Risk Codes安全术语中英文对照

ICH 安全性领域常用专业术语中英文对照表S9-mix constituent S9混合液成分Safeguards 安全监测Safety pharmacology 安全药理学Safety margin 安全范围Salmonella typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门菌Sampling time 采样时间Satellite groups 卫星组Saturation of absorption 吸收饱和Secondary testing 二期试验Secretion in milk 乳汁分泌Sensitive periods 敏感期Sensitivity 敏感性Sensory functions and reflexes 感觉功能和反射Sexual maturity 性成熟Short term toxicity 短期毒性Short or medium-term carcinogenicity study 短或中期致癌性研究Short treatment 短期处理Sighting studies 预试验Single dose(acute)toxicity 单剂量(急性)毒性Single study design 单一研究设计Site-specific targeted delivery 定位靶向释放Small colony 小集落Small colony mutant 小集落突变体Soft agar method 软琼脂法Soluble genotoxic impurity 可溶性遗传毒性杂质Solvent control 溶剂对照Somatic cell 体细胞Somatic cell test 体细胞试验Species 种属Specificity 特异性Species specificity 种属特异性Sperm analysis 精子分析Sperm count 精子计数Sperm maturation 精子成熟Sperm morphology 精子形态学Sperm motility 精子活动度Sperm viability 精子活力Spermatogenesis 精子形成Spindle apparatus 纺缍体Stages of reproduction 生殖阶段Standard battery of test 标准试验组合Standard 3-test battery 标准三项试验组合Standard battery 标准组合Standard battery system 标准组合系统Standard procedure 标准规程Standard protocol 标准试验方案Standard set of strains 标准菌株组Standard set of tests 标准试验组Standard test battery 标准试验组合Statistical evaluation 统计学评价Steady-state levels 稳态浓度Step-by-step 逐步Stepwise process 阶梯式程序Strain 品系Structural changes 结构改变Structural chromosomal aberration 染色体结构畸变Subgroups 亚组Supravital staining 体外活动染色Surface righting reflex 平面翻正反射Survival 存活率suspension 悬浮物Systemic exposure 全面接触Target organs 靶器官Target cell 靶细胞Target histidine genes 组氨酸目的基因Target tissue 靶组织Target tissue exposure 靶组织接触Teratogenic response 致畸胎反应Terminal sacrifice 终末期处死Test of carcinogenicity 致癌试验Test approach 试验方法Test battery approach 试验组合方法Test compound 受试物Test model 试验模型Test strategy 试验策略Test systems 试验系统Tester strain 试验菌株Therapeutic 治疗Therapeutic confirmatory 疗效确定Therapeutic exploratory 疗效探索Therapeutic indication 治疗适应证Time course 时程Timing conventions 分段计时方法Tissue cross-reactivity 组织交叉反应Tissue distribution 组织分布Tissue exposure 组织接触Tissue uptake 组织吸收Tk locus tk位点Top concentration 最高浓度Topical 局部的Topoisomerase inhibitor 拓朴异构酶抑制剂Total erythrocyte 总红细胞Total litter loss 整窝丢失Toxicity to reproduction 生殖毒性Toxicokinetics 毒代动力学(毒物代谢动力学) Transgene 转基因Transgenic animals 转基因动物Transgenic plants 转基因植物Translocation 移位Treatment regimen 实施方案Tubal transport 输卵管运输Tumor induction 肿瘤诱导Tumor response 肿瘤反应Tumor-related gene 肿瘤相关基因Two or three phase approach 分段(二段或三段)研究Two study design 分段(两段)研究设计Ovulation rate 排卵率Unbound concentration 未结合浓度Unexpected finding 非预期结果Unscheduled DNA synthesis(UDS) 程序外DNA合成Unstable epoxide 不稳定过氧代物Vaginal opening 阴道张开Vaginal plug 阴栓Whole blood 全血Dead offspring at birth 出生时死亡的子代Degradation 降解Delay of parturition 分娩延迟Deletion 缺失Descriptive statistics 描述性统计Detection of bacterial mutagen 细菌诱变剂检测Detection of clastogen 染色体断裂剂检测Determination of metabolites 测定代谢产物Development of the offspring 子代发育Developmental toxicity 发育毒性Diminution of the background lawn 背景减少Direct genetic damage 直接遗传损伤Distribution 分布DNA adduct DNA加合物DNA damage DNA损伤DNA repair DNA修复DNA strand breaks DNA链断裂Dose escalation 剂量递增Dose dependence 剂量依赖关系Dose level 剂量水平Dose-limiting toxicity 剂量限制性毒性Dose-raging studies 剂量范围研究Dose-relatived mutagenicity 剂量相关性诱变性Dose-related 剂量相关Dose-relatived cytotoxicity 剂量相关性细胞毒性Dose-relatived genotoxic activity 剂量相关性遗传毒性Dose-response curve 剂量-反应曲线Dosing route 给药途径Duration 