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高级英语第一册第十课震撼世界的审判Tenth lessonsThe Trial That Rocked the WorldJohnIn the hot days of 1925 and July, when I was seated in the packed courtroom, a buzz ran in the crowd. My defence is a famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow?. Served as prosecutor is eloquent orator William? Jennings? Blaine, he has three times by the Democratic nominee for president of the United States, but also led me to the trial of the Christian fundamentalist movement leaders.A few weeks ago, I was just an unknown to the public in Tennessee mountain town school teacher in Dayton, and now I have become a great trial of the parties. Seated in court to testify for me with the Harvard University kodri? Led by Professor Mather, a dozen prestigious professors and scientists. There are more than 100 journalists, and even radio announcer, they have epoch-making to broadcast a jury trial. As we wait for the court when Darrow concern around my shoulder to comfort: "don't worry, son, we will give them a severe look."I just came to Dayton school as a natural science teacher and football coach soon, this case will suddenly come to my head. For years, a clash has been brewing between fundamentalists and the modernist. Fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the "Old Testament", and modernist Charles? Darwin's theory of evolution -- that all animal life, includingmonkeys and men are from the same ancestors evolved.Fundamentalist forces were strong in Tennessee, and the state legislature recently passed a law forbidding the public to teach "any theory that denies biblical creationism."." The new law is directed at Darwin's theory of evolution. There was a man named George? Pull Apulia engineer because of opposition to the regulations and the local people often debate. There is a debate, said that anyone who wants to pull the Puglia, teach biology, can not speak of evolution. Because I was teaching biology, so they called me to testify."La Puglia is right," I say to them."Then you're breaking the law," one of them said."All the other teachers are breaking the law, too," I replied. "In Hunter's biological basis, we talked about evolution. That's the textbook we use."So, pull a proposal. "Let's deliver the matter to the court," he said. "To see if it's legal."."When I was formally indicted in May 7th, no one had expected me to have imagined that my case would become so great that it would become one of the most famous trial cases in the history of the United states. The American Civil Liberties Union announces that, if necessary, the Federation will submit my case to the United States Supreme Court, "to ensure that teachers are not sent to prison for teaching truth."