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大众甲壳虫的转变德国是享誉全球的汽车生产大国，那里的许多汽车生产厂商均在各自近百年的汽车制造史上，为世人打造了不计其数的汽车精品。
虽然随着岁月的流逝，很多车型已经淡出了人们的记忆，但是有一个美妙动听的名字却一直响起在我们的耳边—甲壳虫。
如今，在世界各地仍旧有几百万辆甲壳虫汽车行驶在路上，它们中间几乎包括了几十年来甲壳虫的所有车型。
尽管由于各种原因，甲壳虫汽车登记在册的数量在逐渐减少，但它仍然是世界上最流行和最受人喜爱的汽车。
１９３３年，德国政府指示波尔舍博士研制一种大众化的轿车。
波尔舍博士经过长期观察，他发现一种名叫甲壳虫的小动物，不但能在地上爬也能在空中飞，其形状决定了空气阻力很小。
波尔舍博士把甲壳虫的自然美如实地、天才地运用到车身造型上。
甲壳虫形车身迎风阻力最小，空气动力学的原理在此得到了很好的应用，也为以后的车身外形设计上运用“仿生学”开创了先河。
1935年，样车下线，搭载了改进型空冷700毫升直列4缸发动机，功率达到22马力。
这款车可以说是日后甲壳虫车型的原型，其极具个性的元素在后来的甲壳虫车型上都得到了体现。
1936年2月24日，3款“VW 3”车在德国柏林进行展示。
从10月22日到12月22日之间，每辆VW 3车都至少完成了50,000公里的测试。
1937年，这些车更是经历了严格地针对车高速行驶能力的测试，测试里程累计达到了2,400,000公里。
测试结束后，德国汽车制造协会同意定购30辆。
1938年，大众推出了经过进一步改型的“38”系列车型，它装载的空冷直列4缸986毫升排量发动机能输出24马力的功率，车重750公斤。
这款坚实且具有与众不同外型的车，就是“甲壳虫”汽车的鼻祖。
但实际上，直到1968年，“甲壳虫”的名字才第一次出现在大众公司官方的广告里。
1939年2月16日，柏林车展上还展出了由费迪南•波尔舍重新设计，由希特勒命名的“KdF-Wagen”。
战争的过程无需赘述，1945年，德国战败，而大众汽车却获胜，此时大众汽车暂由英国接管，而当时大力发展的车型，就是战前诞生的甲壳虫，而复苏了的甲壳虫，当时名字“VolksWagen”与大众品牌相同，另外一个还有一个车型代号—Type1，刚一上市，在英国市场就获得了2万辆的订单。
2qÜÉ=ÅçåíÉåíë=ïáää=åçí=ÄÉ=ìéÇ~íÉÇKNew Beetle Cabriolet - Modern with safety fea-tures of the future.The vehicle builds on the successful New Beetleconcept and carries off the design as a Cabrioletthroughout.From 1949 - 1980, the Beetle Cabriolet was built atotal of 330,000 times.S281_004With this self-study programme, we would like to introduce you to the new technical features andinnovations of the New Beetle Cabriolet.The New Beetle Cabriolet, quality and safety atthe highest level.A class of its own, open body and perfect com-patibility for everyday use.3_çÇóK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KUlÅÅìé~åí=ë~ÑÉíó=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KOQmçïÉê=ìåáíë=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KOUmçïÉê=íê~åëãáëëáçåK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KOVbäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉã=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=`çåîÉåáÉåÅÉ=~åÇ=ë~ÑÉíó=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅëpÉêîáÅÉ=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KPU4båÖáåÉThree petrol engines and a diesel engine havebeen taken over from the New Beetle range._çÇó=The body of the New Beetle Cabriolet features awide range of welded and bolted reinforce-ments.Targeted reinforcements, such as high tensilebars in the A and B pillars, doors and in the floor,provide optional response in crash situations.qÜÉ=kÉï=_ÉÉíäÉ=`~ÄêáçäÉímçïÉê=íê~åëãáëëáçå5-speed manual gearbox and a newly developed6-speed automatic gearbox._êáÉÑ=ëìãã~êó5S281_047lÅÅìé~åí=ë~ÑÉíóAirbags for driver and front passenger and front belt tensioners assure passive and active safety.Roll-over protection opens out and locks in place within 0.25 seconds.bäÉÅíêáÅë=~åÇ=ÉèìáéãÉåíOverview of special features:●Buttons in centre tunnel for opening and closing semi-automatic converti-ble top roof●Audio system with CD changer in cen-tre armrest●Indicator lamp for convertible top roof control integrated in ambient temperature display in roof frame ●Front seats with flush seat backrest release●Cellphone holder on front passenger grab handle●Interior monitoring, can be switched off●Lockable through-loading aperture ●12 volt socket in luggage compart-ment●Optional windbreak6S281_001_êáÉÑ=ëìãã~êóS281_002qÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=Ç~í~ORMV QMUNNRMS NTOQNQUTN R M OaáãÉåëáçåë=~åÇ=ïÉáÖÜíëLength approx. 4081 mm Width approx. 1724 mm Height approx. 1502 mm Tank capacity55 ltr.Luggage compartment 201 ltr.Turning circle10.9 mFront track width 1506 mm Rear track width 1487 mm Wheelbase2509 mm Max. permissible GVW 1770 kg*Unladen weight1401 kg**Figures are based on a Beetle Cabriolet with 2.0 ltr. / 85 kW engine and manual gearbox7qÜÉ=sçäâëï~ÖÉå=Ñ~Åíçêó=áå=mìÉÄä~I=jÉñáÅçThe New Beetle Cabriolet is built in Puebla. Way back in 1964, a good hundred kilometres to the south east of the countries capital of Mexico City, the company built one of the most important auto-mobile factories on the American continen.In the Puebla factory, there are about 14,000 employees. In addition to the New Beetle Cabrio-let, the New Beetle, the Golf and the Bora (known in America as the Jetta) are also manufactured here among others. The New Beetle Cabriolet takes the place of the Golf Cabriolet in terms of production.This factory underlines once again the inter-national significance of the Volkswagen Group as a global player.The high build quality, typical of Volkswagen, is guaranteed at production sites in four of the five continents of the globe.S281_052S281_0688_çÇóAdditional welded joints and reinforcements in the front end structure result in crash optimised response.qÜÉ=ÄçÇóThe bolted engine cover is made of sheet alumi-nium to improve torsional rigidity of the body.A batch of high tensile bars in the A pillar rein-forces the window frame and thereby increases safety in a roll-over situation.A high tensile bar, situated at the lower edge of the window, keeps the occupant cell intact in a frontal collision by using the A and B-pillars as anchors.The body is fully galvanised and consists partly of high tensile and reinforced steel panels.9S281_048hÉóWSafety cellPlastic Crash relevant parts Reinforcement bars The twin wall partition with through-loading aperture (ski sack) and bolted diagonal beams also increases torsional rigidity of the body.High tensile bars in the B-pillar and seat tra-verse limit deformation in a side impact situation and thereby offer a high level of protection for the occupants.The cross section of the sill panel thickness wasincreased. This also contributes to greater torsional rigi-dity of the body.Bumper carrier10The reinforcement bar on the B-pillar joined withthe reinforcement bar on the seat traverseincreases stability in a side crash.The stability of the A-pillar is of particularimportance for the safety of the occupants if thevehicle rolls over.On the New Beetle Cabriolet, these are rein-forced by the use of high tensile bars.S281_043S281_044The wall between rear seat and luggage com-partment is of the two shell design. It contributestowards greater rigidity of the body and housesthe roll-over protection.The use of an additional reinforcement bar onthe rear seat traverse increases transverse rigi-dity of the vehicle in a side impact collision.S281_046qÜÉ=êÉáåÑçêÅÉãÉåíë=_çÇó11Diagonal beams in the rear area of the body structure contribute towards increased rigidity.S281_055The engine cover is made of sheet aluminium.It increases the rigidity of the front end and improves the response to vibrations.S281_06712_çÇóIf the battery is discharged, the luggage com-partment can be opened via the rear lid lock (emergency opening).The lock cylinder of the rear lid lock can be found in the Volkswagen emblem.It can be accessed by moving the Volkswagen emblem cover in the direction of the arrow.Since the side panel trim on the Cabriolet rea-ches further inwards, the backrest release was made flush with the seat.The door window is lowered automatically by approx. 