农村墓地使用权问题研究

摘 要

农村墓地使用权是农村集体经济组织成员依法定程序，以无偿或低偿的价格对集体所有的土地限制用途的合法占有、使用的权利。农村墓地使用权的主体原则上只能是本集体经济组织成员，但是死者近亲属是城镇居民的除外。农村墓地使用权必须经过严格的批准审核程序并以登记的方式进行公示才能取得。只有对墓地使用权给予切实有效的保护才能更好地维护和保障墓地使用权人的权利实现。法律有条件的允许部分特殊群体取得墓地使用权。农村墓地使用权在期限届满时会归于消灭。此外，因法定事由、不可抗力等事由也会导致农村墓地使用权的终止。

关键词：农村墓地使用权；权属；取得与保护；流转与限制；终止

ABSTRACT

The right to use rural cemetery is the members of the rural collective economic

organizations in accordance with legal procedures, to free or low compensation price of

land owned by the collective restricted legal possession, use of a right. The main

principle of right to use rural cemetery is only the members of the collective economic

organization, but the close relatives of the dead are urban residents are exempt. The

rural cemetery use right must go through strict approval procedures and the need for

publicity by way of registration. When necessary, can only give the effective protection

of the right to the use of the cemetery to safeguard and protect the human rights the

right to the use of the cemetery. Part of the special group has cemetery right to use so

the law should be limited to allow. At the expiration of the right to use rural cemetery

right will perish. In addition, due to legal reasons, such as force majeure reasons may

lead to elimination of the right to use rural cemetery.

Key words: The right to use rural cemetery; Management authority ; Acquisition

and protection; Circulation and limit ; Termination

I 目 录

一、农村墓地使用权的含义·····························································································1

（一）农村墓地使用权的概念·······················································································1

（二）农村墓地使用权的特征·······················································································1

二、农村墓地使用权法律关系的要素·············································································2

（一）农村墓地使用权的主体·······················································································2

（二）农村墓地使用权的客体·······················································································2

（三）农村墓地使用权的内容·······················································································2

三、农村墓地使用权的取得、保护与限制·······································································2

（一）农村墓地使用权的取得·······················································································3

（二）农村墓地使用权的保护与限制···········································································4

四、农村墓地使用权的流转·····························································································4

（一）农村墓地使用权的流转·······················································································4

（二）农村墓地使用权流转的限制···············································································5

五、农村墓地使用权的终止·····························································································5

（一）因期限届终止·······································································································5

II （二）因法定事由终止···································································································6

（三）因不可抗力终止···································································································6

（四）因权利人放弃权利终止·······················································································6

参考文献···························································································································7

谢

辞·······························································································································8

1 一、农村墓地使用权的含义

（一）农村墓地使用权的概念

墓地也称公墓，是指为城乡居民提供安葬骨灰和遗体的公共设施。墓地分为城市墓地和农村墓地两种。农村墓地是为农村居民提供遗体和骨灰安葬服务的公共墓地；城市墓地是为城镇居民提供遗体和骨灰安葬实行有偿服务的公共墓地，属于第三产业。[1]本文重点阐述有关农村墓地的问题。所谓农村墓地使用权是指，农村集体经济组织成员依法定程序，以无偿或低偿的价格对集体所有的土地限制用途的合法占有、使用的权利。近年来，农村墓地使用权纠纷日益增多，但是由于我国法律尚未对农村墓地使用权问题作出专门的立法规定，加之学术界对于农村墓地使用权的研究成果甚少，这使得农村墓地使用权纠纷案件中相关权益人的权益保护陷入了被动和不利境地。因此对于墓地使用权问题的研究和探讨就显得很有必要。

（二）农村墓地使用权的特征

1、农村墓地使用权主体的特定性

由于农村墓地使用权所赋予权利主体的权利的特殊性和公益性，使得其主体具有特定性。这表现为两个方面：一方面，农村墓地使用权的主体只能是自然人，且一般为死者近亲属，不可能是法人或其他组织；另一方面，农村墓地使用权的主体原则上只能是本集体经济组织成员，但是死者近亲属是城镇居民的除外。这样主张的法理依据主要是对中国社会长期以来形成的伦理风俗的一种尊重，也是民法公序良俗原则的适用。

2、农村墓地使用权取得的无偿性或低偿性

与城市墓地实行有偿服务不同，农村墓地是为农村居民提供免费或低偿安葬服务的公共墓地。2014年“内地殡葬第一股”福寿园在香港上市，并且其招股说明书中公布的高达80%的毛利润，一时间引发热议就是明证。[2]相比之下，农村墓地使用权的设立目的主要是体现国家对农村村民“入土为安”的保障和关怀。农村墓地使用权带有“福利性”和保障性的特点，所以农村墓地的取得不以支付对价为取得条件，具有无偿性或低偿性的特点。

3、农村墓地使用权的受限性

农村墓地使用权的行使有很多条件和限制,归纳起来主要表现为：农村墓地使用权只能依照使用目的进行合理使用，原则上只能在墓地使用权的使用期限、范围内建造诸如墓碑、种植花草树木等附属设施。因此，农村墓地使用权人不能变更其用途用作生产经营活动，例如私自开挖其地下矿产资源。