第一讲：英语句子基本结构

第一章简单句一、简单句（simple sentence）：是基础句型,只有包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。

有五种基本结构：“主语+谓语（SV）”、“主语+谓语+主语补语（SVC)”、“主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）"、“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语（SVOO）”、“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语（SVOC）"等五种基本结构。

其他各种句子基本上由此五种句型缩略或扩展而成.1、“主语+谓语（SV）”结构，简称为主谓结构，谓语是不及物动词。

此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等，如：（1）、Day│ broke. 天亮了（2）、Things │change。

事物是变化的.（3）、The moon│rose.月亮升起来了。

(4）、They│are running very slowly。

他们跑得很慢2、“主语+谓语+主语补语(SVC）”结构，简称为主谓补结构。

“主语+连系动词+表语（SLP）"句型实际上也是一种主、谓、主补结构,此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做连系动词。

系动词分两类：be, look, keep， seem等属一类，表示情况；get， grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化.be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用，其它系动词仍保持其部分词义如：（5）、He │died│ young。

他年轻时就死了.（6）、John │was│ cast as Hamlet. 约翰扮演哈姆雷特（7)、This│is│an English—Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。

(8）、The dinner│smells│good.午餐的气味很好.3、“主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）"结构,可简称为主、谓、宾结构，其谓语一般是及物动词,宾语多是直接宾语.此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。

第一讲英语的句子结构步骤一：句子结构的解析一、句子成分一个句子一般由两部分组成，即主语部分（subject group）和谓语部分（predicate group）。

句子成分（members of the sentence）是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。

句子由各个成分所构成。

1.主语主语（subject）是一个句子的主题（theme），是全句所述说的主体，一般置于句首。

可用于作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。

1）名词作主语 e.g. A tree hasfallen across the road.2) 代词作主语 e.g. You’re not far wrong.3) 数词作主语。

e.g. Three is enough.4）名词化的形容词作主语 e.g. The idle are forced to work.5）副词作主语 e.g. Now is the time.6）名词化得介词作主语 e.g. The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.7) 不定式作主语 e.g. To find your way can be a problem.8）动名词作主语 e.g. Smokingis bad for you.9）名词化的过去分词作主语 e.g. The disabled are to receive more money.10) 介词短语用作主语e.g. From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.11) 从句用作主语 e.g. Whenever you are ready will be fine. 12) 句子做主语 e.g. “How do you do” is a greeting.主语可由一个以上的名（代）词等构成，这种主语可叫作并列主语。

e.g. He and I are old friends.英语常用无人称的名词作主语。

第一讲英语句子结构分析句子的划分I. 根据结构划分：①简单句S+V（主+谓）S+V+P(主+谓+表)S+V+O（主+谓+宾）S+V+o+O（主+谓+间宾+直宾）S+V+O+C（主+谓+宾+宾补）②并列句and, but, or③复合句：名词从句（宾，主，表，同）副词从句（状语从句）一．陈述句（五种句型）I am a webaholic.我是一个网虫。

Chatting on the internet is interesting. 我喜欢网上聊天。

Internet dating hurts.网恋有害。

I like chatting online.我喜欢网上聊天。

Chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.网上聊天给我带来很多乐趣。

We can call internet addicts a webaholic.我们管网上一隐君子叫网虫。

（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。

但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。

主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

第一讲英语句子结构分析句子的划分I. 根据结构划分：①简单句S+V（主+谓）S+V+P(主+谓+表)S+V+O（主+谓+宾）S+V+o+O（主+谓+间宾+直宾）S+V+O+C（主+谓+宾+宾补）②并列句and, but, or③复合句：名词从句（宾，主，表，同）副词从句（状语从句）形容词从句（定语从句）II. 根据功能划分：陈述句疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反义疑问句，修辞疑问句）祈使句感叹句III. 根据句子成分：单个词汇短语从句一．陈述句（五种句型）1.I am a webaholic.我是一个网虫。

Chatting on the internet is interesting. 我喜欢网上聊天。

2.Internet dating hurts.网恋有害。

3.I like chatting online.我喜欢网上聊天。

4.Chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.网上聊天给我带来很多乐趣。

5.We can call internet addicts a webaholic.我们管网上一隐君子叫网虫。

I. 常用作连系动词：①变成,变得：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn口诀：好是come，坏是go;天气、外貌慢慢grow; 流水、金钱缓缓run;颜色、天气大不同turn；Get\ become口语化，如果要说就用它.口诀解读：如：Dreams come true. 梦想成真。

如：It's such a hot day today that this dish has gone smelly. 今天太热了，菜都馊了。

化的静态形容词。

如：I want to grow old with you. 我想和你一起慢慢变老。

如：Still water runs deep.静水深流。

句子结构和成分分析第一讲英语的句子结构和成分主讲张燮一. 主谓结构（主语+不及物动词）1.The sun is shining2.They talked for half an hour.3.The pen writes well.*主语：可以做主语的有名词（boy. fire. apple等）,代词（I, you ,it. she等），数词（two, thirteen）,动词不定式（to learn English, to take a taxi）,动词ing形式(playing football, watching TV)以及从句（what he did, That he is from Sichuan）.#不能做主语的是：动词及动词短语（do, do some cooking, listen to the radio）,介词短语（by bike, in the classroom.）学生常见错误如：1.Do something is better than do nothing.2.In the classroom have three boys.3.By bike is good for health.4.Listen to the music make me happy.*不及物动词（vi）指该动词不能跟宾语，也就是说该动词后没有宾语.（如上例）。

