Changes To Upper and Lower Canada

河南省许平汝名校2023-2024学年高一下学期开学考试英语试卷学校：___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解Are you a fan of outdoor adventures? Do you enjoy scenic views to relax? Look no further, as the following destinations offer all that and more.Athabasca FallsAlberta, CanadaWater from the Canadian Rockies flows down into the waterfalls of Jasper National Park, creating a flow with wild energy. The falls are wheelchairs accessible, with a paved path taking admirers to a number of viewpoints. If visitors leave the path, they can explore both the upper and lower regions of the trail.Akaka Falls TrailHakalau, HawaiiA short half-mile hike is big on sights and low on hard activity. The well-kept ringlike trail guide visitors around to see a number of waterfalls, including the 442-foot main attraction, and beautiful local flora (植物群) among the famous landscape. Though there are no hills to climb, there are a number of stairways to go.Nugget FallsJuneau, AlaskaLocated in Tongass National Forest about 12 miles from Juneau, the Mendenhall Glacier has produced Nugget Falls, a fan-like waterfall that leads into a lake. A series of short hikes allows for different views of the waterfall and icy surrounds, which are also known for frequent brown bear sightings.Yosemite FallsYosemite Valley, CaliforniaYosemite National Park is one of the oldest national parks in America and home to the fifth tallest waterfall in the world. Hikers can reach it by taking a 1-mile trail from the lodge or the 7. 2-mile round-trip Yosemite Falls Trail route. Late spring is best, with the highest water flow. In the winter, the temperatures dip below freezing. A park admission fee applies. 1．Where can visitors expect to see frequent brown bear sightings?A. Athabasca Falls.B. Akaka Falls Trail.C. Nugget Falls.D. Yosemite Falls.2．Which season is best for visiting Yosemite Falls?A. Spring.B. Winter.C. Summer.D. Fall.3．Where can this text probably be found?A. In a novel.B. In a travel magazine.C. In a history book.D. In a diary.You're never too old to achieve your dreams—or even break records. A 104-year-old woman named Dorothy Hoffner is such an example. She has just become the oldest person to skydive (跳伞) , and she had the time of her life doing it. After touching ground following her jump with a US instructor, she proudly said, “Age is just a number.”Hoffner took to the skies of Northern Illinois with the help of Skydive Chicago, making her way to the town of Ottawa for the jump. For all the excitement, this wasn't her first time jumping out of the plane. Hoffner's first skydiving took place a few years ago, when she was100. Although back then the instructor helped push them out together, this time she insisted on leading the jump from 13, 500 feet up in the air.A video shared by Skydive Chicago shows Hoffner determinedly advancing towards the plane on her red walker (助行架) before being helped on board. Sitting among her fellow skydivers, she is all smiles as she waits for her turn. Once the door opens, the woman confidently jumps out of the plane head first.Before Hoffner's jump, the record for the oldest person to skydive belonged to 103-year-old Linnea Ingegard Larsson from Sweden, who set it in May 2022. Now, Skydive Chicago is requesting Guinness World Records to certify Hoffner's jump as the new record.As for Hoffner, she seems happy with having achieved this, describing the jump as an amazing experience. “It was wonderful up there. The whole thing was wonderful, and couldn't have been better,” she says. Now that she has completed this achievement, she is now thinking of her next adventure. Since she is turning 105 in December, she is thinking of celebrating by riding a hot air balloon, saying, “I've never been in one of those.”4．What do we know about Hoffner?A. She set a world record in 2022.B. She loved to meet new challenges in life.C. She took up skydiving from an early age.D. She improved her physical fitness through sports.5．Why does the author mention Hoffner's red walker in paragraph 3?A. To show her determination despite physical difficulties.B. To encourage people struggling in life to be brave.C. To explore the reason why she took to skydiving.D. To compare different types of walkers.6．Which of the following best describes Hoffner?A. Calm.B. Thoughtful.C. Responsible.D. Courageous.7．What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Woman Braves Difficulties to Achieve SuccessB. 104-Year-Old Woman Takes the World by StormC. Woman with Disability Stands Out with Hard WorkD. The Oldest Person Breaks World Record for Skydiving“Beijing's Forbidden City can be at risk of being flooded, but it's not because modernreported.The report is in response to a popular online view: The Forbidden City, the royal palace of Ming and Qing dynasties also known as the Palace Museum, has never been flooded throughout its history of more than 600 years.Earlier, a video showed ankle-deep water near the Forbidden City's Cining Palace, where the royal women used to live. Some netizens have questioned whether modern drainage repair works have made the system much weaker.Di Yajing, an official in control of affairs relating to the site, told Beijing News Radio that the Forbidden City has a complex (复杂的) drainage system. “Rain coming down from roofs was guided to the basement and then to the drains,”she said, adding that rainwater would flow from the central of the palace to both sides, and from north to south, due to differences in heights.“The drains were cleared once a year in springtime in ancient times and nowadays they are cleared three times a year except in winter,” the report said. “Although the number of clearing increased every year, it's not modern technology that worsened the ability of the drainage syst em,” the report said. During the clearing process, workers found lots of modern objects such as plastic bottles and bags, even towels and clothing, and these things resulted in the blocking of the drainage system.In addition, there are plenty of records that have recorded occasions in which the palace was flooded and some roofs or walls were damaged by floodwaters, according to the report. For example, a rain in 1885 led to floodwaters of about 1 meter deep. Every time peoplewould have to find out the place of blockage, clear it and then the drainage system would work well right away.8．What does the underlined word “deteriorated” in paragraph 1 mean?A. Fixed up.B. Caused damage to.C. Taken control of.D. Checked on.9．Why was the report published?A. To clarify a popular view online.B. To praise the Forbidden City's drainage system.C. To introduce the challenge faced by the Forbidden City.D. To stress the effect of technology on protecting old buildings.10．What might have caused the Forbidden City's being flooded in the video?A. Poor management.B. Buried bricks.C. Pipe cracking.D. Lots of rubbish.11．What does the report want to say by mentioning the 1885 flood?A. The palace was once destroyed by floods.B. Beijing has experienced many natural disasters.C. The drainage system doesn't always operate perfectly.D. Ancient architecture suffered a lot to survive until today.Many Silicon Valley parents are becoming more concerned about preventing their children from using screens. Some parents think that even a little screen time can be extremely addictive, so it is better if their children avoid using or seeing these devices completely. However, it is difficult for working adults in the 21st century to give up using a phone at home. So, it's simpler to employ someone to do this.“Silicon Valley nanny (保姆) ”, who takes children back to a time without screens every day is widely needed. From Cupertino to San Francisco, it's widely agreed that screen time is harmful to youngsters. Therefore, parents are requesting nannies to keep phones, tablets and computers in a hidden place. Others even offer no-phone agreements.Research shows that spending too much time on technology can harm young minds. For example, teenagers who use social media frequently are more likely to feel depressed and anxious. Insomnia (失眠) rates have also increased amongst this age group, and an increasing number of children display the signs that they can't focus attention. These seemingly minor (轻微的) problems could become significant challenges for future generations.“Many parents come back home and focus on their smartphones, ignoring whatever their children are trying to say,” said Shannon Zimmerman, who works as a nanny in Sa n Jose for families that forbid screen time. “As a nanny, I also call on more parents to spend more time with their kids.”12．Why are the Silicon Valley nannies greatly needed according to the text?A. To help parents and children balance work and life.B. To teach children how to use technology responsibly.C. To keep children away from screens.D. To encourage children to exercise.13．What is the result of spending too much time on screens for teenagers?A. Feeling confused.B. Feeling nervous.C. Feeling bored.D. Feeling anxious.14．What does Shannon suggest parents do?A. Encourage their children more.B. Spend more time with their children.C. Stop using smartphones at home.D. Play games with their children.15．What is the text about?A. Parents concern about screen time for children.B. Children are addicted to screen time.C. All parents limit children to phones.D. Science has no effects on young minds.二、七选五16．How to Keep Communication Brief but EffectiveSay many things, and people will remember none. Say some things, and people will remember some. Say ONE thing, and people will remember ALL. Want to express clear viewpoints? ① .Express more, explain less. ② . We think the audience doesn't understand something, so we explain it. But in that case, explaining serves to correct a failed expression. When you focus on expressing points instead of explaining ideas, you'll communicate more precisely (精确地) Expressing and delivering are more important about what your audience hears and receives.③ . Wherever you see a list of words or concepts (概念) , ask yourself: Do I need all these words or concepts to attract my audience's attention or are some of them not needed?When you remove less important ideas, your audience will gain more.Limit paragraphs to three sentences. If you're writing your idea in a document or email, try to make paragraphs to three sentences or less. This makes it easier for readers to understand your points because they have less content to process. And because you're writing in short, direct points compared with long pieces of text, you may find yourself writing less overall. ④ .Hear your own words. No matter how much you review your own writing, hearing it aloud will always identify places to cut. ⑤ . When you say even one word more than you need to, you make your point one word harder for your audience to receive.A. Remove unnecessary ideasB. Know your “Need-to-Know”C. These four tips shouldn't be missedD. You can't change the style of your writingE. Explaining is often an understanding behaviorF. Everyone benefits from applying this writing ruleG. You can read it aloud yourself to find out the words三、完形填空（15空）Of all the men who ever liked fresh air, no one liked it more than Wilson. He oftenin the room!entering the room, since what he broke was his own cup on the table. He felt guilty (内疚的) about his behavior.17．