周期Duration of pregnancy 妊娠周期Eaning 断奶Earlier physical malformation 早期躯体畸形Early embryonic development 早期胚胎发育Early embryonic development to implantation 着床早期的胚胎发育Electro ejaculation 电射精Elimination 清除Embryofetal deaths 胚胎和胎仔死亡Embryo-fetal development 胚胎-胎仔发育Embryo-fetal toxicity 胚胎-胎仔毒性Embryonic death 胚胎死亡Embryonic development 胚胎发育Embryonic period 胚胎期Embryos 胚胎Embryotoxicity 胚胎毒性Enantiomer 对映异构体End of pregnancy 怀孕终止Endocytic 内吞噬(胞饮)Endocytic activity 内吞噬活性Endogenous proteins 内源性蛋白Endogenous components 内源性物质Endogenous gene 内源性基因Endonuclease 核酸内切酶Emdpmiclease release from lysosomes 溶酶体释放核酸内切酶End-point 终点Epididymal sperm maturation 附睾精子成熟性Epitope 抗原决定部位Error prone repair 易错性修复Escalation 递增Escherichia coli strain 大肠杆菌菌株Escherichia coli 大肠杆菌Evaluation of test result 试验结果评价Exaggerated pharmacological response 超常增强的药理作用Excretion 排泄(清除)Exposure assessment 接触剂量评价Exposure period 接解期External metabolizing system 体外代谢系统F1-animals 子一代动物False positive result 假阳性结果Fecundity 多产Feed-back 反馈Fertilisation 受精Fertility 生育力Fertility studies 生育力研究Fetal abnormalities 胎仔异常Fetal and neonatal parameters 胎仔和仔鼠的生长发育参数Fetal development and growth 肿仔发育和生长Fetal period 胎仔期Fetotoxicity 胎仔毒性False negative result 假阴性结果First pass testing 一期试验Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) 原位荧光分子杂交Foetuses 胎仔Formulation 制剂Frameshift mutation 移码突变Frameshite point mutation 移码点突变Free-standing 独立Fresh dissection technique 新鲜切片技术Funtional deficits 切能缺陷Functional test 功能试验Functional indices 功能性指标Fusion proteins 融合蛋白Gametes 配子Gender of animals 动物性别Gender-specific drug 性别专一性药物Gene knockout 基因剔除Gene therapy 基因治疗Gene mutation 基因突变Genetic 遗传Genetic change 遗传学改变Genetic damage 遗传学损伤Genetic endpoint 遗传终点Genetic toxicity 遗传毒性Genotoxic activity 遗传毒性作用Genotoxic carcinogen 遗传毒性致癌剂Genotoxic effect 遗传毒性效应Genotoxic hazard 遗传毒性危害Genotoxic potential 潜在遗传毒性Genotoxic rodent carcinogen 啮齿类动物遗传毒性致癌剂Genotoxicity 遗传毒性Genotoxicity test 遗传毒性试验Genotoxicity test battery 毒性试验组合Genotoxycity evaluation 遗传毒性评价Germ cell mutagen 生殖细胞诱变剂Germ line mutation 生殖系统突变GLP 临床前研究质量管理规范Gross chromosomal damage 染色体大损伤Gross evaluation of placenta 胎盘的大体评价Growth factors 生长因子Haemotoxylin staining 苏木素染色Half-life 半衰期Hematopoietic cells 造血细胞Heptachlor 七氯化合物Heritable 遗传Heritable defect 遗传缺陷Heritable disease 遗传性疾病Heritable effect 遗传效应High concentration 高浓度Histologic appearance of reproductive organ 生殖器官的组织学表现Histopathological chang 组织病理学改变Homologous proteins 同系蛋白Homologous series 同系Host cell 宿主细胞Human subjects 人体Human carcinogen 人类致癌剂Human lymphoblastoid TH6cell 人成淋巴TK6细胞Human mutagen 人类致突变剂Humoral immunity 体液免疫Immature erythrocyte 未成熟红细胞Immediate and latent effect 速发和迟发效应Immunogenicity 免疫原性Immunopathological effects 免疫病理反应immunotoxicity 免疫毒性Implantation 着床Implantation sites 着床部位In vitro 体外In vitro test 体外试验In vivo 体内In vivo test 体风试验Incidence of polyploidy cell 多倍体细胞发生率Incisor eruption 门齿萌发Independent test 独立试验Individual fetal body weight 单个胎仔体重Induced and spontaneous models of disease 诱发或自发的疾病模型Inducer of micronuclei 微核诱导剂Inhalation 吸入Inhibitor of DNA metabolism DNA代谢抑制剂Intact animals 完整动物(整体动物)Internal control 内对照Interphase nuclei 分裂间期细胞核Intra-and inter-individual 个体与个体间Isolated organs 离休器官Juvenile animal studies 未成年动物研究Kinetic profile 动力学特点Kinetics 动力学Lactation 授乳、哺乳Large deletion event 大缺失事件Late embryo loss 后期胚胎丢失Level of safety 安全水平Libido 性欲Life threatering 危及生命Lipophilic compound 亲脂性化合物Litter size 每窝胎仔数目Live and deal conceptuese 活胎和死胎Live offspring