." Then, Blaine volunteered to assist the state government inprosecuting me.The famous lawyer Clarence Darrow? Immediately offered to defend me. Ironically, I didn't know Daro before the trial, but I met Blaine, who was speaking at school when I was in college.I admire him, though I don't agree with him.By the time the trial began in July 10th, we had a circus like atmosphere in the small town of one thousand and five hundred people. Flags were hung from buildings on both sides of the main street. On the streets around the court's three story red brick house, there were suddenly many rickety vendors shelves, selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists also set up tents in the streets and preached sermons to passers-by. Nearby mountain dwellers, most of them fundamentalists, rushed to the town to cheer Blaine on against foreign infidels". Among them were John Butler who drafted the anti evolution law. Butler is a forty-nine year old farmer, the election had never been out of his native county.The presiding judge named John? Raulston, a ruddy man. "I'm just a plain mountain judge," he said, with a strong accent." Blaine looked old and clumsy, potbellied. He has 185 sons, a lawyer and a young and promising attorney general, Tom,, to help him with the prosecution. Mr. Stewart, the young attorney general of the state of Tennessee. I counsel in addition to savvy sixty-eight year old Darrow, and handsome, charismaticforty-three year old Dadelei? And Malone feld? Knowledge, the ornamental and the combined plain properties of law, especially with Arthur? Gafeierde Hess?. In a religion played a key role in the trial, Darrow was an agnostic, Malone was a Catholic,and Hays a jew. My father came specially from Kentucky to accompany me to face the trial.The judge invited a local priest to preside over the prayer service, and then the trial began. Of the twelve members of the jury, three did not read any book other than the Bible, and one could not read at all. No wonder my father angrily said: "really fucking shit jury!"Fulfills the provisions of the legal proceedings, Darrow got up to speak. "My friend Mr. attorney general told us that John? Our scopes knows why he was brought to court," Darrow drawled. "I also know why he was brought to court. That is because ignorance and prejudice are rampant, and the two are combined to form a powerful force."In the hot oven like Darrow like court pacing measured steps. "The teacher is attacked today," he continued. "Tomorrow it will be magazines, books and newspapers.". Before long, the society will is a kind of person and human enemies, different religious sects and the enemies of the situation, until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth Century, then if anyone dares to bring wisdom, knowledge and culture, will be bigots lit the pyre burned alive."His voice just fell, he heard a woman whispered loudly: "damn the heathen!"Second days, the prosecution began to summon witnesses to testify in court. My two students, who shyly giggled at me, testified to the court that I had told them about evolution,but added that they were not poisoned. A clever fourteen year old boy named Howard Morgan testified