2012年工商管理硕士(MBA)联考英语考试大纲

2012年01月MBA,MPA,MPAcc联考大纲-英语12012年MBA、MPA、MPAcc全国联考英语考试大纲一、考试性质工商管理硕士生入学考试是全国统一的选拔性考试，在教育部授权的工商管理硕士生培养院校范围内进行联考。

联考科目包括综合能力和英语。

本考试大纲的制定力求反映工商管理硕士专业学位的特点，科学、公平、准确、规范地测评考生的相关知识基础、基本素质和综合能力。

英语考试的目的是测试考生的英语综合运用能力。

二、考试目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：（一）语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；（2）动词时态、语态的构成及其用法；（3）形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；（4）常用连接词的词的词义及其用法；（5）非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法；（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法；（7）各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）及强调句型的结构及其用法；（8）倒装句的结构及其用法。

2. 词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握常用词汇5500个左右以及相关常用词组。

考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。

（二）语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。

题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。

根据阅读材料，考生应能：（1）掌握文章的中心思想，主要内容和有关细节；（2）理解上下文的逻辑关系；（3）根据上下文推断生词的含义；（3）根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义；（4）进行一定的判断和推理；（5）理解作者的意图、观点或态度。

2. 写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或图表写出相应的短文，包括日常生活以及商务活动中涉及的短文。

要求短文中心思想明确，切中题意，结构清晰，用词恰当，条例清楚，无重大语言错误。

三、考试内容与形式本试卷满分100分，考试时间为180分钟，答题方式为闭卷、笔试。

2012年在职工商管理硕士(MBA)英语阅读练习及答案Swansea University has become the first in Wales to launch a new Master’s degree in Journalism and Media, where students study in three countries. The Er asmus Mundus Master’s degree is brought together by five leading journalism in stitutions and universities in Europe.Postgraduate students will spend the first year in the Danish School of Jou rnalism in Aarhus, Denmark, and in the University of Amsterdam and the second y ear in Swansea, Hamburg University or the City University in London. Representa tives from each of the Universities meet at Swansea University, campus to sign the agreement. Students will become familiar with contemporary issues and debat es in the area of European journalism and will be prepared for a career in the new, emerging global environment. Subjects covered will include European media, European society and politics and the impact of globalization.By learning and living in at least three different European countries，stud ents will be prepared for the challenge of working in a range of contexts in th e new global information society. Students will be have the opportunity to spec ialize in one of three distinct areas of journalism: war and conflict, business and finance, and citizenship. Those choosing to specialize in war and conflict will study at Swansea in their second year.Independent experts from the European Commission have described the newly c reated master’s course as quite unique, in so far as no other university offer s a course in Journalism that opens the possibility to study in at least three countries: Professor Kevin Williams, Head of Media Studies at Swansea Universit y said: “The aim is to create a graduate program in journalism that combines t he best of the European traditions of media science and journalism to create a degree that is European in origin and global in scope. We hope to produce alumn i who will shape the future of global journalism.”Deadline for application for both the masters to start in August 2005 and f or the Erasmus Mundus stipends（奖学金）for non-EU students is 1st March 2005.1. The Erasmus Mundus Master’s degree in this passage is ______.A. a new Master’s degree in ChemistryB. first launched in WalesC. brought by five leading European journalism institutions and universitie sD. only launched in three European universities2. From the second paragraph, we can know that postgraduate students in the program ______.A. will study in three countriesB. will meet at Swansea University campus to sign the agreementC. will have to debate with each otherD. will mainly study in environmental problems3. Students can specialize in one of three distinct areas of journalism EXC EPT ______.A. war and conflictB. businessC. citizenshipD. global information4. It can be inferred from Kevin Williams’ remarks that ______.A. the new program will greatly widen the students’ knowledgeB. the new program is still in test and has not been launchedC. the work of graduates of the program is to shape the future of global jo urnalismD. the aim of the program is to create a world-recognized degree5. The best title for the passage can be ______.A. A New Master’s Degree in UniversityB. One Course, Three CountriesC. Postgraduate Study in EuropeD. The Erasmus Mundus Stipends答案：1. C。