A. produce B. enjoy C. destroy D. Pollute18．A. open B. tidy C. new D. fixed19．A. spring B. summer C. autumn D. winter20．A. comfortable B. ancient C. horrible D. illegal21．A. interested B. addicted C. anxious D. Awkward22．A. lost B. failed C. missed D. left23．A. adopted B. expected C. arranged D. applied24．A. turned over B. fell down C. stayed up D. called out25．A. attracted B. touched C. damaged D. prevented26．A. hurt B. reached C. changed D. filled27．A. drive B. work C. fly D. sleep28．A. demand B. surprise C. relief D. confusion29．A. swept B. remembered C. discovered D. hid30．A. mirrors B. tables C. windows D. cakes31．A. actually B. creatively C. obviously D. secretly四、短文填空32．Zu Ti of the Jin Dynasty was a man who had with great ambition. When he was young, he had a good friend ①(name) Liu Kun. They had such a deep friendship ②they stayed together every day and got up at the same time every morning.One day, when they were sleeping. Zu Ti heard the rooster crowing (鸡鸣) . He woke up Liu Kun and said, “How about ③ (get) up to play swords (剑) as soon as we heard the rooste r crowing from now on?” Liu Kun was still ④ (sleep) . But he agreed with him ⑤(joyful) . From then on, they got up and played swords once the rooster began crowing. They kept their word and never gave up no matter ⑥ cold in winter or hot in summer. Hard work ⑦ (pay) off. After a long period of hard study and training, they finally became the all-rounder. And they both did excellent jobs to their country.The idiom “to rise with the rooster” teaches us that with ambition and hard work, ⑧(succeed) is possible. When we can discover our shortcomings ⑨ time, it is not too late to try. But if you are not willing ⑩ __ (work) hard, you will not be able to achieve a career after all.五、书面表达33．假定你是李华，上周日你校举办了以“动物保护”为主题的照片展。

英语国家概况期末考试英语国家概况期末考试北京人文大学2005-2006学年第2学期期末考试《英语国家概况》试卷全部题目用英文作答，并将答案写在答题纸的相应位置上，否则不计分。

考试时间共150分钟。

Part One (40 points)I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinishedstatement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choosethe one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write theletter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (40points, 1 point for each)1. On the island of Great Britain, there are _______.A. four political divisions --- England, Scotland, Wales and Northern IrelandB. four political divisions --- England, Scotland, Wales and IrelandC. three political divisions --- England, Scotland, and WalesD. three political divisions --- England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland2. Who invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC?A. Emperor ClaudiusB. Julius CaesarC. King AlfredD. King Ethelred3. Who is the author of Murder in the Cathedral?A. Christopher MarloweB. T. S. EliotC. Ben JohnsonD. Thomas Becket4. In England, the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies was _______.A. the Cobham’s PlotB. the Gunpowder PlotC. the murder of Thomas BecketD. the execution of Mary Queen of Scots5. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of ________.A. IndiaB. AustraliaC. CanadaD. Newfoundland6. The economic policy Britain pursued in the 1950s and 1960s was based on the theory of______.A. Karl MarxB. Margaret ThatcherC. John Maynard KeynesD. Adam Smith7. The Royal National Eisteddfod is a(n) _____ festival of poetry, music and other arts.A. EnglishB. ScottishC. WelshD. Irish8. The British constitution is made up of the following except _______.A. commonwealth lawB. conventionsC. common lawD. statute law9. In Britain, capital punishment is the penalty of _______.A. piracyB. treason and murderC. assassinationD. piracy and treason10. _______ is more important than Christmas to Scots.A. New Year’s DayB. Whit SundayC. April Fool’s DayD. Easter11. The Hundred Years’ War with France was fought ________.A. from 1327 to 1443B. from 1337 to 1453C. from 1347 to 1443D. from 1357 to 145312. From 1649 to 1658 England was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by OliverCromwell as _______.A. Lord ProtectorB. Lieutenant GeneralC. Commander of the New Modal ArmyD. President13. Ireland is divided into two political parts: _______.A. Northern Ireland and Southern IrelandB. Southern Ireland and the Republic of IrelandC. the Republic of Ireland and Northern IrelandD. Northern Ireland and Britain14. Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major parties: _______.A. Fianna Fail and Fine GaelB. Sinn Fein and Fine GaelC. Fianna Fail and Sinn FeinD. Sinn Fein and IRA15. _______ has been called the American Ruhr.A. The Ohio RiverB. The MississippiC. The MissouriD. The Colorado16. The Constitutional Convention in America was attended by _______.A. all of the 13 statesB. all of the states except MarylandC. all of the states except Rhode IslandD. all of the states, but later Rhode Island withdrew from the convention17. The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is the ______.A. blacksB. HispanicsC. Asian-AmericansD. WASPs18. The goal of Roosevelt’s New Deal was ______.A. to change the American economic systemB. to save the American democracy and the capitalist systemC. to weaken monopoly interests in AmericaD. to nationalize banks and financial institutions in America19. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The Louisiana was taken from Britain as a result of the war of 1812.B. The Louisiana Territory was ceded to the United States by France.C. The Louisiana Territory was purchased from Spain.D. The Louisiana Territory was purchased from France.20. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the Vietnam War?A. The United States was weakened as a result of it.B. American society had never been so divided since the Civil War.C. Richard Nixon changed the strategy into “Vietnamization” of the war.D. The cease-fire agreement was signed in 1975.21. The following are the factors that have contributed to the development of the U.S.economy EXCEPT _____.A. the vast space and resources of the landB. the ideals of freedom and economic opportunityC. English as its national languageD. hard work by the people22. America’s post-war policy toward the former Soviet Union was _______.A. isolationismB. containmentC. appeasementD. neutrality23. The second highest level of the federal judiciary in the U.S. is made up of ______.A. the Supreme CourtB. the courts of special jurisdictionC. the courts of appealD. the district courts24. In the U.S., nearly all the ______ practice some form of open admission.A. research universitiesB. private collegesC. public community collegesD. specialized institutions25. Among those American writers, ____ was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.A. Walt WhitmanB. Ernest HemingwayC. Mark TwainD. Washington Irving26. In order to remember George Washington, _______.A. a memorial hall was built in his birthplaceB. a memorial hall was built in Washington D.C.C. a tall white Washington Monument was built in the capitalD. an expensive car was named after him27. The name “Canada” is believed to be derived from an Indian word “Kanata”, meaning______.A. a settlementB. a countryC. a meeting placeD. a colony28. By ______, Upper Canada and Lower Canada were created.A. Canada Act of 1791B. Quebec Act of 1774C. British North American ActD. Act of Paris in 176329. ______ and _______ are two main federal parties in Canada.A. The Liberal Party, the Social Credit PartyB. The Liberal Party, the Progressive Conservative PartyC. The New Democratic Party, the Social Credit PartyD. The New Democratic Party, the Progressive Conservative Party30. Since 1971 the Canadian government has adopted a policy of ______, recognizing thatcultural pluralism within a bilingual framework is the essence of the Canadian identity.A. assimilationB. integrationC. multiculturalismD. gender quality31. The majority of French Canadians live in _______.A. QuebecB. OntarioC. NewfoundlandD. Nova Scotia32. The Parliament of Canada is made up of all the following EXCEPT _____.A. the CrownB. the SenateC. the House of CommonsD. the National Assembly33. The Great Barrier Reef is included on the World Heritage list because it has _____.A. the most beautiful seascape in the worldB. the greatest number of islands in the worldC. the most diverse and complex marine life in the worldD. the longest coast in the world34. The first major discoveries, made in _____ in the early 1850s, resulted in gold rushes inAustralia.A. QueenslandB. South AustraliaC. Victoria and TasmaniaD. Victoria and New South Wales35. It is assumed that the first Europeans who reached Australia’s shores were ______.A. the DutchB. the EnglishC. the GermansD. the Spanish and the Portuguese36. Under the Whitlam government “God Save the Queen” was replaced by _____ asAustralia’s national anthem.A. Waltzing MatildaB. Click Go the ShearsC. Advance Australia FairD. My Country37. With regard to its size, Australia is ______ country in the world.A. the third largestB. the fourth largestC. the fifth largestD. the sixth largest38. In Australia, the House of Representatives and the Senate have equal powers EXCEPTthat _____.A. the House of Representatives cannot introduce money billsB. the Senate cannot introduce money billsC. the House of Representatives can pass lawsD. the Senate can pass laws39. The capital of New Zealand is ________.A. NelsonB. WellingtonC. MelbourneD. Dunedin40. Which of the following about New Zealand is TRUE?A. New Zealand is a republic.B. New Zealand has three major political parties.C. New Zealand has a bicameral parliament.D. Queen Elizabeth II is represented in New Zealand by the Governor-General.Part Two (60 points)II. Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer inthe corresponding space on the answer sheet. (30 points, 3 points for each)41. Why is Alfred known as “the father of the British navy”?42. What did the destruction of the Spain Amada show?北京人文大学2005-2006学年第2学期期末考试《英语国家概况》试卷专业班级姓名分数全部题目用英文作答，并将答案写在答题纸的相应位置上，否则不计分。