that I told them that humans were mammals like cows, horses, dogs and cats."He didn't say a cat was the same as a man?" Darrow asked."No, sir," said the child. "He said that people are capable of thinking." "This is not afraid of it," Darrow snorted.After the testimony of the witness, Blaine stood up to the jury. The question is simple, "he said." Christians believe that man comes from the sky, and evolutionism thinks that man must come from the ground." The spectators could not help but giggle, Blaine is getting more and more vigorously, his hand waving a biology textbook, the side of the mouth he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton as my witness."The Bible", "his sonorous voice is" raise a hue and cry from scholars and experts, not by those who came all the way to witness out of the court. These experts came here for the purpose of advocating the theory of evolution is to prove that human ancestors from the jungle and God in secret, according to the image of the creation of human and arranged into the world view, is run parallel."The end of his speech, chin up, with shining eyes, the audience immediately broke out in cheers applause and shouts "Amen". But there seems to be something missing. The fiery fervor that Blaine had shown in the past when he swept through politics as a prairie fire has disappeared. The audience seemed to feel that their champion can not fully play its eloquence those hereticsa Petals drop and waters flow.Dadelei? How? Malone jumped up against Blaine. "Blaine is not the only person qualified to defend the Bible," he said. "In our country, there are people who devote all their lives to God and religion.". Mr. Blaine, however, enthusiastically devoted most of his life to politics." Blaine took a sip from the cup, and Malone's tone of voice grew higher and higher. He called for academic freedom and accused Blaine of deliberately stirring up a desperate duel between science and religion."No man has ever been able to fight the truth," he roared. "The truth is always winner - we are not afraid of that.". Truth needs no Mr Blaine. Truth is eternal, immortal, and does not have to rely on human strength to preserve it!"When Malone finished, there was a silence on the field, but then the court broke into a mighty storm of applause. More than just as Blaine's applause. However, although the game with Blaine Malone in the victory, the scientists decided not to judge here to testify for the defence.During the recess,We found Dayton town streets and lanes everywhere was crowded with strangers, in every corner there are some hawkers selling goods. A shop sign says: Darwin: Yes - just inside. This is little Darwin's clothing store. And a contractor rented a shop window to show an ape. Some people spend money to see the ape and wonder if they may have any origins."The poor brute with his hands over his eyes, curled up in a corner," a reporter wrote, "that is really the homologous."H L?. Mencken wearing