3 cm to allow the door to be opened.When the door is closed, the window rises auto-matically to seal against wind and water.S281_049S281_006S281_045qÜÉ=ÉèìáéãÉåí13The rear side window can be lowered fully. This is made possible by a sophisticated window guide.The side window with seal is driven up flush with the convertible top seal and front door window.S281_031The front window regulator motor is attached to the window regulator.The side impact protection carrier is attached diagonally in the door.The diagonal layout of the side impact protection means that the area covered is greater, i.e. in a side crash, the side impact protection will alwaysbe hit.S281_030Side impact protectionWindow regulator motorWindow guideSeal14qÜÉ=ïáåÇÄêÉ~âThe windbreak considerably reduces air swirl in the interior at high speeds. It can be folded in four places and requires little space for storage in the luggage compartment.S281_065_çÇóThe guide lug of the windbreak is inserted in the upholstery slot above the through-loading aperture.To lock the windbreak, locking pins are inser-ted on the left and right in holes prepared for this purpose in the side panel trim.S281_071S281_072Guide lug15The stowage compartment can be locked using the ignition key.S281_033S281_032qÜÉ=íÜêçìÖÜJäç~ÇáåÖ=~éÉêíìêÉWith the aid of the through-loading aperture ski sack, skis or other long objects can be transported without dirty-ing or damaging the interior.S281_059qÜÉ=ÅÉåíêÉ=ÅçåëçäÉThe centre console is equipped with a opening arm-rest. Beneath the integrated armrest there is a sto-wage compartment. If fitted, the optional CDchanger can be found in this stowage compartment.The armrest for the driver and front passenger can be adjusted in length and 3 positions in height.ArmrestS281_082The flap of the through-loading aperture can be locked using the ignition key.16S281_007qÜÉ=ÅçåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçéThe design of the convertible top shows, at a glance, that it is well capable of the demands from eve-ryday and even winter use.qÜÉ=ÅìëÜáçåáåÖ=ã~íThe cushioning mat is attached to the convertible roof frame and bracing hoops. It consists of a 20 mm thick fabric fleece material.Zips join the convertible roof cover directly with the cushioning mat and thereby indirectly with the bra-cing hoops.In this way, the so-called ballooning effect (inflation of convertible top at high speeds) is kept to a mini-mum.qÜÉ=ÅçåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=ÅçîÉêThe convertible top cover consists of three-fold laminate. The rubber layer means that there is no need to impregnate the material with weatherproof protection.It is held in place by a bead and profile design on the convertible roof frame.Convertible top frameConvertible top coverCushioning matMaterialMaterialRubberZipsConvertible top headliner_çÇó17S281_037qÜÉ=ÅçåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=ÜÉ~ÇäáåÉêThe convertible top headliner is hooked into the convertible top frame and is made of fabric.qÜÉ=ÅçåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=Ñê~ãÉThe design of the convertible top frame is an optimal balance between high rigidity and low weight thanks to an aluminium/steel construction (approx. 26 kg).hÉóWPlasticSteel Aluminium Front bracing hoopBracing hoop 1Bracing hoop 3Bracing hoop 2Convertible top retaining barBracing hoop 4Roof guide 1Roof guide 2Main guideRetaining barMain mountingRear bracing hoop18qÜÉ=äáåâ~ÖÉ=Ñä~éëThe linkage flaps are required to allow unrestric-ted opening and closing of the convertible top. At the same time, they protect the mechanics of the convertible top frame housed below.The large linkage flap is opened electrically once the opening or closing procedure is initiated. It is connected to the flap positioning motor by means of a link rod.The small linkage flap opens or closes mechani-cally depending on the position of the convertible top.Linkage flap (large)Linkage flap (small)Flap positioning motorLink rodFlap moduleLinkage flap (small)S281_087S281_088_çÇó19The flap module is attached to the side panel trim.The small linkage flap is connected to the convertible top frame by means of a cable.When the convertible top is closed, the small lin-kage flap remains open and the large linkage flap closes automatically.CableLinkage flap (small)Flap positioning motorLinkage flap (large)Flap moduleLink rodLinkage flap (large)S281_091S281_092S281_089Convertible top frameSide panel trim20qÜÉ=ëÉãáJ~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÅçåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçéoççÑ=çéÉå=ÑìåÅíáçåPrerequisites:●The speed of the vehicle must be less than 6 km/h. ●The ignition must be switched on.S281_010S281_012The convertible top indicator lamp is located in the display unit. When the convertible top is opened, the ambient temperature display will change to the roof control symbol for the duration of the opening procedure.Turning the locking handle to the left unlocks the convertible top.By pressing the release button, the locking handle is released.S281_008S281_009Closed door and side windows are opened automa-tically to a predefined position as soon as the con-vertible top is unlocked. At the same time, the linkage flaps open on the side panel trim.Release buttonLocking handle_çÇó21The opened convertible top should always be covered by the tonneau cover before drivingoff to protect against dirt and damage.The convertible top is opened. It features three fold points. It is folded in the form of a "Z" on the rear shelf and secured automatically by hooks to prevent unintended closing.S281_013By actuating the convertible top operating switch E137, the opening procedure is initiated.S281_014The tonneau cover is secured by means of two clips in the mountings.S281_086Switch E13722oççÑ=ÅäçëÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåPrerequisites:●The speed of the vehicle must be less than 6 km/h. ●The ignition must be switched on.●The tonneau cover must be removed.By actuating the convertible top operating switch E137, the closing procedure is initiated.The left and right convertible top locking motors release the securing hooks for locking. The locking procedure takes approx. 13 seconds.Closed door and side windows are opened automati-cally to a predefined position.For reasons of safety, the door and side windows are not closed auto-matically after the closing proce-dure.S281_015S281_095Securing hooksEngine_çÇó23S281_034S281_035S281_036The semi-automatic convertible top can also be closed by hand should the system fail in its function.To carry out emergency operation, the following requirements are necessary:●The vehicle is stationary.