2012 年硕士研究生入学考试英语（二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered b l a c k and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 po i n t s)M illi on s of A m e r i c a n s and f o r e i gn e r s see GI. Joe as a m i nd l ess war toy, the s y m bo l of A m e r i c a n m ili t a ry a d v e n t u r i s m,but t h a t‟s not how it used to be. To the men and women who （1）in World War II and the p e op l e they li b e r a t e d,the GI. was the（2）man grown into hero ,the pool f a r m kid torn away from h i s home, the guy w ho（3）a ll the burdens of b a tt l e, who s l e p t in cold f o x ho l es,who went w i t hou t t h e（4）o f f ood and s h e l t e r,who stuck it out and drove back the N a z i r e i gn of murder. T h i s was not a v o l un t ee r s o l d i e r,not someone w e ll p a i d,（5）an average guy, up （6）the best tr a i n e d,best e qu i pp e d,f i e r c es t,most b r u t a l e n e m i es seen in c e n t u r i es.H i s name i s not much. GI. i s j u s t a m ili t a ry a bb r e v i a t i on（7）G o v e r n m e n t I ss u e,and it was on a ll of the a rt i c l e（8）to s o l d i e r s. And Joe? A common name for a guy who n e v e r（9）i t to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Magrac… a working c l ass name. The U n i t e d States h as（10）had a p r es i d e n t or v i c e-p r es i d e n t or secretary of state J o e.GI. Joe had a（11）career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character ,or a （12）of A m e r i c a n p e r s on a li t i es, in the 1945 m o v i e The Story of GI. Joe, based on the l as t days of war correspondent E r n i e P y l e.Some of the s o l d i e r s P y l e（13）po rtr a y e d t h e m se l v es in the film. P y l e was f a m ou s for co v e r i ng t h e（14）s i d e of the war, writing about the d i rt-s no w -and-mud s o l d i e r s, not how many m il es were（15）or what towns were captured or li b e r a t e d.H i s reports（16）the “W illi e”cartoons of f a m e d Stars and S tr i p es a rt i s t Bill M a u l d e n.Both m e n（17）the dirt and e x h a u s t i on of war, t h e（18）o f c i v ili z a t i on that the s o l d i e r s shared with each other a nd the c i v ili a n s:co ff ee,tobacco, w h i s k e y,s h e l t e r,s l ee p.（19 ）Egypt, France, and a dozen m o r e（20）the most i m po rt a n t person in t h e i r li v es.coun tr i es,G. I. Joe was any A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r,1. [A] p e r f o r m e d2. [A] a c t u a l3. [A]bo r e4. [A]n e c ess i t i es [B]se rv e d[B]co mm on[B]c ase d[B]f a c ili t i es[C]r e b e ll e d[C]s p e c i a l[C]r e m o v e d[C]co mm od i t i es[D]b e tr a y e d[D]no r m a l[D]l o a d e d[D]p r op e rt i es真题5. [A]a nd6. [A]f o r7. [A]m ea n i ng8. [A]h a nd e d out9. [A]pu s h e d10. [A]e v e r11. [A]d i s gu i se d12. [A]co m p a n y13. [A]e m p l o y e d14. [A]e t h i c a l15. [A]r u i n e d16. [A]p a r a ll e l e d17. [A]n e g l e c t e d18. [A]s t a g es19. [A]W i t h20. [A]on the con tr a ry [B]nor[B]i n t o[B]i m p l y i ng[B]turn o v e r[B]got[B]n e v e r[B]d i s t u r b e d[B]co ll e c t i on[B]a ppo i n t e d[B]m ili t a ry[B]co mm u t e d[B]coun t e r a c t e d[B]a v o i d e d[B]ill u s i on s[B]T o[B] by t h i s m ea n s[C]but[C] form[C]s y m bo li z i ng[C]b r ough t b a c k[C]m a d e[C]e i t h e r[C]d i s pu t e d[C]community[C]i n t e rv i e w e d[C]po li t i c a l[C]p a tr o ll e d[C]dup li c a t e d[C]e m ph as i z e d[C]f r a g m e n t s[C]Among[C]from the ou t se t[D]h e nc e[D]a g a i n s t[D]c l a i m i ng[D]p asse d down[D]m a n a g e d[D]n e i t h e r[D]d i s t i ngu i s h e d[D]colony[D]qu es t i on e d[D]hu m a n[D]g a i n e d[D]con tr a d i c t e d[D]a d m i r e d[D]a d v a nc es[D]B e y ond[D]a t that pointSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the qu es t i on s a f t e r each text by choo s i ng A, B, C or D. M a rk your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40po i n t s)Text 1Homework has never been t e rr i b l y popu l a r with students and even many parents, but in r e c e n t years it has been p a rt i cu l a r l y scorned. S choo l d i s tr i c t s across the country, most r e c e n t l y L o s A ng e l es U n i f i e d,are r e v i s i ng t h e i r thinking on h i s e duc a t i on a l r i t u a l.U n f o rt un a t e l y, L.A. U n i f i e d has produced an i n f l e x i b l e policy which mandates that with the e x c e p t i on of some a d v a nc e d courses, homework may no l ong e r count for more than 10% of a s t ud e n t‟s a c a d e m i c g r a d e.T h i s r u l e i s meant to address the difficulty that students from i m po v e r i s h e d or ch a o t i c homes might have in co m p l e t i ng t h e i r homework. But the policy i s unc l ea r and con tr a d i c t o ry.C e rt a i n l y, no homework s hou l d be ass i gn e d that students cannot do without e x p e n s i v e e qu i p m e n t. But if t h e d i s tr i c t i s esse n t i a ll y giving a pass to students who do not do t h e i r homework because of co m p li c a t e d f a m il y li v es, it i s going r i s k il y c l o se to the i m p li c a t i on that standards need to b e l o w e r e d for poor ch il d r e n.D i s tr i c t a d m i n i s tr a t o r s say that homework will s t ill be a pat of s choo li ng:teachers are a ll o w e d to ass i gn as much of it as they want. But with homework coun t i ng for no more than 10% of t h e i r grades, students can eas il y s k i p h a l f t h e i r homework and see very li tt l e d i ff e r e nc e on t h e i r r e po rt c a r d s.Some students might do w e ll on state tests without co m p l e t i ng t h e i r homework, but w h a t about the students who p e r f o r m e d w e ll on the tests and did t h e i r homework? It i s qu i t e po ss i b l e t h a t the homework h e l p e d. Y e t rather than e m po w e r i ng teachers to find what works best for t h e i r students, the po li c y i m po ses a f l a t,across-the-board r u l e.At the same t i m e,the policy addresses none of the truly thorny qu es t i on s about ho m e w o rk. If the d i s tr i c t f i nd s homework to be un i m po rt a n t to i t s s t ud e n t s‟a c a d e m i c a ch i e v e m e n t, it s hou l d move to reduce or e li m i n a t e the ass i gn m e n t s,not make them count for a l m o s t no t h i ng.C on v e r se l y, if homework does no t h i ng to ensure that the homework students are not ass i gn i ng more than t h e y are willing to r e v i e w and co rr e c t.The homework r u l es s hou l d be put on hold w h il e the s choo l board, which i s r es pon s i b l e for se tt i ng e duc a t i on a l po li c y,l oo k s into the matter and conducts pub li c h ea r i ng s. It i s not too l a t e for L.A. U n i f i e d to do homework right.21. It i s i m p li e d in paragraph 1 that nowadays ho m e w o rk[A] i s r e c e i v i ng more c r i t i c i s m[B] i s no l ong e r an e duc a t i on a l r i t u a l[C] i s not r e qu i r e d for advanced cou r ses[D] i s g a i n i ng more p r e f e r e nc es.22. L. A. U n i f i e d has made the r u l e about homework m a i n l y because poor students .