shorts, while blowing fan, and write some spicy irony telecommunications presentation. Because of what he called "hillbilly" in the local residents, so people talk to him out of town. The twenty-two day to send a telegraph operator one hundred and sixty-five thousand word report the trial message.Because of the heat and the fear that the old court floor would collapse because of the weight of the crowd, the trial went on under the maple tree in the open. Come to view the trial of more than 2000 people, some of them sat down on a wooden bench, or squatting on the grass, some lying in a parked car on the roof, others from the window gawked looked. Then the climax of the trial arrived. Due to the limitations of the anti evolution law, the prosecution had to adhere to the position that the Bible must be interpreted literally. At this time, Darrow sprang his trump card to call Blaine as a witness for the defence. The judge was all surprised. "We want him as a witness because he is the" Bible "experts," Darrow said. As an authority on Confucian classics, his reputation is universally acknowledged."Blaine was suspicious, I do not know that the gourd in Darrow full of craft and cunning to sell what medicine, but he could not accept the challenge. For years he has been in the interpretation of "the Bible", and also worked on the "Bible" books. Even before the anti evolution laws were passed, he launched an anti Darwinian campaign in Tennessee. At this time, I saw him holding a resolute courageous is like a palm leaf fan,take it as a tuidi sword like, with vigorous strides went to witness.In the calm tone Taowen Darrow, he admitted that his "Bible" of the word, the onlookers of his passionate answer from time to time and with a warm, shouting "amen.Darrow opened the "Genesis" read: "the night all the morning were the first day." Next he asked Blaine if he believed that the sun was created in fourth days, and Blaine answered that he believed."How could there be no sun before the morning and evening?" asked darrow.Blaine mopped his bald dome in silence. Laughter broke out in the crowd, and even some devout Christians laughed. Darrow twirled his glasses, while continuing to ask questions. He asked if Blaine believed the story of Eve every word is true, Blaine replied in the affirmative."Then you have to believe that God punished the serpent will let all the snakes from the ever creeping story is true?""I believe it to be true.".""Well, then you know how the snake went before that?"The audience of the trial laughed loudly. Blaine was livid with anger and fury his voice rose, holding a fan kept shaking."Your honor," he said. "I'm going to answer all of Mr. Daro's questions at once. I want the world to know that the unbelieving man is using the courts of Tennessee to slander god......""I disagree with this statement," Darrow shouted. "I'm just testing your foolish ideas. No Christian in the world would believe your thoughts."