●The ignition must be switched off.`çåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=ÉãÉêÖÉåÅó=çéÉê~íáçåBy turning the bolt on the hydraulic pump in the direction of the arrow, the oil circuit is opened and the convertible top can be closed manually.The hydraulic pump for convertible top operation can be found on the rear left of the luggage compartment.By pulling the red loop, the securing hooks are released to unlock the convertible top.The emergency release mechanism can be found beneath the linkage flap for the convertible top frame. By pulling the pla-stic ring, disconnects the connection between linkage flap and linkage flap motor. The flap can then be opened and theconvertible top frame will be visible.24Additional early crash sensors in the front longitudinal member react very quickly in accidents by igniting the airbags. In this way, crash related ignition is assured in heavy impact collisions. All airbags are triggered by the airbag control unit.Included as standard on the New Beetle Cabriolet are:●Full size airbags for driver and front passenger ●Side airbags for driver and front passenger ●Belt tensioners with belt tension limiter for driver and front passenger ●Roll-over protectionqÜÉ=~áêÄ~Ö=ëóëíÉã=S281_040S281_053Driver airbagAirbag control unit Side airbag (right)Crash sensor (right B-pillar)Side airbag (left)Crash sensor (left B-pillar)Early crash sensors in longitudinal memberFront passenger airbagBelt tensionerlÅÅìé~åí=ë~ÑÉíó25S281_066fëçÑáñ=ÅÜáäÇ=êÉëíê~áåí=ëóëíÉãThere are four retaining eyes under the rear bench seat that allow installation of two child seats with the Isofix restraint system. The retaining eyes are welded to the floor panel and offer secure mounting points for the child seat for crash situations.qÜÉ=áãé~Åí=éä~íÉTo protect the driver's knees in a crash, a deformable impact plate has been fitted below the steering column.S281_02826SpringRoll-over bar solenoid N309 or N310qÜÉ=êçääJçîÉê=éêçíÉÅíáçåThe roll-over protection is activated in serious accidents (roll-over, but also front, side and rear collisions) or at extreme side tilt angles.In this way, an occupant safety zone is created in conjunction with the A-pillars.The airbag control unit is fitted with a yaw rate sensor for detection of potential roll-over inci-dents. The risk is evaluated, in combination with four sensors within the control unit, and the roll-over protection is triggered. The roll-over protec-tion is always activated when an airbag has been triggered.Exception: In a rear collision or roll-over without airbag release, only the roll-over protection and belt tensioners are triggered.S281_029S281_058Locking railcìåÅíáçåWhen no voltage is applied to the roll-over pro-tection, a hook on the roll-over bar solenoid N309 and N310 holds it in the lower position.If the airbag control unit J234 detects a crash or potential roll-over situation, the roll-over bar solenoid triggers the roll-over protection.Spring tension releases the roll-over protection within 0.25 seconds and locks it in the locking rail.The roll-over protection cannot be pushed back after it has raised at least 80 mm due to the lok-king rail.lÅÅìé~åí=ë~ÑÉíó27The roll-over protection is monitored together with the air-bag system.A fault is indicated by the airbag warning lamp K145 in the instrument panel insert.The roll-over protection can be released by final control diagnosis (take note of safety precautions). Unnecessary release of the roll-over protection should be avoided.S281_073S281_011From the visible marking (arrow) at cover height, the release lever should no longer be held.fåëÉêíáåÖ=êçääJçîÉê=éêçíÉÅíáçåThe closed convertible top must be opened until the roll-over protection is free to move.When doing this, the convertible top should not be ope-ned fully as otherwise the convertible top cover and the bracing hoops could become damaged.S281_016S281_069Push release lever (1) in direction of arrow and slide roll-over protection (2) downwards onto stop until it can be heard to engage.Warning lamp K14528The 1.4 ltr. 4-cylinder petrol engine with 4 valve technology (55 kW) is installed together with a 5-speed manual gearbox (02T).qÜÉ=ÉåÖáåÉ=~åÇ=ÖÉ~êÄçñ=ÅçãÄáå~íáçåëAll engines were taken over from the New Beetle. There is a new combination in the form of a 6-speed automatic gearbox with 2.0 ltr. 4-cylinder petrol engine (85 kW).The 1.6 ltr. 4-cylinder petrol engine (75 kW) is installed together with a 5-speed manual gear-box (02J).The 2.0 ltr. 4-cylinder petrol engine (85 kW) is installed together with a 5-speed manual gear-box (02J) or the newly developed 6-speed auto-matic gearbox (09G).The 1.9 ltr. 4-cylinder TDI engine with unit injector system (74 kW) is installed together with a 5-speed manual gearbox (02J).S281_085mçïÉê=ìåáíë29SJëéÉÉÇ=~ìíçã~íáÅ=ÖÉ~êÄçñ=MVdThe 6-speed automatic gearbox 09G is a compact, lightweight, electronically controlled gearbox designed for transverse installation.The six forward gears and the reverse gear are realised by a simple planetary gear set with post actuated double planetary gear set (Ravi-gneaux planetary gear set). This configuration is also known as a Lepelletier planetary gear set.S281_096Features of the gearbox are:-Max. torque 310 Nm -Weight 84kg-Installation length approx. 350 mm -Torque converter with converter lock-up clutch-Automatic and Tiptronic operationThe automatic gearbox control unit controls the build-up of pressure in the multi-plate clutch and brakes via modulation valves.The modulation valves allow delayed pressure build-up. This allows light response and jolt free gear selection.mçïÉê=íê~åëãáëëáçå30`çåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=çéÉê~íáçåS281_021S281_023S281_019S281_025S281_024S281_026Convertible top operation con-trol unit J256Right tonneau cover switch F328Right linkage flap motor V290Convertible top stowage switch F171Switch to open convertible right lock F325, F326 and convertible top right lock motor V292Convertible top front switch F202bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉã31S281_018S281_024S281_022S281_020S281_014S281_005Convertible top operation hydraulic pump V118Left tonneau cover switch F348Left linkage flap motor V289Switch to open convertible left lock F323, F324 and convertible top left lock motor V291Convertible top operation switch E13732`çåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=çéÉê~íáçå=Åçåíêçä=ìåáí=gORS Convertible top operation is via control unit J256.The convertible top control unit J256 can be found on the rear right of the luggage compartment behind the side panel trim.`çåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=Ñêçåí=ëïáíÅÜ=cOMOThe right hook on the convertible top actuates the integra-ted microswitch in the lock. This signal is used for:-Actuation of the convertible top warning lamp on ope-ning and closing of convertible top.