[A] tend to have moderate e x p e c t a t i on s for t h e i r e duc a t i on[B] have asked for a d i ff e r e n t e duc a t i on a l s t a nd a r d[C] may have p r ob l e m s f i n i s h i ng t h e i r ho m e w o rk[D] have v o i c e d t h e i r co m p l a i n t s about ho m e w o rk23. A cco r d i ng to Paragraph 3, one p r ob l e m with the po li c y i s that it may .[A] d i s cou r a g e students from do i ng ho m e w o rk[B] r es u l t in students' i nd i ff e r e nc e to t h e i r report c a r d s[C] und e r m i n e the a u t ho r i ty of state t es t s[D] r es tr i c t teachers' power in e duc a t i on24. A s m e n t i on e d in Paragraph 4, a key qu es t i on unanswered about homework i s whether .[A] it s hou l d be e li m i n a t e d[C] it p l a c es extra burdens on t ea ch e r s [B] it counts much in s choo li ng [D] it i s i m po rt a n t for g r a d es25. A s u i t a b l e t i t l e for t h i s text cou l d be .[A] wrong I n t e r p r e t a t i on of an E duc a t i on a l P o li c y[B] a W e l co m e d P o li c y for Poor S t ud e n t s[C] thorny Q u es t i on s about H o m e w o rk[D] a F a u l ty Approach to H o m e w o rkText 2Pretty in pink: a du l t women do not remember b e i ng so obsessed with the colour, yet it i s p e rv as i v e in our young g i r l s‟li v es. It i s not that pink i s i n tr i n s i c a ll y bad, but it i s such a tiny s li c e of the r a i nbo w and, though it may c e l e b r a t e g i r l hood in one way, it a l s o r e p ea t e d l y and firmly f u ses g i r l s‟i d e n t i ty to appearance. Then it presents that conn e c t i on,even among tw o-y ea r-o l d s,b e tw ee n g i r l s as not only i nnoc e n t but as e v i d e nc e of i nnoc e nc e.L oo k i ng around, I d es p a i r e d at the s i ngu l a r l a c k of i m a g i n a t i on about g i r l s‟li v es and i n t e r es t s.G i r l s‟a ttr a c t i on to pink may seem un a v o i d a b l e,somehow encoded in t h e i r DNA, but a cco r d i ng to Jo P a o l e tt i,an ass oc i a t e p r o f ess o r of A m e r i c a n S t ud i es,it i s not. C h il d r e n were not co l ou r-cod e d at a ll until the ea r l y20th century: in the era b e f o r e do m es t i c w as h i ng m a ch i n es a ll b a b i es wore w h i t e as a p r a c t i c a l matter, s i nc e the only way of g e tt i ng c l o t h es c l ea n was to boil t h e m. W h a t‟s more, both boys and g i r l s wore what were thought of as g e nd e r-n e u tr a l dresses. W h e n nursery co l ou r s were i n tr oduc e d, pink was a c t u a ll y con s i d e r e d the more m as cu li n e co l ou r,a p as t e l v e r s i on of red, which was ass oc i a t e d with strength. B l u e, with i t s i n t i m a t i on s of the Virgin M a ry, constancy and f a i t h f u l n ess,s y m bo li z e d f e m i n i n i ty. It was not until the m i d-1980s,when a m p li f y i ng age and sex d i ff e r e nc es became a do m i n a n t ch il d r e n‟s m a rk e t i ng strategy, that pink fully came into i t s own, when it began to seem i nh e r e n t l y a ttr a c t i v e to g i r l s,part of what d e f i n e d them as f e m a l e,a t l eas t for the f i r s t f e w c r i t i c a l y ea r s.I had not r ea li z e d how p r o f ound l y m a rk e t i ng trends d i c t a t e d our p e r c e p t i on of what i s n a t u r a l to k i d s, including our core b e li e f s about t h e i r p s y cho l og i c a l d e v e l op m e n t.Take the t odd l e r.I assumed that phase was s o m e t h i ng experts d e v e l op e d a f t e r years of research into ch il d r e n‟s b e h a v i ou r:wrong. Turns out, a cco r d i ng to D a n i e l Cook, a h i s t o r i a n of ch il dhood con s u m e r i s m,i t was popu l a r i z e d as a m a rk e t i ng trick by c l o t h i ng m a nu f a c t u r e r s in the 1930s.Trade pub li c a t i on s coun se ll e d department stores that, in order to i nc r ease sa l es,they s hou l d create a “t h i r d s t e pp i ng s t on e”between i n f a n t wear and o l d e r k i d s‟c l o t h es. It was only a f t e r “t odd l e r”became a common s hopp e r s‟term that it e v o l v e d into a b r o a d l y accepted d e v e l op m e n t a l stage. S p li tt i ng k i d s, or a du l t s, into e v e r-t i n i e r c a t e go r i es has proved a s u r e-f i r e way to boost p r o f i t s. And one of the eas i es t ways to segment a market i s to m a gn i f y gender d i ff e r e nc es - or i n v e n t t h e m where they did not p r e v i ou s l y e x i s t.26. By sa y i ng "it i s…the r a i nbo w"(L i n e2-3, Para. 1), the author means pink .[A] s hou l d not be the s o l e r e p r ese n t a t i on of girlhood[B] s hou l d not be ass oc i a t e d with g i r l s'i nnoc e nc e[C] cannot e x p l a i n g i r l s'l a c k of i m a g i n a t i on[D] cannot i n f l u e nc e g i r l s'li v es and i n t e r es t s27. A cco r d i ng to Paragraph 2, w h i ch of the following i s true of co l ou r s？[A] C o l ou r s are encoded in g i r l s'DN A.[B] B l u e used to be regarded as the co l ou r for g i r l s.[C] P i n k used to be a n e u tr a l co l ou r in s y m bo li z i ng g e nd e r s.[D] W h i t e i s p r e f e rr e d by b a b i es.28. The author suggests that our p e r c e p t i on of ch il d r e n's p s y cho l og i c a l d e v e l op m e n tw as much i n f l u e nc e d by .[A] the m a rk e t i ng of products for ch il d r e n[B] the ob se rv a t i on of ch il d r e n's n a t u r e[C] researches into ch il d r e n's b e h a v i o r[D] s t ud i es of ch il dhood con s u m p t i on29. We may l ea r n from Paragraph 4 that department stores were a d v i se d to .[A] f ocu s on i n f a n t wear and o l d e r k i d s'c l o t h es[B] attach e qu a l i m po rt a nc e to d i ff e r e n t g e nd e r s[C] c l ass i f y consumers into s m a ll e r g r oup s[D] create some common shoppers' t e r m s30. It can be conc l ud e d that g i r l s'a ttr a c t i on to pink seems to be .