Chapter 5(1)1.The Whigs opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Tories supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings.2.Whigs stood for (1) a reduction in Crown patronage; (2) sympathy towards Nonconformists; (3) care for the interests of merchants and bankers3.Tories wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England. They disliked the Nonconformists and considered them a threat to Church of England's influence on the people; they wanted strict maintenance of law and order and were afraid of mob riot.4.Radicals,they were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham's.5."Utilitarianism" to achieve "the greatest happiness of the greatest number".erment and administration should be made as efficient as possible; government should interfere as little as possible with lives of the people as individuals. They advocated laissez faire, a radical idea of gree trade.7.Farming was an important occupation in England in the 18th century. Village and agriculture were the backbone of the nation.8.This system drawbacks:(1) it wasted land because of fallow fields and land for paths; (2)it was wasteful of labour and time; (3) livestock farming was difficult and diseases spread quickly on commons. Winter feed was rarely enough, so animals were usually killed in autumn and their meat was salted; (4) the open field sysytem was a barrier ot experiments.ndowners replace the small farms cultivated on the "open-field" system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields.10.The Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize andy land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields. A system of crop rotation was introduced. Land could be fully used fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months.11.Seed drill invented by Jethro Tull made arable farming more efficient and more profitable.Selective breeding of cattle, sheep and horses by Robert Bakewell. The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce changes was associated whth Thomas Coke. George III was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nickname "Farmer George".12.Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results:(1) Farms became bigger and bigger units (2) more vegetables, milk,dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied.(3)enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas could not prevent the march of progress, enclosure led to mass emigration New World.(4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.13.The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:(1) Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade; (2)Britain interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers, provided capital in lager quantities for industrialization. (3) the limited monarchy. (4) The main towns were never too far from seaports, of from rivers, which could distribute their products. (5) Many rivers useful for transport and water and steam power. Useful minertal resources.(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.(7) The inventors were trspected. They solved practical problems.(8) Probably laissez faire and "Protestant work ethic" helped. (9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.14. New techniques and water powered machines resulted in organization of industries ona large scale.15.Changes occurred earliest and quickest in textiles, especially cotton and silk and in other trades like hardware, pottery and chemicals.16.The real "revolution" in textiles was in 1770 when power-driven machinery was introduced.(下面的人物和发明的东西要看熟，容易出选择题）17.Improved transportation ran parallel with production. By the early 19th century, Britain had a road network of some 125,000 miles.18.As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by "workshop of the world".19."Luddites" supposedly led by Ned Ludd attempted to destroy the hated machines, but were severely punished by the government. The Industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.20.The American War of Independence and the French Revolution21.Political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform. The Whigs returned to power turned their minds to the problem of parliamentary reform.22.There were several reasons:(1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Lords had far more influence the Commons were also really "gentry" on edge of aristocracy. Most important ministers were "peers". The commons were elected only by a very small proportion of the population. The vote was a privilege for a small number of male citizens. No females were allowed to vote. Members of Parliament were not paid. (2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair. (3) There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.23.Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed. The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the "Greater Charter of 1832') abolished "rotten boroughs", and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns. Gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property. The New Poor Law of 1843 forced the poor people into workhouses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes.24.There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law.25.In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men's Association. It aimed "to seek by every legal means to place all classes of society in possession of equal political and social rights." Leader William Lovett, a skilled worker. They drew up a charter of political demands in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points:(1) the vote for all adult males, (2) voting bysecret ballot, (3) equal electoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, (6) annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June.26.Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country.27.The Chartists could be roughly divided into two groups: the Moral Force Chartists and the Physical Force Chartists. The former headed by William Lovett. The latter headed by Feargus O'Connor, wanted to achieve their purpose by violence.28.Convention revealed conflicts within the movement and great differences between the Northerners and the men from the Midlands and London.29.Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism.30.The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. Lenin said that Chartism was "the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement".31.The movements were regarded with suspicion by the government as possible centers of revolution. Parliament passed the Combination Acts of 1799--1800 to forbid the formation of unions. These laws were repealed in 1824. The 1825 Act allowed workers to form unions but not to-obstruct workers and employers.32.An important part of the work of these new unions was restriction of entry to their trades. The New Unionism tried to avoid confrontaions with employers. In 1868 the Trades Union Congress was started; thus began a new phase in which trade unionism hada national organization capable of coordinating the interests of industrial workers.33.Trade unions had to fight two opponents employers and the State. The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security. The Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act of 1876 gave unions the right to exist as corporation. Two important developments followed in the last 20 years of the 19th century; the growrh of unions among unskilled workers, the Labour Party.34.The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour would depend on the trade unions.35.In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labour Representation Committee. Promote in Parliament the interests of labour. the Lrc changed its name to the Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906.36.English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. The British East India Company in India.37.In the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, underpopulated territories: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.38.After the Seven Years' War between Britain and France, Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion. The four founding provinces were Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The others entered later.39.Australia was first discovered by the Dutch in the early 1600s. Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay and claimed the east coast region for Britain, naming it New South Wales(1770)40.The gold rushes brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion the independent Commonwealth of Australia.41.New Zealand was sighted by the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman in 1624, and named for the Netherlands province of Zeeland. Treaty of Waitangi(1840) made the country a separate colony(1841). It achieved self-government in 1852, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 completely independent in 1931.Chapter 5 (2)1.The establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. The India Act of 1784 set up a "Board of Control" to supervise the Company.2.By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete. In 1857 the native troops of the Bengal army of the East India Company mutinied because of (1) resentument at the reforms of ancient Indian institutions carried out by the British; (2)fear of forcibleconversion to Christianity; (3) the issue of cartidges greased with cow-fat, which offended Hindus, or pig-fat, which offended Muslims. the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.3.The Dutch East India Company established a settlement at Cape Town in 1652.4.At the begining of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the West coast. OVer the 19th century the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. By 1900 more than 9/10 had been colonized. Britain led the way in this race to take over the fertile and productive areas of Africa.5.Britain was also involved in the North East in Egypt and the Sudan. French engineers built the Suez Canal(苏伊士运河）6.Britain launched a war of aggression against China in 1840,occupied Hong Kong in 1841. Treaty fo Nanking (1842)China ceded Hong Kong to Britain.7.By 1900 Britain had built up a big empire, "on which the sun never set". It consisted ofa vast number of protectorates, Crown Colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions; and it included 25% of the world's population and area.8.During World Was I Britain lost over a million people, most of them under the age of 25. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society.9.The First World Was had great effects on British society.10.In 1926 a general strike paralyzed the country. In 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated.11.Sir Winston Churchill received massive popular support as a war leader and led his country to final victory in 1945. Britain suffered far fewer military casualties in the Second World War than in the First. Britain, having devoted her entire strength to the war, was left gravely impoverished. She lost one-quarter of her national wealth and entered upon a period of economic and financial difficulties.12.The foundations of the welfare state was laid during these years, providing free medical care for everyone and financial help for the old.13.In 1951 the Conservatives under Winston Churchill were retruned to power. When George VI died in 1952, Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey. By the mid-1950s things were definitely looking up. Herold Macmillan, the Conservative prime minister, declared in 1957 that people had "never had it so good". The 1960s were the Swinging Sixties, the permissive age. In January, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community.14.The 1970s also saw the growth of nationalism in Wales and Scotland.15.The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain.16.Mrs Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and what has come to be known as privatization. It included the return to private ownership of stateowned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions, thestrengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.Mrs Thatcher was finally removed in Novemeber, 1990.。