at birth 出生时存活的子代Local tolerance studies 局部耐受性研究Local toxicity 局部毒性Locu 位点Long-term carcinogenicity study 长期致癌性研究Loss of the tk gene tk基因缺失Major organ formation 主要器官形成Male fertility 雄性生育力Male fertility assessment 雄性生育力评价Mammalian sells 哺乳动物细胞Mammalian species 哺乳类动物Mammalian sell mutation test 哺乳动物细胞致突变试验Marketing approval 上市许可Maternal animal 亲代动物Mating behavior 交配行为Mating period 交配期Mating ratio 交配比例Matrices 基质Maximum tolerated dose(MTD) 最大耐受剂量Mechanism of genotoxicity 遗传毒性机制Mechanistic investigation 机制研究Metabolic activation 代谢活化Metabolic activation pathway 代谢活化途径Metabolic activation system 代谢活化系统Metabolism 代谢Metabolites profile 代谢物的概况Metaphase 中期Metaphase analysis 分裂中期相分析Metaphase cell 分裂中期相细胞Micronucleus 微核Micronucleus formation 微核形成Microtitre 微滴定Mictotitre method 微滴定法mimicking 模拟Mitotic index 有丝分裂指数Molecular characterization 分子特性Molecular technique 分子技术Monitor 监测Monoclonal antibodies 单克隆抗体Non-toxic compound 无毒化合物Mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell 小鼠淋巴瘤L5178Y细胞Mouse lymphoma tk assay 小鼠淋巴溜tk检测Mutagen 诱变原Mutagenic carcinogen 诱变性致癌剂Mutagenic potential of chemical 化合物的潜在致突变性Mutant colony 突变体集落Mutation 突变Mutation induction in transgenes 转基因诱导突变Naked eye 肉眼Necropsy(macroscopic examination) 解剖(大体检查)Negative control 阴性对照Negative result 阴性结果Neonate adaptation to extrauterine life 新生仔宫外生活的适应性Newborn 新生仔Newcleated 有核Non rodent 非啮齿类Non-clinical 非临床Non-genotoxic carcinogen 非遗传毒性致癌剂Non-genotoxic mechanism 非遗传毒性机制Non-human primate 非人灵长类Non-linear 非线性No-toxic-effect dose level 无毒性反应剂量水平Nucleated bone marrow cell 有核骨髓细胞Nucleoside analogue 核苷酸同系物Number of live and dead implantation 宫内活胎和死胎数Numerical chromosomal aberration 染色体数目畸变Numerical chromosome changes 染色体数目改变Oestrous cycle 动情周期Oligonucleotide grugs 寡核苷酸药物One ,twe,three generation studies 一、二、三子代研究Organ development 器官发育Paraffine embedding 石蜡包埋Parameter 参数Parent compound 母体化合物Parenteral 非肠道Particulate material 颗粒物Parturition 分娩Pediatric populations 小儿人群Peproductive competence 生殖能力Peripheral blood erythrocyte 外周血红细胞Pharmacodynamic effects 药效作用Pharmacodynamics 药效学(药效动力学) Pharmacokinetic 药代动力学Phenylene diamine 苯二胺Physical development 身体发育Physiological stress 生理应激Pilot studies 前期研究Pinna unfolding 耳廓张开Plasmid 质粒Plasminogen activators 纤维蛋白溶解酶原激活因子Ploidy 整倍体Point mutation 点突变Polychromatic erythrocyte 嗜多染色红细胞Polycyclic hydrocarbon 多环芳烃Polymer 聚合物Polyploidy cell 多倍体细胞Polyploidy 多倍体Polyploidy induction 多倍体诱导Poorly soluble compound 难溶化合物Positive control 阳性对照Positive result 阳性结果Post meiotic stages 减数分裂后期Post-approval 批准后Postcoital time frame 交配后日期Postimplantation deaths 着床后死亡Postnatal deaths 出生后死亡Postweaning development and growth 断奶后发育和生长Potential 潜在性Potential immunogenecity 潜在免疫原性Potential target organs for toxicity 潜在毒性靶器官Pre-and post-natal development study 围产期的发育研究Pre-and postweaning survival and growth 断奶前后的存少和生长Precipitate 沉淀期Precision 精密度Preclinical safety evaluation 临床前安全性评价Predetermined criteria 预定标准Prediction of carcinogenicity 致癌性预测Pregnant 怀孕Pregnant and lactation animals 怀孕与哺乳期动物Preimplantation stages of the embryo 胚胎着床前期Preimplantation development 着床前发育Preliminary studies 预试验Premating 交配前Premating treatment 交配前给药Pre-screening 预筛选Prevalence of abnormalities 异常情况的普遍程度Preweaning 断奶前Primary active entity 主要活性实体Priority selection 优先选择Pro-drug 前体药物Prolongation of parturition 产程延长Protein binding 蛋白结合率Protocol modification 试验方案修改Quantification of mutant 突变体定量Racemate 消旋体Radiolabeled proteins 