[A] c l ea r l y e x p l a i n e d by t h e i r i nbo r n t e nd e nc y[B] fully understood by c l o t h i ng m a nu f a c t u r e r s[C] m a i n l y i m po se d by p r o f i t-d r i v e n bu s i n ess m e n[D] w e ll i n t e r p r e t e d by p s y cho l og i c a l e x p e rt sText 3In 2010, a f e d e r a l j udg e shook A m e r i c a's b i o t e ch i ndu s try to i t s core. C o m p a n i es had won patents for i s o l a t e d DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a j udg e r u l e d that genes were unp a t e n t a b l e.E x e cu t i v es were v i o l e n t l y a g i t a t e d.T h e B i o t e chno l og y I ndu s try O r g a n i z a t i on(BIO), a trade group, assured members that t h i s was j u s t a “p r e li m i n a ry s t e p” in a l ong e r b a tt l e.On J u l y29th they were r e li e v e d,at l eas t t e m po r a r il y. A f e d e r a l a pp ea l s court overturned t h e prior d e c i s i on, ruling that M yr i a d G e n e t i c s could i nd ee d hold patents to two genes that h e l pf o r e c as t a woman's r i s k of breast cancer. The ch i e f e x e cu t i v e of M yr i a d,a company in Utah, sa i d the ruling was a b l ess i ng to f i r m s and p a t i e n t s a li k e.But as co m p a n i es con t i nu e t h e i r attempts at p e r s on a li z e d m e d i c i n e,the courts will r e m a i n rather busy. The M yr i a d case i t se l f i s p r ob a b l y not over C r i t i c s make three m a i n arguments a g a i n s t gene patents: a gene i s a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents s upp r ess i nno v a t i on rather than reward it; and patents' m onopo li es r es tr i c t access to g e n e t i c tests such as M yr i a d's. A g r o w i ng number seem to agree. Last year a f e d e r a l t as k-f o r c e urged r e f o r m for p a t e n t s r e l a t e d to g e n e t i c tests. In October the Department of J u s t i c e f il e d a b r i e f in the M yr i a d c ase, a r gu i ng that an i s o l a t e d DNA m o l e cu l e“i s no l ess a product of nature…than are cotton f i b r es t h a t have been separated from cotton see d s.”D es p i t e the a pp ea l s court's d e c i s i on, big qu es t i on s r e m a i n unanswered. For e x a m p l e, it i s unc l ea r whether the se qu e nc i ng of a w ho l e genome v i o l a t es the patents of i nd i v i du a l genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.A s the i ndu s try advances, however, other s u i t s may have an even greater i m p a c t.C o m p a n i es are un li k e l y to f il e many more patents for human DNA m o l e cu l es-m o s t are a l r ea d y patented or in the public do m a i n.F i r m s are now s t ud y i ng how genes i n t e r a c t, looking for co rr e l a t i on s that might be used to d e t e r m i n e the causes of d i sease or p r e d i c t a d r ug‟s e ff i c a c y,co m p a n i es are eager to win patents for …conn e c t i ng the do t s‟,e x p l a i n s Hans Sauer, a l a wy e r for the BIO.T h e i r success may be d e t e r m i n e d by a s u i t r e l a t e d to t h i s i ss u e,brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in i t s next term. The BIO r e c e n t l y h e l d a con v e n t i on whichi nc l ud e d sess i on s to coach l a wy e r s on the s h i f t i ng l a nd s c a p e for patents. Each m ee t i ng was p a c k e d.31.I t c a n b e l ea r n e d f r o m p a r a g r a ph I t h a t t h e b i o t e ch co m p a n i es w ou l d li k eA. t h e i r e x e cu t i v es to be a c t i v e C. genes to be p a t e n t a b l eB. j udg es to r u l e out gene p a t e n t i ng D. the BIO to i ss u e a w a r n i ng32.t ho se w ho a r e a g a i n s t g e n e p a t e n t s b e li e v e t h a tA. g e n e t i c tests are not r e li a b l eB. only man-made products are p a t e n t a b l eC. patents on genes depend much on i nno v a t i onD. courts s hou l d r es tr i c t access to gene tic t es t s33.A cco r d i ng t o H a n s S a u e r,co m p a n i es a r e ea g e r t o w i n p a t e n t s f o rA. es t a b li s h i ng d i sease co rr e l a t i on sB. d i s co v e r i ng gene i n t e r a c t i on sC. d r a w i ng p i c t u r es of g e n esD. i d e n t i f y i ng human DN A34．By sa y i ng“ea ch m ee t i ng w as p a c k e d”(li n e4,p a r a6)t h e a u t ho r m ea n s t h a tA. the supreme court was a u t ho r i t a t i v eB. the BIO was a po w e r f u l o r g a n i z a t i onC. gene p a t e n t i ng was a great conc e r nD. l a wy e r s were keen to attend con v e n t i on s35.g e n e r a ll y s p ea k i ng,t h e a u t ho r‟s a tt i t ud e t o w a r d g e n e p a t e n t i ng i sA. c r i t i c a lB. s uppo rt i v eC. s co r n f u lD. ob j e c t i v eText 4The great r e c ess i on may be over, but t h i s era of high j ob l ess n ess i s p r ob a b l y b e g i nn i ng.B e f o r e it ends, it will li k e l y change the li f e course and character of a g e n e r a t i on of young a du l t s. And u l t i m a t e l y, it i s li k e l y to reshape our po li t i c s, our cu l t u r e,and the character of our s oc i e ty for y ea r s.No one tr i es harder than the j ob l ess to find s il v e r li n i ng s in t h i s n a t i on a l e cono m i c d i sas t e r.Many sa i d that un e m p l o y m e n t,w h il e e xtr e m e l y p a i n f u l,had i m p r o v e d them in some w a y s; they had become l ess m a t e r i a li s t i c and more f i n a nc i a ll y prudent; they were more aware of t h e s tr ugg l es of others. In li m i t e d respects, perhaps the r e c ess i on will l ea v e s oc i e ty better off. At t h e very l eas t, it has awoken us from our n a t i on a l f e v e r dream of easy r i ch es and b i gg e r houses, a nd put a necessary end to an era of r e c k l ess p e r s on a l s p e nd i ng.But for the most part, these b e n e f i t s seem thin, unc e rt a i n,and f a r off. In The M o r a l Consequences of E cono m i c Growth, the e cono m i c h i s t o r i a n B e n j a m i n F r i e d m a n argues that both i n s i d e and ou t s i d e the U. S. , l e ng t h y p e r i od s of e cono m i c s t a gn a t i on or d e c li n e have a l m o s t a l w a y s l e f t s oc i e ty more m ea n-s p i r i t e d and l ess i nc l u s i v e,and have u s u a ll y stopped or reversed t h e advance of r i gh t s and f r ee do m s.A n t i-i mm i g r a n t se n t i m e n t ty p i c a ll y i nc r eases,as does conflict between races and c l asses.I nco m e i n e qu a li ty u s u a ll y f a ll s du r i ng a r e c ess i on, but it has not shrunk in t h i s one, I nd ee d, t h i s p e r i od of e cono m i c weakness may r e i n f o r c e c l ass d i v i d es,and decrease oppo rt un i t i es to c r o ss them--- es p e c i a ll y for young p e op l e.The research of Till Von Wachter, the e cono m i s t in C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i ty,suggests that not a ll p e op l e g r a du a t i ng into a r e c ess i on see t h e i r li f e chances d i mm e d: those with degrees from e li t e un i v e r s i t i es catch up f a i r l y quickly to where they o t h e rw i se would have been if they had graduated in better t i m es; it i s the masses beneath them that are l e f t b e h i nd.In the i n t e r n e t age, it i s p a rt i cu l a r l y easy to see the resentment that has a l w a y s been h i dd e n within A m e r i c a n s oc i e ty.More difficult, in the moment, i s d i s c e r n i ng p r e c i se l y how these l ea n t i m es are a ff e c t i ng s oc i e ty‟s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more s oc i a ll y t o l e r a n t e n t e r i ng t h i s r e c ess i on than at any t i m e in i t s h i s t o ry,and a v a r i e ty of n a t i on a l po ll s on s oc i a l conflict s i nc e then have shown m i x e d r es u l t s.We will have to w a i t and see e x a c t l y how these h a r d t i m es will reshape our s oc i a l f a b r i c. But they c e rt a i n l y it, and a ll the more so the l ong e r t h e ye xt e nd.36. By sa y i ng“t o find s il v e r li n i ng s”（L i n e1,Para. 2）the author suggest that the j ob l ess tryto .