3日 孙红文 An Investigation of Perfluorinated Compounds in Surface Water from Shenyang City and its

第10章环境中的有机锡化合物研究进展孙红文戴树桂黄国兰南开大学环境科学与工程学院10.1 前言有机锡化合物是指分子中至少有一个Sn－C键的金属有机化合物，其结构表达式可写为R m SnX4－m，其中R为烷基，X为带负电的有机或无机基团。

1852年Frankland首次在实验室内合成第一个有机锡化合物，二碘二乙基锡化合物。

直到100年后的1949年才开发出第一个商品化有机锡化合物[1]。

在上个世纪后半段，有机锡的应用迅速扩大，世界上有机锡的年产量由1950年的50吨增长到1994年的50000吨，这意味着7％的金属锡被制成有机锡。

我国有机锡的产量估计有2000吨/年。

随着有机锡取代基团和取代程度的变化, 有机锡具有多种应用，主要用途有：（1）PVC塑料的稳定剂，PVC分子中存在不饱和键、支化点和引发剂残基，受热会分解，形成共轭多烯结构。

随着时间加长色泽会加深，所以必须加入稳定剂。

与铝、镉稳定剂相比，有机锡化合物单位剂量效应高，与PVC相容性好，初期着色性低，硫化污染少，可以得到透明度高的制品。

用于PVC塑料添加剂的有机锡主要为二烷基锡和一烷基锡。

通常每千克PVC中加入5－20克稳定剂。

高分子量辛基取代有机锡毒性很低，甚至被认为是无毒的。

可用于食品包装和饮料瓶制品中。

在PVC塑料中添加的有机锡约占有机锡总量的2/3。

（2）防生物附着油漆，船舶和渔网等长期浸泡在海水中，会附着藻类、藤壶等生物，增加船舶燃料耗费。

所以须加入活性添加剂制成防生物附着油漆，抑制生物的附着。

添加有机锡的油漆防污周期长，以及考虑到铜的环境危害，20世纪60年代，有机锡逐渐取代氧化铜成为防生物附着油漆的活性添加剂。

一般有机锡添加量为油漆的2－10％，主要为三丁基锡和三苯基锡。

单是我国维修外轮使用的高效有机锡涂料，需要量就在100吨/年。

这种用途的有机锡约占15－20％。

（3）其它杀菌用途，除了用于防治附着生物，有机锡还用作其它杀生用途，如用于木材防腐，主要为氧化二（三丁基锡）。

中国动物传染病学报　2009,17(4):64-67　Chinese Journal of Animal Infectious Diseases・研究论文・上海市宠物门诊犬弓形虫病流行病学调查龚国华1,周锦萍1,孙泉云1,刘佩红1,王　权2(1.上海市动物疫病防控中心上海201103;2.中国农业科学院上海兽医研究所上海200241)摘　要:为监测自2002年起弓形虫病防控技术实施以来上海市区犬弓形虫病的感染情况,本研究应用弓形虫PA PS 快速诊断试剂和/或间接血凝诊断试剂,对2001～2009年间在宠物门诊就诊的共1335只犬的血清样品进行抗体检测,对疑似病例犬再结合Nested PCR 检测、染色镜检及磺胺药物治疗进行验证。

PA PS/IHA 结果显示2001～2002年间、2003～2007年间及2008～2009年间犬抗体阳性率分别为11.67%,4103%、4151%和3194%。