放射性同位素标记蛋白Radiolabelled compounds 放性性同位素标记化合物Range-finding test 范围确定试验Rate of preimplantation deaths 着床关死亡率Rational study design 合理的试验设计Receptor properties 受体性质Recombinant DNA proteins DNA重组蛋白Recombinant DNA technology DNA重组技术Recombination 重组Recombinant plasma factors 重组血浆因子Reduction in the number of revertants 回复突变数的减少Relative plating efficiency 相对接种效率Relative suspension growth 相对悬浮生长率Relative total growth 相对总生长率Relevant animal species 相关动物种属Relevant dose 相关剂量Relevant factor 相关因素Repeated-dose toxicity studies 重复剂量毒性研究Reproductive function 生殖功能Reproductive toxicity 生殖毒性Reproductive/developmental toxicity 生殖/发育毒性Reverse mutation 回复突变Reversibility 可恢复性(可逆性)Risk assessment 危险度评价Rodent 啮齿类动物Rodent hematopoietic cell 啮齿类动物造血细胞Route of administration 给药途径Routine testing 常规试验S9-mix constituent S9混合液成分Safeguards 安全监测Safety pharmacology 安全药理学Safety margin 安全范围Salmonella typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门菌Sampling time 采样时间Satellite groups 卫星组Saturation of absorption 吸收饱和Secondary testing 二期试验Secretion in milk 乳汁分泌Sensitive periods 敏感期Sensitivity 敏感性Sensory functions and reflexes 感觉功能和反射Sexual maturity 性成熟Short term toxicity 短期毒性Short or medium-term carcinogenicity study 短或中期致癌性研究Short treatment 短期处理Sighting studies 预试验Single dose(acute)toxicity 单剂量(急性)毒性Single study design 单一研究设计Site-specific targeted delivery 定位靶向释放Small colony 小集落Small colony mutant 小集落突变体Soft agar method 软琼脂法Soluble genotoxic impurity 可溶性遗传毒性杂质Solvent control 溶剂对照Somatic cell 体细胞Somatic cell test 体细胞试验Species 种属Specificity 特异性Species specificity 种属特异性Sperm analysis 精子分析Sperm count 精子计数Sperm maturation 精子成熟Sperm morphology 精子形态学Sperm motility 精子活动度Sperm viability 精子活力Spermatogenesis 精子形成Spindle apparatus 纺缍体Stages of reproduction 生殖阶段Standard battery of test 标准试验组合Standard 3-test battery 标准三项试验组合Standard battery 标准组合Standard battery system 标准组合系统Standard procedure 标准规程Standard protocol 标准试验方案Standard set of strains 标准菌株组Standard set of tests 标准试验组Standard test battery 标准试验组合Statistical evaluation 统计学评价Steady-state levels 稳态浓度Step-by-step 逐步Stepwise process 阶梯式程序Strain 品系Structural changes 结构改变Structural chromosomal aberration 染色体结构畸变Subgroups 亚组Supravital staining 体外活动染色Surface righting reflex 平面翻正反射Survival 存活率suspension 悬浮物Systemic exposure 全面接触Target organs 靶器官Target cell 靶细胞Target histidine genes 组氨酸目的基因Target tissue 靶组织Target tissue exposure 靶组织接触Teratogenic response 致畸胎反应Terminal sacrifice 终末期处死Test of carcinogenicity 致癌试验Test approach 试验方法Test battery approach 试验组合方法Test compound 受试物Test model 试验模型Test strategy 试验策略Test systems 试验系统Tester strain 试验菌株Therapeutic 治疗Therapeutic confirmatory 疗效确定Therapeutic exploratory 疗效探索Therapeutic indication 治疗适应证Time course 时程Timing conventions 分段计时方法Tissue cross-reactivity 组织交叉反应Tissue distribution 组织分布Tissue exposure 组织接触Tissue uptake 组织吸收Tk locus tk位点Top concentration 最高浓度Topical 局部的Topoisomerase inhibitor 拓朴异构酶抑制剂Total erythrocyte 总红细胞Total litter loss 整窝丢失Toxicity to reproduction 生殖毒性Toxicokinetics 毒代动力学(毒物代谢动力学) Transgene 转基因Transgenic animals 转基因动物Transgenic plants 转基因植物Translocation 移位Treatment regimen 实施方案Tubal transport 输卵管运输Tumor induction 肿瘤诱导Tumor response 肿瘤反应Tumor-related gene 肿瘤相关基因Two or three phase approach 分段(二段或三段)研究Two study design 分段(两段)研究设计Ovulation rate 排卵率Unbound concentration 未结合浓度Unexpected finding 非预期结果Unscheduled DNA synthesis(UDS) 程序外DNA合成Unstable epoxide 不稳定过氧代物Vaginal opening 阴道张开Vaginal plug 阴栓Whole blood 全血。

