意识流小说the stream-of-consciousness novel“意识流”是西方现代文学艺术中，特别是小说和电影中广为应用的写作技巧。
是现代派小说的一个重要类型。
Stream-of-consciousness narration The narrator conveys a subject’s thoughts, impressions, and perceptions exactly as they occur, often in disjointed (不连贯的) way and without the logic and grammar of typical speech and writing.Stream-of-consciousness narration usually is written in the first person, as in Marcel Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past , but it can also, by means of free indirect discourse, be written i n the third person, as in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway.During the modern period of English literature, the first three decades of this century were golden years of the modernist novel. In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation, the theory of the Freudian and Jungian psycho-analysis levels of consciousness existed simultaneously in the human mind, that one's present was the sum of his past, present and future, and that the whole truth about human beings existed in the unique, isolated, and private world of each individual, writers like Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf concentrated all their efforts on digging into the human consciousness. They had created unprecedented STREAM-OF-CONSCIOUSNESS novels such asPilgrimage(1915-1938)by Richardson, Ulysses(1922)by Joyce, and Mrs.Dalloway(1925) by Woolf. Among them, James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist; in Ulysses, his encyclopedia-like masterpiece, Joyce presents a fantastic picture of the disjointed, illogical, illusory, and mentalmotional life of Leopold Bloom, who becomes the symbol of everyman in the post-World-War-I Europe.Within the realistic period of American literature, one writer named Henry James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-century "stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological realism. James's realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matte. His fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions. His best and most mature works will rende the drama of individual consciousness and convey the moment-to-moment sense of human experience as bewilderment and discovery. And we as readers observe people and events filtering through the individual consciousness and participate in this experience. This emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness proves to be a big breakthrough in novel writing and has great influence on the coming generations.发展20世纪20年代起，意识流技巧在小说领域取得了十分引人注目的成就，但是并未形成一个文学流派。
英国文学选读名词解释1. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄(1)The Byronic hero is an idealized （理想化的）but flawed (有缺陷的)character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his e x-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byr onic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe H arold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).(2)It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superio rity in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the bu rden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly ag ainst any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral princip les with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.1812-1818 George Gordon Byron “Manfred”Manfred2. ConceitConceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. Conceit is extensively employed in John Don ne’s poetry.metaphysical poetry玄学派诗歌(1) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century write rs who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphy sical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan of the Neoclas sical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from actual life.(2)It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.17世纪，英国，John Donne “The Flea”3. Renaissance 文艺复兴The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings, which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries, persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.14-17世纪英国，起源于意大利，William Shakespeare Hamlet4. English RomanticismIn the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to Europ e and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticismgave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. Romantic literature is c haracteristic by such qualities as a deep love of nature, an indulgence in the self and th e individual, and a overwhelming interest in the supernatural, the mysterious and the g othic. The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Romanticism prevailed in En gland from 1798 to 1837.1798-1837 William Blake “The Lamb”5. Dramatic monologue戏剧独白Dramatic monologue is a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy, have also been called Dramatic monologue. But to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.The Victorian period represented the high point of the dramatic monologue in English poetr y. Robert Browning “My Last Duchess”6. Stream of Consciousness 意识流In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.It is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.1922-21st century James Joyce Finnegans Wake7. Epiphany 顿悟A moment of illumination, usually occurrs at or near the end of a work. It was taken over by James Joyce to denote secular revelation in the everyday world, in an early version of his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) later published as Stephen Hero (1944).8. Critical RealismIt means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues. Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.It is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities。
