xi第三章碳正与碳负离子
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有机化学基本理论主讲人:史达清4. 碳正离子与碳负离子碳正离子、碳负离子是有机化学中非常重要的两类活性中间体,我们有必要掌握这两类活性中间体的结构、生成方法及影响稳定性的因素。
(1)碳正离子碳正离子是指碳原子带有正电荷的三价化合物,对碳正离子的研究是最早且最深入的,被称为物理有机化学的基础,许多有机反应历程的研究概念和方法都起始于碳正离子的研究工作。
(a)碳正离子的结构碳正离子的中心碳原子是sp2 杂化的平面型结构,正电荷在p 轨道中:例外:下面的几个实例是例外,这是由于它们都不能形成空的p 轨道形式,如乙烯正离子,乙炔正离子是线型结构,有一个空的sp 杂化轨道,苯基正离子C6H5+则有一个空的sp2杂化轨道,但它们都很难生成,因为空轨道与π 体系相互垂直,正电荷得不到分散。
(b)碳正离子的生成方法离解是形成碳正离子的一个主要方法,离解时,与碳原子相连的基团带着一对对子离去。
苯磺酸根离子和卤离子是常用的较好的离去基团。
卤代物中的卤离子还可以在Ag+ 或Lewis 酸存在下脱去而生成碳正离子。
例如:醇一般是在酸作用下,将不容易离去的羟基转变成易离去的水离去,可以形成碳正离子:伯胺一般先用亚硝酸重氮化得到重氮盐,再脱氮得到碳正离子:如果生成的碳正离子具有芳香性,那么这些碳正离子就比较容易生成。
例如:另一类产生碳正离子的方法是质子或其它带正电荷的原子团或Lewis 酸对不饱和体系的加成。
例如:(c)碳正离子的稳定性凡是能够使碳正离子的正电荷得到分散的,则碳正离子比较稳定;相反,如果使碳正离子的正电荷集中,则碳正离子更不稳定。
其影响因素主要有:(i) 诱导效应给电子的诱导效应(+I)使碳正离子稳定;而吸引电子的诱导效应(-I),使碳正离子不稳定。
例如:(ii) 共轭效应给电子的共轭效应(+C)使碳正离子稳定;而吸电子的共轭效应(-C)使碳正离子不稳定。
例如:(iii) 空间效应由于碳正离子是平面型结构,如果正电荷在桥头碳原子上,由于桥的刚性结构,难以形成平面型,所以该碳正离子的稳定性比较差,例如:1-氯双环[2.2.1]庚烷的乙醇解速度比叔丁基氯慢1013倍。
第三章 碳负离子的反应OEtO+CHOOH -( )O1.CHO+ CH 3COCH 3OH -( )2.+CH 3CH 2Cl25-( )CH 2(COOEt)23.3.下列化合物烯醇式含量最高的是:( )。
A .乙酰丙酮 B. 乙酰乙酸乙酯 C. 丙二酸二乙酯 D. 乙酸乙酯 4. 如何实现下列转变?CH 3COCH 2COOC 2H 5CH 3COCHCH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3CH 2Ph5. 试为下述反应建议合理的,可能的,分步的反应机理.CH CHBrC H 2C H 2Br +C H 2(C OOE t )C OOE t C OOE tNCOEt O+CNOH -( )6.( )CH 3CH 2COClNaOEt 1) H 2O/OH -2) HCH 3COCH 2COOC 2H 5+78.由丙二酸二乙酯和两个碳的有机原料合成:OOO O.CH 3COCH 2COOC 2H 5CH 3COCHPh Ph9.10. 如何完成下列转变? 丙二酸二乙酯和4个C 以下的有机物 —→(CH 2=CHCH 2)2CHCOOH11.由 丙二酸二乙酯等有机物为原料合成:COOH12. 试为下述反应建议合理的、可能的、分步的反应机理,用弯箭头表示电子对的转移用鱼钩号表示单电子转移。
CH 3COOC 2H 5NaOEtCH 3COCH 2COOC 2H 514.COOEt COOEt+CH 2(COOEt)-H 3O +O+CH 2(COOC 2H 5)2EtONa 15.KOHH2O+H16.COOH+COOEt17.OCH 3+(H 2C)4COOEtCOOEtEtONa(1) OH -_H 2O (2) H 3O +18.?(3) H 3+O,CO 2_(2) BrCH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2B r(1) 2 NaOC 2H 5,C 2H 5OH CH 2(COOC 2H 5)2,19.20.O H+1. BrCH COOC H2. H 3O21.OOEtO+EotONaOC 2H 5O O+PhCH 2252-( )22.CNO+H N H1.( )( )323.+CH 3CH 2ClC 2H 5ONa-( )CH 2(COOEt)224.CHOCN 25225.26. 下列四种化合物亚甲基的相对酸性顺序为: ( ) 1) CH 3COCH 2COCH 3 2).CH 3COCH 2COOC 2H 5 3) CH 3COCH 2COPh 4). CH 2(COOC 2H 5)2 A.1)>2)>3)>4) B.2)>4)>1)>3) C.1)>2)>4)>3) D.3)>1)>2)>4)28. 下列化合物的亚甲基哪个活性(或相对酸性)最强? ( )29. 下列化合物酸性最小的是: ( )H 3CC HC C CH 33H 3CC CCCH 3OCH 3CH 3H 3CC H 2C CCH 3OO ABC30. 写出下列反应的主要有机产物或所需之原料、试剂(如有立体化学问题请注明)。
第三章碳负离子的反应-OHOEt+( )1.CHOOO-OHCHO( )COCH+ CH332.-CHONa1.HO/OH252+CHCl( )CHCH(COOEt)3.3222+2.H 3(下列化合物烯醇式含量最高的是:( )。
A(乙酰丙酮 B. 乙酰乙酸乙酯 C. 丙二酸二乙酯 D. 乙酸乙酯 4. 如何实现下列转变?CHCOCHCOOCHCHCOCHCHCHCHCH322532223CHPh25. 试为下述反应建议合理的,可能的,分步的反应机理.OEtNaCOOEt()COOEtCHBr+CHBrCHCHCH2222COOEt-OHOEtNC+6.( )CNO-1) HO/OHNaOEt2+CHCOClCH( )7CHCOCHCOOCH323225+2) HOO8(由丙二酸二乙酯和两个碳的有机原料合成:OO.PhCHCOCHCOOCHCHCOCH9.32253Ph10. 如何完成下列转变?丙二酸二乙酯和4个C以下的有机物—?(CH=CHCH)CHCOOH 22211(由丙二酸二乙酯等有机物为原料合成:COOH12. 试为下述反应建议合理的、可能的、分步的反应机理,用弯箭头表示电子对的转移用鱼钩号表示单电子转移。