安全工程专业词汇（中文）所对应的英文词汇Safety is a commodity. 安全就是商品!Safety at first 安全第一!To be safe can not depend on wise behind. 安全不能指望事后诸葛!Tolerating danger is to cut one's own throat. 容忍危险等于作法自毙!Second thoughts are best for safety. 为了安全须三思而后行!A stumble may prevent a fall. 小踬可防大跌!2.常见的安全英语名词现代安全管理 (MSM morden safety management) ·工艺安全管理 (PSM process safety management) ·国际安全评级系统 (ISRS international safety risk system)·HSE状况 (HSE Case)·紧急预案 (ERP emergency responsible progress) ·危险源辨识 (HAZID hazardous identify)·危害与可操作性分析 (HAZOP)·工艺危险性分析 (PHA process hazardous analysis) ·如果-怎么办分析 (What-if)·故障类型及影响分析 (FMEA)·事件树分析 (Event Tree Analysis)·故障树分析 (Fault Tree Analysis)·定性风险评价 (Qualitative Risk Assessment)·量化风险评价 (QRA)·火灾安全性分析 (Fire Safety Analysis)·安全审核 (Safety Audit)·项目风险管理 (Project Risk Management)·企业风险管理 (Enterprise Risk Management)安全操作规程 Safety regulations for operations安全极限 Safety margins安全间隙 safe gap安全监测Safety monitoring安全监察 Safety supervision安全检查 safe review，SR安全检查表分析 safety checklist analysis，SCA安全鉴定：Safety appraisal安全经济效益Safety Cost Effectiveness安全经济学Safety economics安全考核 Safety check assessment安全可靠性 Safety Reliability安全模拟与安全仿学 Safety simulation & imitation安全评价 Safety Assessment安全人体工程Safety livelihood engineering work安全人因工程学Safety human factors engineering 安全认证Safety approval and certification安全审核员 Safety auditor安全生产指标体系 safety production target system安全生产指数 safety production index安全事故 Safe Accidents安全事故罪Crime of safety accident安全疏散Evacuation安全梯，防火应急出口，安全出口 fire escape安全危害因素Hazardous elements安全系数 Safety Factor安全系统工程 Safety System Engineering安全销Shear pin安全信息论Safety information theory安全验收评价 Safety Assessment Upon Completion安全隐患 potential safety hazard安全预评价 Safety Preliminary Evaluation安全阈值Safe threshold value保安矿柱 Safety pillars保护装置：Protection devices保险装置Physical protection devices报警设备 Warning equipment爆破 blasting 爆破地震 blast seism爆破片 bursting disc爆破有害效应 adverse effects of blasting爆破有害效应 intrinsic safety不安全行为 unsafe act抽出式通风 exhaust ventilation防爆Explosion-proofing防爆电气设备 explosion-proof electrical equipment防爆墙 anti-explosion wall防尘工程Dust control engineering防毒Anti-toxin防高温High temprature prevention防护堤 protection embankment防护口罩Safety mask防护设备 Safeguard辐射防护：Radiation protection高温作业Hotwork个体保护用品Individual protection articles工程事故Engineering accidents工伤事故 industial accidents工业防尘：Industrial dust suppression1工业防毒：Industrial gas defense工业通风：Industrial ventilation工业灾害控制：Control of industrial disaster共同安全署(美国) Mutual Security Agency (U. S. ) 故障假设分析方法 what…if，WI故障类型和影响分析 failure mode effects analysis，FMEA故障树分析 fault tree analysis，FTA锅炉事故：Boiler breakdowns核安全Nuclear safety化工安全 Chemical engineering safety环保工程师 Environmental Protection Engineer机械通风 mechanical ventilation极限载荷 limit load监测点 monitoring point交通安全教育 Traffic Safety Education局部通风 local ventilation可靠性分析 reliability analysis，RA矿井通风 mine ventilation矿井通风方式 layout of ventilation shafts矿用安全型：Mine permissible type劳动保护Labour protection临界安全 critical safety临界量 threshold quantity漏风 air leakage起重安全Lifting safety潜在危险Potential hazards缺水事故 Water deficiency emergence (or accident) 人机工程学 ergonomics人机界面：human-machine interface人失误 human error伤亡率 Rate of casualty伤亡事故Casualty accidents设备事故Equipment accident审查人员 authorized person生态安全 Ecological safety事故处理Accident handling事故树分析Accident tree analysis事故致因理论：Accident-causing theory 事件树分析 Event Tree Analysis通风与空调工程Ventilation engineering & air conditioning危险辨识：Hazard identific危险和可操作性研究 hazard and operability study HAZOP危险评估Risk assessment危险源Dangerous source危险源辨识 hazard identification危险源控制 hazard control危险指数法 risk rank，RR违章作业：Operation against rules温度报警器：Temperature alarm矽肺病 silicosis系统安全分析System safety analysis系统危险性评价 system risk assessment压力容器 pressure vessels易燃物品：Inflammable article应急避难所 emergency shelter应急对策：Emergency countermeasures应急预案 emergency plan有害作业：Harmful work职业安全卫生Occupational health and safety职业安全卫生标准Occupational health and safety standards职业安全卫生体系Occupational health and safety management syste m职业危害Occupational hazard 重大事故 major accident重大危险源 major hazard installations注册安全工程师Certified Safety Engineer专项安全评价Safety Specific Evaluation自然通风 natural ventilation阻燃剂 flame retardant最佳起爆距离 optimum burst range作业环境卫生 Work environment hygiene作业条件危险性评价法 job risk analysis，LECUnit 1 safety management systemAccident causation models 事故致因理论Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machine guarding 机械保护装置House-keeping 工作场所管理Top management 高层管理人员Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型2Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level management 低层管理者Business performance 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识Safety performance 安全性能One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organ izational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it l earns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration – that has worked well enough t o be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。

