离散数学结构中文翻译版
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大学各专业名称英文翻译(一)——工学ENGINEERING课程中文名称课程英文名称高等数理方法Advanced Mathematical Method弹塑性力学Elastic-Plastic Mechanics板壳理论Theory of Plate and Shell高等工程力学Advanced Engineering Mechanics板壳非线性力学Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell复合材料结构力学Structural Mechanics of Composite Material弹性元件的理论及设计Theory and Design of Elastic Element非线性振动Nonlinear Vibration高等土力学Advanced Soil Mechanics分析力学Analytic Mechanics随机振动Random Vibration数值分析Numerical Analysis基础工程计算与分析Calculation and Analysis of Founda tion Engineering结构动力学Structural Dynamics实验力学Laboratory Mechanics损伤与断裂Damage and Fracture小波分析Wavelet Analysis有限元与边界元分析方法Analytical Method of Finite Element and Boundary Element最优化设计方法Optimal Design Method弹性力学Elastic Mechanics高层建筑基础Tall Building Foundation动力学Dynanics土的本构关系Soil Constitutive Relation数学建模Mathematical Modeling现代通信理论与技术Emerging Communications Theory and Technology数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing网络理论与多媒体技术Multi-media and Network Technology医用电子学Electronics for Medicine计算微电子学Computational 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《离散数学》双语专业词汇表Abelia n group :交换(阿贝尔)群absorption property 吸收律acyclic:无(简单)回路的adjace nt vertices 令B接结点adjace nt vertices 令B接结点adjace nt vertices 令B接结点algorithm verification :算法证明algorithm :算法alphabe t字母表alternating group:交替群an alogous类似的analysis of algorithm 算法分析antisymmetric 反对称的approach 方法,方式argument 自变量associative 可结合的associative 可结合的asymmetric 非对称的backtracking 回溯base 2 exponential function 以2 为底的指数函数basic step 基础步biconditional, equivalence 双条件式,等价bijection, one-to-one correspondence 双射,一一对应binary operation on a set A 集合 A 上的二元运算binary operation 二元运算binary relation 二元关系(complete) binary tree (完全)二元(叉)树bland meats 未加调料的肉block, cell 划分块,单元Boolean algebra 布尔代数Boolea n fun cti on:布尔函数Boolea n matrix :布尔矩阵Boolean polynomial, Boolean expression 布尔多项式(表达式)Boolean produc t 布尔乘积bounded lattice 有界格brace:花括号bridge:桥,割边by con ve ntio n:按常规,按惯例cancellation property:消去律capacity :容量cardi nality :基数,势category:类别,分类cate nation:合并,拼接ceili ng fun ction :上取整函数certain even:t 必然事件characteristic equation 特征方程characteristic function:特征函数chromaticnumber of G: G 的色数chromatic poly no mial:着色多项式circuitdesig n:线路设计circuit :回路closed under the operation 运算对…是圭寸闭的closed with respect to 对… 是圭寸闭的closure:闭包collision :冲突coloring graphs:图的着色colum n:列combi natio n:组合com mon divisor:公因子commutative:可交换的commutative:可交换的commuter:经常往来于两地的人comparable可比较的compatible with :与… 相容compatible:相容的complement of B with respect to A:A 与B 的差集compleme nt:补元complementary relation:补关系complete graph 完全图complete match 完全匹配complete n-tree 完全n-元树component sentence 分句comp onen:分图compositi on:复合compositio n:关系的复合compound statement 复合命题con diti onal stateme nt, implicatio n:条件式,蕴涵式congruenee relation 同余关系con grue nt to:与…同余conjecture :猜想conju nctio n:合取connected连通的conn ected连通的connection 连接connectivity relation 连通性关系consecutively 相继地consequent, conclusion 结论,后件constructive proof 构造性证明contain(in)包含(于)contingency 可满足式contradiction, absurdity 永假(矛盾)式contrapositive 逆否命题conv ersatio n of flow :流的守恒converse逆命题conversely:相反地coordi