."The judge gavel sounded stopped noise, immediately adjourned the retrial.Blaine stood there all alone. When the audience have pushed past him with Romania shake hands when my heart is sad for the heroes of the past.At noon on the second day, the jury was ordered to decide on the case. The jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn, whispered for just nine minutes, the verdict was guilty. I was fined $one hundred and paid for the lawsuit.Dadelei? How? Malone said the trial result is a "victory of the battle for me". Several southern newspapers, calling their loyalty to the hero who had lost their former glory, called the trial "Blaine's victory" and cheered it. Blaine I was sad and exhausted, after the trial had died in Dayton two days.The school asked me to go back to my former teaching position, but I declined. Several professors who have come to testify for me have secured me a scholarship to University of Chicago, so that I can continue my studies in science. Later, I became a geologist with an oil company.Not long ago, I in the trial thirty-seven years after the first return to dayton. In my eyes, the town is still in sight, but there is just one more William Jennings Blaine University, situated on a small hillside overlooking the valley below.There are a few other changes. Evolution has been taught in Tennessee, although the law that convicted me has not been repealed. By Clarence Darrow and Dadelei feld Malone set off in the small town of Dayton Court on that debate is like a storm wind through the schools and the legislature of the United States, followed by new thoughts and academic freedom in growing the.。
基于文体分析方法高级英语中语篇《震惊世界的审判》的教学实践
本文旨在就基于文体分析方法的高级英语中语篇《震惊世界的审判》进行教学实践分析。
《震惊世界的审判》是一篇出自美国作家威廉·福克纳的文章，语篇描述了在某次审判结束时，法官、陪审团和其他参与者的反应。
语篇的篇章结构以记叙和描述为主，要求读者可以通过有趣的细节和描述，想象出审判过程的场景。
基于文体分析的教学实践来看，教师应首先熟悉全文的内容，把我们更多的注意力放在细节，以便把语篇里面小而精彩的部分抓出来让学生引起兴趣；其次要通过一定的练习引导学生深入理解该语篇，在练习过程中慢慢把该语篇衔接起来；再次，要深入语言，只有把语言学起来，才能更好的理解文章的大意；最后，教师可以借助媒体或者电子白板等工具，把该语篇发挥得淋漓尽致，让学生从视觉上有更好的理解能力，可以根据教学目标和学生具体情况，灵活安排活动，突出文章的重点。
通过以上几个方面，教师可以帮助学生更好地理解《震惊世界的审判》这篇文章，在英语学习中更加轻松快乐。
在高校教育中，加强基于文体分析方法的教学实践，不仅能增强学生的阅读能力和语言表现力，还可以帮助学生掌握分析解读文章的能力，丰富学习内容，提高学习效果，实现以人为本的价值观，以营造出人文素养的大学知识环境。
论《高级英语》教材中的隐喻理解和欣赏1.引言隐喻研究历史悠久，传统的研究主要限于修辞学和文学范围，自20世纪70年代以来，在西方学界掀起的隐喻研究热潮使隐喻成为跨学科、多领域的研究对象，隐喻的研究被认为是人类认知的基本模式。
近年来，对于隐喻的研究主要依据韩礼德的系统功能语言学理论从词汇层向和语法层面阐释这一理论的意义，从而揭示语言的起源，发展和使用乃至人类认识和智能发展的奥秘。
隐喻研究的目的是理解语言的关键。
隐喻的理解是建立在隐喻的辨认和推断分析的基础上而得以完成的，同时语境的因素也影响着隐喻理解。
《高级英语》教材中隐喻的使用率很高，在教学中如何使学生能清楚地辨认隐喻的使用是学习中的一个重点，对隐喻的辨认必须弄清隐喻的本质，从而充分理解话语的含义。
传统的语言学家把隐喻仅仅看作是一种语言现象，一种修辞手段。
Richards指出：传统隐喻理论最大的缺陷就是忽略了隐喻从根本上讲是一种思想之间的交流（intercourse），是语境之间的相互作用（transaction）。
国内语言学家束定芳在综合了国内外隐喻学研究的最新成果之后提出了他的观点：“隐喻不但是一种语言现象，而且在本质上是人类理解周围世界的一种感知和形成概念的工具。
如果语言表达的概念是隐喻性的，通过视觉手段表达的概念同样也是隐喻性的。
语言中的隐喻产生与隐喻性思维过程，反映了人类大脑认识世界的方式。
隐喻是我们探索、描写、理解和解释新情景的有力工具。
”因此可见，隐喻是人们认知的基础，是一种用具体的、简单的、熟知的、有形的概念去认知和体验抽象的、复杂的、不熟知的、无形的概念，形成不同的领域概念之间的相互联系的认知方式。
莱考夫运用源域（Source domain）和目标域（target domain）之间的映衬（mapping）以及意象图式（images schemes）来解释隐喻现象。