-Lowering of door and side windows on opening and closing of convertible top.-Opening of linkage flaps for convertible top frame on side panel trim.`çåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=çéÉê~íáçå=ëïáíÅÜ=bNPT By operating the switch, the opening or clo-sing procedure is initiated.pïáíÅÜ=íç=çéÉå=ÅçåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=äÉÑíLêáÖÜí=äçÅâ=cPOPI=cPOQI=cPORI=cPOS=~åÇ=ÅçåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=äÉÑíLêáÖÜí=äçÅâ=ãçíçê=sOVNI=sOVOSwitches F324, F326 supply convertible top control unit with information "convertible lock closed".Switches F323, F325 supply convertible top control unit with information "convertible lock open".The convertible top lock motors V291, V292 actuate lokking.S281_026S281_014S281_022S281_019Switch F324, F326Switch F323, F325Motors V291, V292bäÉÅíêáÅ~ä=ëóëíÉã33`çåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=ëíçïÉÇ=ëïáíÅÜ=cNTN=çå=êáÖÜí=ÜóÇê~ìäáÅ=ÅóäáåÇÉêThe switches send a signal to the convertible top control unit as soon as the piston of the hydraulic cylinder reaches the upper and lower stops. The input signal is used to switch off the hydraulic pump.qçååÉ~ì=ÅçîÉê=ëïáíÅÜ=äÉÑíLêáÖÜí=cPQUI=cPOU If the tonneau cover is installed correctly, the micro-switches are closed. This signal is used by the control unit to suppress the function of the convertible top operating switch. This means that closing of the con-vertible top is prevented.S281_020S281_025S281_018`çåîÉêíáÄäÉ=íçé=çéÉê~íáçå=ÜóÇê~ìäáÅ=éìãé=sNNU Depending on the rotation of the electric motor, oil is pumped through the respective pressure line to the hydraulic cylinder.The emergency operation screw is located on the hydraulic pump.S281_024iÉÑíLêáÖÜí=äáåâ~ÖÉ=Ñä~é=ãçíçê=sOUVI=sOVM=ïáíÜ=äÉÑíLêáÖÜí=äáåâ~ÖÉ=Ñä~é=ëÉåÇÉê=dQQOI=dQQP Opens and closes flap on side panel trim.The position of the convertible top frame flaps isdetected by senders G442, G443.Switches F328, F348Switch F171。
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作为纪录频道晚间重点打造的黄金时段之一，《纪录电影》独家特约可提升企业的品质感，塑造优质品牌形象。
【节目播出安排】●首播：CCTV-纪录周日 22:00-23:30●重播：周一16:00-17:26，周六10:00-11:26（注：栏目具体播出时间以《中国电视报》预告为准。
）【名额】独家●企业形象需与媒体形象相符【广告投放期】●2013年7月1日至12月31日期间，CCTV-纪录每周日晚间22:00-23:30首播，周六10:00-11:26、周一16:00-17:26重播，首播共计26期。
（注：具体播出时间以《中国电视报》为准。
）【广告回报】●广告形式→→→→→→→→→●5秒特约标版特约标版时长5秒，画面出现企业名称和标识，配音为：“《纪录电影》由***（特约企业名称）独家特约播出”（配音可协商确定）。
●5秒特约标版+15秒企业广告5秒特约标版+15秒企业广告，在《纪录电影》第一段和第三段中插广告正一位置播出，26期，2次/期，全年首播52次，重播104次，总计156次。
片尾鸣谢片尾出现企业名称和标识，1次/期，首播26次，重播52次，共计78次。
甲壳虫产品培训目录1.历史与荣耀2.产品定位3.目标客户群1.新旧差异2.左前方3.驾驶室4.车后方5.副驾&车后排6.乘客侧7.引擎室1. 客户人群2. 产品定位1.认识竞品2.竞品测评你心目中的甲壳虫了解甲壳虫•30年代-甲壳虫的诞生年生产保时捷Typ 32样车保时捷设为Zeundapp设计的Typ 12车型Porsche type 32希特勒亲手绘制了“人民汽车”的草图希特勒理想中的国民车，搭载两名成年人，1935至36年间完成了三台VW3原型车三名儿童，并带上他们的行李•40年代-甲壳虫的崛起KdF存折面值5马克的储蓄票券KdF-Wagen购买计划宣传海报1946年3月已经生产了1000台1946年生产线上第一万台甲壳虫的车身•50年代-甲壳虫带来的经济奇迹1950年第10万台甲壳虫下线大众工厂内人头攒动，共同纪念第100万台甲壳虫下线1955年8月5日下线的金色涂装的第100万台甲壳虫•60-70年代-甲壳虫的辉煌大批甲壳虫从海路、陆路销往全球,为德国战后经济重建作出巨大贡献1965年第一千万台甲壳虫下线1972年甲壳虫超过福特T型车1974年狼堡最后一台甲壳虫下线1978年埃姆登工厂停产甲壳虫•90年代-甲壳虫的重生新一个代甲壳虫1.甲壳虫的德语是…？A. BogárB. KäferC. Põrnikas2.甲壳虫的原始草图绘于哪一年？A. 1929B. 1931C. 19343.图片中的车型是…？A. Porsche Type 12B.Porsche Type 32C. Tatra V5704.这张手绘图出自谁手？A. 埃尔文.科曼达B. 阿道夫.希特勒C. 弗朗茨.克萨维尔5.费迪南德波尔舍接到的甲壳虫设计任务有哪一项？A. 时速达到100公里/小时B. 可乘坐2个成人和2个孩子C. 价格900马克以下6.甲壳虫正式量产于哪一年？A. 1931B. 1935C. 19387.1938年甲壳虫的官方命名是…？A.B. VersuchswagenC. Kdf-Wagen Volkswagen Type 18.甲壳虫始于哪一年销往美国？A. 1949B. 1950C. 19519.大众汽车首次在广告中把图片中的轿车称为“甲壳虫”是在哪一年？A. 1968B. 1969C. 197010.甲壳虫产量于哪一年达到10,000辆？A. 1944B. 1945C. 194611.甲壳虫在哪一年产量达到100,000辆？A. 1950B. 1951C. 195212.第1,000,000甲壳虫在哪一年下线？A. 1954B. 1955C. 195613.第10,000,000甲壳虫在哪一年生产？A. 1963B. 1964C. 196514.在哪一年甲壳虫的产量达到20,000,000辆？A. 1980B. 1981C. 198215.1972年甲壳虫打破福特T型车的生产记录，成为世界上产量最大的单一车型。
轶事“大虫子”的进化论——甲壳虫的改装往事Clauto我们要做全中国最努力懂车的群体继续，咱们酷乐的车友爱上猫咪的小老鼠，人称柏哥，述说甲壳虫的改装轶事自1938年上市以来，如今的大众甲壳虫已有三代车型。
从第一代车型的后置后驱，到第二代车型的经典外观，再到第三代车型的内外兼修，三代甲壳虫呈现出了不同的性格。
而在充满个性的改装市场，三代甲壳虫也在延续着自己不同的使命......第一代甲壳虫之保时捷动力众所周知第一代甲壳虫与保时捷跑车有着千丝万缕的联系，一家来自奥地利的改装商成功将两者融为一体，尤其是老甲壳虫还在欧洲生产的时期。
在欧洲，各种老保时捷的水平对置6缸发动机都曾出现在老款甲壳虫的发动机舱内。
不过这一次，出现在这台老甲壳虫发动机舱内的发动机不再是1980年代保时捷的产物，一台来自保时捷Boxster的水冷水平6汽缸发动机。
这台能够输出270马力的水平对置发动机搭配上6档手动变速箱以及老甲壳虫轻巧的车身，0-100km/h的加速时间仅仅为5秒，而最高时速则达到了230km/h。
在底盘方面，这家来自奥地利的改装公司也花了不少心思去升级相关方面的部件。
加宽的轮距以及经过现代化改装的悬挂系统和刹车系统能够保证在高速行驶时的车身稳定性以及进一步提升车辆的操控性能。
第二代甲壳虫之外观改装对于第二代大众甲壳虫来说，外观改装是最适合它。
第二代甲壳虫无比圆润的造型再加上清新亮丽的涂装，使它重新成为时尚界的新宠。
早在2012年4月初，德国Car FilmComponents (CFC)改装公司在第二代甲壳虫停产时推出了一款基于第二代甲壳虫的改装方案。
第三代甲壳虫之性能改装第三代大众甲壳虫在上市之后，人们都在感叹经典的甲壳虫造型又回来了，低矮的车顶线条配合较宽的轮距，新一代大众甲壳虫显得男人味儿很多。
这一款名为“Beetle RS”的甲壳虫，就是原封不动的朝着保时捷GT3 RS的路线走下去的，整车黑色涂装，搭配亮橙色轮圈，形成鲜明的撞色反差，而黑-橙两个颜色的搭配，也正是保时捷系列高性能车常用的经典配色。
Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin =- = = =H. Melenk H.M. Möller* W. NeunSymbolic Solution of Large Stationary ChemicalKinetics ProblemsFernuniversität HagenFB Mathematik und InformatikD-5800 HagenFederal Republic of GermanyPreprint SC 88-7 (November 1988)Herausgegeben vomKonrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin Heilbronner Strasse 101000 Berlin 31Verantwortlich: Dr. Klaus AndreUmschlagsatz und Druck: Verwaltungsdruckerei Berlin ISSN 0933-7911Contents1. Introduction 12. Multivariate Polynomials and Groebner Bases 43. The Computation of Groebner Bases 84. Solution of Systems of Algebraic Equations 115.C o m p u t a t i o n s for Chemical Reaction Systems 145.1 Polynomial equations 145.2 Computations with algebraic coefficients 155.3 Computations with numerical coefficients 206. Examples from Related Application Areas 25Conclusion 28 References 29AbstractThe paper presents a new application of computer algebra to the treatment of steadystates of reaction systems. The method is based on the Buchberger algorithm. Thisalgorithm was modified such that it can exploit the special structure of the equationsderived from reaction systems, so even large systems can be handled. In contrastto numerical approximation techniques, the algebraic solution gives a complete anddefinite overview of the solution space and it is even applicable when parametervalues are unknown or undetermined. The algorithm, its adaptation to the problemclass and its application to selected examples are presented.1. IntroductionUsually, chemical reaction systems for mass action kinetics are described by a set ofordinary explicit first order differential equationsCm = Yl k-+3I I C V (Vjm. - Vim) , m = 1, . . . , J V (1.1)R \l=l Jwhere c m is the (time dependent) concentration of a species a m, R is the set of allelementary reactions (reaction network), &,-_>,• is the rate constant for the elementaryreaction a t- —• a,j and has a nonnegative real constant value, and yu is the stoi-chiometric coefficient of species a; in the i th complex [9]. The yu are nonnegativeinteger constants (usually 0, 1, or 2) and so the right-hand side of (1.1) is