Chapter 5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)Ⅰ.Party1.Whigs– first leader was First Earl of Shaftsbury – cattle drivers – for parliamentary reform – liberal party:a.reduce Crown patronage;b.sympathy for nonconformists;c.care for merchants and bankers.2.Tories– thugs – against parliamentary reform – conservative party:a.preserve king & church of England;b.dislike nonconformists;c.afraid of mod riot;d.obey law.3.Radicals– thorough parliamentary reform:a.utilitarianism, advocated by Jeremy Bentham, suggested that government’sfunction should be to achieve “the greatest happiness of the greatest number”;ernment and administration should be made as efficient as possible, andgovernment should interfere as little as possible with lives of the people as individuals;c.free trade (laissez faire), which believed that the import and export duties interferedwith the natural flow of trade.Ⅱ.Agriculture1.Traditional– open field village:a.advantage: ideal for simple life;b.drawbacks:①waste land;②waste labor and time;③difficult livestock;④barrier to experiments.2.Reason for revolution:a.Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners replace the small farmscultivated on the “open-field” system by larger, economicall y more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields.b.Enclosure Act enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants couldprove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields.3.Processes:a.crop rotation;b.artificial fertilizer;c.new machinery – seed drill;d.selective breeding.4.The Kingsa.Thomas – encourage;b.GeorgeⅢ(who was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor) - Farmer George.5.Result:a.bigger farms;b.more goods, varied diet;c.disaster for tenants;d.new class hostility.Ⅲ.The Industrial Revolution1.Definition:The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. (first in Britain)2.Ten factors:a.good location;b.peaceful society, enough capital;c.limited monarchy ensure the community could exert their influence over Governmentpolicy;d.town is not far from seaport;e.many rivers provide transport and mineral;f.engineer has good training;g.inventors were respected;issez faire and “Protestant work ethic”;i.customs union abolish the internal custom barriers;j.enough food, labor, raw material for industry.3.Processes:a.1770, power-driven machinery, real “revolution” in textiles;b.1733, flying shuttle, John Kay, speeded up hand weaving;c.1766, spinning jenny, James Hargreaves, enabled one hand laborer to spin many threadsat a time;d.1769, waterframe, Richard Arkwright;e.1779, mule, Samuel Crompton;f.1784, power loom, Edmund Cartwright, enabled weaving to catch up with spinning;g.1765, steam engine, improved by James Watt, first by Thomas Newcomer at the end of17th century;h.1709, smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal, breakthrough;i.1784, puddling and rolling processes, provide increased quantities of high-quality iron;j.Improved transportation.4.Results:a.good:(1) Workshop of the world, no other country was yet ready to compete with her inindustrial production; t(2) Towns grew rapidly, especially in north of England.b.bad:work man worked and lived in appalling conditions.c.proletariat –“Luddites” supposedly led by Ned Ludd attempted to d estroy thehated machines, but were severely punished by the government.Ⅳ.Chartist Movement1.Reasons for reforma.Power was monopolized by the aristocrats;b.Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair;c.There were also various so-called rotten (refer to those areas once were a busy markettowns, but now were deserted, but they could still elect Members of Parliament) or pocket boroughs(refer to elections which were not won by political views but by influence).2.The reform bills.a.1832, Reform Act:①abolish rotten boroughs;②redistributed seat ;③vote to householders and tenants;b.1834, New Poor Law:not give money to poor people, but force them into workhouses.3.London Working Men’s Association.a.Definition:In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. It aimed “to seek by every legal means to place all classes of society in possession of equal political and social rights”. In 1838, they drew up a charter of political demands, known as the People’s Charter.b.Content:①the vote for all adult males;②voting by secret ballot;③equal electoral districts;④abolition of property qualifications for Members of Parliament;⑤payment of Members of Parliament; and⑥annual Parliaments with a General Election every June.c.Two groups.①Moral Force Chartists, headed by William Lovett, wanted to realize their aims bypeaceful means (“politics of persuasion”).②Physical Force Chartists, headed by Feargus O’Connor, wanted to achieve their purposeby violence.d.Processes:①1840, first petition by Attwood, in National Convention, reveal inner disagreement;②1842, second, rejected;③1848, Chartist Demonstration, ended quietly with it being conveyed to Parliament.e.Reasons:①weak and divided leadership;②no coordinate with trade-unionism;③immature working class.f.Significance:①first nationwide working class movement;②first five points realized;③Lenin’s comment: “the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarianrevolutionary movement”.Ⅴ.Trade Unions1.Two Acts:a.1799-1800, Combination Act (forbid union);b.1825 Act (allow union).2.Processes:a.1833, Grand National Consolidated Trade Union (GNCTU), after the trail andtransportation of “Tolpuddle Martyrs” (six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers), this attempt came to nothing.b.1850, Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE).c.1868, Trades union Congress (TUC), began new phase in which trade unionism had anational organization capable of coordinating the interests of industrial workers.3.Two Acts to legalize Trade Unions.a.1871, Trade Union Act, legalized the trade unions and gave financial security;b.1876, Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, the right to exist as corporation whichis able to own property and to defend their rights corporatively in courts of law.Ⅵ.Labor Party1.1893, Independent Labor Party, too idealistic and individualisticto become a mass party.2.1900, Labor Representation Committee, to promote inParliament the interests of labor.3.1906, Labor Party, for the general election, later became themain opposition party after participated in the war coalition government, finally formed minority governments.Ⅶ.Colonial Expansion1.English colonial expansion began with the colonization ofNewfoundland in 1583.2.Dominionsa.Canada①1763, after Seven Year’s War, sign Treaty of Paris, Canada was ceded to Britain;②1774, Quebec Act, guaranteed French rights;③1791, Canada Act, Canada divided into Upper (Ontario) Canada for British andLower (Quebec) Canada for French;④1867, British North America Act, Canada became dominion with four provinces:Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.b.Australia①1600s, first discovered by Dutch;②1770, James Cook claimed the east coast region for Britain, name it New SouthWales;③1788, began to transport convicts to there until 1840;④1851-1892, gold rushes;⑤1901, the independent Commonwealth of Australia.c.New Zealand①14th, settled by Maoris;②1642, sighted by the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman, name it the Netherlands provinceof Zeeland;③1770s, claimed by Captain James Cook;④1840, Treaty of Waitangi, between the Maori chiefs and Britain;⑤1841, became separate colony under Treaty of Waitangi;⑥1852, achieved self-government;⑦1907, became dominion under the British crown;⑧1931, completely independent.d.India①1600, British East India Company, a case of economic penetration which madeBritish government became directly involved in Indian affairs;②1784, India Act, set up a “Board of Control” to supervise the Company, furtherintervention;③1857, mutiny: a. resentment at the reforms of Indian institutions carried out by theBritish; b. fear to be converted into Christianity; c. offended by cartridges greasedwith cow-fat (Hindus) and pig-fat (Muslims).④1858, controlled by British Crown totally;⑤1877, Queen Victoria became Empress of India.e.Africa(1) Cape Town①1652, occupied by Dutch East India Company;②1806, occupied by Britain to protect its route to India;③1814, officially recognized by the Netherlands;④1835-1836, “mass migration”, Boers →Natal, Transvaal, Orange Free State;⑤Wars between Britain and Boers: 1880-1881 (Boers win the war), 1899-1902(Britain win the war);⑥1910, Union of South Africa: Cape Town / Natal / Transvaal / Orange Free State,under Britain.(2) Egypt①1821, Egypt invaded the Sudan;②French built the Suez Canal, and owned half the shares of it;③Britain bought the remaining shares from the Egyptian ruler in 1875;④1879, Britain crushed revolt in Egypt, and occupied it at the same time.⑤1881, revolt led by the Sudan’s nationalist Mahdi;⑥1899, joint Anglo-Egyptian rule.f.China①reason: opium smuggle began in the 1830s →banned in 1799 →burnt in 1839;②War (1840-1842), Treaty of Nanking (1842);③Second war (1856-1858), ended with the treaties of Tianjin (1858).3.British Empire, 1/4 of world’s population and area (1900), a bigempire “on which the sun never set”.4.It consisted of Protectorates, Crown Colonies, spheres ofinfluence, and self-governing dominions.Ⅷ.Twentieth century.1.Pre-wara.Feminist movement, led by Mrs. Pankhurst, votes granted to women over 30;b.1911, Parliament Act: severely limiting the powers of the Lords and establishing theCommons as the supreme legislative body.2.First World Wara.Central Powers:①Germany, Austria-Hungary,┆Turkey, Bulgaria) 同盟国②Allies (Britain, France, Russia,┆Japan, Italy, U.S.A.) 协约国③last for 4 years;b.direct causes:The Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist at Sarajevo in 1914;c.causes for Britain:①Britain was afraid that Germany would overrun Europe and gain control of parts ofthe British Empire;②the pro mise to guarantee Belgium’s neutrality;d.result:①Treaty of Versailles;②League of Nations;e.outcome:① a. loss of manpower;② b. disruption of economy and society.3.Between the Two World Warsa.1924, Labor Party to power for the first time;b.1926, general strike, paralyzed the country but improved relations between workersand middle class;c.1920s, Roaring Twenties;d.1931, Great Depression, worst in northern England, south Wales and Clydeside inScotland.4.Second World Wara.Reasons:①Treaty of Versailles brought Hitler and Nazism.②Hitler occupied:(1) Rhineland in 1936;(2) Austria in 1938;(3). Sudetenland in 1938;(4) Czechoslovakia in 1939;(5) nonaggression pact with USSR in 1939;(6) Poland in 1939.b.For the failure of Chamberlain’s policy (appeasement), Churchill became warleader in 1940;c.war effort:(1) destroyed many cities;(2) changed the face of London;(3) people spent their nights in the underground stations;(4) some evacuated to the countryside;(5) Churchill received massive popular support.d.Outcome(1) 250,000 casualties;(2) poor cause economic and financial difficulties;(3) end of empire.5.Postwara.Conservative Party failed, Labor Party win the election.b.Contribution of Conservative Party:The foundations of the welfare state was laid during these years, providing free medical care for everyone and financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed.The Bank of England, coal mines, railways and steelworks were nationalized.c.1940s, end of empire:(1) 1947, India, independent;(2) 1948, Burma, independent;(3) 1949, Newfoundland, joined the Dominion of Canada.d.1950s:(1)War of aggression against North Korea in 1950;(2)British and French invaded Egypt, for the nationalized of Suez Canal in 1956;(3)1957, first hydrogen bomb was tested;(4)1951, Festival Exhibition, demonstrate the recovery of the United Kingdom;(5)1952, Queen ElizabethⅡcrowned in Westminster Abbey;(6)1957, “never had it so good”, declared by Herold Macmillan, the Conservativeprime minister;e.1960s:Swinging Sixties; Permissive age; Pop music (Beatles) make Liverpool a place of pilgrimage.f.1750s:(1)1957, Common Market (Treaty of Rome) →1973, European EconomicCommunity.(2)1973, State of Emergency by oil embargo and miners’ strike;(3)Oil was discovered in North Sea.g.1980s:(1)In 1979, Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain.(2)Thatcherism: It included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries,the use of monetarist policies (the supply of money in Britain) to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.(3)Falkland Islands war 1982 (with Argentina).(4)Thatcher against European Union and adopt poll tax, which bring Major intopower.。