目标域概念是人们想要表达的对象或事物，即本体；源域概念是被用来描述目标或概念的对象或事物，既喻体。
高中英语词汇教学中概念隐喻的运用发布时间：2022-12-22T05:37:43.875Z 来源：《教学与研究》2022年第8月第15期作者：秦利娜[导读] 在高中英语内容中，主要分为语音、语法和词汇，秦利娜哈尔滨市剑桥第三中学校，黑龙江哈尔滨 150036摘要：在高中英语内容中，主要分为语音、语法和词汇，在教学过程中，教师容易忽视词汇教学，不重视英语词汇讲解工作。
这就要求教师通过英译汉和汉译英等词汇训练方式，组织高中生背诵单词，保证高中生可以熟练应用英语词汇。
本文主要概述概念隐喻方法，分析在高中英语词汇教学过程中，概念隐喻方法应用情况，使教师和高中生对英语词汇拥有正确认识，增强高中生隐喻能力，帮助高中生有效记忆单词，实现高中英语词汇教学目标。
关键词：高中英语；词汇教学；概念隐喻引言高中生容易受到母语牵制，对英语学习失去兴趣，高中英语学习受到严重阻碍，在英语学习过程中，高中生无法增强理解能力，难以取得高效效果。
在这种情况下，教师需要应用概念隐喻方式，改善英语教学现状，指导高中生进行词汇学习。
1 概念隐喻基本概述在高中英语教学内容中，词汇教学属于基础内容，属于高中生学习英语重要基石，高中生将词汇应用在短句中，将短句合成一篇文章，达到英语学习目的，词汇属于重要内容，教师和高中生需要对词汇学习拥有正确认识。
在高中英语词汇教学中，概念隐喻主要指对词汇进行强调理解，使高中生深入理解英语词汇含义，将英语词汇应用在正确场景中，转变传统教学模式，使高中生可以深入学习英语内容，体现严谨性特点。
概念隐喻主要应用于将抽象词汇形象化，使高中生可以理解词汇具体概念，对抽象词汇进行重新认识。
2 高中英语词汇教学中概念隐喻的运用2.1 注重词汇基本含义英文词汇和中国汉字相同，属于一种语言的基础构成元素，对一种语言的形成有重要意义。
教师需要注重词汇基本含义，在讲解词汇过程中，为高中生讲解一个词汇的多种含义，将诸多含义联系在一起，使高中生加强理解，便于高中生理解一个词汇的所有中文解释[1]。
2020年6月第32卷第3期Jun.2020Vol.32No.3安康学院学报Journal of Ankang UniversityDOI：10.16858/j.issn,1674-0092.2020.03.021《高级英语》语篇的隐喻性分析及其对教学的启示葛文峰（淮北师范大学外国语学院，安徽淮北235000）摘要：张汉薦编著的《高级英语》（重排版）具有很强的隐喻性。
其隐喻不仅出现在词汇层面，还出现在句法和语篇层面，甚至标题本身都蕴含着隐喻认知机制。
学习者隐喻知识的欠缺阻碍了从更高以及更深层次上去欣赏和理解语篇。
探讨《高级英语》课文中的隐喻有助于培养学生的隐喻认知能力，提高学生的修辞赏析能力和语篇意识。
关键词：《高级英语h语篇；隐喻；词汇；句法中图分类号：G642文献标识码：A文章编号：1674-0092（2020）03-0110-05—、引言隐喻通常被看作是一种修辞手段，Lakoff&John-son在《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中颠覆了这种传统的认识。
他们认为隐喻不仅是一种修辞手段，更是一种认知方式叫隐喻是从人们通过参照熟悉的、具体的、常见的概念域去认知和发现陌生的、抽象的、罕见的概念域，隐喻必然涉及两个不同领域的事物,即源域和目标域。
隐喻的基本目标就是通过源域喻体向目标域本体的单向映射,也就是说隐喻映射要以喻体为出发点，向本体发生映射，最终的目标是本体。
在隐喻的映射过程中，源域中的属性和知识会被映射到目标域的知识中。
但是，源域中的各种知识和属性并不是全部地映射到目标域而只能部分地进行映射。
喻体特征，经过”过滤”的作用，强调某些特征而抑制另外一些特征030,在获取隐喻意义的过程中，认知主体起着绝对主观能动性的作用，要对本体和喻体进行一系列的推理和分析，发现适合当下情景的语境的相似性后，就揭示了喻底，从而产生隐喻意义。
隐喻的本体和喻体可以在语篇的局部区域形成语义上的延伸眄即隐喻的延伸性。
课文标题隐喻特征与理解——以《高级英语》为语料林芸【摘要】以《高级英语》课文标题为语料,结合认知语言学关于隐喻的理论,研究了课文标题隐喻特征与理解.研究发现,课文标题中隐喻现象大量存在,标题隐喻中喻体出现的频率远远高过隐喻的其他构成要素,且对隐喻的理解起到了关键的作用.标题隐喻中喻体向本体的映射呈现出简单和复杂两种方式,越是高级的文学作品,其标题隐喻的涵义越丰富,解读的难度越大.在标题隐喻义不明确的情况下,语境发挥了理解标题隐喻的重要作用.【期刊名称】《新余学院学报》【年(卷),期】2018(023)005【总页数】4页(P81-84)【关键词】课文标题;隐喻;《高级英语》【作者】林芸【作者单位】重庆师范大学涉外商贸学院,重庆401520【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H319.3一、问题的提出笔者多年从事《高级英语》教学，注意到大量的课文标题富含隐喻，对课文理解起到提纲挈领的统摄作用，对课文内容具有化难为易的解读作用。
然而，笔者检索主题，输入关键词“高级英语，标题，隐喻”，搜索CNKI从2007-2017十年间的文献，发现运用隐喻理论对《高级英语》课文标题进行研究的尚为空白，学者们更多关注的是新闻标题的隐喻分析[1-5] 。
本研究将从隐喻的相关理论出发，以张汉熙主编,外语教学与研究出版社出版的《高级英语》[6-7]第三版一、二册为封闭语料，探讨课文标题隐喻特征与理解。
二、《高级英语》课文标题的隐喻特征观察(一)语料收集本研究收集了张汉熙主编的《高级英语》一、二册的30篇课文的标题，其中第一册的第9课和第10课、第二册的第11课和第12课分别是同一篇文章，标题一致，所以30篇课文中实际收集到的标题为28个，我们将以这28个标题构建一个封闭的语料库以研究课文标题隐喻。
以人工排查的形式，结合课文内容，对28个标题一一识别，发现含隐喻的标题有13个，含转喻的标题有9个，含隐转喻的标题4个。
为了明晰各自所占的比例，制表如下：表1隐喻转喻隐转喻标题数13114百分比46.4%39.3%14.3%如表1所示，含有隐喻的标题差不多占据了标题总数的一半，这个比例相当可观，也说明研究标题隐喻的重要性。
｜ 艺术教育中国传统文化融入《高级英语》课程策略□车婷婷/文全球“一带一路”背景下，实施“中国文化走出去”战略对大学的英语教学既是机遇也是挑战。
学生们不仅要掌握英语基础知识，具备扎实的英语功底，还要对中国传统文化有所了解，能够用英语表达中国传统文化，真正做到将中国文化走出去，实现跨文化交际。
《高级英语》作为英语专业大学三年级的核心课程，更应将国家战略看作课程目标，将中国文化发扬光大。
本文从文本背景、文本主题、文本词汇、文本内容四个方面导入中国传统文化，同时这也为《高级英语》教学中融入课程思政开辟一条道路。
