak solution弱守恒型 weak conservation formS三维流 three-dimensional flow散度型 divergence form散射 scattering色散 dispersion熵函数 entropy function熵条件 entropy condition熵通量 entropy flux射流 jet深水波 deep water wave失速 stall施密特数 schmidt number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number时间分步法 time splitting method时间线 time line示踪物 tracer势 potential势流 potential flow适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation 收缩 contraction守恒差分格式 conservation differences cheme 守恒型 conservation form数值边界条件 numerical boundary condition 数值耗散 numerical dissipation数值模拟 numerical simulation数值色散 numerical dispersion数值通量 numerical flux数值网格生成 numerical grid generation数值粘性 numerical viscosity数植扩散 numerical diffusion水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise水动力学 hydrodynamics水洞 water tunnel水击 water hammer水静力学 hydrostatics水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope水力学 hydraulics水头损失 head loss水位 water level水翼 hydrofoil水跃 hydraulic jump丝线法 tuft method斯坦顿管 Stanton tube斯坦顿数 Stanton number斯托克斯波 Stokes wave速度[水]头 velocity head速度环量 velocity circulation速度亏损律 velocity defect law速度剖面 velocity profile速度势 velocity potential随机选取法 random choice method随体导数 material derivativeT泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability泰勒数 Taylor number泰勒涡 Taylor vortex特征线法 method of characteristics贴体曲线坐标 body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates 通量矢量分解法 flux vector splitting method通量校正传输法 flux-corrected transport method 头波 bow wave投影法 projection method湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer湍流分离 turbulent separation拖曳水池 towing tank脱体激波 detached shock wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal waveW蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme外流 external flow完全气体 perfect gas网格雷诺数 cell Reynolds number微压计 micromanometer维数分解 dimensional split尾流 wake [flow]未扰动流 undisturbed flow位移厚度 displacement thickness温度边界层 thermal boundary layer文丘里管 Venturi tube纹影法 schlieren method涡 eddy涡层 vortex layer涡对 vortex pair涡方法 vortex method涡管 vortex tube涡环 vortex ring涡街 vortex street涡量 vorticity涡量方程 vorticity equation涡量计 vorticity meter涡量拟能 enstrophy涡面 vortex surface涡片 vortex sheet涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡旋 vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding涡粘性 eddy viscosity无反射边界条件 nonreflecting boundary condition 无滑移条件 non-slip condition无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter无旋流 irrotational flow无压流 free surface flow无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid物理解 physical solution物理区域 physical domainX吸出 suction希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis稀疏波 rarefaction wave稀疏矩阵分解法 split coefficient matrix method 细长度 slenderness细长体 slender body显格式 explicit scheme相容条件 consistency condition相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law相似性解 similar solution响应频率 response frequency消能 energy dissipation楔流 wedge flow斜激波 oblique shock wave斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme谢齐公式 Chezy formula形状因子 shape factor型阻 profile drag修正微分方程 modified differential equation 旋臂水池 rotating arm basinY压[力]降 pressure drop压[强水]头 pressure head压差 differential pressure压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy压强传感器 pressure transducer压强计 manometer压缩波 compression wave亚声速流[动] subsonic flow烟丝法 smoke wire method衍射 diffraction堰流 weir flow叶栅流 cascade flow液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication液体动力学 hydrodynamics液体静力学 hydrostatics液体静压 hydrostatic pressure依赖域 domain of dependence异重流 density current, gravity flow翼弦 chord翼型 airfoil阴影法 shadow method隐格式 implicit scheme迎风格式 upstream scheme , upwind scheme 迎角 angle of attack影响域 domain of influence壅水曲线 back water curve涌波 surge wave油膜显示 oil film visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization有限体积法 finite volume method有旋流 rotational flow有压流 pressure flow诱导速度 induced velocity诱导阻力 induced drag预估校正法 predictor-corrector method源 source远场边界条件 far field boundary condition 远场流 far field flow约束涡 confined vortex匀熵流 homoentropic flow运动相似 kinematic similarity运动粘性 kinematic viscosityZ再层流化 relaminarization再附 reattachment暂态流 transient flow折射 refraction振荡流 oscillatory flow蒸发 evaporation正激波 normal shock wave支配方程 governing equation直线法 method of lines指数格式 exponential scheme质点法 particle method质点网格法 particle in cell method,PIC method 质量传递 mass transfer质量守恒 conservation of mass滞后 lag滞止流 stagnation flow重力波 gravity wave周期流 periodic flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow注入 injection驻点 stagnation point驻涡 standing vortex状态方程 equation of state锥形流 conical flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow准谱法 pseudo-spectral method自动网格生成 automatic grid generation [自]适应网格 [self-] adaptive mesh自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion 自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line自由面 free surface自由射流 free jet总焓 total enthalpy总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head阻力 drag, resistance阻尼误差 damping error。