[A] seek s ub s i d i es from the go v e r n m e n t[B] e x p l o r e reasons for the un e m p l o y m e n t[C] make p r o f i t s from the tr oub l e d e cono m y[D] look on the b r i gh t s i d e of the r e c ess i on37. A cco r d i ng to Paragraph 2,the r e c ess i on has made p e op l e.[A] r ea li z e the n a t i on a l d r ea m[B] s tr ugg l e a g a i n s t each o t h e r[C] ch a ll e ng e t h e i r li f es ty l e[D] r e con s i d e r t h e i r li f es ty l e38. B e n j a m i n F r i e d m a n b e li e v e that e cono m i c r e c ess i on s may_ .[A] i m po se a h ea v i e r burden on i mm i g r a n t s[B] b r i ng out more e v il s of human n a t u r e[C] promote the advance of r i gh t s and f r ee do m s[D] ease con f li c t s between races and c l asses39. The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in r e c ess i ongraduates from e li t e un i v e r s i t i es tend to .[A] l a g b e h i nd the others due to decreased oppo rt un i t i es[B] catch up quickly with e x p e r i e nc e d e m p l o y ees[C] see t h e i r li f e chances as d i mm e d as the o t h e r s‟[D] recover more quickly than the o t h e r s40. The author t h i n k s that the i n f l u e nc e of hard t i m es on s oc i e ty i s .[A] c e rt a i n[B] po s i t i v e[C] tr i v i a l[D] d es tr uc t i v ePart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the qu es t i on s by finding i n f o r m a t i on from the right co l u m n that corresponds to each of the marked d e t a il s g i v e n in the l e f t co l u m n.There are two extra cho i c es in the right co l u m n.M a rk your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 po i n t s)“U n i v e r sa l h i s t o ry,the h i s t o ry of what man has a cco m p li s h e d in t h i s world, i s at bottom t h e H i s t o ry of the Great Men who have worked h e r e,”wrote the V i c t o r i a n sage Thomas C a r l y l e.W e ll,not any more it i s not.S udd e n l y,Br i t a i n l oo k s to have f a ll e n out with i t s f a v ou r i t e h i s t o r i c a l form. T h i s cou l d be no more than a p ass i ng li t e r a ry craze, but it a l s o po i n t s to a broader truth about how we now a pp r o a ch the past: l ess concerned with l ea r n i ng from f o r e f a t h e r s and more i n t e r es t e d in f ee li ng t h e i r p a i n. Today, we want empathy, not i n s p i r a t i on.From the ea r li es t days of the R e n a i ssa nc e,the writing of h i s t o ry meant r e coun t i ng t h e e x e m p l a ry li v es of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on h i s r a m b li ng writing De V i r i s I ll u s tr i bu s―O n Famous Men, highlighting the v i rt u s (or v i rt u e) of c l ass i c a l heroes. P e tr a r ch c e l e b r a t e d t h e i r greatness in conqu e r i ng f o rt un e and r i s i ng to the top. T h i s was the b i og r a ph i c a l tr a d i t i on which Niccolo M a ch i a v e lli turned on i t s head. In The P r i nc e,the ch a m p i on e d cunning, r u t h l ess n ess,and bo l dn ess,rather than v i rt u e,mercy and j u s t i c e,as the s k ill s of s ucc ess f u l l ea d e r s.Over t i m e,the a ttr i bu t es of greatness s h i f t e d.The R o m a n t i c s commemorated the l ea d i ng p a i n t e r s and authors of t h e i r day, s tr ess i ng the un i qu e n ess of the a rt i s t's p e r s on a l e x p e r i e nc e r a t h e r than public glory. By contrast, the V i c t o r i a n author S a m u a l S m il es wrote S e l f-H e l p as a c a t a l ogu e of the worthy li v es of e ng i n ee r s,i ndu s tr i a li s t s and e x p l o r es."The v a l u a b l e e x a m p l es which t h e y f u r n i s h of the power of se l f-h e l p, if p a t i e n t purpose, r es o l u t e working and s t ea d f as t i n t e g r i ty, i ss u i ng in the f o r m u l a t i on of truly nob l e and many character, e x h i b i t,"wrote S m il es."What it i s in the power of each to a cco m p li s h for h i m se l f."H i s b i og r a ph i es of James W a l t,R i ch a r d Arkwright and J o s i a h Wedgwood were h e l d up as beacons to gu i d e the w o rk i ng man through h i s difficult li f e.T h i s was a ll a bit bou r g e o i s for Thomas C a r l y l e,who f ocu se d h i s b i og r a ph i es on the truly h e r o i c li v es of M a rt i n Luther, O li v e r C r o m w e ll and N a po l e on Bonaparte. These e poch a l f i gu r es represented li v es hard to i m i t a t e, but to be a c k no w l e dg e d as po ssess i ng h i gh e r a u t ho r i ty than m e r e m o rt a l s.Not everyone was con v i nc e d by such bombast. “T h e h i s t o ry of a ll h i t h e rt o e x i s t i ng s oc i e ty i s the h i s t o ry of c l ass s tr ugg l es,”wrote M a rx and E ng e l s in T h e C o m m u n i s t M a n i f e s t o. For them, h i s t o ry did no t h i ng, it possessed no i mm e n se w ea l t h nor waged b a tt l es:“It i s man, r ea l, living man who do es a ll t h a t.” And h i s t o ry s hou l d be the story of the masses and t h e i r record of s tr ugg l e.A s such, i t needed to a pp r e c i a t e the e cono m i c r ea li t i es,the s oc i a l contexts and power r e l a t i on s in which each epoch stood. For: “M e n make t h e i r own h i s t o ry, but they do not make it j u s t as they p l ease; they do not make it under c i r cu m s t a nc es chosen by t h e m se l v es,but under c i r cu m s t a nc es d i r e c t l y f ound,g i v e n and tr a n s m i tt e d from the past. ”T h i s was the tr a d i t i on which r e v o l u t i on i z e d our a pp r e c i a t i on of the past. In p l a c e of T ho m as C a r l y l e,Br i t a i n nurtured C h r i s t oph e r Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. H i s t o ry from b e l o w stood a l ong s i d e b i og r a ph i es of great men. W ho l e new r ea l m s of und e r s t a nd i ng―from gender to race to cu l t u r a l s t ud i es- were opened up as s cho l a r s unp i c k e d the multiplicity of l o s t s oc i e t i es. And it tr a n s f o r m e d pub li c h i s t o ry too: do w n s t a i r s became j u s t as f as c i n a t i ng as up s t a i r s.[A] e m ph as i z e d the v i rt u e of c l ass i c a l h e r o es.。