目前“外强我弱”仍是国际话语体系的现实，国家不断推进“中国文化走出去”战略，宣扬讲好中国故事、增强中国文化软实力，而这一艰巨使命作为高校不可推脱、责任重大。
语言与文化相辅相成、缺一不可，语言承载着一个民族文化的精神内涵，在语言课程的学习过程中不仅要学习语言知识，还要了解文化背景。
张汉熙主编的《高级英语》（第三版重排版）教材中课文大多来自英文原版篇章，文章的特点是篇幅长、词汇多、句子难、题材广[1]，着重培养学生的人文素养，提高学生的国际化视野，但同时课本中也存在着缺失中国文化的现象，这就需要老师们丰富中国文化内容，以便提升学生的爱国热情。
因此，在课文讲授过程中，老师们不仅要向学生讲授人才培养方案和教学大纲所规定的知识内容，还要加强学生学习能力的培养，指导学生正确价值观的树立，同时教师也应将国家时事政治、传统文化等方面内容贯穿到课堂教学中，将思政教学涵盖到授课内容中，将立德树人确立为根本任务，让学生学习中国优秀的传统文化，坚持文化自信。
1 《高级英语》中挖掘中国传统文化1.1 文本背景《高级英语1》第四单元《震撼世界的审判案》，这篇文章介绍了“斯科普斯审判案”发生的历史背景及审判过程，这是20世纪 20 年代发生在美国的一场著名的审判案，同时也被称作“猿猴审判案”。
从表面上来说这次审判的起因是生物老师教授进化论，但实际上这场审讯是由于美国那个年代的大背景所造成的，即原教旨主义与现代主义的对峙以及宗教迷信与现代科学的对峙。
Lesson FourThe Trial That Rocked the World (Monkey Trial)-------John ScopeBackground Information about the Trial This article is written by John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 –October 21, 1970). He is a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee at the age of 24, and was charged on May 25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools. His trial was a highly publicized confrontation between defense attorney Clarence Darrow and director of the prosecution ,William Jennings Byran. Scopes was found guilty and fined a nominal sum, but his conviction was later reversed on technical grounds. The name of John Scopes became synonymous with his trial, which is popularly known as the Monkey Trial. A film, called Inherit the Wind, was made from the trial ,with much of the dialogue coming directly form transcripts of the court proceedings.•本文的作者约翰托马斯各普斯。
韶关学院学报·社会科学Journal of Shaoguan University ·Social Science2010年4月第31卷第4期Apr.2010Vol.31No.4《高级英语》教学中隐喻词汇的文化阐释———以《震撼世界的审判》为例邬德平，罗忠民，徐江清（衡阳师范学院外语系，湖南衡阳421008）收稿日期：2010-01-11作者简介：邬德平（1970-），男，四川巴中人，衡阳师范学院外语系讲师，文学硕士，主要从事语言学、英语文化及英语教学研究。
摘要：作为语言的基本单位，词汇往往承载着显性和隐性双重文化信息。
用文化阐释手法分析和揭示文本隐喻词汇的文化内涵是文化语言学者提倡的研究方法。
在英汉对比前提下，将文化阐释手法运用到《高级英语》课堂教学，既可以丰富教学方式，又能增强教学互动的知识性和趣味性，从而提高学生对原著的理解能力和欣赏水平。
关键词：英汉对比；高级英语教学；隐喻；文化阐释中图分类号：H319文献标识码：A 文章编号：1007-5348（2010）04-0147-03一、隐喻及隐喻的文化阐释论隐喻是一种古老的语言现象。
人类对隐喻的研究可以追溯到亚里士多德的时代。
“隐喻是一个词替代另一个词来表达同一意义的语言手段，两者属于一种对比关系。
……从逻辑的角度来看，隐喻中涉及到的两个主词属于两个不同的类别。
”［1］“由于两个事物在特征上存在某一类似之处，而用指一个事物的词来指另一个事物，这种词义的演变方式叫做隐喻。
”［2］以亚里士多德为代表的传统隐喻理论研究认为隐喻是一种修辞方式，是对正常语言规则的一种偏离。
而当今的隐喻研究已经超出修辞学的领域，成为一门跨学科的学问。
20世纪70年代以来，学术界出现了隐喻研究热潮，语言学，心理学、哲学、语用学、符号学等学科都纷纷把隐喻作为研究对象。
既然语言的表达有隐喻现象，隐喻的内涵（connotation ）不可能是随意的，它“所涉及的是具有共性的人类经验的感知……”［3］，才可能被语言的接收者理解。
而人类共有的经历、相同的感知均属于文化范畴。
因而对隐喻的解析必然触及文化现象的分析。
学者往往站在自己所熟悉的角度对隐喻研究提出各自的见解。
词汇研究专家和文化语言学学者主张用文化的视角对词汇的隐喻进行阐释。
如苏新春在其《文化语言学》中主张将词汇背后的文化信息逐一揭示：“所谓阐释的方法就是指对语言结构、语言现象进行分析、说明，把隐匿、依附、蕴含于其中的社会、历史、民俗、观念、道德、思维、物质、自然等文化因素及文化意义揭示出来……把文化语言学定位为阐释性学科，这正表明文化语言学更为看重的是语言背后的东西，它就是要通过研究把蕴藏在语言内部、隐藏在语言背后的文化因素挖掘出来。
”［4］二、《高级英语》文本分析中隐喻的文化阐释《高级英语》是英语专业高年级阶段的必修课，旨在让经历基础阶段后的学习者接触有一定难度的原著作品。
经过多年的发展，该课程有了诸多版本，不过，三十年前由张汉熙编著的《高级英语》仍被学界奉为圭皋。
无论版本如何，其教与学要求应该是一致的。
然而调查表明，不少学生对这门课的学习有畏难情绪。
主要原因有：生词量大，句式复杂，背景知识缺乏、教学方式单一等。
笔者在长期讲授该课程的过程中发现，结合课文语境分析篇章中某些隐喻词汇的文化内涵，展示与引导给学生，会一改课堂沉闷的气氛。
若再与汉语文化同类现象对比分析，同学们会倾注更多的精力去理解和欣赏课文，从而有效地激147发他们对这门课程以及文化解读方法的学习兴趣。