加拿大魁北克2012124302 报刊选读3班History1. Indigenous peoples and European explorationAt the time of first European contact and later colonization, Algonquian, Iroquois and Inuit nations controlled what is now Quebec. Their lifestyles and cultures reflected the land on which they lived. Algonquians organized into seven political entities lived nomadic lives based on hunting, gathering, and fishing in the rugged terrain of the Canadian Shield: (James Bay Cree, Innu, Algonquins) and Appalachian Mountains (Mi'kmaq, Abenaki). St. Lawrence Iroquoians, a branch of the Iroquois, lived more settled lives, growing corn, beans and squash in the fertile soils of the St. Lawrence Valley. They appear to have been later supplanted by the Mohawk nation. The Inuit continue to fish and hunt whale and seal in the harsh Arctic climate along the coasts of Hudson and Ungava Bay. These people traded fur and food and sometimes warred with each other.2. New FranceAround 1522–1523, the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano persuaded King Francis I of France to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay (China). In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I. It was the first province of New France. However, initial French attempts at settling the region met with failure. French fishing fleets, however, continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances with First Nations that would become important once France began to occupy the land.Samuel de Champlain was part of a 1603 expedition from France that travelled into the St. Lawrence River. In 1608, he returned as head of an exploration party and founded Quebec City with the intention of making the area part of the French colonial empire. Champlain's Habitation de Québec, built as a permanent fur trading outpost, was where he would forge a trading, and ultimately a military alliance, with the Algonquin and Huron nations. First Nations traded their furs for many French goods such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing.Coureurs des bois, voyageurs and Catholic missionaries used river canoes to explore the interior of the North American continent. They establishing fur trading forts on the Great Lakes (Étienne Brûlé 1615), Hudson Bay (Radisson and Groseilliers 1659–60), Ohio River and Mississippi River (La Salle 1682), as well as the Saskatchewan River and Missouri River (de la Verendrye 1734–1738).After 1627, King Louis XIII of France allowed the Company of New France to introduced the seigneurial system and forbade settlement in New France by anyone other than Roman Catholics. New France became a Royal Province in 1663 under King Louis XIV of France with a Sovereign Council that included intendant Jean Talon.The population grew slowly under French rule, thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration. To encourage population growth and to redress the severe imbalance between single men and women, King Louis XIV sponsored the passage of approximately 800 young Frenchwomen (known as les filles du roi) to the colony. Most of the French were farmers ("Canadiens" or "Habitants"), and the rate of population growth among the settlers themselves was very high.3. Seven Years' War and capitulation of New FranceAuthorities in New France became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from the Ohio Valley. They began construction of a series of fortifications to protect the area. In 1754, George Washington launched a surprise attack on a group of Canadien soldiers sleeping in the early morning hours. It came at a time when no declaration of war had been issued by either country. This frontier aggression known as the Jumonville affair set the stage for the French and Indian War (a US designation; in Canada it is usually referred to as the Seven Years' War, although French Canadians often call it La guerre de la Conquête ["The War of Conquest"]) in North America. By 1756, France and Britain were battling the Seven Years' War worldwide. In 1758, the British mounted an attack on New France by sea and took the French fort at Louisbourg. On September 13, 1759, the British forces of General James Wolfe defeated those of French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec City. With the exception of the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, located off the coast of Newfoundland, France ceded its North American possessions to Great Britain through the Treaty of Paris (1763) in favour of gaining the island of Guadeloupe for its then-lucrative sugar cane industry. The British Royal Proclamation of 1763 renamed Canada (part of New France) as the Province of Quebec.4. Quebec ActWith unrest growing in the colonies to the south, which would one day grow into the American Revolution, the British were worried that the French-speaking Canadians might also support the growing rebellion. At that time, French-speaking Canadians formed the vast majority of the population of the province of Quebec (more than 99%) and British immigration was not going well. To secure the allegiance of the approximately 90,000 French-speaking Canadians to the British crown, first Governor James Murray and later Governor Guy Carleton promoted the need for change. There was also a need to compromise between the conflicting demands of the French-speaking Canadian subjects and those of newly arrived British subjects. These efforts by the colonial governors eventually resulted in enactment of the Quebec Act of 1774.The Quebec Act provided the people of Quebec their first Charter of Rights and paved the way to later official recognition of the French language and French culture. The act also allowed Canadiens to maintain French civil law and sanctioned freedom of religion, allowing the Roman Catholic Church to remain, one of the first cases in history of state-sanctioned freedom of religious practice.5. Effects of the American RevolutionAlthough the Quebec Act was unrelated to the events in Boston of 1773, and was not regarded as one of the Coercive Acts, the timing of its passage led British colonists to the south to believe that it was part of the program to punish them. The Quebec Act offended a variety of interest groups in the British colonies. Land speculators and settlers objected to the transfer of western lands previously claimed by the colonies to a non-representative government. Many feared the establishment of Catholicism in Quebec, and that the French Canadians were being courted to helpoppress British Americans.On June 27, 1775, General George Washington decided to attempt an invasion of Canada by the American Continental Army to wrest Quebec and the St. Lawrence River from the British. the invasion failed when British reinforcements came down the St. Lawrence in May 1776 and the Battle of Trois-Rivières turned into a disaster for the Americans. The army withdrew to Ticonderoga.[88] Although some help was given to the Americans by the locals, Governor Carleton punished American sympathizers and public support of the American cause came to an end. In 1778, Frederick Haldimand took over for Guy Carleton as governor of Quebec.The arrival of 10,000 Loyalists at Quebec in 1784 destroyed the political balance that Haldimand (and Carleton before him) had worked so hard to achieve. The swelling numbers of English encouraged them to make greater demands for recognition with the colonial government. To restore stability to his largest remaining North American colony, King George III sent Carleton back to Quebec to remedy the situation.In ten years, Quebec had undergone a dramatic change. What worked for Carleton in 1774 was not likely to succeed in 1784. Specifically, there was no possibility of restoring the previous political balance – there were simply too many English people unwilling to reach a compromise with the 145,000 Canadiens or their colonial governor. The situation called for a more creative approach to problem solving.Separation of the Province of QuebecLoyalists soon petitioned the government to be allowed to use the British legal system they were used to in the American colonies. The creation of Upper and Lower Canada in 1791 allowed most Loyalists to live under British laws and institutions, while the French-speaking population of Lower Canada could maintain their familiar French civil law and the Catholic religion. Therefore, Governor Haldimand (at the suggestion of Carleton) drew Loyalists away from Quebec City and Montreal by offering free land on the northern shore of Lake Ontario to anyone willing to swear allegiance to George III. The Loyalists were thus given land grants of 200 acres (81 ha) per person. Basically, this approach was designed with the intent of keeping French and English as far apart as possible. Therefore, after the separation of the Province of Quebec, Lower Canada and Upper Canada were formed, each with its own government.6.Patriotes' Rebellion in Lower CanadaIn 1837, residents of Lower Canada – led by Louis-Joseph Papineau and Robert Nelson – formed an armed resistance group to seek an end to the unilateral control of the British governors. They made a Declaration of Rights with equality for all citizens without discrimination and a Declaration of Independence of Lower-Canada in 1838.Their actions resulted in rebellions in both Lower and Upper Canada. An unprepared British Army had to raise militia force; the rebel forces scored a victory in Saint-Denis but were soon defeated.After the rebellions, Lord Durham was asked to undertake a study and prepare a report on the matter and to offer a solution for the British Parliament to assess. Following Durham's report, the British government merged the two colonial provinces into one Province of Canada in 1840 with the Act of Union. The two colonies remained distinct in administration, election, and law.In 1848, Baldwin and LaFontaine, allies and leaders of the Reformist party, were asked by Lord Elgin to form an administration together under the new policy of responsible government. TheFrench language subsequently regained legal status in the Legislature.7. Canadian ConfederationIn the 1860s, the delegates from the colonies of British North America (Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland) met in a series of conferences to discuss self-governing status for a new confederation. The first Charlottetown Conference took place in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, followed by the Quebec Conference in Quebec City which led to a delegation going to London, Britain, to put forth a proposal for a national union.As a result of those deliberations, in 1867 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the British North America Acts, providing for the Confederation of most of these provinces. The former Province of Canada was divided into its two previous parts as the provinces of Ontario (Upper Canada) and Quebec (Lower Canada). New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined Ontario and Quebec in the new Dominion of Canada. The other provinces then joined the Confederation, one after the other: Manitoba and the Northwest Territories in 1870, British Columbia in 1871, Prince Edward Island in 1873, Yukon in 1898, Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905, Newfoundland in 1949 and finally Nunavut in 1999.8. World War I and World War IIWhen Great Britain declared war on August 4, 1914, Canada was automatically involved as a dominion. About 6,000 volunteers from Quebec participated on the European front. Although reaction to conscription was favorable in English Canada the idea was deeply unpopular in Quebec. