英语国家概况名词解释

英语国家概况精讲：第十四章 美国人口种族 chapter 14：population.Race and Ethnic groups 必背细节 1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。 2。Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。 3。Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。 4。Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。 5。The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands. 美国历史是第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。 6。The first of these immigration waves in the mid-1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.三次移民浪潮中最大的一次是1890-1914年。 7.One in five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity,a better climate of other goals.有1/5的美国人每年搬一次家。 8。美国的四次大规模的人口流动： 流动方向 the Frist 1865-1880 east coast ------west the Second 1980-1920 rural areas ------cities the Third 1920----1960 the south/black people ----other areas the fourth 1960-now Northeast /Central-N----the West/the South 9。A large number of blank people move out of the south to other areas during the period between 1920-1960.大批黑人离开南方涌向外地发生在1920-1960年间。 10。The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12。1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。 11。three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States.They are Mexico-Americans of Chicanos ,the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，波多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。（一句话回答） 12。The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor maket is their low education.Hispanics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial and ethnic group.讲西班牙语的美国人在其他种族的民族中失学率最高，因此，阻挡他们在劳动力市场获得成功的最主要是教育程度低。 13。The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States,The largest group of Asian-Americans are the Chinese-Americans.Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-American:eduction ,hardwork,and family. 美国少数民族人口中增长最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专家指出亚洲三大传统可以用来解释亚裔美国人的成功：教育，工作努和和家庭。（一句话回答） 14。Traditionally,the mainstream American were called WASPs,that is ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.传统上读，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。 还有几个必背解释， 1。WAPs 2001已考，估计不会再考，即上述第十二条。 2。The Hispanics 讲西班牙语的（人或民族） The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking person of Latin-American origin who live in the United States.Now there are three major Hispantic groups which have grest influence on the U.S.They are Mexico-American of Chicano ,Pueto Ricans and Cuban-American 英语国家概况精讲：第十五章 美国历史（一） Chapter 15: American History(1) 美国历史（一） 1.The "first American "were the Indians.The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown ,Virginaia,in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British eastablished 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.“最早的美国人”是印地安人，英国于1607年在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯，1607-1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了十三个殖民地。 2。In 1620,201 of Pilgrimw sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.1620年，有201名英国清教徒乘坐一名为”五月花号“的船到达了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地。 3。From 1630 to 1643,some 200 ships transported over 20000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. 从1630-1643年，约有200艘船把2万英国人抵马萨者萨弯殖民地。 4。The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World.There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character.They were :representative from of goverment,rule of law,respect of individual rights,religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.殖民主义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要作用：建立代义制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。 5。In September 1744,the Frist Continental Congress was held ih Philadelphia which encouraged American to refuse to buy British goods.1744年9月，第一届大陆仁义在费城如开，鼓励美国人拒绝买英货。 6。The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia.The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke. 《独立宣言》是由托马斯。杰文逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰。洛克。 7。On the Christmas Day of 1776,the Americans defeated the British troops at Trenton,New Jersey.Not long afterwards ,the Americans troops deteated the British at Saratoga in Northern New York.This was a great turning point of the War of Independence,leading dirtctly to an alliance between the U.S and France. 1766年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西的特伦顿挫败英军，这之后不久，美军在萨拉托加击败英军，史称“萨拉托加大捷”这次胜利被认为是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的建立。 8。In September ,1783,the Treaty of Paris was signed,Britain recognized the indeperdance of the U.S.1783年9月簦订《巴黎和约》，英正式承认美国独立。 9。The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of the constitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory.

《英语国家概况》补充材料

A：名词解释补充

The Pilgrim Fathers（英国清教徒）: This is given to those members who made the first crossing

on the famous Mayflower, which landed at Plymouth harbor in December 1620.

Jacksonian democracy（杰克森式民主）: It is used in American politics to describe the period

when the “common man” participated in the government, occurring after Jeffersonian democracy.

The Progressive Movement（革新运动）: It was a reform movement that reached its height in the

early 20th century. This arose as a response to the vast changes brought by industrialization. The Union Flag（英国国旗）:Also known as the Union Jack. It is the national flag of the UK. It symbolizes the

4 administrative nations, the England, Scotland, Wales and the Northern Ireland. The red cross stands for England,

the diagonal Red Cross stands for Ireland and the diagonal white cross stands for Scotland.

名词解释

1. Standard English: is also called Queen's English or BBC English,which

is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England,adopted as

a broadcasting standard in the British media.

2. Constitutional monarchy:Although the King or Queen is the head of

state,their powers are largely symbolic.The government is elected by people

and governs according to British constitutional principles.

3. House of Commons:often reffered to as the Lower House,is the center of

parliamentary power.

4. Commonwealth of Nations:is the successor of the British Empire and a

voluntary association of independent sovereign states which are former

colonies governed as part of the British Empire and were once collectively

known as the British Commonwealth.

5. Industrial Revolution in Britain:England experienced rapid economic

1. The British Isles: The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds

of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.

2. The Commonwealth ( or the British Commonwealth): It is a free association of

independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It has no special powers.

The decision is left to each nation. At present there are 50 member countries

within the Commonwealth.

3. Witan: It was the council or meeting of the wise men. It was created by the

Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still

exists today.

4. Alred the Great: Alfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and

reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known

as “ the father of the British navy”. He also translated books, established schools