2012考研英语阅读真题 Text 4(英语一)
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2012 Text 4（英语⼀）
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably
represent civil servant.
如果⼯会会员Jimmy Hoffa今天还活着，他也许会是公务员的代表。
When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten
American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.
1960年Hoffa的组织Teamsters处于全盛时期，美国政府⼯作⼯员中只有⼯分之⼯的⼯ 属于某⼯个公会；现在这个⼯率是36%。
In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of
their fellow members in the private sector.
2009年任职于美国公共部⼯的⼯会会员⼯数超过了任职于私营部⼯的⼯会会员⼯数。
In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of
private-sector ones are unionized.
在英国，在公共部⼯的⼯作⼯员中半数以上参加了⼯会，⼯私营部⼯的⼯作⼯员只有
⼯约15%的⼯参加了⼯会组织。
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving.
公共部⼯⼯会如此盛⼯的原因有三个。
First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of
consequences.
第⼯，他们能够举⼯罢⼯，⼯⼯需承担太多后果。
Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. 第⼯，他们中间⼯部分⼯聪明，受过良好教育。
A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a
美国公共部⼯的⼯作⼯员中四分之⼯的⼯有⼯学学位。 university degree.
Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.
第三，他们现在在政治中的左翼⼯量中占主导地位。
Some of their ties go back a long way.
其中有些关系有很⼯的历史。
Britain's Labor Party , as its name implies, has long been associated
with trade unionism.
正如其名，英国⼯党和⼯会组织的关系由来已久。
Its current leader,
sector unions. Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-
其现任领导Miliband把⼯⼯得到的位置归功于来⼯公共部⼯⼯会组织的投票。
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.
从州范围来看，他们的影响更为吓⼯。
Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out
that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions.
加利福尼亚州公共政策研究院的Mark Baldassare指出，本州⼯部分预算都由⼯会来检查。
The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and
a variety of labor groups on health care.
教师⼯会关注学校，加利福尼亚感化治安官协会关⼯监狱，各型各⼯的劳⼯团体关注 卫⼯保健。 In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher
than in the private one.
在很多富裕国家，公共部⼯的平均⼯资要⼯于私营部⼯的平均⼯资。
But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.
但是真正的收⼯来源于利润和⼯作表现。
Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the
pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are
already generous.
政客已不停地加强公共部⼯的⼯资待遇，⼯资涨幅不⼯，但却加⼯本来就不少的假 期，特别是增加本来就很多的养⼯保险⼯。
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in
education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced
drawn-out battles.
对于变⼯的反对⼯直都很强烈，在教育⼯⼯最为惊⼯。在教育⼯⼯，契约学校、专科 学校、绩效奖都⼯临着持久战。
Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the
most important variable, teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of
bad ones and promoting good ones.
尽管有⼯量证据表明教师的质量是最重要的变量，但教师⼯会反对解雇不好的教师， 提升好教师。
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to
clamp down.
对其他每个⼯的⼯出变得更为清晰，政客开始强制执⼯。
In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against
Scott Walker , the hardline Republican governor. 在威斯康⼯州，⼯会集结了成千上万的⼯持者，反对⼯强硬路线的州⼯，即共和党⼯
Scott Walker。
But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.
但很多任职于公共部⼯的⼯作⼯员也在⼯前的体制下受罪。
John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of
culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad
for high achievers.
哈佛肯尼迪学院的John Donahue指出，⼯⼯公务员系统的⼯化准则适合这些想留在原地过安逸⼯活的⼯们，但并不适合那些表现好的⼯们。
The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000
a year are university sports coaches and the
States . president of the United
任职于美国公共部⼯的⼯作⼯员中，只有⼯学体育教练和美国总统每年的收⼯远远⼯ 于250，000美元。
Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public- sector
system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem
for America.
银⼯的⼯收⼯招致了很多批评，但对于美国来讲，在公共部⼯体制中，没有给表现好 的⼯作⼯员⼯够的回报可能会成为更为严重的问题。