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 did much to highlight the divisions between French and English-speaking Canadians in Canada.During World War II, the participation of Quebec was more important but led to the Conscription Crisis of 1944 and opposition. Many Quebecers fought against the axis power between 1939 to 1945 with the involvement of many francophone regiments such as Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, le Régiment de la Chaudière and many more.9. Quiet RevolutionThe conservative government of Maurice Duplessis and his Union Nationale dominated Quebec politics from 1944 to 1959 with the support of the Catholic Church. Pierre Trudeau and other liberals formed an intellectual opposition to Duplessis's regime, setting the groundwork for the Quiet Revolution under Jean Lesage's Liberals. The Quiet Revolution was a period of dramatic social and political change that saw the decline of Anglo supremacy in the Quebec economy, the decline of the Roman Catholic Church's influence, the formation of hydroelectric companies under Hydro-Québec and the emergence of a pro-sovereignty movement under former Liberal minister René Lévesque.October CrisisBeginning in 1963, a paramilitary group that became known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade-long series of propaganda and terrorism that included bombings, robberies and attacks directed primarily at English institutions, resulting in at least five deaths. In 1970, their activities culminated in events referred to as the October Crisis when James Cross, the British trade commissioner to Canada, was kidnapped along with Pierre Laporte, a provincialminister and Vice-Premier. Laporte was strangled with his own rosary beads a few days later. In their published Manifesto, the militants stated: "In the coming year Bourassa will have to face reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized." At the request of Premier Robert Bourassa, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act.10. Parti Québécois and national unityIn 1977, the newly elected Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque introduced the Charter of the French Language. Often known as Bill 101, it defined French as the only official language of Quebec in areas of provincial jurisdiction.Lévesque and his party had run in the 1970 and 1973 Quebec elections under a platform of separating Quebec from the rest of Canada. The party failed to win control of Quebec's National Assembly both times – though its share of the vote increased from 23 percent to 30 percent – and Lévesque was defeated both times in the riding he contested. In the 1976 election, he softened his message by promising a referendum (plebiscite) on sovereignty-association rather than outright separation, by which Quebec would have independence in most government functions but share some other ones, such as a common currency, with Canada. On November 15, 1976, Lévesque and the Parti Québécois won control of the provincial government for the first time. The question of sovereignty-association was placed before the voters in the 1980 Quebec referendum. During the campaign, Pierre Trudeau promised that a vote for the "no" side was a vote for reforming Canada. Trudeau advocated the patriation of Canada's Constitution from the United Kingdom. The existing constitutional document, the British North America Act, could only be amended by the United Kingdom Parliament upon a request by the Canadian parliament.Sixty percent of the Quebec electorate voted against the proposition for sovereignty-association. Polls showed that the overwhelming majority of English and immigrant Quebecers voted against, and that French Quebecers were almost equally divided, with older voters less in favour and younger voters more in favor. After his loss in the referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new constitution with Trudeau, his minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and the nine other provincial premiers. Lévesque insisted Quebec be able to veto any future constitutional amendments. The negotiations quickly reached a stand-still. Quebec is the only province not to have assented to the partition of the Canadian constitution in 1982.In subsequent years, two attempts were made to gain Quebec's approval of the constitution. The first was the Meech Lake Accord of 1987, which was finally abandoned in 1990 when the province of Manitoba did not pass it within the established deadline. (Newfoundland premier Clyde Wells had expressed his opposition to the accord, but, with the failure in Manitoba, the vote for or against Meech never took place in his province.) This led to the formation of the sovereigntist Bloc Québécois party in Ottawa under the leadership of Lucien Bouchard,[106] who had resigned from the federal cabinet. The second attempt, the Charlottetown Accord of 1992, also failed to gain traction. This result caused a split in the Quebec Liberal Party that led to the formation of the new Action démocratique (Democratic Action) party led by Mario Dumont and Jean Allaire.On October 30, 1995, with the Parti Québécois back in power since 1994, a second referendum on sovereignty took place. This time, it was rejected by a slim majority (50.6 percent NO to 49.4 percent YES).11.Statut particulier ("special status")Given the province's heritage and the preponderance of French (unique among the Canadian provinces), there has been debate in Canada regarding the unique status (statut particulier) of Quebec and its people, wholly or partially. Prior attempts to amend the Canadian constitution to acknowledge Quebec as a "distinct society" – referring to the province's uniqueness within Canada regarding law, language, and culture – have been unsuccessful; however, the federal government under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien would later endorse recognition of Quebec as a distinct society.On October 30, 2003, the National Assembly of Quebec voted unanimously to affirm "that the people of Québec form a nation." On November 27, 2006, the House of Commons passed a symbolic motion moved by Prime Minister Stephen Harper declaring "that this House recognizes that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada." However, there is considerable debate and uncertainty over what this means.一.历史1.、新法兰西的建立最早踏上这块土地的法国人是航海家，冒险家雅克·卡梯埃（Jacques Cartier,1494-约1554）。

IV. Give examples of industries which are declining, and Industries which are fast developing in the United States.V．Why is Walt Whitman considered one of the most important poets in America?Walter Whitman (May 31, 1819–March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. Proclaimed the "greatest of all American poets" by many foreign observers a mere four years after his death,[citation needed] he is viewed as the firsturban poet. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and Realism, incorporating both views in his works. His works have been translated into more than twenty-five languages. Whitman is among the most influential and controversial poets in the American canon. His work has been described as a "rude shock" and "the most audacious and debatable contribution yet made to American literature." As Whitman wrote in Leaves of Grass (By Blue Ontario's Shore), "Rhymes and rhymers pass away...America justifies itself, give it time..."作业（2）1. What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade？2. Use examples from the text to support the author’s argument that American society is a stratified one, in which power, wealth and prestige are unequally distributed among the population.3. Why is crime “the number one enemy “ in the United States?4. In what way do sports reflect American culture?5. Comment on the role of television in sports competition.英语国家概况平时作业（三）You are required to answer the following questions based on the textbook.（20points for each question）1．What do you think some of the characteristics in education that are particularly American?2．What are the basic characteristics of a social movement?3．Why is poverty a social problem in America ?4．Pick up some examples from the text to show how the government and corporations have abused power in the United States.5．Describe the Women’s Movement in the 1960s in U.S.A.英语国家概况（2）作业一ⅠChoose the one that best completes each of the following statements.(20’)1 America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except ____.A machineryB automonilesC oreD chemicals2 The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”except ____.A typewriterB telephoneC electric lightD refrigeratoe3 About ____ of American crops are for export.A halfB one thirdC one fourthD one fifth4 _____ is not one of the three giants in American automobile industry.A FordB General MotorsC ChryslerD American Motors5 Formal education in the United States consists of _____, secondary and higher education.A kindergartenB publicC elementaryD private6 Of the following subjects, ____ are NOT offered to elementary school students.A mathematics and languagesB politics and business educationC science and social studiesD music and physical education7 Of the following, ____ is NOT among the three major radio and Tvnetworks in America.A the National Broadcasting System(NBS)B the Public Broadcasting Service(PBS)C the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D the American Broadcasting System(ABS)8 Mark Twain' works are characterized by the following except ____.A a sense of humorB a realistic viewCcolloquial speech D an idealistic view9 Which of the following was NOT written by Ernest Hemingway?A The Sun Also RisesB A Farewell to ArmsC For Whom the Bell TollsD Uncle Tom’s Cabin10 ____ is the first African-American winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.A Ralph EllisonB Tony MorrisonC Richard WrightD James BaldwinⅡRead the following statements and decide whether they are True or False.(20’)1 America is the world’s largest industrial nation.2 America has a mixed economy and the government has little control over businesses.3 American agricultural exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.4 Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November.5 Education is governed by state nad local governemnt instead of the national governemnt in America.6 All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education.7 Usually, an undergraduate student has to earn 120 credits to receive a degree.8 Yale university is the second eldest institution of higher learning in the United States.9 Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin are two sources of American literary spirit.10 Stephen Crane is famous for his writings about Americans living in Europe.