XX年MBA联考英语考试大纲考试性质工商管理硕士生入学考试是全国统一的选拔性考试，其目的是为了科学、公平、准确、规范地测试考生的逻辑思维能力、汉语和英语的阅读、表达及运用能力、数学基础知识和基本运算能力、管理学基础知识以及分析和解决实际管理问题的能力。

考试科目包括综合能力（数学、语文与逻辑）、英语、管理，在教育部授权的工商管理硕士生培养院校范围内进行联考。

本考试大纲的制定力求反映工商管理硕士专业学位的特点，注重测评考生的综合能力和基本素质，以利于有实践经验的中青年优秀管理人员入学，为国家经济建设选拔和培养高素质管理人才。

考试要求要求考生较熟练地掌握英语的基本语法和常用词汇，具有较强的阅读理解能力、一定的听说能力以及语言运用能力。

考试内容和形式考试形式分为初试和复试。

初试包括听力测试和笔试。

初试考试时间为3小时，其中听力测试时间为30分钟，笔试时间为2小时30分钟。

听力测试的分数占英语初试总分数的20％。

笔试分数占初试总分数的80％．复试为口语测试，命题和测试工作由各招生单位自行组织．初试考试内容分为六部分：Ⅰ听力测试听力测试，由三节共20道题目组成，具体要求及内容如下：1、测试目的英语听力测试主要测试考生理解英语口语的能力。

要求考生理解主旨要义，获取事实性的具体信息，理解明确或隐含表达的概念性含义；进行有关的判断、推理、和引申；理解说话者的意图、观点或态度。

2、试卷内容与结构听力测试由三节组成：节为考生提供的信息指导语语言测试要点题型题目数量计分A 1段独白或对话（180~220词）（放2遍录音）英语特定和具体信息填充表格5 5分B 1段独白或对话（280~320词）（放2遍录音）英语特定、具体和总体信息补全句子或简答题5 5分C 3段独白或对话（200~300词）（放1遍录音）英语理解大意和细节；推断词义；判断态度/意图选择题（4选1）10 10分A节（5题）：测试考生理解特定和具体信息的能力。

2012年MBA(工商管理硕士)测试大纲
2012年MBA(工商管理硕)士考试大纲硕士研究生招生全国统考科目为思想政治理论、英语一、英语二、俄语、日语、数学一、数学二、数学三、教育学专业基础综合、心理学专业基础综合、历史学基础、西医综合、中医综合。