网络安全术语对照查询网络安全术语对照查询1. 病毒 (Virus): 一种恶意软件，可以自我复制并感染计算机系统，破坏或篡改文件。

2. 木马 (Trojan horse): 一种伪装成合法软件的恶意程序，通过欺骗用户获取机密信息或控制系统。

3. 防火墙 (Firewall): 一种网络安全设备，用于监控和控制网络流量，防止未经授权的访问和攻击。

4. 加密 (Encryption): 将数据转换为通常无法读取的形式，以保护数据的安全性和隐私。

5. 身份验证 (Authentication): 验证用户或设备的身份，以确保只有授权人员才能访问系统或数据。

6. 威胁情报 (Threat intelligence): 关于潜在网络威胁的信息，用于提前预防和检测安全漏洞。

7. 安全漏洞(Security vulnerability): 软件或系统中存在的弱点，可能被黑客利用进行攻击或入侵。

8. 逻辑炸弹 (Logic bomb): 一种隐藏在计算机程序中的恶意代码，在特定条件下触发破坏或删除数据。

9. 入侵检测系统 (Intrusion detection system): 一种监控网络或系统的安全性的设备或软件。

10. 拒绝服务攻击 (Denial of Service Attack): 通过向目标系统发送大量请求使其无法正常工作，以干扰或瘫痪服务。

11. 漏洞扫描 (Vulnerability scanning): 通过自动化工具扫描计算机系统以发现潜在的安全漏洞。

12. 网络隔离 (Network isolation): 将网络分割成多个独立的区域，以阻止潜在的攻击者访问敏感信息。

13. 反病毒软件 (Antivirus software): 一种用于检测和移除计算机病毒的软件工具。

14. 恶意软件 (Malware): 一种用于破坏、窃取信息或控制计算机系统的恶意软件。

15. 多因素认证 (Multi-factor authentication): 需要用户提供多种证据来验证其身份，增加账户的安全性。

《物质安全数据表》安全用语英汉对照版S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The list was consolidated and republished in Directive 2001/59/EC, where translations into other EU languages may be found.安全建议标准词（英语：Safety phrases，简写：S-phrases）是于《欧联指导标准67/548/EEC 附录Ⅳ: 有关危险物品与其储备的安全建议》里定义。

该列表被集中并再出版于指导标准2001/59/EC，读者于该处也可以找到其他欧联语系翻译。

These safety phrases are used internationally and not just in Europe, and there is an ongoing effort towards complete international harmonization. (Note: missing S-number combinations indicate phrases that were deleted or replaced by another phrase.)该处安全建议标准词为国际通用，并不只是局限于欧洲，并且该标准词目前正致力于完成国际间的同调。

