economics krugman wells Chapter4PPT课件
- 格式：ppt
- 大小：1.99 MB
- 文档页数：22
下载文档原格式
合集下载
第二十五章 威克塞尔的经济思想 《西方经济学思想史》PPT课件
（2）解释物品交换，必须以使用价值具有可变性为基础，即“同一物品对 不同的人具有不同程度的效用。
（3）在可变的不同程度的使用价值中，该商品或一单位该商品在一定情况 下将具有的或可以想象的其具有的最小效用，这个效用度就叫做商品的边际 效用。
第二十五章 威克塞尔的经济思想
第一节 边际效用的理论和思想
三、边际生产力分配论观点
威克塞尔担心增加生产和黄金存量将会引起通货膨胀，并进而引起利率下跌 和物价上升。因此，金铸币的自由化应当受到质疑，但是世界也不应当过于威克塞尔的经济思想
第三节 经济周期理论
二、关于强制储蓄
在讨论总储蓄和总投资时，威克塞尔分析了强制储蓄的理论。
威克塞尔假设了一种情况，在那种情况下，一家新企业通过设有一笔相当于 实际资本积累的银行贷款（纯粹信用创造）来融资。这种强制约束实际上构 成了资本的实际积累，而那本来是当资本投资增加时应当得到的。“投资增 长时期所必需的真实储蓄实际上（恰恰就在这时）是强加给了全体消费者。”
他说，正常的利率或者自然利率取决于还没有投资的实际资本的供求。资本 流量的供给来自于推迟消费其收入和积累起财富的那些人。资本的需求取决 于通过使用它而可以实现的利润，或者其边际生产力。
第二十五章 威克塞尔的经济思想
第二节 利率和物价思想
1. 银行利率小于自然利率的情况
• 如果银行以实际上低于正常利率（自然 利率）的水平贷放货币，储蓄就不受鼓 励，而对于消费品和服务的需求将上升。 同时，企业将寻求更多的资本投资，因 为借入货币的成本越低，所实现的净利 润就越大。随着投资的增加，工人、土 地所有者、原材料的所有者以及有关人 员的收入都会增加。消费品的价格因而 也会开始上升。但是，假定我们在充分 就业的位置上开始，那么，与这种对消 费品和投资品的需求增加相并列的是， 随着储蓄减少而来的、不变的甚至是减 少的商品供给。对价格增加的预期将引 起价格更多地上升。均衡受到了干扰， 于是，累积向上的价格运动就开始了。
（3）在可变的不同程度的使用价值中，该商品或一单位该商品在一定情况 下将具有的或可以想象的其具有的最小效用，这个效用度就叫做商品的边际 效用。
第二十五章 威克塞尔的经济思想
第一节 边际效用的理论和思想
三、边际生产力分配论观点
威克塞尔担心增加生产和黄金存量将会引起通货膨胀，并进而引起利率下跌 和物价上升。因此，金铸币的自由化应当受到质疑，但是世界也不应当过于威克塞尔的经济思想
第三节 经济周期理论
二、关于强制储蓄
在讨论总储蓄和总投资时，威克塞尔分析了强制储蓄的理论。
威克塞尔假设了一种情况，在那种情况下，一家新企业通过设有一笔相当于 实际资本积累的银行贷款（纯粹信用创造）来融资。这种强制约束实际上构 成了资本的实际积累，而那本来是当资本投资增加时应当得到的。“投资增 长时期所必需的真实储蓄实际上（恰恰就在这时）是强加给了全体消费者。”
他说，正常的利率或者自然利率取决于还没有投资的实际资本的供求。资本 流量的供给来自于推迟消费其收入和积累起财富的那些人。资本的需求取决 于通过使用它而可以实现的利润，或者其边际生产力。
第二十五章 威克塞尔的经济思想
第二节 利率和物价思想
1. 银行利率小于自然利率的情况
• 如果银行以实际上低于正常利率（自然 利率）的水平贷放货币，储蓄就不受鼓 励，而对于消费品和服务的需求将上升。 同时，企业将寻求更多的资本投资，因 为借入货币的成本越低，所实现的净利 润就越大。随着投资的增加，工人、土 地所有者、原材料的所有者以及有关人 员的收入都会增加。消费品的价格因而 也会开始上升。但是，假定我们在充分 就业的位置上开始，那么，与这种对消 费品和投资品的需求增加相并列的是， 随着储蓄减少而来的、不变的甚至是减 少的商品供给。对价格增加的预期将引 起价格更多地上升。均衡受到了干扰， 于是，累积向上的价格运动就开始了。
宏观经济第四章
Low unemployment
• Unemployment is generally low when economic growth is strong, and high when economic growth is weak. • There are, however, other causes of unemployment, which mean that although unemployment should be as low as possible, achieving zero unemployment is unrealistic.