为此，笔者以《震撼世界的审判》（The Trial That Rocked the World）为例，从英汉对比的视角阐释词汇隐喻的文化内涵。
《震撼世界的审判》是一篇回忆录，带有纪实文学特征。
文章原载于美国《读者文摘》（1962），后被张汉熙选入《高级英语》（上册）。
作者约翰·斯科佩斯（John Scopes）是田纳西州一位普通生物老师，因在课堂传授达尔文进化论观点，违背了该州《反进化论法》（1925）而卷入官司，历史上又称“猴子之争的审判”。
起诉方是田纳西州原教旨主义者。
课本所选文章记录了受审过程。
原告首席代理是大名鼎鼎的威廉·詹林思·布莱恩（William Jennings Brian），在案件审理过程中，他手中始终持有一件特别的道具———棕榈蒲扇。
棕榈蒲扇是棕榈枝叶编修而成。
作者对布莱因手中的蒲扇有两个特写。
主人公之所以手不离扇，作者之所以两次提到，就是因为棕榈在英语文化中有隐喻功能。
汪榕培认为，“任何两个事物只要存在着外表的、内在的、空间的相似性，都能够产生隐喻性语义。
”［2］棕榈树的英文表达palm tree本身就是隐喻，直译成汉语就是“手掌树”。
因为手掌和棕榈叶片外形的确相似，从该词的汉语释义中同样可以看出：“棕榈树：……叶片圆扇形，掌状深裂……”［5］不过，这种隐喻只是表层的、直观的。
在英语文化世界里，棕榈还有更深层的厚重的文化意蕴。
“palm,棕榈叶（或枝）（常作为胜利的象征）”［6］，“英语中‘棕榈枝’（palm）象征胜利，尤其是指军事上的荣耀。
英语国家的军功勋章上，往往有棕榈叶状的象征优胜的荣誉标志。
”［7］310作者在文章中对棕榈扇有这样的特写：“布莱恩毅然决然，从容走上控告席，手中紧握的棕榈蒲扇像出鞘的利剑，行将击退他的敌人。
”“利剑”和“敌人”二词恰好和文化涵义中“象征胜利，特别指军事上”的涵义契合。
事实上，这的确也符合布莱恩身份和个性。
他能言善辩，巧舌如簧，是长期活跃在政治舞台的风云人物，曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，1901年至1913年间曾任美国国务卿［8］166，完全可以说是政治疆场上一呼百应的将军。
课文中随处可以捕捉到他老将出朝的样子：既有“燎原大火”般咄咄逼人的气势，又不失“虎啸狮吼”、“洪钟雷鸣”的宗教激情。
此外，“英语中的‘棕榈枝’（palm）还有宗教上的寓意：在基督教国家里，复活节（Easter）前的一个星期天是‘棕榈主日’（Palm Sunday）……这一节日纪念耶稣基督胜利进入耶路撒冷，人们纷纷用棕榈枝抛在路边，以庆贺胜利。
”［7］311布莱恩本人当时正是基督教原教旨主义运动（Fundamentalism Movement）领袖［8］174。
他信仰的正是耶稣基督，这次控告所捍卫的正是上帝。
手中的棕榈扇，象征他的权威和即将到来的最后胜利，既是无声的呐喊，也是护身的法宝。
然而，对虚幻事物的信仰不可能带来真正的胜利。
于是就出现了文中对棕榈扇的第二个特写：“观众哄然大笑，布莱恩脸色铁青，他怒不可遏，提高嗓门，而手中的蒲扇却瑟瑟颤抖。
”［8］172既然手中的“利剑”颤抖，自然不能击退顽敌。
不退强敌，岂能胜利？不胜即败。
败的终极表现就是败亡。
这场震撼世界的“猴子之争的审判”实际上是一场科学和迷信之间的生死决斗。
显然，科学必胜，迷信必亡。
而布莱恩当时就是当地顽固而猖獗的原教旨主义教派的领袖，是迷信的集中代表。
可以说，棕榈扇的颤抖已经为布莱恩在后半场庭审中的威风扫地，沦为法庭内外的笑柄，继而忧愤而死埋下了伏笔。
三、汉语类似隐喻词汇的对比结合具体语境，剖析《高级英语》课文隐喻词汇背后的文化内涵能激发学生对课文的兴趣，而以对比的方式将汉语中类似隐喻词详加解析会使学生在理解中感悟与升华。
因为同学们时刻生活在自己熟悉的文化里，对母语类似的情形稍作提示和分析就会激活其知识结构中的相关信息而引起共鸣。
汉语中也有一个与《震撼世界的审判》里棕榈扇相似的隐喻词———羽扇。
顾名思义，羽扇即羽毛制成的扇子。
“羽毛”一词也有其表层的隐喻：一是代表轻飘；二则暗指形象和名声。
这些词在诸多汉语成语中反映出来，如“轻于鸿毛”，“爱惜羽毛”等。
关于羽扇，其文化蕴含也是比较深的。
由于羽扇历史久远，自然就承载了很多文化涵义。
“羽扇的历史最为悠久。
据晋人崔豹《古今注》一书所载，远在三千多年前的殷代就已有用鸟类羽毛制成的扇子。
唐以前宫闱中所用的扇子，皆由羽毛制成。
”［9］最初，羽扇多用于皇城龙宫或达官显贵阶层，后又普及到有一定社会地位、修养较高的知识分子。
最后，干脆与军事挂起钩来。
据《晋书·顾荣传》载：广陵相陈敏反，渡江据州，荣等潜谋起兵攻敏。
荣废桥敛舟于南岸，敏率万余人出，不获济，荣麾以羽扇，其众溃散［10］。
后因以“羽扇148挥兵”为从容指挥﹑克敌制胜的典实。
苏东坡“羽扇纶巾，谈笑间强虏灰飞烟灭”（《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》）生动地描写周瑜意气风发，气定神闲却击退曹兵的英姿。
南宋词人刘过的《沁园春·张路分秋阅》中也有类似充满军事色彩的句子：“见秋原如掌，枪刀突出。
星驰铁骑，阵势纵横。
人在油幢，戎韬总制，羽扇从容裘带轻。
”诗文表现出张路分在油幢军帐之中，指挥万马千军，手执羽毛大扇，身着轻裘缓带，举止从容，一派大将风度。
清人昭槤在其《啸亭杂录·廓尔喀之降》中写道:“福康安以为势如破竹，旦夕可奏功，甚骄满，拥肩舆挥羽扇以战，自比武侯也。
”由此观之，羽扇成了智慧、魄力、谋略的象征。
这一现象在大众文艺领域中同样普遍，《三国演义》中的诸葛亮、周瑜，《水浒传》中的吴用，都毫不例外手持羽扇，他们都是足智多谋的代表形象。
我们不难看出，布莱恩手执代表胜利的棕榈扇利剑般直逼敌人，这与诸葛亮、周瑜等古代中国的军事智者、儒将们“羽扇挥兵”可谓异曲同工。
四、文化阐释手段在《高级英语》中的教学效果《高级英语》对学生来说的确是一门有难度的课程，对教学也有一定挑战性。
然而，调整教学思路，改变教学风格，可以一定程度改善该课程的教学效果。
如前所述，教师通过认真备课，熟练运用自己掌握的双语知识和文化现象和理论，分析词汇背后隐性的文化内涵，能有效引导学生对文本细节的探究，有助于理解作品主题，促进英汉文化的交融。
据笔者的一次教学调查：将8位老师、18个开设《高级英语》的班级，共624位同学，平均分成两类进行教学。
一类是常规讲授，另一类运用文化分析词汇隐喻手段实施教学。
结果发现，采用常规教学方式的班级有78.5%的学习者对该课文倾注精力听课，但课后关注者只占16.4%。
用英汉对比分析隐喻教学手段的班级有92.8%的同学对该文章表现出浓烈兴趣，并且51.3%的同学课后主动在图书馆借阅相关书籍，或在网上搜索相关历史背景和故事详情。
同时，在课后的思考题中，从积极发言同学比例上看，隐喻对比讲授班也比常规教学班级提升了12.0%。
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