FLUENT-manual 中解算方法的一些说明，摘录翻译了其中比较重要的细节，希望对初学FLUENT的朋友在选择设置上提供一些帮助，不致走过多的弯路。

离散1、QUICK格式仅仅应用在结构化网格上，具有比second-order upwind 更高的精度，当然，FLUENT也允许在非结构网格或者混合网格模型中使用QUICK格式，在这种情况下，非结构网格单元仍然使用second-order upwind 格式计算。

2 、MUSCL格式可以应用在任何网格和复杂的3维流计算，相比second-order upwind，third-order MUSCL 可以通过减少数值耗散而提高空间精度，并且对所有的传输方程都适用。

third-order MUSCL 目前在FLUENT 中没有流态限制，可以计算诸如冲击波类的非连续流场。

3、有界中心差分格式bounded central differencing 是LES默认的对流格式，当选择LES后，所有传输方程自动转换为bounded central differencing 。

4 、low diffusion discretization 只能用在亚音速流计算，并且只适用于implicit-time，对高Mach流，或者在explicit time公式下运行LES ，必须使用 second-order upwind 。

5、改进的HRIC格式相比QUICK 与second order 为VOF计算提供了更高的精度，相比Geo-Reconstruct格式减少更多的计算花费。

6 、explicit time stepping 的计算要求苛刻，主要用在捕捉波的瞬态行为，相比implicit time stepping 精度更高，花费更少。

但是下列情况不能使用explicit time stepping：（1）分离计算或者耦合隐式计算。

explicit time stepping只能用于耦合显式计算。

流体力学常用名词流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid，inviscid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥—萨伐尔定律Biot—Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔—茹可夫斯基条件Kutta—Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动］flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate，flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压［力］total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single—component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi—steady flow非定常流unsteady flow，non—steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag，resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance，inlet出口exit，outlet扰动disturbance，perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性］dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low—speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high—speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流［动］subsonic flow跨声速流［动］transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流［动］non—equilibrium flow 细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特—迈耶流Prandtl—Meyer flow 瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流［动］compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金—于戈尼奥条件Rankine—Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压［强］over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed，wave velocity波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动［力］噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压［强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross—section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current，gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment—laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation，deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔—索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流［动］viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake ［flow］回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力］降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction，frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维—斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco［si］metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method 说明氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem，Buckingham theorem静[态］校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static ［pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot— static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer，laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot— film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco［si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection，free convec—tion 强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs— Lewy condition ，CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯。

Chapter 1 Fluid statics 流体静力学1. 连续介质假定(Continuum assumption)：The real fluid is considered as no-gap continuousmedia, called the basic assumption of continuity of fluid, or the continuum hypothesis of fluid. 流体是由连续分布的流体质点(fluid particle)所组成，彼此间无间隙。

它是流体力学中最基本的假定，1755年由欧拉提出。

在连续性假设之下，表征流体状态的宏观物理量在空间和时间上都是连续分布的，都可以作为空间和时间的函数。

2. 流体质点（Fluid particle ）: A fluid element that is small enough with enough moles to makesure that the macroscopic mean density has definite value is defined as a Fluid Particle. 宏观上足够小，微观上足够大。

3. 流体的粘性（Viscosity ）: is an internal property of a fluid that offers resistance to sheardeformation. It describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought as a measure of fluid friction. 流体在运动状态下抵抗剪切变形的性质，称为黏性或粘滞性。

它表示流体的内部流动阻力，也可当做一个流体摩擦力量。

The viscosity of a gas increases with temperature, the viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature. 4. 牛顿内摩擦定律（Newton’s law of viscosity ）：5. The dynamic viscosity （动力黏度）is also called absolute viscosity （绝对黏度）. The kinematicviscosity （运动黏度）is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.6. Compressibility （压缩性）：As the temperature is constant, the magnitude ofcompressibility is expressed by coefficient of volume compressibility (体积压缩系数) к , a relative variation rate （相对变化率） of volume per unit pressure.The bulk modulus of elasticity (体积弹性模量) E is the reciprocal of coefficient of volumecompressibility к.7. 流体的膨胀性(expansibility; dilatability)：The coefficient of cubical expansion (体积热膨胀系数) αt is the relative variation rate of volume per unit temperature change.8. 表面张力Surface tension : A property resulting from the attractive forces betweenmolecules. σ-----单位长度所受拉力9. 表面力 Surface force ——is the force exerted on the contact surface by the contacted fluidor other body. Its value is proportional to contact area. 作用在所研究流体外表面上与表du dzτμ=μνρ=面积大小成正比的力。