Aggregate demand and aggregate supply
• Aggregate demand: the relationship between the price level in the economy and the quantity of aggregate output demanded (other things held constant). • The price level: a composite measure reflecting the prices of all goods and services in the economy, relative to prices in a base year.
Learning objectives
• Provide a brief history of the Australian economy during the twentieth century. • Outline the role of leading economic indicators in macroeconomics.
高级宏观经济学索洛斯旺模型ppt课件-2024鲜版
2024/3/28
14
储蓄函数及影响因素
价格水平
价格水平上升，实际储蓄减少；价格水平下降，实际储蓄增加
2024/3/28
15
储蓄函数及影响因素
预期因素
对未来收入的预期、对未来支出的预期等都会影响当前的储蓄决策
2024/3/28
16
投资决策与资本边际效率
投资决策的原则
1
2
投资项目的收益要大于或等于其成本
2024/3/28
资本积累
通过投资形成的资本积累 是经济增长的另一个重要 源泉。
技术进步
技术进步可以提高生产效 率，降低成本，从而推动 经济增长。
8
稳态均衡分析
1 2
稳态均衡的概念
稳态均衡是指在长期中，经济系统达到一个稳定 的状态，其中各种经济变量的增长率保持恒定。
稳态均衡的条件
稳态均衡的实现需要满足一定的条件，包括投资 等于储蓄、劳动力增长率等于资本折旧率等。
02
货币政策对产出的影响
货币政策可以影响总需求，从而影响产出和经济增长。
2024/3/28
03
货币政策与通货膨胀预期的管理
通过有效的沟通和预期管理，货币政策可以影响通货膨胀预期，从而控
制通货膨胀。
31
产业政策与结构调整
2024/3/28
产业政策对结构调整的影响
通过鼓励或限制某些产业的发展，产业政策可以引导经济结构调整 。
2024/3/28
经济增长源泉的解析：索洛-斯旺模型首次将技术进步 引入到经济增长模型中，揭示了技术进步对经济增长的 推动作用，为经济增长理论的发展奠定了基础。
局限性
忽略经济结构变化：该模型假设经济结构不变，未能考 虑产业结构、就业结构等经济结构变化对经济增长的影 响，与现实经济情况存在一定差距。
曼昆经济学课件 (4)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Price Quantity of of lattes lattes demanded $0.00 16
1.00
2.00 3.00
14
12 10
4.00
5.00 6.00
8
6 4
4
Helen’s Demand Schedule & Curve
Price of Lattes Price Quantity of of lattes lattes demanded $0.00 16
5
Market Demand versus Individual Demand
The quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the quantities demanded by all buyers at each price.
Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in the Latte market. (Qd = quantity demanded)
8
Demand Curve Shifters: # of Buyers
国际金融-krugman_PPT_c14_rev
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
14-3
What Is Money? (cont.)
• Money is very liquid: it can be easily and quickly used to pay for goods and services. • Money, however, pays little or no rate of return. • Suppose we can group assets into money (liquid assets) and all other assets (illiquid assets).
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
14-11
A Model of Aggregate Money Demand (cont.)
When income increases, real money demand increases at every interest rate.
Chapter 14
Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates
Slides prepared by Thomas Bishop
Preview
• What is money? • Control of the supply of money • The demand for money • A model of real money balances and interest rates • A model of real money balances, interest rates and exchange rates • Long run effects of changes in money on prices, interest rates and exchange rates
微观经济学原理曼昆英文第四章 ppt课件
12
3.00
10
4.00
8
5.00
6
6.00
4
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
4
Helen’s Demand Schedule & Curve
Price of Lattes
$6.00
$5.00
$4.00
Price Quantity of of lattes
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
▪ What factors affect buyers’ demand for goods? ▪ What factors affect sellers’ supply of goods? ▪ How do supply and demand determine the price of
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
3
The Demand Schedule
▪ Demand schedule:
a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
a good and the quantity sold?
▪ How do changes in the factors that affect demand
or supply affect the market price and quantity of a good?
▪ How do markets allocate resources?