注意：缺少S-号码的组合表示标准词被删除或者被其他标准词取代。

(S1): Keep locked upS1：上锁储存(S2): Keep out of the reach of childrenS2：防止儿童触及S3: Keep in a cool placeS3：置于阴凉处S4: Keep away from living quartersS4：远离住家空间S5: Keep contents under ... (appropriate liquid to be specified by the manufacturer)S5：保存在液体中（液体种类由生产厂家指定）S6: Keep under ... (inert gas to be specified by the manufacturer)S6：保存在惰性气体中（气体种类由生产厂家指定）S7: Keep container tightly closedS7：保管容器必须严格密闭S8: Keep container dryS8：保管容器必须保持干燥S9: Keep container in a well-ventilated placeS9：容器必须储放于通风良好的地方S12: Do not keep the container sealedS12：不要密封保存S13: Keep away from food, drink and animal feedingstuffsS13：远离食品、饮料、饲料等S14: Keep away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer)S14：远离制造者指定的敏感物质S15: Keep away from heatS15：远离热源S16: Keep away from sources of ignition - No smokingS16：远离燃点- 禁烟S17: Keep away from combustible materialS17：远离可燃物S18: Handle and open container with careS18：小心处理容器与开启容器S20: When using do not eat or drinkS20：使用中严禁饮食S21: When using do not smokeS21：使用中禁烟S22: Do not breathe dustS22：不要吸入微尘S23: Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapour/spray (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer)S23：不要吸入瓦斯/毒气/蒸气/泡沫（合适用词由制造业者指定）S24: Avoid contact with skinS24：避免接触皮肤S25: Avoid contact with eyesS25：避免接触眼睛S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice S26：接触眼睛后立即用大量清水冲洗并求医S27: Take off immediately all contaminated clothingS27：立即脱去被污染了的衣服S28: After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)S28：接触皮肤后立即用大量液体冲洗（用来冲洗的液体由生产厂家指定）S29: Do not empty into drainsS29：禁止排入下水道S30: Never add water to this productS30：严禁向该制品加水S33: Take precautionary measures against static dischargesS33：预防静电S35: This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe wayS35：该物质及容器必须以安全安全方式处置S36: Wear suitable protective clothingS36：穿着适合的防护服S37: Wear suitable glovesS37：戴适合的手套S38: In case of insufficient ventilation wear suitable respiratory equipmentS38：通风不良时戴适合的呼吸装备S39: Wear eye/face protectionS39：戴适合的护脸护演装备S40: To clean the floor and all objects contaminated by this material use ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)S40：用清洁剂清洗被该物质污染过的地面和所有物品（清洁剂由生产厂家指定）S41: In case of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumesS41：着火爆炸时不要吸入烟雾S42: During fumigation/spraying wear suitable respiratory equipment (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer)S42：薰蒸或喷洒时佩带适合的呼吸装备S43: In case of fire use ... (indicate in the space the precise type of fire-fighting equipment. If water increases the risk add - Never use water)S43：着火时用指定物质灭火（如喷水增加危险性，请加注严禁用水）S45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible)S45：发生事故或感到不适时立即求医，可能的话出示标签S46: If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or labelS46：如果误服请立即求医，可能的话出示容器或标签S47: Keep at temperature not exceeding ... °C (to be specified by the manufacturer)S47：保持温度不高于（生产厂家指定的温度）S48: Keep wet with ... (appropriate material to be specified by the manufacturer)S48：用指定物质保持湿润S49: Keep only in the original containerS49：限原容器储存S50: Do not mix with ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)S50：禁止与某些物质混合（所限物质由生产厂家指定）S51: Use only in well-ventilated areasS51：仅可于通风处使用S52: Not recommended for interior use on large surface areasS52：不推荐在表面积大的区域内部使用S53: Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before useS53：防止暴露：使用前需获特别指导S56: Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection pointS56：在危险废物或有毒废物收集处处置该物质及容器S57: Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contaminationS57：适当封存以免污染环境S59: Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recyclingS59：参考生产厂家/提供商所给信息进行回收/再利用S60: This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous wasteS60：该物质及容器必须按危险废物放置S61: Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheetS61：防止排向环境，参考特别指示或安全技术说明书操作S62: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting: seek medical advice immediately and show this container or labelS62：误服后不要催吐，要立即求医并出示容器或标签S63: In case of accident by inhalation: remove casualty to fresh air and keep at restS63：若意外吸入情况发生时，移动伤者至通风空气清新处并保持休息S64: If swallowed, rinse mouth with water (only if the person is conscious)S64：若不慎吞服并且患者仍清醒，用清水漱口Combinations组合(S1/2): Keep locked up and out of the reach of childrenS1/2：上锁储存并防止儿童触及S3/7: Keep container tightly closed in a cool placeS3/7：保管容器必须严格密闭并置于阴凉处S3/7/9: Keep container tightly closed in a cool, well-ventilated placeS3/7/9：保管容器必须严格密闭并置于阴凉、通风良好的地方S3/9/14: Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer)S3/9/14：置于阴凉、通风良好的地方，并远离制造者指定的敏感物质S3/9/14/49: Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer)S3/9/14/49：限原容器储存，置于阴凉、通风良好的地方，并远离制造者指定的敏感物质S3/9/49: Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated placeS3/9/49：限原容器储存，置于阴凉、通风良好的地方S3/14 Keep in a cool place away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer)S3/14：置于阴凉处并远离制造者指定的敏感物质S7/8: Keep container tightly closed and dryS7/8：严格密闭，保持干燥S7/9: Keep container tightly closed and in a well-ventilated placeS7/9：严格密闭，保持通风S7/47: Keep container tightly closed and at temperature not exceeding ... °C (to be specified by the manufacturer)S7/47：保管容器必须严格密闭且保持温度不高于（生产厂家指定的温度）S20/21: When using do not eat, drink or smokeS20/21：使用中严禁饮食吸烟S24/25: Avoid contact with skin and eyesS24/25：防止接触皮肤与眼睛S27/28: After contact with skin, take off immediately all contaminated clothing, and wash immediately with plenty of ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)S27/28：接触皮肤后立即脱去被污染了的衣服并用大量液体冲洗（用来冲洗的液体由生产厂家指定）S29/35: Do not empty into drains; dispose of this material and its container in a safe wayS29/35：该物质及容器必须以安全方式处置并禁止排入下水道S29/56: Do not empty into drains, dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection pointS29/56：在危险废物或有毒废物收集处处置该物质及容器，禁止排入下水道S36/37: Wear suitable protective clothing and glovesS36/37：请穿戴适当防护服装与手套处理本物质S36/37/39: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protectionS36/37/39：穿戴适合的防护服、手套及护眼护脸装备S36/39: Wear suitable protective clothing and eye/face protectionS36/39：穿戴适合的防护服、护脸、护眼装备S37/39: Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protectionS37/39：穿戴适合的手套及护眼护脸装备S47/49: Keep only in the original container at temperature not exceeding ... °C (to be specified bythe manufacturer)S47/49：限原容器储存并保持温度不高于（生产厂家指定的温度）R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous substances and preparations. The list was consolidated and republished in Directive 2001/59/EC, where translations into other EU languages may be found.警示性质标准词（英语：Risk Phrases，简写：R-phrases）是于《欧联指导标准67/548/EEC 附录III: 有关危险物品与其储备的特殊风险性质》里定义。

