Hotelling模型的拓展研究及博弈分析
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① Torole,J.The Theory of Industrial Organization[M].中国人民大学出版社,1998. 1
Hotelling 模型的拓展研究及博弈分析
等。豪泰林(Hotelling)(1929)①是最早研究产品差异化情况下的价格竞争问题的,1929
年,Hotelling在《Economic Journal》发表“竞争的稳定性”一文首次提出基于线性空间
关键词:Hotelling 模型,博弈分析,成本差异,歧视定价,网络外部性
I
ABSTRACT
In real life, price competition and production competition are the main forms of firms competition in market. In short run, price changing can often be easily observed by people. Bertrand studied two oligopoly firms competing on price in the market under the assumption that the cost structure and product characteristics are rigid. We found that oligopoly firms price according to marginal cost as the same with fully competitive firms. That is, firms’ number does not matter for their pricing. This is the famous Bertrand paradox. But a crucial assumption of Bertrand paradox is all the firms producing the same type of products that we call it product with indifference and with complete-subsititution. Therefore, price is the only variable which consumers are interested in, and no one firm can raise the price above the marginal cost without losing its market share. But in reality, these assumptions are often unsatisfiable.
河南大学 硕士学位论文 Hotelling模型的拓展研究及博弈分析 姓名:王广玲 申请学位级别:硕士 专业:产业经济学 指导教师:刘东勋
2011-05
摘要
在现实生活中,诸厂商在市场上进行竞争的形式是多种多样的,比较常见的有价格 竞争、产量竞争等等,在短时间内,价格的变动往往能很容易的被人们观察到,因此价 格就自然成了厂商们在市场上竞争的主要形式。伯川德(Bertrand)就是在成本结构和产品 特性是刚性的假定下,研究两家寡头垄断厂商在市场上就价格进行竞争,发现寡头厂商 就像完全竞争的厂商一样,按照边际成本制定价格,也就是说对于厂商定价来说,厂商 数目无关紧要,这就是著名的伯川德悖论。但是伯川德悖论一个决定性的假设是诸厂商 生产同一类产品,即产品无差异,具有完全的替代性,因此,价格是消费者唯一感兴趣 的变数,并且没有任何一个厂商能够把价格提高到边际成本之上,而又不失掉市场份额。 但是在现实中,这样的假设条件往往是达不到的。
III
contrasting with the situation of no externalities. The finally part is the summarizes this paper and advances several problems to be futher developped. Keywords: Hotelling Model; Game Analysis; Cost Differences; Discriminatory Pricing; Network Externalities
如今,研究现代产业组织理论中市场结构的重要内容便为产品差异化。产品差异主 要分为横向差异与纵向差异,其中横向差异是指消费者对相同质量的产品所显示的偏好 不同(如销售地址、口味、品牌等),也就是大家通常所说的“位置”不同。如果位置 不同,对于分布在不同位置上的消费者来说,产品就存在了差异,因而厂商的均衡价格 就不再是边际成本,而是大于边际成本。纵向差异是指产品自身的差异,如质量、型号
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第一章 导 论
第一章 导 论
一 选题背景及研究意义
(一)选题背景
在现实生活中,诸厂商在市场上进行竞争的形式是多种多样的,比较常见的有价格 竞争、产量竞争等等,在短时间内,价格的变动往往能很容易的被人们观察到,因此价 格就自然成了厂商们在市场上竞争的主要形式。“伯川德(Bertrand)就是在成本结构和产 品特性是刚性的假定下,研究两家寡头垄断厂商在市场上就价格进行竞争,发现寡头厂 商就像完全竞争的厂商一样,按照边际成本制定价格,也就是说对于厂商定价来说,厂 商数目无关紧要,这就是著名的伯川德悖论。但是伯川德悖论一个决定性的假设是诸厂 商生产同一类产品,即产品无差异,具有完全的替代性,因此,价格是消费者唯一感兴 趣的变数,并且没有任何一个厂商能够把价格提高到边际成本之上,而又不失掉市场份 额”①。但是在现实中,这样的假设条件往往是达不到的。某些消费者甚至在小的溢价 条件下也喜欢购买某厂商的品牌,或者是因为他在较近的商店可以买到,或者是由于它 发货较快,或者是由于它有优越的邮购服务。另一些消费者会仍然忠实于某个高价厂商, 因为他们不知道还有别的品牌。还有另外一些消费者,他们考虑的是,其它品牌没有同 样的质量,或者不适合他的偏好。所以产品是差异化的;需求的交差弹性在同等价格上 不是无限的。因此各个厂商生产的产品可以完全替代几乎是不可能的,产品差异化才更 符合现实生活。显然,超过边际成本的价格,能够(因而也将)在产品差异化情况下得 以维持,因此产品差异化防止了消费者的不受拘束的竞争。
Product differentiation is very important on studying market structure. Hotelling (1929) first studied the price competition with product-difference. In his paper, the product-difference is interpreted as different firm-location. In his model, under the condition of existence of the travel costs, Hotelling proved the equilibrium price exceeds the marginal cost and all two firms can gain positive profits, and solved the Bertrand paradox. Since then, there are many literatures in studying the Hotelling model.
如今,研究现代产业组织理论中市场结构的重要内容便为产品差异化。豪泰林 (Hotelling)(1929)是最早研究产品差异化下的价格竞争问题的,他研究的是在线性市 场上有两个厂商,虽然他们的产品同质,但是由于旅行成本的存在,对分布在线性城市 不同位置上的消费者来说,产品却是差异的,从而双寡头厂商关于产品的定价不是等于 边际成本而是大于边际成本,并且获得了正的利润。伯川德悖论自然也就得到了解决。 此后有不少对Hotelling模型感兴趣的国内外学者对Hotelling模型进行了扩展性的研究。
Based on previous Hotelling model literatues, this paper mainly expands the Hotelling model with follows: I select two firms and discuss their price competiting and locating under different conditions. Using game theory, this paper mainly discuss the two kinds situations that marginal production cost and transportation cost are all different. Then on the latter situation, this paper has discussed three situations: the two firms simultaneously choose a single price, the two firms choose discriminatory pricing, and one manufacturer choose uniform pricing and another choose discriminatory pricing. Then I discussed the situation of the two firms pricing-location when transport costs can be transfered: one of the two firms provide free shopping cart, or two firms all don’t provide free shopping cart, or two firms all provide free shopping cart. If we expand the Hotelling model with network externalities, then there are three different situation to analysis respectively: having the same externality coefficient and having different externality coefficient. and then analyze the network externalities effects on the manufacturer's pricing-locating by