International Economics chap 04(克鲁格曼国际经济学英文版)
International Economics
Theory and Policy (Ninth Edition) Paul R. Krugman 黄卫平 彭刚
Chapter 4 A more general one: The standard trade Model
CONTENTS
01 Explain standard trade model
An increase in PC/ PF
RS
1
1
2
2
1
QC
QC
Qc/ QF
QF
Food imports
Relative prices and demand
C Q
Cloth exports
PC×CC+PF×CF=v=PC×QC+PF×QF -budget constraint
The equation above says that production and consumption must lie on the same isovalue line in blue. 1.The economy’s choice of a point of consumption on the isovalue line depends on the tastes of its consumers. 2.Its choice of a point of production depends on the relative price of cloth.
and the relative supply curve; 2. The relationship between relative prices and relative
Theory and Policy (Ninth Edition) Paul R. Krugman 黄卫平 彭刚
Chapter 4 A more general one: The standard trade Model
CONTENTS
01 Explain standard trade model
An increase in PC/ PF
RS
1
1
2
2
1
QC
QC
Qc/ QF
QF
Food imports
Relative prices and demand
C Q
Cloth exports
PC×CC+PF×CF=v=PC×QC+PF×QF -budget constraint
The equation above says that production and consumption must lie on the same isovalue line in blue. 1.The economy’s choice of a point of consumption on the isovalue line depends on the tastes of its consumers. 2.Its choice of a point of production depends on the relative price of cloth.
and the relative supply curve; 2. The relationship between relative prices and relative
克鲁格曼国际经济学英文版课件ch09
But at some tariff rate, the national welfare will begin to decrease as the economic efficiency loss exceeds the terms of trade gain.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
the World Trade Organization
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
9-2
The Cases for Free Trade
• The first case for free trade is the argument that producers and consumers allocate resources most efficiently when governments do not distort market prices through trade policy.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
9-13
Counter-Argument
• For some countries like the U.S. an import tariff or and export tax could improve national welfare at the expense of other countries.
Байду номын сангаас
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
the World Trade Organization
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
9-2
The Cases for Free Trade
• The first case for free trade is the argument that producers and consumers allocate resources most efficiently when governments do not distort market prices through trade policy.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
9-13
Counter-Argument
• For some countries like the U.S. an import tariff or and export tax could improve national welfare at the expense of other countries.
Байду номын сангаас
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
发展经济学第四章-PPT课件
三、新增长理论
20世纪80年代中期出现了新增长理论， 其主要代表人物是罗默和卢卡斯，此外还 有巴罗、斯克特等人。他们在对新古典增长 模型重新思考的基础上，探讨了长期增长的 可能前景。以“内生经济增长”为特征的“新 增长理论”诞生了。
三、新增长理论
经济增长的内生机制 ● 干中学和知识外溢(阿罗) ● 人力资本（卢卡斯） ● 研究与开发(R&D)——技术变迁 （罗默）
技术进步的内生化
为了分析内生的经济增长问题，理论家们通过研究与开
发（R&D）过程直接将技术进步内生化。
如罗默（1990）的技术变迁模型； 格罗斯曼和赫尔普曼（1991）的多种消费性产品增长 模型
4.3 经济增长与波动、经济增长的阶段性
一、增长与波动 二、经济增长的阶段性
一、增长与波动
波动和阶段性是经济增长的两个伴随性特征。
符号 k=K/AL y=Y/AL=f(k) Y/L=Ay
增长率 0 0 λ
Y=AL•y
n+λ
表3-1 有技术进步的索洛模型的稳态增长率
二、索洛模型
4. 技术进步 ● 技术进步对经济增长的影响 经济进人稳态以后，人均产出量以λ 的速度增长，总产量以n+λ的速度增长。 人均产量的增长率只决定于技术进步的速 度。 如果各国经济都采用相同的技术，各 国生产率的增长速度将趋于一致。它是索 洛模型的一个重要推断。
一、哈罗德-多马模型
● 假设条件 1. 全社会只生产一种产品，不用于消费部 分都用于投资； 2. 只有劳动、资本两种生产要素，且资本 劳动比与资本产出比不变； 3. 规模报酬不变； 4. 不存在技术进步。
一、哈罗德-多马模型
● 三个变量 1. 储蓄率s ： s=S/Y 2. 资本-产出比率v：v= K/Y 3. 有保证的增长率gw ：gw =△ Y/Y 它指在s和v既定的条件下实现稳态 增长所要求的收人或产量的增长率。
@4_Chapt4-krugman_PPT_c4
4-3
Two Factor Heckscher-Ohlin Model
1. Labor services and land（劳务和土地）are the resources important for production. 2. The amount of labor services and land varies（不同） across countries, and this variation influences productivity（不同影响生产力）. 3. The supply of labor services and land in each country is constant. 4. Only two goods are important for production and consumption: cloth and food（棉布和粮食）. 5. Competition（竞争） allows factors of production to be paid a “competitive” wage（“竞争的”工资）, a function of their productivities and the price of the good that they produce, and allows factors to be used in the industry that pays the most. • Only two countries are modeled: domestic and foreign
Preview
• Production possibilities（生产可能性曲线） • Relationship among output prices, input (factor) prices, and levels of inputs 产出价格、 投入（要素）价格、以及投入水平 • Relationship among output prices, input prices, levels of inputs, and levels of output. • Trade in the Heckscher-Ohlin （赫克歇尔-俄 林）model • Factor price equalization • Income distribution and income inequality（收 入分配和收入不平等） • Empirical evidence（经验证据）
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
6
The Market for Butter in the Absence of Government Controls
Without government intervention, the market for butter reaches equilibrium at a price of $1 per pound and with 10 million pounds of butter bought and sold.