nate :坐标coset: 陪集countable(uncountable:) 可数(不可数) counterexample 反例coun ti ng:计数criteria :标准,准贝U custom :惯例cut:害U cycle :回路cyclic permutatio n:循环置换,轮换de Morgan ' s laws德摩根律declarative sentence 陈述句degree of a vertex 结点的度depot:货站,仓库descendant 后代diagonal matrix:对角阵die :骰子digraph:有向图dime nsion:维(数) direct flight :直飞航班discipli ne:学科disconnected不连通的discrete graph(null graph) 零图disjoint sets:不相交集disjunction:析取dista nee距巨离distinguish 区分distributive lattice 分配格distributive :可分配的distributive :可分配的divisio n :除法dodecahedron 正十二面体domai n:定义域doubly linked l i st :双向链表dual:对偶edge 边edge 边element, member 成员,元素empty relation 空关系empty sequence(string) 空串empty set 空集end point 端点entry(element) 元素equally likely 等可能的,等概率的equivalence class 等价类equivalent relation 等价关系Euclidian algorithm 欧几里得算法,辗转相除法Euler path(circuit) 欧拉路径(回路) event 事件everywhere defined 处处有定义的excess capacity 增值容量existence proof 存在性证明existential quantification 存在量词化expected value 期望值explicit 显式的extensively 广泛地,全面地extremal element 极值元素factor 因子factorial 阶乘finite (infinite) set :有限(无限)集finite group :有限(阶)群floor function :下取整函数free semigroup gen erated by A 由A 生成的自由半群frequency of occurrenee 出现次数(频率) fun cti on, mapp ing, tran sformatio n:函数,映射,变换GCD(greatest com mon divisor):最大公因子gen de:性另generalize:推广generic elemen:t 任一元素graduate schoo:l 研究生院graph:(无向)图graph:无向图greatest(least) element 最大(小)元greedy algorithm :贪婪算法group:群growth of function :函数增长Hamiltonian path(circuit):哈密尔顿路径(回路) hashi ng function:杂凑函数Hasse diagram 哈斯图height:树高homomorphic image:同态像homomorphism:同态hypothesis:假设,前提,前件idempote nt:等幕的idempote nt:幕等的identity function on A: A 上的恒等函数ide ntity(eleme nt):么(单位)元iden tity :么元,单位元impossibleeve n t不可能事件in clusio n-exclusio n prin ciple :容斥原理in-degree 入度in direct method:间接证明法induction step :归纟内步in formal brand:不严格的那种inorder search 中序遍历in tersectio n:交intuitively :直觉地in verse:逆关系in verse:逆元in verse:逆元inverter:反向器invertible function :可逆函数invo luti on property:对合律irreflexive :反自反的isolated vertex:孤立结点isomorphism :同构isomorphism :同构join :,保联,并join :并Karnaugh map:卡诺图Kernel:同态核key:键Klein 4 group: Klein 四元群Konisberg Bridge problem:哥尼斯堡七桥问题Kruskal 's algorith: mKruskal 算法labeled digraph标记有向图lattice :格LCM(least common multiple):最小公倍数leaf(leave):叶结点least upper(greatest lower) bound 上(下)确界level:层,lexicographic order:字典序likelihood :可能性lin ear array(list):线性表lin ear graph:线性图linear homogeneous relation of degree :k k 阶线性齐次关系lin ear order(total order):线序,全序linearly ordered set, chain 线(全)序集,链lin ked list :链表lin ked-list represe ntatio n:链表表示logarithm function to the base n 以n 为底的对数logical connective:命题联结词logically equivalent: (逻辑)等价的logically follow :是…的逻辑结论logicia n:逻辑学家loop:自回路lower order:低阶mai n diag on a:主对角线map-colori ng problem: 地图着色问题match ing fun cti on:匹配函数matching problems 匹配问题mathematical structure(system) 数学结构(系统)matrix :矩阵maximal match :最大匹酉己maximal(minimal) element :极大(小)元maximum flow:最大流mee t保交,交mee t 交minimal spanning tree:最小生成树mi nterm:极小项modular lattice :模格modulus:模modus ponens:肯定律modus toile ns:否定律mo noid :含么半群,独异点multigraph:多重图multiple :倍数multiplicati on table:运算表multi-valued function :多值函数mutually exclusive:互斥的,不相交的n atural