ⅢAnswer the following questions.(60’)1How did the Civil War affect the American economy?2 How does an American university choose its applicants? P279American university choose applicants on the basis of :3 What function do American higher education institutions perform? P2794 What themes are reflected in Theodore Dreiser’s works? P280英语国家概况（2）作业二（Canada）ⅠChoose the one that best completes each of the following statements.(20’)1 Canada’s fur trade, later fur monopoly, gradually began to take shape in the ____ century.A 15thB 16thC 17thD 18th2 Canada became the world’s fourth largest industrial nation ______.A in the 1920sB after World War ⅠC after World War ⅡD after the GreatDepression3 _____ won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1956 for organizing a peacekeeping force to defuse the Suez Crisis.A Pierre TrudeauB Lester PearsonC Jean ChretienD Brain Mulroney4 In the ____, Canada was obessed with economic recession.A 1950sB 1960sC 1970sD 1980s5 On average, members of the House of Commons are elected for a maximum of ___ years.A threeB fourC fiveD six6 In each province, ____ represents the British Crown.Aa Lieutenant Governor B a Governor General C a Premier D a Governor7 ____ of Canada serves as the final court of appeals in Canada.A The Provincial CourtB The Federal CourtC The SupremeCourtD The Senate8 ____ is the largest political party of Canada.A The Conservative PartyB The Liberal PartyC The Canadian Labor CongressD The New Democratic Party9 In Canada, the largest religious denomination is _____.A the Protestant ChurchB the Roman Catholic ChurchC the Puritan ChurchD the Anglican Church10 Canada’s three largest trading partners include the following except____.A BritainB AmericaC MexicoD JapanⅡRead the following statements and decide whether they are True or False.(20’)1 Canada is the second largest country in the world in terms of territory.2 Canada’s expensive area can be divided into five geographic regions, each with a distinct landscape and climate.3 Canada has a typical oceanic climate influenced by both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.4 Canada was split into Upper Canada and Lower Canada in 1791.5 Quebec separated from Canada and established a French-speaking nation in the 1960s.6 Canada’s political structure has nothing to do with those of Britain and the United States.7 The Canadian government is responsible to the King or Queen of Britain.8 Canadian court system is divided at four levels.9 In Canada, different provinces and territories share the same educational system.10 Laval University is the largest institution in Canada, while University of Toronto is the oldest one.ⅢAnswer the following questions.(60’)1 What is the Quebec Act?2 Why did the Meech Lake Accord fail in 1990?3 What are the Governor General’s responsibilities?4 What does “cultural mosaic” mean in Canada?5 What are the characteristics of population distribution in Canada?英语国家概况（2）作业三(Australia)ⅠChoose the one that best completes each of the following statements.(20’)1___ is the lowest point in Australia.A Lake EyreB The Great Artesian BasinC Mount KosciuszkoD The Great Dividing Range2 ___ is Australia’s capital.A SydneyB MelbourneC BrisbaneD Canberra3 Britain’s first permanent colony was founded in ____.A 1606B 1770C 1787D 17884 The Commonwealth of Australia was established in ____.A 1847B 1885C 1900D 19015 The movement to gain recognition of Aboriginal rights was started in the _____.A 1950sB 1960sC 1970sD 1980s6 Of the following, ____ is NOT among the three major Austrlian parties.A The Labot PartyB The National PartyC The Liberal PartyD The Australian Democrats7 Australia ranks ____ in terms of population though it is the sixth largest country in the world.A 51stB 52ndC 53rdD 54th8 Australia try to attract immigrants from any country with _____.A good family backgroundB good education or work skillsC high social statusD aduquate work experience9 Australia’s high economic performance is due to its ____ and ongoing structural reform.A open-up policyB effective economic managementC historical developmentD proper investment10 Australia’s economy depends largely on _____.A agricultureB manufacturingC foreign tradeD tourismⅡRead the following stateme nts and decide whether they are True or False.(20’)1 In terms of landmass, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world.2 The name “sydney” means “meeting place” in the oboriginal language.3 The first documented European expedition to Australia was made by Abel Tasman.4 Australia Day is on January 26.5 Australia suffered a great depression in the end of the 19th century.6 Australia’s government system mainly reflects the British model of liberal democracy.7 The Australian Constitution can be changed either by government’s will or by referendum.8 In Australia the King or Queen of Britain serves as the symbolic head of state.9 The result of the genreal election will determine which party leader will become Prime Minister.10 Since Australia has a vast cultivable area, it has become the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products.Answer the following questions.(60’)1 What was the life like for the early British arrivals?2 What is “ANZAC Day”?3 What is the three-tier system of the Australian government?4 What is the chief function of the House of Reepresentatives?5 Why is Australia a multicultural society?英语国家概况（2）作业四(New Zealand)ⅠChoose the one that best completes each of the following statements.(20’)1 New Zealand is manily composed of two islands in the Pacific Ocean.2 New Zealand is a mountainous country with almost no plains.3 In New Zealand, January is the coldest month of the year and June is the hottest.4 Agriculture is important to New Zealand’s economy, so most New Zealanders live in suburban areas.5 In 1907, New Zealand changed from a British colony to a separate dominion like Australia and Canada.6 The highest peak in New Zealand is Mount Cook, which lies in the center of the Southern Alps.7 Helen Clark has been the Prime Minister of New Zealand for three terms of office.8 Like many other coutries, New Zealand has a formal written constitution.9 There is only one chamber in New Zealand’s parliament, i.e., the House of Representatives.10 The Maori language is one of the official languages in New Zealand.ⅡRead the following statements and decide whether they are True or False.(20’)1 _____ is often referred to as “the third island” of New Zealnd.A PolynesiaB The North IslandC The South IslandD The Stewart Island2 New Zealnd is a popular tourist attraction because of its ____.A long historyB dramatic and varied landscapeC special cultureD easy entry into the country3 The climate in New Zealand is _____.A subtropicalB arcticC temperateD tropical4 _____ were the first group of people who arrived on the islands of New Zealand.A MaorisB EuropeansC AustraliansD Chinese5 New Zealand was granted interal self-government in _____.A 1840B 1852C 1893D 19076 During World War Ⅱ, New Zealand strengthened its relationship with ____.A BritainB the United StatesC AustraliaD France7 ____ is the head of the New Zealand government.A The British monarchB The Governor GeneralC The Prime MinisterD The president8 The Cabinet is responsible to ____ in New Zealand.A ParliamentB The Prime MinisterC The British monarchD The Governor General9 _____ plays a general role in maintaining the consistent application of the rule of law.A The High CourtB The District CourtC The Court of AppealD The Tribunal10 Schooling in New Zealand is compulsory for all children ____.A from age 6 to 12B from age 6 to 14C from age 6 to 16D from age 6 to 18ⅢAnswer the following questions.(60’)1 Describe James Cook’s exploration in New Zealand.2 What did the Labor Party do to improve New Zealand’s economy in the 1930s?3 What made America suspend the ANZUS security guarantees to New Zealand in1986?4 Since the 1980s, what did the government do to change its heavy reliance on trade? What are the results?。

福建省泉州中远学校2023-2024学年高二上学期第二阶段期中教学质量检测英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解Popular Theme ParksHoliday WorldFamily-run Holiday World has developed into one of the most successful regional theme parks in the US, offering unlimited free soft drinks, free parking, free sunscreen and free Wi-Fi. The park is divided into four lands, each themed around a different holiday. Understandably, given that the park is located in Santa Claus, Indiana, one of these is Christmas, with the others being Thanksgiving, Halloween and the Fourth of July.LEGOLAND CaliforniaAs one of a number of similar LEGOLAND theme parks located all over the world, LEGOLAND California was the first to open in the US. Located in Carlsbad not far from San Diego, it fits families with children aged 2-12. The park hosts a variety of attractions inspired by LEGO toys, along with a predictably large number of stores selling LEGO toys.Universal Studios HollywoodBelonging to one of the world’s leading movie studios, Universal Studios Hollywood features attractions showing the art of movie-making. The park is divided into three main sections—the Wizarding World of Harry Potter, the Upper and Lower Lots, including Jurassic Park, The Ride, Revenge of the Mummy, The Ride and Transformer, etc. Visitors can explore those sections by themselves.SeaWorld San DiegoSeaWorld San Diego offers the chain’s standard selection of live shows interactive animal exhibits and other theme park attractions. Located on Mission Bay, it combines thrilling rides with up-close-and-personal experiences, and also offers children’s favorite performances starring sea lions, dolphins and even cats and dogs.1．What will visitors do in Holiday World?A．Appreciate the art of movie-making.B．Spend different festivals in a day.C．Enjoy a variety of attractions.D．Explore the world’s leading movie studios.2．Which of the following offers visitors the experience of interacting with animals?A．SeaWorld San Diego.B．Universal Studios Hollywood.C．LEGOLAND California D．Holiday World.3．Where may the text be taken from?A．A news report.B．A world geography textbook.C．A travel website. D．An entertainment magazine.The amount of plastic pollution in the oceans is rapidly increasing. This is problematic, as at least 700 species of sea animals — including sharks, whales seabirds and turtles — can be trapped in the stuff or mistake it for a tasty snack. While we know that some species seem to eat plastic because it looks like jellyfish or some other food source, less research has been carried out into what sea plastic smells like to sea animals.But now, a study from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has found that the coating of algae and microbes (藻类、微生物) that naturally builds up on ocean plastics causes the rubbish to give off the smell of food.The researchers took 15 healthy turtles, each around five months old and placed them in a laboratory aquarium (水族箱). They then piped in clean water, clean plastic, turtle food, and plastic that had been down in the sea environment for five weeks. The turtles showed no reaction to the smell of clean water or clean plastic. But when they were exposed to the smells of ocean plastic or turtle food, they exhibited hunting behaviour — like sticking their noses out of the water and showing increased activity.