疑似病例经犬血清学检测、基因检测及病原检测等结果表明上海存在少量感染弓形虫病犬。

本次调查表明上海市区仍然存在犬弓形虫感染,但犬弓形虫病防控技术的实施对降低感染起到一定作用。

关键词:犬;弓形虫;间接血凝试验;巢氏PCR ;检测;调查中图分类号:S 858.292.592.3文献标识码:A文章编号:167426422(2009)0420067204收稿日期:2009209207基金项目:上海市科技兴农重点攻关项目(沪农科攻字2006第524号);公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目资助(200803017)作者简介:王权,男,硕士,副研,主要从事人畜共患病快速检测技术研究通讯作者:王权,E 2mail :wangquan @SER OLOGICAL SURVE Y OF TOXOPLASMA GOND I IINFECTION IN DOG S IN SHANGHAI AREAGON G Guo 2hua 1,ZHOU Jin 2ping 1,SUN Quan 2yun 1,L IU Pei 2hong 1,WAN G Quan 2(1.S han g hai A nim al Disease Prevention and Cont rol Center ,S han g hai 201103,Chi na;2.S hang hai V eteri nary Research I nstit ute ,CA A S ,S hang hai 200241,Chi na )Abstract :To investigate effectiveness of canine To xoplasmo sis cont rol p rogram implemented in Shanghai since 2002,1335dog serum samples were collected from 2001to 2009from companion animal clinics and detected for Tox opl asm a antibody by PA PS rapid diagnostic reagent and /or indirect hemagglutination diagnostic reagent.The po sitive rate of canine Tox opl asm a antibody during time periods of 200122002,200322007were 11167%,4103%detected by PA PS ,and during 200822009were 4151%and 3194%detectedby PA PS and IHA ,respectively.Nine suspect cases were retested wit h Nested PCR ,dyeing microscopic examination and t reated wit h sulfa drugs.This st udy has revealed t hat canine Tox opl asm a infection still exist s in Shanghai area.However ,t he enforcement of t he prevention and control program ofToxoplasmo sis has played a role in reducing t he Tox opl asm a infection.K eyw ords :Dogs ;Tox opl asm a gondii ;indirect hemagglutination test ;Nested PCR ;detection ;survey 弓形虫病(Toxoplasmosis )是由孢子虫纲、肉孢子虫科、弓形虫属的刚地弓形虫(Toxoplasm agondii )引起的一种分布广泛的人畜共患原虫病。

化妆品致云南某化工企业群体性汞超标事件调查分析宋卿;许燕;林佶;刘阳;杨婷【摘要】To detect and analyze urine mercury of a chemical company workers in Yunnan province, urine mercury levels exceeded the normal reference value of 16 people ( both women ) , accounting for 18. 18% of the number of subjects. The survey found that abnormal urine mercury levels had cosmetic whitening cosmetics contact with history, and to the use of some cosmetics mercury content determination, it was found that more than ten kinds of samples of mercury seriously exceeded the standard. Long term use of high mercury content of whitening cured class cosmetics can cause the body of mercury savings, causing the phenomenon of mercury poisoning, harm to human health, appealed to health supervision departments to strengthen supervision and take corresponding preventive measures.%对云南某化工企业职工尿汞含量检测分析，尿汞含量超过正常参考值的有16人(均为女性)，占受检人数的18．18%。

2011年高考作文素材：“瘦肉精〞案件追踪4月8日，央视《经济与法》播出《“瘦肉精〞案件追踪》，以下系节目实录：一顺藤摸瓜2011年3月15日，中央电视台曝光了某某孟州、温县等地一些养猪场，采用违禁动物药品“瘦肉精〞喂养生猪。

“瘦肉精〞事件引起社会强烈反响，很多人在关注这些瘦肉精究竟来自哪里？是谁生产的？又是如何在市场上流通的？近日，公安机关查清了本案涉及的瘦肉精生产的源头。

就在报道播出的3月15日当天，某某警方立即采取行动，对“瘦肉精事件〞立案进行侦查。

对媒体曝光，某某省委省政府主要领导同志第一时间作出反映，提出了要彻查严办，查清使用瘦肉精喂养生猪的X围和数量，查清涉嫌犯罪的人员和失职渎职的公职人员，查清瘦肉精的来源。