全国联考科目为数学(农)、化学(农)、植物生理学与生物化学、动物生理学与生物化学、计算机学科专业基础综合、管理类联考综合能力、法硕联考专业基础(非法学)、法硕联考综合(非法学)、法硕联考专业基础(法学)、法硕联考综合(法学)。

全国统考和联考科目的命题工作由教育部考试中心统一组织；统考科目考试大纲由教育部考试中心统一编制，联考科目考试大纲由教育部考试中心或教育部指定的相关机构组织编制。

启用前·绝密2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语报考测试试卷考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。

2. 答题前，考生应将答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息填写清楚，并与准考证上的一致。

3. 答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。

（1）英语应用、阅读理解A部分的答案填涂在答题卡上，阅读理解B部分、英译汉的答案和作文的答案写在答题纸上。

（2）填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。

如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。

书写部分（英译汉的答案和作文）必须用蓝（黑）色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡上作答。

4. 答题卡严禁折叠。

考试结束后，将答题卡和答题纸一起放入原试卷袋中，试卷交给监考人，严禁在档案袋上填写任何信息。

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷1ASection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D an ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A recent parliamentary report blames the government and the food industry for the growth in obesity. The Department of Transport is blamed for not fulfilling enough mission to 1 facilities for pedestrians and cyclists but 2 to pressure from motoring organizations representing motor users. The Ministry of Education is 3 of selling off school playing fields and not doing enough to 4 adequate facilities for physical education and games. Young people in Britain have become crazy about football (soccer and rugby), 5 too often as spectator “couch potatoes”.The food industry is criticized for promoting low-nutrition food to school children and not doing adequate to 6 sugar, fats as well as salt in prepared foods. The industry, stung by the 7 popularity of the Atkins low-carbohydrate diet, has begun to 8 , but it will have to do considerably 9 if it is to ward off increased regulations.Japan seems less affected so far by the 10 of obesity. 11 , as the Japanese diet becomes increasingly 12 (burgers and doughnuts), the problem will definitely grow. Interestingly，Japanese cuisine (烹饪) has become highly 13 in Britain. It is regarded as healthy in a different way from the Mediterranean diet with its emphasis 14 tomatoes and olive oil 15 with red wine.It is now 16 that a fairly small amount of red wine is beneficial to the heart，17 its other beneficial properties. But Britain has to do more to 18 the problems of alcoholism linked with the indulge-drinking culture, 19 violence and vandalism. Limited consumption of alcohol，as long as it is not combined with driving，is 20 and possibly beneficial.1. A. stimulate B. inspire C. promote D. elevate2. A. submit B. subject C. subordinate D. surrender3. A. charged B. criticized C. scolded D. accused4. A. ensure B. assure C. secure D. pledge5. A. and B. or C. but D. or else6. A. decline B. decrease C. descend D. collapse7. A. current B. fashionable C. normal D. ultimate8. A. retort B. refute C. respond D. resolve9. A. less B. more C. soon D. well10. A. agony B. problem C. suffering D. issue11. A. Therefore B. Namely C. However D. Indeed12. A. civilized B. globalized C. westernized D. localized13. A. prevalent B. prominent C. precedent D. pregnant14. A. on B. with C. to D. over15. A. complied B. integrated C. associated D. corresponded16. A. accepted B. approved C. assumed D. acclaimed17. A. but for B. let alone C. regardless of D. no wonder18. A. tackle B. challenge C. dominate D. undertake19. A. imparting B. concerning C. resembling D. including20. A. meaningless B. restless C. helpless D. harmlessSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1California has launched a new campaign known as the Digital Textbook Initiative.“Starting the coming fall semester with high school math and science, we will be the first state nationwide to provide schools with a state-approved list of digital textbooks,” so procl aimed Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in June, talking about his projection and effort to boost and inspire schools to use materials available online without paying. He contends that digital textbooks can present the latest information, lighten the load of school bags, economize paper and therefore lessen deforestation, render learning more fun and interactive, and above all, relieve schools of their concern about finances. In addition, the state has had to make severe cuts in school expenditure because of deep financial problems. After all, far beyond six million students attend California public schools.Earlier this year, California recruited a number of content developers to gather and then offer digital math and science materials for high schools. These had satisfied at least 90% of the state’s learning requirements. Specially trained teachers canvassed 16 textbooks and approve ten of them, six of which have been published by the CK 12 Foundation, a non-profit group that had been developing digital science and math books for about two years. The foundation paid teachers and other education professionals to compile and edit them and the funds came from a group backed by the Khosia family.California cannot compel schools to turn to the digital books and so leave the option to individual school districts. Susan Martimo, a California Department of Education official, claims she has only a dim anticipation of extensive adoption of digital textbooks and her best guess is that some schools with a lot of technology will be the pioneers to use them, but accompanied by their traditional books.School administrators pointed out that the texts may be free online but students need a channel to access them and not everyone owns or possesses a computer or electronic reader. Furthermore, schools could print out copies but that would not sound environmentally, and more practically speaking, immense cost is called for to discipline the faculty to utilize digital textbooks effectively.21. According to the text, the Digital Textbook Initiative ______.A. will take effect six months laterB. covers all the high school subjectsC. has been approved by all the statesD. is advocated by California state governor22. The primary reason for promoting digital textbooks is to ______.A. help save moneyB. benefit the environmentC. provide interesting materialsD. reduce students’ burden23. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 3 ?A. Specially trained teachers compile digital text booksB. Content developers get no pay for their work in digital textbooksC. CK 12 Foundation has issued some digital textbooksD. Khosia Family has asked content developers to do some work24. From Susan Martimo’s perspective, digital textbooks ______.A. are not likely to have a widespread usB. will soon replace traditional onesC. will first be adopted by good-financed schoolsD. will be used by traditional technology schools25. School administrators’ attitude toward digital textbooks is ______.A. SupportiveB. ApprehensiveC. ObjectiveD. IndignantText 2Web allows us to move information online that now resides in paper form. Electronic commerce notches up month-by-month too. Microsoft, for example, purchases millions of dollars of PCs online instead of by paper.However, that is not a fundamental change and therefore cannot be perceived as electronic commerce in a real sense and net promises a much more convenient future. It has just enhanced the efficiency of an existing process but can’t match buyers and sellers who would no t previously have found each other. When you go to a book site and find an obscure book that you never would have found in a physical bookstore, that is a new type of commerce.Today, less than half of all PCs are still not connected to the Web. Getting communications costs down and making all the software simpler will bring in those people, and that, in turn, will move us closer to the critical mass that will make the Web lifestyle everyone’s lifestyle. One element that people underestimate is the degree to which the hardware and software will improve. Just take oneaspect: screen technology. I do my e-mail on a 20-inch liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor, which is not available at a reasonable price yet, but will be in two years.Interaction with the Web also will improve, making it much easier for people to be involved. Today the keywords we use to search the Web often return to too many articles to sort through, many of them out of context. If you want to learn about the fastest computer chip available, you might end up getting responses instead about potato chips being delivered in fast trucks.It is a promising fact that we shall be either speaking or typing sentences into the computer. If you inquire about the speed of chips, the response will be about computers, not potatoes. Verbal recognition also means that you may very well call in on a phone and ask if you have any new messages, or check on a flight, or check on the weather.To project that it will take over ten years for these transformations to happen is probably pessimistic. We usually overestimate what we can do in two years and underestimate what we can do in ten. The Web will be as much a way of life as the car by 2012. Probably before.26. According to the writer, real electronic commerce should ______.A. improve the efficiency of transactions fundamentallyB. gather buyers and sellers together before transactionsC. make new buyers and sellers find each other on InternetD. offers goods that can be found in physical stores27. According to the author, connection to Web is not very common because of ______.A. high cost and unfriendly softwareB. backward lifestyle and close relationC. mass low interest and criticismD. low efficiency of web sites28. The example of potato chips is used to illustrate ______.A. the defect of computers at the present stage of developmentB. the similarity between a computer chip and a potato chipC. the richness of information available on the webD. the irrelevant responses the web sometimes offers29. With regard to the improvement of web service, the author seems ______.A. skepticalB. pessimisticC. optimisticD. concerned30. The passage is mainly trying to show that ______.A. the web is becoming a way of conveying informationB. the web will bring about a new way of lifeC. electronic commerce develops with the InternetD. interaction with the Web will become easierText 3Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful directions: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures.Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or application of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation.Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and application of technology are made. Such modifications may comprise imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to appeal to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity.Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas which may impinge on fundamental social values, or modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications, like the inactiveness of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance.Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and application. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by laws or acts of duties on governmental decision makers and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity.There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods and such costs are internalized when buyers pay them. Air pollution from motor vehicles apparently create costs, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease, these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good common to all.31. The passage is primarily concerned with ______.A. objectives and legal methods for guidance of technological developmentB. technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activityC. economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellersD. reasons for slow technological development in light of environmentalist objections32. Which of the followings is included in Market incentive modifications?A. To change technology operations’ ownershipB. To require technology enterprises to pay taxesC. To simplify rules to restore technological harmD. To subsidize the importing of high technologies33. The word “impinge” (Paragraph 4) probably means ______.A. play emphasis onB. pay attention toC. have passion onD. have impact on34. One of the changes of decision-making structures is ______.A. to change the composition of governmentsB. to reflect opinions from the publicC. to make governments decide lessD. to give public the right to vote leaders35. The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles to _________.A. reveal cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resourcesB. indicate legal methods used to prevent technological developmentsC. illustrate there are some costs not included in buyer-seller bargainsD. show technological research undertaken for the common welfareText 4For more than two decades, U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas. The legal principle is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.Now, chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge into this politically unsettled debate. They, together with 36 universities and 7 non-profit organizations, formed a forum that put forward an action plan designed to help colleges elude court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action. T he CEOs’ motive is “Our audience is growing more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well”, says one CEO of a company that owns nine television stations.Among the steps the forum is pushing include finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies, promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores, and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them. “Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legal ways,” says, a forum member.One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for public universities — which educate three-quarters of all U.S. undergraduates — to admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.36. U.S. court restrictions on affirmative action may lead to ______.A. loss of the favors minorities once enjoyedB. improved quality of American collegesC. compromise between educators and activistsD. dispute between the minorities and majorities37. The divisive issue across the United States focuses on ______.A. whether affirmative action should continue to existB. whether this law should go on helping minoritiesC. whether racism exists in American college admissionD. whether racial intolerance should be punished38. Big companies decided to help colleges enroll more minority students because they_____.A. think it wrong to deprive the minorities of their rights to educationB. want to preserve the fine characteristics of American nationC. want a staff that reflects the diversity of their customersD. think it their duty to help develop education of the country39. The tactics the forum uses is intended to ______.A. battle the racial preferences in courtB. support colleges involved in lawsuits of racismC. strive to settle this political debate nationwideD. find feasible ways to ensure minority admissions40. If the 10% rule is applied, ______.A. the best white high school students can get into collegesB. public universities can get excellent studentsC. students from poor rural families can go to collegesD. good minority students can get into public universitiesPart BDirections: Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Good grades and high tests scores still matter —a lot —to many colleges as they award financial aid. But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years, some schools are re-examining whether that aid, typically known as “merit aid”, is the most effective use of precious institutional dollars. George Washington University in Washington, D.C., for example, proclaimed last week that it would cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and reduce the number of recipients, pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-oriented aid. Allegheny College in Meadville, Pa., made a similar decision three years ago.Not all colleges offer merit aid; generally, the more selective a school, the less likely it is to do so. Harvard and Princeton, for example, offer generous need-oriented packages, but many families who don’t meet need eligibility have been willing to pay whatever they must for a big-name school. Forsmall regional colleges that struggle just to fill seats, merit aid can be an important revenue-builder because many recipients still pay enough tuition dollars over and above the scholarship amount to keep the institution running. But for rankings-conscious schools in between, merit aid has served primarily as a tool to recruit top students and to improve their academic profits. “They’re trying to buy students,” says Skidmore College economist Sandy Baum.Studies show merit aid also tends to benefit disproportionately students who could afford to enroll without it.“As we look to the future, we see a more pressing need to invest in need-orient ed aid,” says Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, which has offered merit scholarships for 10 years. During that time, it rose in US News & World Report’s ranking of the best liberal arts colleges, from 25 to 17. Merit aid, which benefited about 75 students a year, or about 4% of its student body, at a cost of about $ 1 million a year, “served us well,” Inzer says, but “to be discounting the price for families that don’t need financial aid doesn’t feel right any more.”Need-oriented aid remains by far the largest share of all student aid, which includes state, federal and institutional grants. But merit aid, offered primarily by schools and states, is growing faster, both overall and at the institutional level. Between 1995-96 and 2003-04, institutional merit aid alone increased 212%, compared with 47% for need-oriented grants. At least 15 states also offer merit aid, typically in a bid to enroll top students in the state’s public institutions. But in recent years, a growing chorus of critics has begun pressuring schools to drop the practice. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be “a sign that people are starting to realize that there’s this destructive competition going on,” says Baum, co-author of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need. David Laird, president of the Minnesota Private College Council, says many of his schools would like to reduce their merit aid but fear that in doing so, they would lose top students to their competitors.41. With more and more low-income students pursuing higher education, many colleges are changing their admission processes.42. Allegheny College began to cut its merit-based aid to help the needy students three years ago.43. The chief purpose of rankings-conscious colleges in offering merit aid is to increase their revenues.44. Monica Inzer believes it’s not right to give aid to those who can afford the tuition.45. In recent years, merit-based aid has increased much faster than need-based aid due to more government funding to colleges.46. TranslationDirections: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your version on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Even present surveys reveal that parents still have a preference of a boy rather than a girl. Yet tables have turned and girls may now be a better investment. The expansion of female employmentin the advanced world has been the principal propeller of growth in the past decades. Those women have contributed more to global GDP growth than have either new technology or the new giants, China and India. Add the value of housework and child-rearing, and women are likely to account for just over half of world output. It is true that few women make it to the top of enterprises, but, as prejudice fades over coming years, women will have great scope to boost their productivity and incomes. Governments, too, should embrace the potential of women. To an economist, women are no t exploited enough: they are the world’s most under-utilized resource; getting more of them into work is part of the solution to many economic woes, including shrinking populations and poverty.Writing47. Part ADirections: You have worked in your present company for nearly three years and you find the work there is not to your taste and your potentials cannot be exploited. Write a letter to your manager to 1) Ask to resign from the company; 2) Ask the manager for a reference.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)48. Part BDirections: In this section, you are asked to write an essay titled Cheating on Examinations and you composition should be based on the following statement.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)近年来，在各个层次、各种类别的国家级考试中都出现了考试作弊现象。