“This finding is important because it’s the first demonstration that the smell of ocean plastics causes animals to eat them,” said Dr Kenneth J Lohmann, who took part in the study.“It’s common to find the sea turtles with their digestive systems fully or partially blocked because they’ve eaten plastic materials There also are increasing reports of sea turtles that have been ill and stranded on the beach due to their swallow of plastic.”“Once these plastics are in the ocean we don’t have a good way to remove them or prevent them from smelling like food” said Lohmann. “The best thing we can do is to keep plastic from getting into the ocean at all.”4．What does the new research mainly focus on?A．What has caused the sea plastic pollution.B．What sea plastic smells like to sea animals.C．How dangerous the sea environment is.D．How dangerous the sea plastic pollution is.5．What can we infer from the experiment?A．The turtles of 5 months old are the most healthy ones.B．The turtles prefer dirty environments to clean ones.C．The clean plastic has no certain smell to attract turtles.D．The clean plastic is more dangerous than the ocean plastic.6．Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word in Para 5?A．trapped B．rescued C．harmed D．treated 7．What is the title of the passage?A．Sea turtles and sea environment B．Sea turtles and their enemiesC．Sea turtles and sea food chain D．Sea turtles and sea plasticsWildlife populations around the world are facing dramatic declines, according to new figures that have led environmental campaigners to call for urgent action to rescue the natural world. The 2022 Living Planet Index (LPI), produced by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), reveals that studied populations of mammals, birds, reptiles (爬行动物) and fish have seen an average decline of 69 per cent since 1970, faster than previous predictions. The LPI tracked global biodiversity between 1970 and 2018, based on the monitoring of 31,821 populations of 5230 vertebrate (脊椎动物) species. Mark Wright of WWF says the degree of decline is destructive and continues to worsen. “We are not seeing any really positive signs that we are beginning to bend the curve of nature,” he says.Freshwater vertebrates have been among the hardest-hit populations, with monitored populations showing an average decline of 83 per cent since 1970. The Amazon pink river dolphin, for example, has experienced a 65 per cent decline in its population between 1994 and 2016. Meanwhile, some of the most biodiverse regions of the world are seeing thesteepest falls in wildlife, with the Caribbean and central and south America seeing average wildlife population declined by 94 per cent since 1970. Habitat loss and reduction is the largest driver of wildlife loss in all regions around the world, followed by species overexploitation by hunting, fishing or poaching (偷猎).In December, governments from around the world will gather in Montreal, Canada, for the COP15 Biodiversity Framework, a much-delayed summit that aims to agree on a set of new targets intended to prevent the loss of animals, plants and habitats globally by 2030. “This is a once-in-a-decade opportunity that’s coming up,” says Robin Freeman of ZSL. He says it is vital that governments use the summit to agree on “meaningful, well measurable targets and goals”. “We need governments to take action to ensure that those goals deal with the complicated combined threats of climate change and biodiversity, in order for us to see a meaningful action,” says Freeman. But some researchers are critical of the LPI’s use of a headline figure of decline, warning it is easy to be misunderstood.The findings don’t mean all species or populations worldwide are in decline. In fact, approximately half the populations show a stable or increasing trend, and half show a declining trend. “I think a more appropriate and useful way to look at it is to focus on specific species or populations,” says Hannah Ritchie at Our World in Data. But Wright says the LPI is a useful tool that reflects the findings of other biodiversity indicators. “All of those show they all scream there is something going really very badly wrong,” says Wright.8．What does the underlined phrase in the first paragraph mean?A．Loving and protecting nature.B．Preserving the diversity of nature.C．Underestimating the benefits of nature.D．Destroying and changing nature.9．In paragraph 2, the author mentions the Amazon pink river dolphin to show ______.A．the number of Amazon dolphins is on the riseB．freshwater vertebrates are at risk of extinctionC．there are no positive measures to protect natureD．some of the world’s wild animals are in decline10．What can we learn about people’s response to the issue mentioned in the passage?A．It makes sense to focus on a particular species.B．Preventing the loss of habitats by 2030 is certain to happen.C．New agreement on the prevention of habitat loss will be in vain.D．The Caribbean wildlife has been well protected in recent decades.11．Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A．The COP15 Biodiversity FrameworkB．Wildlife Population Declining SharplyC．Urgent Action to Save the EarthD．Correct Interpretation of LPIIn the shallow waters near the ocean shore, kelp (海藻) grows thickly absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. It grows at a rate of nearly 60 cm daily and if moved to a more nutrient rich depth of 80 m, it even grows faster. It’s this rapid growth that allows kelp to lock large amounts of carbon away — similar to a tree. Kelp and other species of seaweed could remove 61-268 million tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere every year.Kelp can also be turned into biofuel. “This biofuel from kelp can use all the existing refining (精炼) systems of the petrochemical industry,” says Brian Wilcox, the chief engineer at California-based company Marine BioEnergy. “It in many cases looks like crude oil (原油) and it goes through the same processes.”Researchers are developing what they hope could be a solution that would allow large kelp farming to be used for biofuel. Diane Kim, an ecologist at the University of Southern California, and her teammates collected two sets of kelp from their underwater habitat off the coast of Santa Catalina Island, California. Forty of the kelp chains were attached to a long line at a depth of 10 m near the kelp’s original habitat. Another 40 were fixed to a pole that could move to varying depths like a lift. For 100 days, the second set was put at a depth of 80 m during the night. During the daytime, researchers lifted it close to the ocean surface to absorb sunlight.After the experiment, the depth-cycled kelp produced almost four times as much biomass as the set kept at the shallower depth. In addition, the depth-cycled kelp grew far faster — at 5% per day against 3.5% for the other set. Kim and her teammates believe this depth-cycling represents a promising option for biofuel generation as it allows kelp to take advantage of both the sunlight closer to the surface and the higher nutrients further down in the water column. Using methods like this could allow kelp to be farmed for biofuel.12．In what way is kelp beneficial to the environment?A．It lets essential nutrients flow into sea water.B．It can take in a variety of pollutants in the ocean.C．It is greatly helpful in reducing greenhouse gases.D．It allows other species of seaweed to grow faster.13．What does Wilcox say about kelp-based biofuel?A．It will be unaffordable for its many users.B．It is likely to be less efficient than crude oil.C．It may release more carbon into the atmosphere.D．It involves little investment in production equipment.14．How did the first set of kelp differ from the second set?A．It grew at a fixed depth underwater.B．It constantly moved around the seafloor.C．It absorbed more sunlight and nutrients.D．It included much more kelp chains. 15．What conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph?A．Kelp grows much faster in shallow waters.B．Depth-cycling can make kelp farming workable.C．Kelp grown in darkness will produce better biofuel.D．Farmed kelp must be kept away from its natural habitat.二、七选五Green exercise is a term used to describe any type of physical exercise that takes place inuse of natural means of taking part in activities that improve strength and endurance with as little reliance on equipment as possible.17 . For example, some consider a truly natural exercise experience requires that the individual wear clothing only made from natural fibers. Others consider barefoot running or walking with a big arena to be more desirable than running or walking with shoes.A slightly different approach to green exercise puts more stress on the fresh air, sunshine and involvement with the natural world, rather than the equipment or clothing used during the exercise. 18 . Similarly, climbing a mountain using standard equipment and protective clothing would also be considered a green exercise.Many consider green exercise helps to reconnect human beings with the natural world. The interaction with nature helps to lower people's blood pressure, refresh their mind, and actually improve their self-esteem. 19 .Not everyone believes that the green exercise is more beneficial than working out in a health club or gym. 20 . Meanwhile, the use of fitness devices may result in more challenging workouts which help strengthen the heart and lungs in ways that more simplistic exercise in a natural setting would be difficult to manage.A．A green gym uses as little equipment as possibleB．Spirits are also believed to be positively affectedC．Opinions on what truly green exercise means differD．Green exercise includes a range of activities exposed to natureE．So riding a bicycle in the forest can be called a type of green exerciseF．It usually doesn't use fitness equipment that is normally found in a gymG．Some point out that many health clubs are built to make full use of natural light三、完形填空Tracy Peck remembered sitting next to two frightened young sisters in a trans-Atlantic flight from Amsterdam to Minneapolis 23 years ago. After some chat, she learned howhad.21．A．embarrassing B．interesting C．heartbreaking D．fascinating 22．A．warned B．informed C．convinced D．reminded 23．A．article B．envelope C．card D．letter 24．A．searching B．waiting C．working D．arranging 25．A．honour B．influence C．support D．permission 26．A．actively B．vividly C．carefully D．differently 27．A．compare B．argue C．share D．discuss 28．A．peaceful B．wonderful C．successful D．grateful 29．A．puzzling B．amusing C．satisfying D．encouraging 30．A．consuming B．preparing C．assuming D．imagining 31．A．description B．information C．admiration D．suggestion 32．A．stress B．suffering C．failure D．desire 33．A．in action B．in need C．in silence D．in debt 34．A．beauty B．result C．possibility D．problem 35．A．promised B．concerned C．showed D．introduced四、用单词的适当形式完成短文environment.The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life. However, Cason’s theme is a more weighty warning about environmental destruction.44 is likely that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still be 45 (benefit) today to draw attention to important truths.五、选用适当的单词或短语补全句子六、读后续写56．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。