风险术语的英文对照1. Risk Assessment - 风险评估2. Risk Management - 风险管理3. Risk Mitigation - 风险缓解4. Risk Identification - 风险识别5. Risk Analysis - 风险分析6. Risk Control - 风险控制7. Risk Response - 风险应对8. Risk Avoidance - 风险避免9. Risk Transfer - 风险转移10. Risk Tolerance - 风险容忍度11. Risk Probability - 风险概率12. Risk Impact - 风险影响13. Risk Assessment Matrix - 风险评估矩阵14. Risk Register - 风险登记册15. Risk Treatment Plan - 风险处理计划16. Risk Exposure - 风险暴露度17. Risk Control Measures - 风险控制措施18. Risk Indicator - 风险指标19. Risk Communication - 风险沟通20. Risk Event - 风险事件请注意，上述术语仅提供参考，具体的风险管理术语可能根据行业和上下文有所不同。

Risk management is an essential component of any organization, as it involves the identification, assessment, and mitigation of potential risks that could impact the achievement of objectives. In order to effectively manage risks, itis crucial to have a clear understanding of various risk terminologies and their corresponding translations in English.Risk assessment, or 风险评估, is the process of identifying and evaluating potential risks to determine their likelihood and potential impact. This involves analyzing the probability of a risk occurring and assessing the potential consequences it could have on the organization. Risk assessments are typically conducted using various tools and techniques such as risk matrices, scenario analysis, and historical data.Once risks have been identified and assessed, the organization can proceed with risk management, or 风险管理. This involves developing strategies and action plans to minimize or eliminate the identified risks. Risk management aims to reduce the likelihood of a risk occurring or its potential impact if it does occur. It includes risk mitigation, or 风险缓解, which involves implementing measures to reduce the probability and/or severity of a risk.Risk identification, or 风险识别, is the process of identifying potential risks that could impact the organization's objectives. This includes analyzing internal and external factors that could lead to risks, such as changes in regulations, market volatility, or operational vulnerabilities. Risk analysis, or 风险分析, is the process of evaluating the identified risks to determine their potential impact and prioritize their treatment.Risk control, or 风险控制, involves implementing measures to reduce or manage the identified risks. This includes developingand implementing risk control measures, such as implementing safety protocols, conducting regular inspections, or implementing redundancy measures. Risk response, or 风险应对, refers to the actions taken by the organization to address identified risks. This could include accepting the risk, avoiding the risk, transferring the risk to a third party, or implementing measures to mitigate the risk.Risk avoidance, or 风险避免, refers to the strategy of completely eliminating the exposure to a particular risk. This could involve making changes to business processes, discontinuing certain activities, or avoiding certain markets or investments. Risk transfer, or 风险转移, involves transferring the responsibility and financial implications of a risk to another party, such as purchasing insurance coverage.Risk tolerance, or 风险容忍度, refers to the level of risk that an organization is willing to accept in order to achieve its objectives. This involves striking a balance between maximizing opportunities and minimizing potential risks. Risk probability, or 风险概率, refers to the likelihood or chance of a risk occurring. Risk impact, or 风险影响, refers to the magnitude of the consequences that would result if a risk were to occur.A risk assessment matrix, or 风险评估矩阵, is a tool used to evaluate and prioritize risks based on their likelihood and impact. It provides a visual representation of risks and helps in determining appropriate risk management strategies. A risk register, or 风险登记册, is a document that records all identified risks, along with their likelihood, potential impact, and mitigation measures.To implement effective risk management, organizations develop risk treatment plans, or 风险处理计划, which outline the specific actions to be taken to manage identified risks. These plans include a clear description of the risk, its potential impact, the desired risk treatment strategy, and the individuals responsible for its implementation.Risk exposure, or 风险暴露度, refers to the level of vulnerability or susceptibility of the organization to a particular risk. It considers the organization's potential financial, operational, and reputational losses resulting from a risk event. Risk control measures, or 风险控制措施, are actions implemented to mitigate or prevent identified risks. These measures may include implementing internal controls, conducting training programs, or investing in technologies to mitigate risks.Risk indicators, or 风险指标, are quantitative or qualitative measures used to monitor and assess risks. These indicators help in identifying early warning signs of emerging risks, enabling timely and proactive risk management. Risk communication, or 风险沟通, refers to the process of sharing information about risks within the organization or with external stakeholders. Effective risk communication is crucial for ensuring that everyone understands the risks, their potential impact, and the organization's strategiesfor managing them.Overall, understanding and utilizing risk terminologies in both English and their native language is vital for effective riskmanagement. It ensures clear communication, facilitates collaboration, and enhances the organization's ability to identify, assess, and mitigate risks. By effectively managing risks, organizations can safeguard their interests, minimize losses, and enhance their overall performance and resilience.。