a vectorof multivariate polynomials with variables c/.A steady state of the reaction system is a composition {c m} such that all deriva-tives c'm vanish. So the steady state is described by :0 = £ k^j ( ft cf" ) (y jm - Vim) , m = l,...,N (1.2)R M=l /This is a system of homogeneous algebraic equations and we are looking for solu-tions of (1.2) with real values C/ > 0 or c; > 0 (positive steady state).Until now solutions of such systems are nearly exclusively sought by numericalmethods. The possible advantages of an algebraic approach over the numerical treat-ment could be:a) applicability even if some or all constants are unknown (formal parameters),b) giving a complete and definite answer including the information about thedimension of the solution space (= number of solutions).FEINBERG analyzes the steady state behaviour of a chemical reaction system inthe deficiency zero and deficiency one theorems by analyzing the network structurewith graph theoretic methods. The algebraic approach allows to do a similar analysis,even in cases which these theorems do not cover.The following examples (taken from [9]) may serve as a first illustration. Theirprocessing will be discussed in part 5.c'i = aci — ßc\ — jcic2 + ec3c2 = -7C1c2 + (e + 2ö)c3-277c22 (1.3)c3 = 7C1C2 + r)c\ - (e + 6)c31Here the deficiency zero theorem states, that there is only one positive steadystate. The algebraic treatment of the homogeneous version of the above systemleads to three distinct solutions:ci = c2 = c3 = 0Cl = J , C2 =C3 = 0(1 4)a ay 9 a2 72 6So there is only one solution with positive (ci, c2, C3) and the algebraic approach inthis case confirms the deficiency zero theorem.For the second system (EDELSTEIN) the deficiency zero theorem is not applicable:c"i = a ci — ßc\ — 7CiC2 + ec3c2 = -7CiC2 + (e + 6)c3 - rjc2 (1.5)c'3 = 7C1C2 + r/c2 - (e + 0)c3This system has a one dimensional solution space; taking C\ as parameter the com-plete solution is:-^7C? + {aß - ßr))c! + arjc3 = c x(-ße + ß6)c x +ae + adc2 = d"foci — erjwhich describes c2 and c3 as functions of C\ and shows, that forer]Cl = Tethere is a pole.The kernel for the algebraic treatment of (1.2) is the Buchberger algorithm [4, 5].This algorithm transfers a system of multivariate polynomials into a Groebner basis,which gives direct information about the solutions. Although this algorithm hasa simple structure, it can achieve great complexity when executed: even for simplelooking problems the intermediate results can grow dramatically in number and size,especially if the coefficients are parameters. This effect limits the applicability of thealgorithm, even if it is performed by an efficient computer algebra system.In the case of chemical reaction systems, however, we can find results for systemswith a number of variables which usually is too large for the algorithm; additionalstructure helps to reduce the computational complexity. Particular items are:a) the low degrees of the polynomials,b) the sparse pattern of the coefficient matrix,2c) the decomposability of polynomials by factorization,d) the restriction to nonnegative real solutions.The purpose of the present paper is to introduce a variant of the Buchberger algorithm which takes advantage of the above properties.In this paper we describe the Buchberger algorithm and its modifications in detail in the first part (sections 2, 3, and 4). The expository presentation is illustrated by bivariate examples. Its purpose is to enable the reader to use the algorithm for solving of simple examples by hand or, if polynomial manipulations turn out to be complicated, by means of a minicomputer. In the second part (section 5), we give some application examples. These were computed with the Groebner package, now implemented in the computer algebra system REDUCE [10, 12].32. Multivariate Polynomials and Groebner BasesMultivariate polynomials are linear combinations of power products, i.e. of terms a?!1 * • • • * x*n with nonnegative integers i\, ... , i n .In the bivariate case n = 2 we have for instancefi{xi, £2) = x x + 2x\x2 - x2 - 7 ,andf2(x1,x2) — x\x2 — 2 .These two polynomials will be used in the following for illustrating the definitions and the Groebner basis construction. The coenicients of the multivariate polynomials (here 1, 2, — 1, —7 for f\ and 1,-2 for f2) are integers, rationals or parameter expres-sions (multivariate rational functions over the integers), or more generally elements of a field or a unique factorization domain.All power products occuring with nonzero coefficients in the power product rep-resentation of a polynomial / constitute supp(f), the support of f. This is a nonvoid set if and only if / ^ 0. We have for instancesupp(f1) ={x f,x i i f,x|,l} ,supp(f2) = {x1x2,l} .The main tool for the Groebner basis method is that the set of power products is ordered by a relation < satisfying in the bivariate case1 < x[xi, if i > 0 or j > 0 ,and for arbitrary nonnegative integers a, b, i,j, k, Ix\x{ < x\x l2 implies x?a x32+h < x$+a x2+b .Examples for such (bivariate) orderings are the lexicographical ordering1 < x a < x\ < ... < x\ < ...< x2 < X\x2 < x\x2 < ... < x\x2 <...^ Xn ^ •^l^'O ^ *^i^2 ' " " ^ •^1*^2 ^ ...and the graduated lexicographical ordering1 < xi < x2 < x\ < x\X2 <x\<x\< ... .4The multivariate analogy of the lexicographical and the graduated lexicographicalordering are (<i ex for short):x\ ' ' 'x^lex x i ' ' 'x n •*' ''n3i <n : (a,- < b{ A V7 > i : aj = fcj)and (<ff;ea: for short)::> ^X l '"'X n "^glex x l ' ' 'xn\t=i t=i / \t=i t=i / Using such an ordering, the elements in a support can be ordered; and two poly-nomials / and g can be compared by saying that / is simpler than g if supp(f) andsupp(g) are different and supp(g) contains a power product which is greater ( w.r.t.< ) than every power product in supp(f) \ supp(g). Both in the lexicographical andthe graduated lexicographical ordering, f2 is simpler than /l5 because Xix\ is greaterthan XiX2, the maximal (and only) power product in supp(f2)\supp(f1). In this wayany two polynomials with different supports can be compared, but no two ones withsame support.Polynomials can be simplified with respect (to the given ordering < and) toa finite set G of nonzero polynomials. Denoting by /£(/) the maximal power productin supp(f) for / ^ 0, we say / reduces modulo G to /*, briefly / —>a f*, if a powerproduct x"1 • • • x£n of supp(f) is a multiple of a lt(g) with g 6 G andT a i . . . f a nf=C l/_C2 lt(g) 9>where the constants c1? c2 are chosen such that supp(f*) does not contain x"1 • • • x£n.All power products in supp(f*) greater than xj1 • • • x°n are identical with those insupp(f), but Xj1 • • • x£n is contained only in supp{f). Therefore, /* is simpler than /.This reduction procedure modulo G can be applied iteratively until a polynomial isobtained, which is no more reducible