homomorphism :自然同态nearest neighbo:r 最邻近结点n egati on:否定(式)normal subgroup正规(不变)子群n otatio n:标记notio n:概念n-tree:n-元树n-tuple:n-元组odd(even) permutation 奇(偶)置换offspring:子女结点one to one 单射,一对一函数on to:至U上函数,满射operation on sets 集合运算optimal soluti on:最佳方法or(and, not)gate 或(与,非)门order of a group: 群的阶order relati on:序关系ordered pair: 有序对,序偶ordered tree 有序树ordered triple :有序三元组ordinance 法规out-degree 出度pare nt:父结点partial order:偏序关系partially ordered set, pose:t 偏序集partition, quotient se t 划分,商集path:路径path:通路,路径permutatio n:置换,排列pictorially :以图形方式pige on hole prin ciple :鸽巢原理planar graph:(可)平面图plausible:似乎可能的pointer:指针Polish form:(表达式的)波兰表示polyno mial:多项式positional bi nary tree:位置二元(叉)树positional tree:位置树postorder search 后序遍历power se:幕集predicate:谓词preorder search 前序遍历prerequisite:预备知识prescribe:命令,规定Prim 's algorithmPrim 算法prime:素(数)principle of mathematical induction:(第一)数学归纳法probabilistic :概率性的probability(theory):概率(论) product partial order:积偏序product set, Caretesian se:t 叉积,笛product:积proof by con tradict ion :反证法proper colori ng:正规着色propositi onal fun cti on :命题公式propositi onal variable :命题变元pseudocode 伪码(拟码)pump ing stati on:抽水站quantifier:量词quotie nt group :商群random acces:s 随机访问random selection (choose an object at random:)随机选择range:值域rational number:有理数reachability relatio n:可达性关系reasoning 推理recreational area 游乐场所recursive :递归recycle:回收,再循环reflexive closure :自反闭包reflexive:自反的regular expression 正则表达式regular graph 正规图,正则图relatio n:关系relati on ship :关系relay statio n:转送站remainder:余数representation 表示restrictio n :限希9 reverse Polish form (表达式的)逆波兰表示(left) right coset:(左)右陪集root:根,根结点rooted tree (有)根树row:行R-relative set:R 相关集rules of referenee 推理规贝Urunning time :运行时间same orde r 同阶sample space样本空间semigroup :半群sensible:有意义的sensible有意义的seque nee 序歹U sequential access 顺序访问set eorresp onding to a seque nee 对应于序列的集合set inelusion(eontainment) 集合包含set 集合siblings 兄弟结点simple eyele 简单回路simple path(eireuit) 基本路径(回路) simple path 简单路径(通路) sink 汇sophistieated 复杂的souree 源spanning tree 生成树,支撑树square matrix 方阵statement, proposition 命题storage eell 存储单元string 串,字符串strong induetion 第二数学归纳法subgraph 子图subgroup 子群sublattiee 子格submonoid 子含么半群subseript 下标subsemigroup 子半群subse t子集substituti on:替换subtree 子树summarize 总结,概括symmetric closure:对称闭包symmetric differe nee:对称差symmetric group:对称群symmetric: 对称的tacitly :默认tautology:永真(重言)式tedious:冗长乏味的termi nology :术语the capacity of a cu:割的容量topological sort ing:拓扌卜排序transitive closure:传递闭包tran sitive:传递的transport network:运输网络tran spositi on:对换traverse 遍历,周游tree searchi ng树的搜索(遍历)tree:树truth table:真值表TSP(traveling salesperson problem)货郎担问题unary operation:一元运算undirected edge 无向边undirected edge 无向边un directed tree 无向树union 并unit element 么(单位)元universal quantification 全称量词化universal set 全集upper(lower) boun d:上(下)界value of a flow:流的值value, image:值,像,应变量Venn diagram:文氏图verbally:用言语vertex(vertices):结点vertex(vertices):结点,顶点virtually :几乎Warshal ' s algorithnWarshall 算法weight:权weight :Wweighted graph:(赋)权图well-defined:良定,完全确定word:词zero elemen:t 零元。
离散数学第一章1.1命题及其表示法1.1.1 命题的概念数理逻辑将能够判断真假的陈述句称作命题。
1.1.2 命题的表示命题通常使用大写字母A,B,…,Z或带下标的大写字母或数字表示,如A i,[10],R等,例如A1:我是一名大学生。
A1:我是一名大学生.[10]:我是一名大学生。