NaOEtCHCOOCH325COCHCOOCHCH3225steel bolts, screws and studs GB/T3098.6-2000 scope of this project are: 1, 2, 3 aluminium sheet curtain wall of glass curtain wall and the Aluminum plastic Board curtain wall 4, and stone curtain wall 5, and curtain wall buried pieces 6, and light steel points type glass rain canopy, and aluminum Board rain canopy 7, and aluminum Venetian 8, and outdoor advertising (containing roofing and the State surface advertising) 9 to spring glass door 10, and concrete structure and curtain wall between of layer between, and around fire seal blocking 11, and anti-mine 12, and daughter wall top processing 13, and pan light ming, engineering of tie construction 14, and buildings of deformation sewing (settlement sewing, and expansion joints,) 15, and After the detailed design drawings issued a wall embedded part is inconsistent with the tenderer needs to increase fixed curtain wall structure 16, decorative surfaces and decorative surface and joints between parts of other buildings facing sealing process, required to support the outer decoration of a hole, hole, plugging holes and so on. This works more decorative items, in order to ensure that the decoration construction progress and quality, trying to avoid construction does not ... Processing. After installation is complete if you have damaged galvanized parts shouldCOOEt+-HOOH2EtONa14.3+(COOEt)CH22HO2COOEtOEtONa(COOCH)CH15.+2252EtOH+KOHEtOHHO3+OHH2COOEtEtONaCOOH+16.COOHCOOEtCH3KOH, EtOHKOH, EtOH+17.OOCOOEt-_(1) OHHOEtONa2(HC)18.+24O(2) H3COOEt() NaOCH,CHOH122525 19.CH(COOCH)252?2() BrCHCHCHCHCHBr222222+_() HO,,3CO32 OH1. BrCHCOOCH+225NH20.++2. HO3OEtEotONaCHO21.+OO-CHONaOOO/OH1.H252( )ClPhCH+222.+OCH2.H25 H( )( )+23.+O2.H3 -O/OH1.HCHONa225+24.( )CHCHClCH(COOEt)3222+2.H-CNCHO25.CHOHO/H252steel bolts, screws and studs GB/T3098.6-2000 scope of this project are: 1, 2, 3 aluminium sheet curtain wall of glass curtain wall and the Aluminum plastic Board curtain wall 4, and stone curtain wall 5, and curtain wall buried pieces 6, and light steel points type glass rain canopy, and aluminum Board rain canopy 7, and aluminum Venetian 8, and outdoor advertising (containing roofing and the State surface advertising) 9 to spring glass door 10, and concrete structure and curtain wall between of layer between, and around fire seal blocking 11, and anti-mine 12, and daughter wall top processing 13, and pan lightming, engineering of tie construction 14, and buildings of deformation sewing (settlement sewing, and expansion joints,) 15, and After the detailed design drawings issued a wall embedded part is inconsistent with the tenderer needs to increase fixed curtain wall structure 16, decorative surfaces and decorative surface and joints between parts of other buildings facing sealing process, required to support the outer decoration of a hole, hole, plugging holes and so on. This works more decorative items, in order to ensure that the decoration construction progress and quality, trying to avoid construction does not ... Processing. After installation is complete if you have damaged galvanized parts should26. 下列四种化合物亚甲基的相对酸性顺序为: ( ) 1) CHCOCHCOCH2).CHCOCHCOOCH 3) CHCOCHCOPh 4). CH(COOCH) 3233225322252A.1),2),3),4)B.2),4),1),3)C.1),2),4),3)D.3),1),2),4)28. 下列化合物的亚甲基哪个活性(或相对酸性)最强? ( )OOOO (A)CHCCHCCH(B)CCHCOCHCH3233225OOO(D)NO(C)COCCHCOCHHCHCCH2252225329. 下列化合物酸性最小的是: ( )CH3HH2HCHCHCCHCCCHCCCCCHCCC333333CHOOOO3OOCH3CBA30. 写出下列反应的主要有机产物或所需之原料、试剂(如有立体化学问题请注明)。