modulo G. (It is easy to show, cf. the survey by BUCHBERGER [5] for the case of polynomials over a field, that every iterated applica-tion of a reduction modulo a finite polynomial set G terminates after a finite numberof steps at an irreducible polynomial or at the zero polynomial.) We abbreviate by/—>Q /* the sequence/ —>G 9\—>G • • •—>G g3 =/*,if /* is 0 or no more reducible modulo G. If / is already irreducible modulo G or if/ = 0, then we write for short also / —>Q f.Let for instance G := {/2} and / := /i. Thenf = Xj + 2xjx2 — x2 — 7 —*a x i + 3x2 — 7 = /i — 2x2/2 =: /*5with supp(f*) = {x\,x\,l} and supp(f) = {xiX^x^Xj, 1} and hence /* is simpler than /. /* is irreducible modulo G, because supp(f) contains no power product, which is a multiple of an lt(g),g 6 G. Therefore, we may also write/ —>G r •When the common zeros of a finite set of polynomials H = {/i1; ... , h s} have to be computed, everysh = ]T g{hi, with polynomials g u ... , g st=ivanishes at these common zeros, and conversely the set of all such h's1(H) := I ]T g{hi | g u ... , g s polynomials \has the same set of common zeros like H, because H is a subset of it. 1(H) is called the ideal generated by H. Therefore, for computing the common zeros of H, another finite set of polynomials generating 1(H), a so-called basis of 1(H), can be taken in place of H. We are dealing with Noetherian rings, where all ideals are generated by a finite subset. Therefore we may speak of an ideal instead of an ideal generated by a finite polynomial set H, if H is of no relevance for the forthcoming.Definition. A finite set G of nonzero polynomials is called a Groebner basis of an ideal I, if for arbitrary / £ I/—*G0-R e m a r k 1. A Groebner basis of an ideal generates in fact the ideal. The Groebner bases depend on the given ideal and also on the given ordering of the power products. But even if ideal and ordering are fixed, the Groebner basis is not unique. We obtain a uniquely determined Groebner basis, if we replace every polynomial g of a Groebner basis G by the (modulo G \ {g}) irreducible g*, g —*h\{g\ 9* an<^ ^w e normalize the coefficient belonging to lt(g*) to 1 in case the coefficient domain is a field, cf. [5], or to another special element for other coefficient domains.Remark 2. If G is a Groebner basis of an ideal I with respect to <i ex, then every polynomial f € I depending only on x1} ... , x,- is already reducible to 0 modulo the polynomials in G which depend also only on xi, ... , x,-, because the other polynomials in G have /i-parts which are multiples of an Xj, j > i and hence these It do not divide a power product in supp(f). Thus, the ideal of all polynomials in J depending only on xi, ... , x,- has the set of all polynomials in G depending only on xi, ... , x,- for Groebner basis, i = 1, ... , n — 1.6This is useful for rinding the common zeros of the polynomials in I. First the polynomials in G depending only on i j are considered. Their common zeros de-termine all possible first components for the required zeros. Then substituting the first component in all polynomials in G depending only on xi, x2 we get a univariate problem for determining all possible second components, etc.E x a m p l e. For finding the common zeros of the polynomials fi,f2 as introduced above, we consider the ideal I generated by {fi,f2}- As seen before,/3 := xl + 3xl-7 = fr- 2x22f2belongs to I. But also/4 := x1f3 - 3x2/2 = x\ - 7x x + 6x2and/5 := Z1/4 - 6/2 = x\- 7x1 + 12are in I. We will see, that {/4, f$} constitute a Groebner basis of I, when we consider all polynomials as polynomials with rational coefficients. The common zeros of /x, f2 can be easily detected by considering /4 and f5. The roots of f5 , {2, —2,\/3, —s/3} are the first components of all possible zeros in common to fi and f2. Inserting these roots into /4 = 0, we get for each choice of X\ one choice of x2:(2,1),(-2,-1), (x/3, |V3),(-x/3, -|V s)are the common zeros of /j and f2.73. T h e Computation of Groebner BasesFor the construction of Groebner bases, the notion of S-polynomials is essential. For every two nonzero polynomials /, g the S-polynomial is denned byc*lcm{lt(f),lt(g)} c*lcm{lt(f),lt(g)}ex * lt(f) c 2 * lt{g)where c x and c 2 denote the coefEents of lt(f) and lt(g) in the respective power product representation of / and g and where c := Zcm{ci,c 2}. Then the following characterization of Groebner bases for polynomials over fields [5] and over principal ideal rings [19] allows a construction of such bases.Theorem 1: A finite set of nonzero polynomials H = {hi, ... , h T } is a Groebner basis of 1(H), if and only if S(/ij, hj) —>*H 0 holds for every hi, hj 6 H.Using this theorem, we can show, that the set {/4,/s} of the example is in fact a Groebner basis. We show first, that H := {/i, • • •, /s} is a Groebner basis. This holds if S(fi, fj) —>*H 0 for i < j because the remaining S-polynomial reductions are trivial (5(/j,/,-) = 0) or follow by symmetry (S(f ii f i ) = -5(/,-,/,•)).We have /3 = 5(/i ,/2). HenceS(fi,f 2)-^HS(fi,f 2)-f 3 = 0.SimilarlyS (/2,/s )—>J j S (/2,/8) + /4 = 0andSfaf*) —*H S(f a ,f 4)- f B = 0 .More computation is required for the reduction of 5(/3, f^):S(f3, A) = 2/3 - X2/4 = —x\x 2 + lx x x<i + 2x\ - 14 =: pi•tf Pi + \xlf 4 = 711x2 + !*i - \x\ + 2x\ - 14 = *H P2-\xif A = I x 6_7x 4+S.a .2_14 >H P 3-H /5 = -}** + ¥*?-14>H P 4+|/5 = 0. P2P3P4The remaining tests S(fi,fj) —>*H 0 for i < j are as hard as the test of 5(/3, /4) —>*H 0. We omit these technicalities. (The criteria quoted in the following will show, that these remaining tests are in fact superfluous.)Therefore, H = {/1, ... , f$} is a Groebner basis. Using /3 = S(fi,f 2) and the definition of S(fi,f 2), we get /1 = /3 -f 2x\f 2. Hence each reduction step using f x for reduction can be replaced by a reduction step using /3 followed by a reduction step 8using /2. Hence/j is redundant in H, i.e. {f2,fz,f4, fs} is also a Groebner basis of the ideal 1(H). By the same argument, using /2 = \xif A +|/5, f2 is redundant in {/2, fz, IA-, fs}- And using the reduction of S(/3, f4) to 0, we find the redundancy ofh in {/3,/4,/s}- Thus {/4,/s} is a Groebner basis.The test of a polynomial set for Groebner basis will be simpler, if not all £(/,-, /_,-) with i < j have to be tested for being reducible to 0. BUCHBERGER [4] developed criteria for predicting that an S-polynomial reduces to 0. These criteria have been generalized by himself and by other authors.Definition. Let H be a set of nonzero polynomials, H := {/l5 ... , /r} . Using the notation T(/,-,/j) for lcm{lt(fi),lt(fj)} and T(/,) for lt(fi), we saya) Criterion D holds for (/,-, /s), if /,• and f s have a common (eventually constant)divisor g, such that /,• = g * /*, f s — g * f* and lt(f*), lt(f*) without common divisor.b) Criterion M holds for (fi,f s), if a j < s exists, such