7
The Effects of a Price Floorse Inefficiency!
The most familiar price floor is the minimum wage.
Price floors are also commonly imposed on agricultural goods.
3
The Effects of a Price Ceiling
4
Price ceilings cause inefficiency!
A market or an economy is inefficient if there are
missed opportunities: Some people could be made better off without making other people worse off.
10
Economics in Action
Case: Black Labor in Southern Europe “Minimum Wage as Price Floor”
➢ Price controls
➢ Excise tax
➢Price ceiling
➢ Excess burden
➢Price floor
➢ Tax incidence
➢ Quantity controls— ➢ Deadweight loss quota
➢ Inefficiency
2
The Market for Apartments in the Absence of Government Controls
Price floors often lead to inefficiency in the forms of:
➢Inefficient allocation of sales among sellers ➢Wasted resources ➢Inefficiently high quality
They can also can provide an incentive for illegal activity (Ex.: black labor).
➢ When price ceilings have been in effect for a long time, buyers may not have a realistic idea of what would happen without them.
➢ Government officials often do not understand supply and demand analysis!
Price ceilings often lead to inefficiency in the forms of:
➢Inefficient allocation to consumers ➢Wasted resources ➢Inefficiently low quality
They also produce black markets.
5
So why are there price ceilings?
Case: Rent control in New York
➢ Price ceilings hurt most residents but give a small minority of renters much cheaper housing than they would get in an unregulated market. (Those who benefit from the controls are typically better organized and more influential than those who are harmed by them.)
9
So why are there price floors?
➢Price floors benefit some influential sellers. ➢Government officials believe that the relevant market is poorly described by supply and demand. ➢Government officials do not understand the supply and demand model.
CHAPTER 4 The Market Strikes Back
PowerPoint® Slides by Can Erbil
© 2004 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved
What you will learn in this chapter:
Why does the government intervene in markets? What are the common tools of government intervention? What happens when the government intervenes?
Without government intervention, the market for apartments reaches
equilibrium at point E with a market rent of $1,000 per month and 2
million apartments rented.
The Market for Butter in the Absence of Government Controls
Without government intervention, the market for butter reaches equilibrium at a price of $1 per pound and with 10 million pounds of butter bought and sold.
7
The Effects of a Price Floorse Inefficiency!
The most familiar price floor is the minimum wage.
Price floors are also commonly imposed on agricultural goods.
3
The Effects of a Price Ceiling
4
Price ceilings cause inefficiency!
A market or an economy is inefficient if there are
missed opportunities: Some people could be made better off without making other people worse off.
10
Economics in Action
Case: Black Labor in Southern Europe “Minimum Wage as Price Floor”
➢ Price controls
➢ Excise tax
➢Price ceiling
➢ Excess burden
➢Price floor
➢ Tax incidence
➢ Quantity controls— ➢ Deadweight loss quota
➢ Inefficiency
2
The Market for Apartments in the Absence of Government Controls
Price floors often lead to inefficiency in the forms of:
➢Inefficient allocation of sales among sellers ➢Wasted resources ➢Inefficiently high quality
They can also can provide an incentive for illegal activity (Ex.: black labor).
➢ When price ceilings have been in effect for a long time, buyers may not have a realistic idea of what would happen without them.
➢ Government officials often do not understand supply and demand analysis!
Price ceilings often lead to inefficiency in the forms of:
➢Inefficient allocation to consumers ➢Wasted resources ➢Inefficiently low quality
They also produce black markets.
5
So why are there price ceilings?
Case: Rent control in New York
➢ Price ceilings hurt most residents but give a small minority of renters much cheaper housing than they would get in an unregulated market. (Those who benefit from the controls are typically better organized and more influential than those who are harmed by them.)
9
So why are there price floors?
➢Price floors benefit some influential sellers. ➢Government officials believe that the relevant market is poorly described by supply and demand. ➢Government officials do not understand the supply and demand model.
CHAPTER 4 The Market Strikes Back
PowerPoint® Slides by Can Erbil
© 2004 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved
What you will learn in this chapter:
Why does the government intervene in markets? What are the common tools of government intervention? What happens when the government intervenes?
Without government intervention, the market for apartments reaches
equilibrium at point E with a market rent of $1,000 per month and 2
million apartments rented.