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus. But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish. Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies. Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty. The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time. The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century. The “Case Study Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared. 1. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ . [A]prosperity and growth [B]efficiency and practicality [C]restraint and confidence [D]pride and faithfulness 2. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus? [A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. [B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II. [C]Most American architects used to be associated with it. [D]It had a great influence upon American architecture. 3. Mies held that elegance of architectural design . [A]was related to large space [B]was identified with emptiness [C]was not reliant on abundant decoration [D]was not associated with efficiency 4. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive? [A]They ignored details and proportions. [B]They were built with materials popular at that time. [C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings. [D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art. 5. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”? [A]Mechanical devices were widely used. [B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration [C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect. [D]Eco-friendly materials were employed. 参考答案 1．C。

2012年管理类专业硕士学位全国联考综合试卷一、问题求解：第1-15小题，每小题3分，共45分，下列每题给出的五个选项中，A 、B 、C 、D 、E 只有一个项符合试题要求。

请在答题卡上将所选项字母涂黑。

1、某商品的定价为200元，受金融危机的影响，连续两次降价20%以后的售价为是A 、114元B 、120元C 、128元D 、144元E 、160元2、在一次捐赠活动中，某市将捐赠的物品打包成件，其中帐篷和食品共320件，帐篷比食品多80件，则帐篷的件数是A 、180B 、200C 、230D 、240E 、2603、如图1，一个储物罐的下半部分的底面直径与高均是20m 的圆柱形，上半部分（顶部）是半球形，已知底面与顶部的造价是400元/m 2，侧面的造价是300元/m 2，该储物罐的造价是（14.3=π）A 、56.52万元B 、62.8万元C 、75.36万元D 、87.92万元E 、100.48万元4、在一次商品促销活动中，主持人出示一个9位数，让顾客猜测商品价格，商品价格是该9位数中从左到右相邻的3个数字组成的3位数，若主持人出示的是513535319，则顾客一次猜中价格的概率是A 、1/7B 、1/6C 、1/5D 、2/7E 、1/35、某商店经营15种商品，每次在橱窗内陈列5种，若每次陈列的商品不完全相同，则最多可陈列A 、3000次B 、3003次C 、4000次D 、4003次E 、4300次6、甲，乙，丙三个地区的公务员参加一次测评，其人数和考分情况如下表：人数 分数地区6 7 8 9 甲10 10 10 10 乙15 15 10 20 丙 10 10 15 15三个地区按平均分由高到低的排名顺序为A 、乙、丙、甲B 、乙、甲、丙C 、甲、丙、乙D 、丙、甲、乙E 、丙、乙、甲7、经统计，某机场的一个安检口每天中午办理安检手续的乘客人数及相应的概率如下表： 乘客人数0～5 6～10 11～15 16～20 21～25 25以上 概率 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.05 该安检口2天中至少有1天中午办理安检手续的乘客人数超过15人的概率是A 、0.2B 、0.25C 、0.4D 、0.5E 、0.758、某人在保险柜中存放了M 元现金，第一天取出它的32，以后每天取出前一天所取的31，共取了7次，保险柜中剩余的现金为A 、73M 元B 、63M 元C 、632M 元 D 、M ])32(1[7-元 E 、M ])32(71[7⨯-元 9、在直角坐标系中，若平面区域D 中所有点的坐标（x ，y ）均满足：60≤≤x ，60≤≤y ，3≤-x y ，922≥+y x ，则D 的面积是A 、)41(49π+B 、9（44π-）C 、)43(9π-D 、)2(49π+ E 、)1(49π+ 10、某单位春季植物100棵，前2天安排乙组植树，其余任务由甲，乙两组用3天完成，已知甲组每天比乙组多植树4棵，则甲组每天植树A 、11棵B 、12棵C 、13棵D 、15棵E 、17棵11、在两队进行的羽毛坏对抗赛中，每对派出3男2女共5名运动员进行5局单打比赛，如果女子比赛安排在第二和第四局进行，则每队队员的不同出场顺序有A 、12种B 、10种C 、8种D 、6 种E 、4种12、若b ax x x +++23能被232+-x x 整除，则A 、a=4，b=4B 、a=—4，b=—4C 、a=10，b=—8D 、a=—10，b=8E 、a=—2，b=013、某公司计划运送180台电视机和110台洗衣机下乡，现有两种货车，甲种货车每辆最多可载40台电视机和10台洗衣机，乙种货车每辆最多可载20台电视机和20台洗衣机。

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date. In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same. It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable. The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business. 1. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper . [A]neglected the sign of crisis [B]failed to get state subsidies [C]were not charitable corporations [D]were in a desperate situation 2. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because . [A]readers threatened to pay less [B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs [C]journalists reported little about these areas [D]subscribers complained about slimmer products 3. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they . [A]have more sources of revenue [B]have more balanced newsrooms [C]are less dependent on advertising [D]are less affected by readership 4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business? [A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers. [B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper. [C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business. [D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews. 5. The most appropriate title for this text would be . [A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival [B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind [C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business [D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story 参考答案 1．D。

英语一一、考试性质全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)是为高等院校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。

即英语(一)是针对学术硕士研究生的考生，英语(二)是针对专业硕士研究生的考生。

专业硕士研究生主要包括以下19种：法律硕士，社会工作硕士，教育硕士，体育硕士，汉语国际教育硕士，翻译硕士，艺术硕士，风景园林硕士，工程硕士，建筑学硕士，农业推广硕士，兽医硕士，临床医学硕士，口腔医学硕士，公共卫生硕士，会计硕士，工商管理硕士，公共管理硕士，军事硕士。

考研英语试卷一分为二既是为了顺应考研英语测试向更加科学化、多样化、公平化等方面发展的需要，也是对硕士研究生人才选拔方式的一次大胆尝试。

从学习和考试的角度来讲，这种一分为二提供的更多的是机遇，而不是挑战，因为总的来说考研英语没有增加新的东西，只是进行了合理的拆分，只要明确了自己的努力方向，这种拆分无论对于英语(一)的考生还是对于英语(二)的考生都是有所帮助的。

二、评价目标1. 语法：英语二明确了八个语法知识点英语(一)大纲要求考生能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，而英语(二)专门列出了考生需要掌握的八个语法知识点，明确了考查方向和备考范围。

这就意味着英语(二)语法考查范围相对较小，更注重考查考生的基础知识，难度会比英语一大大降低。

建议考生把这八个语法知识点认真吃透，并加以灵活运用。

2.词汇：英语二词汇的复习重点有别于英语一词汇英语(一)大纲要求“考生能掌握5500左右的词汇及相关词组”。

而英语(二)大纲要求“考生应能较熟练地掌握5500个左右的常用词汇以及相关常用词组”。

可见，英语(二)不会像英语一那样偏重对词汇词义和用法的深度挖掘，而是主要偏重考查“常用”的词汇和词组，其考查的难度大家就心里有底了。