that T(fj,f s) dividesc) Criterion F holds for (/,-, f s), if a j < i exists, such that T(fj, f s) = T(/,-, /s).d) Criterion B s holds for (/,-,/,-), if s >j, f3 € H and T(f s) divides T(/j,/j), butTVufJtTUuMtTifjJ.).If one of the criteria M, F, and B s holds for (/,-, fj), then the S-polynomial 5(/,-, fj) reduces to 0, as shown in [11]. Criterion D is an easy generalization of Buchberger's criterion 2 [5].These criteria simplify the Groebner basis computation. In our example, only theS-polynomials S(f1,f2) = /3, S(f2, /s) = ~h, S(f2, /4) = fs, and S(/3, /4) have to be computed and reduced. For criterion M holds for (/x,/3), (/x, f4), (/i,/5), and (/3,/5),F for (/2,/s) and D for (/4,/s). The example indicates the way, in which Groebner bases can be computed. The idea for this computation is due to BUCHBERGER [4]. Using the criteria and using, that a polynomial fk is redundant in the final Groebner basis G, if an /; €G exists such that /<(/,•) divides lt(fk) and using that in this case every (fk, fj) for j > k satisfies criterion M or a slightly modified criterion F allowing the cancellation of all such (fk,fj), provided the input polynomials are ordered by^(/i) ^ ^(h) — • • • ' *n e algorithm for computing Groebner bases can be formulated in the following way.Buchberger Algorithm.Input: nonzero polynomials/1, ... , f r ordered ,such that U(f-i) >...> U(fr).Output: A Groebner G basis for I(f\, • • •, f r) .Initialization:G:=0;P:=0;9For s = 1 to r doP I := usecritMFD( {(/,/,) | for all / € G});P := join(Pl, usecritB(P,/,));G := update(/s,G);s := r ;Iteration:Let (/,-,/,)G P;P:=-P\{(/»/i)};L e t S^,/,-) —•Jjfc;If Ä ^ 0 thens := s + 1;/s := h;P I := usecritMFD( {(/,/,) | for all / € G});P := join(Pl, usecritB(P,/,));G := update(/s, G);If P 7^ 0 then goto iterationelse return GThe subalgorithm usecritMFD applies the criteria M, F, and D to a set P i of polynomial pairs (fi,f s) with fixed s and some i < s by comparing the elements of P i against each other. It returns the subset of P i consisting of all elements for which neither M nor F nor D holds true. usecritB applied to a set of polynomial pairs P and a polynomial f s cancels all pairs in P, for which criterion B a holds true. update(/s,G) cancels every polynomial g € G, for which lt(f) divides lf(g), and returns this reduced set after enlarging it by f s.The correctness and the termination of the algorithm in the present form are shown in [11], when the polynomial coefficients are elements of a field like the field of rational numbers. For other coefficient domains see [19].For simple examples, this algorithm can be applied successfully by hand calcu-lation as our example showed. For more complicated cases the use of a Computer Algebra System is recommended. Apart from the bivariate and the trivariate case, bounds for the complexity of the algorithm are in general unknown. Examples sug-gest, that these bounds will be huge, if the input polynomials or the ordering of the power products are badly chosen. We developed some special tools for constructing Groebner bases in order to solve also problems, which cannot be solved by other Computer Algebra Systems [18]. For the problem of finding the common zeros of a given set of polynomials, we installed a variant of the algorithm, which will be presented in the following.104. Solution of Systems of Algebraic EquationsWe look for the solutions of a system of algebraic equations/i(xi, ... , x n) = 0 , ... , /r(x i, ... , x n) = 0. (4.1) Let us denote the solutions of this system by Z(/i, ... , /r). Then Z(fi, ...,/,.) isthe set of common zeros of /1} ... , f r, or as already mentioned in Section 2, theset of vcommon zeros of any basis of the Ideal I generated by /l5 ... , f r. So wetransform (4.1) into a Groebner basis with lexicographical ordering g x, ... , g n and(4.1) is equivalent to gi = 0, ... , g n = 0. On the other hand a lexicographicalGroebner basis has a full or partial triangular dependency pattern, in the best casen = m and01(31»•Z-2) . . . , X n_j, X n)#2(zi, x2, ..• , x (i)9{m-l}(Xi, X2)This triagonal pattern can be exploited for the solution of (4.1), e.g. finding theroots of the last equation, substituting it into the others and so on.But the calculation of the Groebner basis in lexicographical ordering can be ex-tremely hard. So we have modified the Buchberger algorithm for the purpose ofequation solving, such that it decomposes the problem wherever possible.The algorithm (3) started with the set of polynomials G^{fi, ... , /r} generatesin iteration step n a new set G<w>. If in one of these G^%> there is a polynomial p witha decompositionp(xi, ... , x n) = 0 <£=}> (q n(xi, ... , x n) = 0 A g12(xi, ... , x n) = 0 A ...)V 92i(xi, ... , x n) = 0 A 922(^1, ... , x…) = 0 A ...)V gfci(xi, ... , x n) = 0 A 9fc2(xi, ... , x n) = 0 A ...))where the g,j are "simpler" than p, then each of the righthand alternatives representsone (possible empty) part of the complete sets of solutions. By substituting theminto G^ one after the other, we get k calculation branches and so a decompositionof the complete calculation. The effect is twofold,a) the algorithm becomes less complicated: the polynomials are often less in de-gree;11b) the final result is partitioned too, in the best case into individual solutions. There are two sources for decomposition: factorization and arithmetic restrictions. Factorization. If we find in the ideal / a polynomial ft, which can be factorized intoft = hi * • • • * h m,then Z(f u ... , f r) splits into the sets Z(f x, ..., f r, hi), ... , Z(f u ... , f r, h m).This splitting method can be combined with the algorithm for Groebner basis computation. For the computation of Z(fi,...,f T) a Groebner basis of I :=J(/i, ... , f r) can be used. Each polynomial ft, obtained by reducing an S-polynomial belongs to I. Therefore if such h is factorizable, h = hi * • • • * h m, then the Groebner basis computation for I can be stopped and the Groebner basis computations with input /1? ... , f r,hk, k = 1, ... , m, can be started, because the union of the sets Z(f\, ... , f r, hk), k =1... , m is the required set of solutions. A consequent application of this factorization gives a tree of Groebner basis compu-tations. Whenever a factorizable polynomial h is found, the computation branches into several Groebner basis computations, and the old Groebner basis computa-tion is discarded. However, the initial Groebner basis calculations for the ideals I k := I(/i, ... , /r, h/,), k = 1, ... , m, are identical with those for the ideal I, until the factored polynomial h appears. Then the algorithms usually differ. This is used in our installation of the procedure. We substitute in the algorithm for computing a Groebner basis of / the factorizable polynomial h by the respective factor hk and obtain the identical beginnings