1、stream of consciousnessThe continuous flow of sense, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind; or a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes in fictional characters, usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue.The term is often used as a synonym for interior monologue, but they can also be distinguished, in two ways. In the first (psychological) sense, the stream of consciousness is the subject-matter while interior monologue is the technique for presenting it;2、The Theatre of the AbsurdA term coined by the critic Martin Esslin in 1961 to refer to a number of dramatists of the 1950s. The theatre of the absurd came about as a reaction to World War II. It took the basis of existential philosophy and combined it with dramatic elements to create a style of theatre which presented a world which can not be logically explained, and in which life is in one word, ABSURD!3、ExistentialismA current in European philosophy distinguished by its emphasis on lived human existence. Although it had an important precursor先驱on the Danish theologian神学者Kierkegaard in the 1840s, its impact was fully felt only in the mid-20th century in France and Germany: the German philosophers Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers prepared some of the ground in the 1920s and 1930s for the more influential work of Jean-Paul Sartre and the other French existentialists including Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.4、The Lost Generation(Also termed the Sad Young Men, which was created by F. Scott Fitzgerald in his book All the Sad Young Men.) In general, the term refers to the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of U. S. writers who came of age成年,够岁数了during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. It seems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph题词to The Sun Also Rises (1926), a novel that captures the attitudes of a hard-drinking, fast-living set of disillusioned young expatriates放弃本国国籍的人in postwar Paris.The generation was “lost” in the sense that its spiritual alienation from a U. S. that, basking under President Harding’s “back to normalcy常态” policy, seem ed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, E. E. Cummings, and many other writers who made Paris the center of their literary activities in the 1920s. They were never a literary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost the distinctive stamp of the postwar period.5、Parodypiece of) writing intended to amuse by imitating the style of writing used by somebody else. Literary or musical composition imitating the characteristic style of some other work or of a writer or composer, but treating a serious subject in a nonsensical manner, as in ridicule6、SymbolismThe term refers to the use of symbols, or to a set of related symbols; however, it is also the name given to an important movement on late 19th century and early 20th century poetry. One of the important features of Romanticism and succeeding phases of Western literature was a much more pronounced reliance upon enigmatic难以理解的, 神秘的symbolism in both poetry and prose fiction, sometimes involving obscure private codes of meaning, as in the poetry of Blake or Yeats.A well-known early example of this is the albatross信天翁in Ancient Mariner”(1798). Manynovelists-notably Herman Melville and D. H. Lawrence-have used symbolic methods: in Melville’s Moby-Dick(1815) the White Whale (and indeed almost every object and character in the book) becomes a focus for many different suggested meanings. Melville’s extravagant symbolism was encouraged partly by the importance which American Transcendentalism gave to symbolic interpretation of the world.William Butler Yeats often uses symbols like the winding stairs, swan, gyre, etc. in his poems.7、Oedipus Complex 心理学用来比喻有恋母情结的人，有跟父亲作对以竞争母亲的倾向，同时又因为道德伦理的压力，而有自我毁灭以解除痛苦的倾向A Freudian term to design to attraction on the part of the child toward the parent of the opposite sex and rivalry敌对, 竞争, 对抗and hostility toward the parent of its own. Freud introduced the concept in his Interpretation of Dreams (1899). The term derives from the Theban hero Oedipus of Greek legend, who unknowingly slew his father and married his mother; its female analogue, the Electra complex, is named for another mythological figure, who helped slay her mother.8、Hemingway HeroHemingway Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong, more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life(sex, alcohol, sport) in the face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.9、American dreamAmerican dream refers to the dream of material success, which assume that one best serves God and man by acquiring wealth. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby comes from the west to the east with the dream of material success. By bootlegging and other illegal means he fulfilled his dream but ended up being killed.10、ImagismThe doctrine and poetic practice of a small but influential group of American and British poets calling themselves imagists or imagistes between 1912 and 1917.Imagism came into being as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation混乱, 紊乱.The Imagists hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image. The image is a representation of a physical object, and the reader is made to react to it.Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:i) to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;ii) as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome节拍器节拍器.11、Black HumorIn contemporary literary criticism, black humor is a term applied to a large group of American novels beginning in the 1950s. Although the writers of black humor did not intentionally form a school of literary movement, there is in their novels a common core of satire which is directed against hypocrisy, materialism, racial prejudice, and above all, the dehumanization of the individual by a modern society12/FeminismFeminism refers to political, cultural ,and economic movements seeking greater, equal ,or among a minority ,superior rights and participation in society for women and girls. These rights and means of participation include legal protection and inclusion in politics ,business and scholarship andrecognition and building of women’s cultures and power. Its concepts overlap with those of women’s rights.13/Anti-heroAn anti-hero/heroine appears more frequently in modern and contemporary literature. This type of characters lacks the qualities of nobility and magnanimity宽宏大量. The image of Don Quixote in Cervantes’s Don Quixote (1605) may give the readers a clear view.14/multi-narrator。