R:我是一名大学生。
1.2命题联结词1.2.1 否定联结词﹁PP P0 11 01.2.2 合取联结词∧P∧P Q Q0 0 00 1 01 0 01 1 11.2.3 析取联结词∨P∨P Q Q0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 11.2.4 条件联结词→P Q Q0 0 10 1 11 0 01 1 11.2.5 双条件联结词?P?P Q Q0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 11.2.6 与非联结词↑P↑P Q Q0 0 10 1 11 0 11 1 0性质:(1)P↑P?﹁(P∧P)?﹁P;(2)(P↑Q)↑(P↑Q)?﹁(P↑Q)? P∧Q;(3)(P↑P)↑(Q↑Q)?﹁P↑﹁Q? P∨Q。
1.2.7 或非联结词↓P↓P Q Q0 0 10 1 01 0 0性质:(1)P↓P?﹁(P∨Q)?﹁P;(2)(P↓Q)↓(P↓Q)?﹁(P↓Q)?P∨Q;(3)(P↓P)↓(Q↓Q)?﹁P↓﹁Q?﹁(﹁P∨﹁Q)?P∧Q。
1.3 命题公式、翻译与解释1.3.1 命题公式定义命题公式,简称公式,定义为:(1)单个命题变元是公式;(2)如果P是公式,则﹁P是公式;(3)如果P、Q是公式,则P∧Q、P∨Q、P→Q、P?Q 都是公式;(4)当且仅当能够有限次的应用(1) 、(2)、(3) 所得到的包括命题变元、联结词和括号的符号串是公式。
例如,下面的符号串都是公式:((((﹁P)∧Q)→R)∨S)((P→﹁Q)?(﹁R∧S))(﹁P∨Q)∧R以下符号串都不是公式:((P∨Q)?(∧Q))(∧Q)1.3.2 命题的翻译可以把自然语言中的有些语句,转变成数理逻辑中的符号形式,称为命题的翻译。
《离散数学》双语专业词汇表set:集合subset:子集element, member:成员,元素well-defined:良定,完全确定brace:花括号representation:表示sensible:有意义的rational number:有理数empty set:空集Venn diagram:文氏图contain(in):包含(于)universal set:全集finite (infinite) set:有限(无限)集cardinality:基数,势power set:幂集operation on sets:集合运算disjoint sets:不相交集intersection:交union:并complement of B with respect to A:A与B的差集symmetric difference:对称差commutative:可交换的associative:可结合的distributive:可分配的idempotent:等幂的de Morgan’s laws:德摩根律inclusion-exclusion principle:容斥原理sequence:序列subscript:下标recursive:递归explicit:显式的string:串,字符串set corresponding to a sequence:对应于序列的集合linear array(list):线性表characteristic function:特征函数countable(uncountable):可数(不可数)alphabet:字母表word:词empty sequence(string):空串catenation:合并,拼接regular expression:正则表达式division:除法multiple:倍数prime:素(数)algorithm:算法common divisor:公因子GCD(greatest common divisor):最大公因子LCM(least common multiple):最小公倍数Euclidian algorithm:欧几里得算法,辗转相除法pseudocode:伪码(拟码)matrix:矩阵square matrix:方阵row:行column:列entry(element):元素diagonal matrix:对角阵Boolean matrix:布尔矩阵join:并meet:交Boolean product:布尔乘积mathematical structure(system):数学结构(系统)closed with respect to:对…是封闭的binary operation:二元运算unary operation:一元运算identity:么元,单位元inverse:逆元statement, proposition:命题logical connective:命题联结词compound statement:复合命题propositional variable:命题变元negation:否定(式)truth table:真值表conjunction:合取disjunction:析取quantifier:量词universal quantification:全称量词化propositional function:命题公式predicate:谓词existential quantification:存在量词化converse:逆命题conditional statement, implication:条件式,蕴涵式consequent, conclusion:结论,后件contrapositive:逆否命题hypothesis:假设,前提,前件biconditional, equivalence:双条件式,等价logically equivalent:(逻辑)等价的contingency:可满足式tautology:永真(重言)式contradiction, absurdity:永假(矛盾)式logically follow:是…的逻辑结论rules of reference:推理规则modus ponens:肯定律m odus tollens:否定律indirect method:间接证明法proof by contradiction:反证法counterexample;反例basic step:基础步principle of mathematical induction:(第一)数学归纳法induction step:归纳步strong induction:第二数学归纳法relation:关系digraph:有向图ordered pair:有序对,序偶product set, Caretesian set:叉积,笛partition, quotient set:划分,商集block, cell:划分块,单元domain:定义域range:值域R-relative set:R相关集vertex(vertices):结点,顶点edge:边in-degree:入度out-degree:出度path:通路,路径cycle:回路connectivity relation:连通性关系reachability relation:可达性关系composition:复合reflexive:自反的irreflexive:反自反的empty relation:空关系symmetric:对称的asymmetric:非对称的antisymmetric:反对称的graph:无向图undirected