常见的不及物动词有（go, come, arrive, sleep, fall, appear, get. look, turn等）。

如：1.We go work every day. 2.My mother arrived Chengdu yesterday.3she often looks me.如果不及物动词后面跟宾语必须加介词过渡，转化为介词宾语。

1.we go to work every day.2.My mother arrived in Chengdu yesterday.3.She often looks at me.*谓语：由动词构成，位于主语之后。

第一讲句子成分与分析一、句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。

（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。

但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。

同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。

1、主语主语表示的是句子中说的是“什么人”或“什么事”，通常放在句首。

充当主语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等。

We study in NO.1 Middle School（我们在一中学习）（讲述“谁”）The classroom is very clean. （这间教室非常干净（讲述“什么”））Three were absent.（三个人缺席。

）（数词做主语）To teach them English is my job.（教他们英语是我的工作。

）（不定式做主语）不定式作主语时，常用形式主语it引出的句型，因此上句可以变为：It is my job to teach them English.其真正的主语是to teach them English.操练1：请指出下列句中的主语。

1. The teacher with two of her students iswalking into the classroom.2. There is a bird flying in the sky.3. The useful dictionary was given by mymother last year.2、谓语谓语用来说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或者“怎么样”。

谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须用动词。

谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须保持一致。

它的位置一般在主语之后。

He is a good student (他是一名好学生。

)（系动词和表语一起做谓语）His parents are doctors. (他的父母亲都是医生。

基本句型五大基本句型：基本句型一：Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓）基本句型二：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）基本句型三：Ｓ+link-Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）基本句型四：Ｓ+Ｖ+IO +Ｏ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）基本句型五：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）基本句型一：Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓）谓语动词为不及物动词，常带状语Time flies. The moon rose. The man cooked. We all eat and drink. They talked for half an hour. Everybody laughed. He is playing outside. The fruit store has closed. The plane will take off soon.基本句型二：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）位于动词为机务动词Who knows the answer? She laughed at her. I want to have a cup of coffee. He said “Good morning”. The machine is drilling a hole. The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.基本句型三：Ｓ+link-Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋系＋表）系动词+表示主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语系动词：用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态、性质、特征、身份1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand,例如：He always kept silent at meeting. The three men remained silent.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, smell例如：He seems (to be) very sad. 4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry. Her mother has fallen ill. The weather is getting quite warm.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"结果是;证明是"，之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.基本句型四：Ｓ+Ｖ+IO +Ｏ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）She passed him a new dress. She found me a new textbook. He brought her a dictionary. I showed her my shoes. The new way saved us much time. Could you do me a favor? Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?I paid the repairman 50 dollars. He ordered himself a soft drink. The president awarded him the first prize.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：He refused to lend me his bike.I want to have a bike of my own.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practice, suggest等，如：John has admitted breaking the window. I enjoy reading for awhile after lunch.下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。

第一讲英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习1.主+谓（及物动词）+宾:My sister enjoys collecting stamps.My sister is writing a letter at this moment.My sister promised to see the movie with us.2.主+谓(不及物动词):It rained hard last night.It is raining now.I will stay in Shanghai for a week.3.主+系动词+表语(be, seem,feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound, remain, stay, keep, continue,stand, become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow)Jack is a good boy.The park looks beautiful in spring.Leaves turn yellow.4.主+谓（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语:give, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, sell,send,show, teacher,tell,wish,write,buy, fetch,get,等His father bought him a computer.I sent her a birthday gift yesterday.He told me the story.5.主+谓（及物动词）+宾:+宾补宾补对宾语起补充说明作用We must keep the classroom clean.The consider Jack a brave boy.Let the fresh air in.He was made to do the housework.I saw the little girl dancing.句子成分1.主语（subject）句子说明的人或事物。

第一讲：句子基本结构首先大家看五个句子：一、He is Donald Trump, President of America.二、Trump graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968.三、The U.S. elected him president in 2016.四、Trump has written more than fourteen bestsellers.五、Trump gave his daughter a large diamond on her 7th birthday.这五个句子对应英文中的最基本的五个句子结构，能看出来吗？这里我把五个基本句型给出来，大家可以对照一下：1、主谓2、主谓宾3、主谓宾宾补4、主谓双宾5、主系表能看出来的就可以过掉前面的章节，直接进阶到复杂句阶段。

只能看出三句或不能看出来的，恭喜你，这里就是你的英语起步之路了。

首先大家想一下：一个完整的句子是什么样的？它必须具有什么样的素养？必须能够表达完整的意思！！！这需要以两个部分来完成：主语和动词。

虽然从初中开始就教五种基本句型，但我敢打赌，大部分人可能连主语是什么都说不清楚。

说到这，可能有不服的要来一战。

我来还原一下：老师，we are having an English class，主语不就是人吗？那A cat is drinking milk，主语为什么不是小猫？呃...那主语就是人和动物（挣扎1）那The trees are growing，主语为什么不是树？啊...好吧，人、动物、植物都可以做主语（挣扎2）Well, Reading books is my hobby，这句话的主语是什么？好吧老师，我放弃，我不知道。

（挣扎失败）现在咱们先把前三个句子拿出来：we are having an English class.A cat is drinking milk.The trees are growing.你就会发现一个规律：xx做了什么样的动作。