of the Groebner basis calculations for the ideals I*. (Some additional calculations may be in parallel too. Therefore before branching the algorithm, we perform also S-polynomial reductions which are known to be identical for all Groebner basis computations with respect to Ji, ... , I m.)For avoiding a multiple computation of the same zeros, we use in our installation a practical criterion. When a Groebner basis for finding Z(fi, ... , /r) is computed and a factorization of a reduced S-polynomial h, h = hi * • • • * h m, is found, then the Groebner basis calculation for finding Z(fi, ... , f r, hk) can be discarded, if a previ-ous hi,i < k, is detected in the ideal generated by /1: ... , /r, hk, because then the set Z(fi, ..., f T, h k) = Z(f u ... , f r, h k, hi) is contained in Z{f x, ... , f T, ft,-)- The same argument holds, if after forthcoming branchings a Groebner basis for a subset of Z(fi, ... , f T,hk) is computed and its corresponding ideal contains ft,-, because then this subset of Z(/i, ... , f T, hk) is contained in Z(/i, ..., f r, ft,).The algorithm for computing Groebner bases is fast, when low degree polynomial are found early in the algorithm. This is forced by the method of factorizing. We decrease 'artificially' the degrees of the reduced S-polynomials by substituting the true reduced S-polynomial by each of its factors. The increased number of simpler Groebner basis computations does not destroy this effect. On the contrary, the more factorizations are found, the faster the branching method is, as our examples show.12Only if no or if very few factorizations of polynomials h are found, then by the overhead of testing polynomials for divisibility this branching method is slower than the algorithm presented in section 3.Arithmetic restrictions. A second source for decomposition is the restriction, that only nonnegative real values make sense as components of solutions. So we can exploit a set of inequalitiesXi > 0 i = 1, ... , T V.In generalizing Descartes rule of sign we can state for a multivariate polynomialp = a0 +0l x*n•••<" + ••• + a m x[ml • • • x™nwhere all a,- are real and have the same sign:a) if ÜQ ^ 0 then p(x\, ... , x n) = 0 implies that at least one a;,- < 0;b) for a0 = 0 then p(xi, ... , x n) = 0 and £,• > 0 implies, that each monomial inp is zero already.In other words: If ao ^ 0 there cannot exist a solution which satisfies the above inequalities and the calculation branch can be cancelled. For a0 = 0 p is decomposed into a list of monomials each of which has to be zero. As these monomials are factorizable immediately, we easily get a twofold decomposition. For example, the polynomial17xy2r + Ax2zleads to the decompositionx = 0 V (y = 0 A z = 0) V (r = 0 A 2 = 0)which describes the nonnegative real solutions.Experience has shown, that in the chemical application area the above criterion plays an important role as source of decomposition and as test for the nonexistence of a relevant solution. In the last case a calculation branch can be cancelled immediately.The arithmetic decomposition uses the same hook in the algorithm as the factor-ization: when it hits, it generates sets of zero polynomials each of which is root of a separate calculation tree.If the coefficients contain formal parameters, the same technique can be applied for determining their sign.135. Computations for Chemical Reaction Systems5.1 Polynomial equationsChemical reaction systems for isothermal reactors are described by reaction networksor by systems of chemical reaction equations:ki-*j '• J/«n c n T • • • "T yim c m=*• VjkCk + ••• + VjiQ (5.1)where c s denotes the overall molecular concentration of the species with numbers,y s j is the stoichiometric coefficient of species 5 in the complex j and fc;_>j is therate constant for the reaction from complex i to j. For the numerical simulationof their kinetics they are transformed into systems of ordinary differential equations(ODEs), which in the case of mass action have the general formc3 = X^.^j I I c T\y°i - Vsi) > s = l, ... ,n . (5.2)»"—»j1=1, nThe transformation from (5.1) (or other equivalent input forms) to (5.2) can bedone automatically with REDUCE: the right-hand sides of the ODEs are initializedwith zeros and the contributions of each reaction read into the species are added intothe corresponding ODE:LET p = k^j * c n * *y in * ... * c mt- * *y im ; (5.3) FOR EACH c p in left side of (5.1) subtract (J b< * y ip) from ODE (c p) ; (5.4)FOR EACH c p in right side of (5.1) add (fc,- * y ip) to ODE (c p) ; (5.5) If we now are interested in the steady states of sytem (5.2), we have to set c s tozero. (5.2) is transformed into a system of homogeneous algebraic equations0 = $>w j I I c?'(ys: ~ Vsi) , 5 = 1, ...,n (5.6)t'->j 1=1, nwhich can be investigated with algebraic methods. The "variables" in (5.6) are thec;. The y f- are small nonnegative integer constants (typically 0,1 or 2). The fc,_j maybe numerical constants (nonnegative numbers, typically floating point fractions) orthey may be formal parameters (all or some of them). In all cases we are interestedto solve (5.6) or to look for criteria for the solvability.14。
从大众甲壳虫广告看创意的惊人魅力在世界汽车百年的历史长河中，有一朵瑰丽的奇葩--德国大众福斯金龟车（外形象甲壳虫，故又叫甲壳虫车），它不但创造了世界汽车历史的神话，还创造恶劣广告史上的奇迹。
甲壳虫自进入美国市场一直默默无闻，在剧烈的市场竞争中已是奄奄一息，但是经过美国广告大师威廉伯恩巴克的妙手回春，甲壳虫老树发新枝，迅速登上美国市场进口汽车的第一名宝座，并从此奠定了强有力的市场地位。
1995年，德国大众又对出了怀旧型甲壳虫车，仍然大受欢迎，实属经典之品。
它成功的原因是多方面的，但其独特、古怪又实效的广告则功不可没。
它在60年代的广告创意风格，90年代仍然得到延续，这正验证了一句话：好东西是不会过时的。
德国大众甲壳虫在进入美国市场前，已在欧洲市场畅销多年，其优良的品质已经得到市场的认同，在美国市场的定价也比其他品牌汽车便宜，按理说，如此"靓、正"的车，哪能不好卖？但是，市场的事实是残酷的：德国大众甲壳虫在进入美国市场的整整十年间，一直受到美国消费者的冷落，这令厂商百思不得其解。
现代市场营销理论认为，市场营销要一消费者为中心，要以顾客的需求为出发点，否则不会成功。
说得具体一些，就是消费者认为好的产品才是好的产品，他们才会去买。
这样，我们就要去了解清楚消费者对产品的价值判断，集中到行为上就是消费者在购买时，他们最关心的是哪方面，即现代现代广告理论说的广告诉求点是什么。
当时，美国市场上最流行的是福斯、通用等汽车厂制造的一种既大又长、带流线型的豪华轿车。
而甲壳虫与这些庞然大物相比，像一只小甲壳虫似的，既小又短，看上去很丑陋，马力小，简单，低档，这与当时消费潮流格格不入，另外，还有一个难以排解的政治心理障碍--它曾被西特勒作为纳粹时代的辉煌象征之一而大加鼓动。
1959年，美国DDB广告公司（即恒美广告公司的前身）接受为甲壳虫打开在美国市场的销路进行广告策划，在杰出广告人伯恩巴克的指挥下，成立了专门的策划班子，其成员包括市场调查员、撰文和艺术指导等方面的专业人员。
This is our idea of a grand opening.We took a Volkswagen apart so that you can see for yourself what the inside looks like.You won’t find one dribble on the paint or one nick on the chrome. Not one wrinkle, not one missed stitch.We’ve got a bevy of seamstresses to make sure nothing zags when it should zig.Maybe you think quality isn’t something run that finger underneath the dashboard. Smooth?Along the headliner. Smooth?Under the door. Smooth?Smooth.It’s one of our old family recipes: a lot of patience plus a lot of paint.A visitor once asked, ”4 coats of paint? Isn’t that putting it on a bit thick?”We said, no.We don’t count on the paint to hold the VW together. But it keeps it from falling apart.涂料不仅可以起到保养物体的使用寿命作用，而且还可以起到美观作用。
汽车都是有钢板组成的，所以汽车肯定跟涂料息息相关。
那么我们如何才能保养汽车表面的涂料而更好的保养汽车呢。
涂料英才网招聘顾问李先生说到：“汽车涂料一般都是烘烤涂料。