edge:无向边adjacent vertices:邻接结点connected:连通的transitive:传递的equivalent relation:等价关系congruent to:与…同余modulus:模equivalence class:等价类linked list:链表storage cell:存储单元pointer:指针complementary relation:补关系inverse:逆关系closure:闭包symmetric closure:对称闭包reflexive closure:自反闭包composition:关系的复合transitive closure:传递闭包Warshal’s algorithm:Warshall算法function, mapping, transformation:函数,映射,变换argument:自变量value, image:值,像,应变量labeled digraph:标记有向图identity function on A:A上的恒等函数everywhere defined:处处有定义的onto:到上函数,满射one to one:单射,一对一函数bijection, one-to-one correspondence:双射,一一对应invertible function:可逆函数floor function:下取整函数ceiling function:上取整函数Boolean function:布尔函数base 2 exponential function:以2为底的指数函数logarithm function to the base n:以n为底的对数hashing function:杂凑函数key:键growth of function:函数增长same order:同阶lower order:低阶running time:运行时间permutation:置换,排列cyclic permutation:循环置换,轮换transposition:对换odd(even) permutation:奇(偶)置换order relation:序关系partial order:偏序关系partially ordered set, poset:偏序集dual:对偶comparable:可比较的linear order(total order):线序,全序linearly ordered set, chain:线(全)序集,链product partial order:积偏序lexicographic order:字典序Hasse diagram:哈斯图topological sorting:拓扑排序isomorphism:同构maximal(minimal) element:极大(小)元extremal element:极值元素greatest(least) element:最大(小)元unit element:么(单位)元zero element:零元upper(lower) bound:上(下)界least upper(greatest lower) bound:上(下)确界lattice:格join:,保联,并meet:保交,交sublattice:子格absorption property:吸收律bounded lattice:有界格distributive lattice:分配格complement:补元modular lattice:模格Boolean algebra:布尔代数involution property:对合律Boolean polynomial, Boolean expression:布尔多项式(表达式)or(and, not) gate:或(与,非)门inverter:反向器circuit design:线路设计minterm:极小项Karnaugh map:卡诺图tree:树root:根,根结点rooted tree:(有)根树level:层,parent:父结点offspring:子女结点siblings:兄弟结点height:树高leaf(leave):叶结点ordered tree:有序树n-tree:n-元树complete n-tree:完全n-元树(complete) binary tree:(完全)二元(叉)树descendant:后代subtree:子树positional tree:位置树positional binary tree:位置二元(叉)树doubly linked list:双向链表tree searching:树的搜索(遍历)traverse:遍历,周游preorder search:前序遍历Polish form:(表达式的)波兰表示inorder search:中序遍历postorder search:后序遍历reverse Polish form:(表达式的)逆波兰表示linked-list representation:链表表示undirected tree:无向树undirected edge:无向边adjacent vertices:邻接结点simple path:简单路径(通路)simple cycle:简单回路acyclic:无(简单)回路的spanning tree:生成树,支撑树Prim’s algorithm:Prim算法minimal spanning tree:最小生成树weighted graph:(赋)权图weight:树distance:距离nearest neighbor:最邻近结点greedy algorithm:贪婪算法optimal solution:最佳方法Kruskal’s algorithm:Kruskal算法graph:(无向)图vertex(vertices):结点edge:边end point:端点relationship:关系connection:连接degree of a vertex:结点的度loop:自回路path:路径isolated vertex:孤立结点adjacent vertices:邻接结点circuit:回路simple path(circuit):基本路径(回路) connected:连通的disconnected:不连通的component:分图discrete graph(null graph):零图complete graph:完全图regular graph:正规图,正则图linear graph:线性图subgraph:子图Euler path(circuit):欧拉路径(回路) Konisberg Bridge problem:哥尼斯堡七桥问题ordinance:法规recycle:回收,再循环bridge:桥,割边Hamiltonian path(circuit):哈密尔顿路径(回路)dodecahedron:正十二面体weight:权TSP(traveling salesperson problem):货郎担问题transport network:运输网络capacity:容量maximum flow:最大流source:源sink:汇conversation of flow:流的守恒value of a flow:流的值excess capacity:增值容量cut:割the capacity of a cut:割的容量matching problems:匹配问题matching function:匹配函数compatible with:与…相容maximal match:最大匹配complete match:完全匹配coloring graphs:图的着色proper coloring:正规着色chromatic number of G:G的色数map-coloring problem:地图着色问题conjecture:猜想planar graph:(可)平面图bland meats:未加调料的肉chromatic polynomial:着色多项式binary operation on a set A:集合A上的二元运算closed under the operation:运算对…是封闭的commutative:可交换的associative:可结合的idempotent:幂等的distributive:可分配的semigroup:半群product:积free semigroup generated by A:由A生成的自由半群identity(element):么(单位)元monoid:含么半群,独异点subsemigroup:子半群submonoid:子含么半群isomorphism:同构homomorphism:同态homomorphic image:同态像Kernel:同态核congruence relation:同余关系natural homomorphism:自然同态group:群inverse:逆元quotient group:商群Abelian group:交换(阿贝尔)群cancellation property:消去律multiplication table:运算表finite group:有限(阶)群order of a group:群的阶symmetric group:对称群subgroup:子群alternating group:交替群Klein 4 group:Klein四元群coset:陪集(left) right coset:(左)右陪集normal subgroup:正规(不变)子群prerequisite:预备知识virtually:几乎informal brand:不严格的那种notation:标记sensible:有意义的logician:逻辑学家extensively:广泛地,全面地commuter:经常往来于两地的人by convention:按常规,按惯例dimension:维(数) compatible:相容的discipline:学科reasoning:推理declarative sentence:陈述句n-tuple:n-元组component sentence:分句tacitly:默认generic element:任一元素algorithm verification:算法证明counting:计数factorial:阶乘combination:组合pigeonhole principle:鸽巢原理existence proof:存在性证明constructive proof:构造性证明category:类别,分类factor:因子consecutively:相继地probability(theory):概率(论) die:骰子probabilistic:概率性的sample space:样本空间event:事件certain event:必然事件impossible event:不可能事件mutually exclusive:互斥的,不相交的likelihood:可能性frequency of occurrence:出现次数(频率) summarize:总结,概括plausible:似乎可能的equally likely:等可能的,等概率的random selection(choose an object at random):随机选择terminology:术语expected value:期望值backtracking:回溯characteristic equation:特征方程linear homogeneous relation of degree k:k阶线性齐次关系binary relation:二元关系prescribe:命令,规定coordinate:坐标criteria:标准,准则gender:性别graduate school:研究生院generalize:推广notion:概念intuitively:直觉地verbally:用言语approach:方法,方式conversely:相反地pictorially:以图形方式restriction:限制direct flight:直飞航班tedious:冗长乏味的main diagonal:主对角线remainder:余数random access:随机访问sequential access:顺序访问custom:惯例polynomial:多项式substitution:替换multi-valued function:多值函数collision:冲突analysis of algorithm:算法分析sophisticated:复杂的set inclusion(containment):集合包含distinguish:区分analogous:类似的ordered triple:有序三元组recreational area:游乐场所multigraph:多重图pumping station:抽水站depot:货站,仓库relay station:转送站。
离散数学代数结构部分离散数学是数学的一个分支,主要研究离散的、分离的、离散化的对象和结构。
其中代数结构是离散数学的一个重要部分,涉及到一些常见的代数结构,如群、环和域等。
下面将从群、环和域三个方面展开,对离散数学中的代数结构进行详细介绍。
一、群群是离散数学中的一个基本代数结构,它由三个主要部分组成:集合、运算和满足一定性质的公理。
具体地,一个群G是一个非空集合,也即G={a,b,c,...},其中的元素a、b、c等叫做群的元素。
除此之外,群还具有一个二元运算,记作"·",满足以下四个公理:1.封闭性公理:对于群的任意两个元素a、b,它们的乘积c=a·b仍然属于G,即c∈G。
2.结合律公理:对于群的任意三个元素a、b、c,(a·b)·c=a·(b·c)。
3.单位元公理:群中存在一个特殊的元素e,称为单位元,满足对于任意元素a,有a·e=e·a=a。
4.逆元公理:对于群中任意元素a,存在一个元素b,使得a·b=b·a=e,其中e是群的单位元。
群结构的研究对于解决各类数学问题具有重要意义。
例如,在密码学中,通信双方使用群的运算来实现加密和解密的功能。
二、环环是另一个重要的代数结构,在离散数学中有广泛的应用。
一个环R由一个非空集合以及两个满足一定条件的二元运算分别组成。
对于一个环R={G,+,·},其中G是一个非空集合,"+"和"·"分别是R上的两个二元运算,满足以下四个公理:1.集合G关于"+"构成一个阿贝尔群,即对于任意的a、b、c∈G,满足以下性质:(a+b)+c=a+(b+c),存在单位元0,对于任意元素a,有a+0=0+a=a,对于任意元素a,存在一个元素-b,使得a+(-b)=-b+a=0,且满足交换律性质:a+b=b+a。