某某省公安厅迅速成立专案组，当天就奔赴事件涉及到的某某，某某，获嘉和济源等地。

介入案卷以后，根据央视报道的资料，首先对养殖户许彦洪进行控制。

从这个线索抓起，一级一级往上追查。

3月15号夜里，就控制到案14名涉案人员，其中包括中央电视台曝光涉及到的10个犯罪嫌疑人，和警方工作中扩展的4个犯罪嫌疑人。

到案的多名嫌疑人供述，他们手中的“瘦肉精〞都是从某某一个叫X建业的人手中购买，专案组迅速找到了X建业这个关键人物。

但警方随即查明，X建业受过处理，但他不做这个生意，不具备作案条件和作案动机。

X建业还说，他的某某早在几年前就已经丢失！3月16日，公安部派员赴某某现场指导办案。

3月19日，国务院工作组案件组组长、公安部治安管理局徐沪副局长到达某某，指挥调度某某、某某、某某、某某、某某、某某等地公安机关协同作战。

3月15号央视曝光了某某瘦肉精事件以后，公安部领导高度重视，指示要迅速抓获犯罪分子，查清源头，彻底消除隐患，确保广大人民群众的食品安全。

公安部在第一时间就组织了全国的警力，侦破这个案件。

通过大量侦查警方获悉，X建业丢失的某某件，被某某一个姓陈的人在长期使用。

某某警方侦查发现，这个人姓陈，大量时间就是做瘦肉精生意，他平时没事儿了就是打牌、赌博。

孙某某以危险方法危害公共安全案文章属性•【案由】以危险方法危害公共安全罪•【案号】（2009）川刑终字第690号•【审理法院】四川省高级人民法院•【审理程序】二审•【裁判时间】2009.09.08裁判规则要严格按照主客观相统一的定罪原则来认定醉酒驾车肇事行为的性质。

醉酒驾车客观上表现为醉酒驾车，造成他人伤亡或者重大财产损失，危害了公共交通安全，同时符合交通肇事罪和以危险方法危害公共安全罪的特征。

当行为人的主观心态是故意，则以以危险方法危害公共安全罪定罪；如果是过失，则以交通肇事罪定罪。

正文孙某某以危险方法危害公共安全案四川省高级人民法院刑事判决书(2009)川刑终字第690号原公诉机关四川省成都市人民检察院。

上诉人（原审被告人）孙某某。

2008年12月15日因涉嫌犯交通肇事罪被刑事拘留，同月26日因涉嫌犯以危险方法危害公共安全罪被逮捕。

现羁押于成都市看守所。

辩护人施杰，四川鼎立律师事务所律师。

辩护人陈红，四川鼎立律师事务所律师。

四川省成都市中级人民法院审理四川省成都市人民检察院指控原审被告人孙某某犯以危险方法危害公共安全罪一案，于2009年7月22日作出（2009）成刑初字第158号刑事判决。

原审被告人孙某某不服，提出上诉。

本院于2009年8月4日受理后，依法组成合议庭，于2009年9月4日公开开庭审理了本案。

四川省人民检察院指派代理检察员陈王莉、王敏眉出庭履行职务。

上诉人（原审被告人）孙某某及其辩护人施杰、陈红到庭参加诉讼。

合议庭评议后，审判委员会进行了讨论并作出决定。

现已审理终结。

四川省成都市中级人民法院判决认定：被告人孙某某于2008年5月购买车牌号为川A43K66的别克牌轿车后，长期无证驾驶，并有多次交通违法记录。

2008年12月14日16时许，孙某某醉酒驾驶该车从成都市成华区万年场“四方阁”酒楼送其父母去火车北站后，又继续驾车沿成龙路前往龙泉驿区。

17时许，孙某某驾车在成龙路“蓝谷地”路口从后面撞上正常行驶的川A9T332比亚迪轿车尾部后继续向龙泉驿方向高速行驶，行至成龙路“卓锦城”路段时，越过道路中心双实线，猛烈冲撞对面正常行驶的川AUZ872长安奔奔轿车，接着又先后撞上川AK1769长安奥拓轿车、川AVD241福特轿车、川AMC337奇瑞QQ轿车。

鲜枣中糖精的快速、无标签检测作者：吴昊邵菲郭小玉吴一萍杨海峰来源：《上海师范大学学报·自然科学版》2020年第02期摘要：糖精是食品工业中最古老的人造甜味剂之一，因为没有卡路里而被广泛使用，但其滥用是非法的，食品中最大允许添加量为8.189xl0-4mol·L-l.介绍了以六磷酸肌醇（IP6）为保护剂合成的银（Ag）纳米粒子（Ag NPs），即Ag NPs@IP6，并提出了一种基于表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）的快速方法.探讨了食品中糖精的测定，用最佳SERS法测定水中糖精的最低可检测浓度可达50 nmol·L-1，符合食品添加剂耐受性水平的国家食品安全标准.提出了基于便携式拉曼的AgNPs@IP6的SERS方法，可用于现场检测食品中的糖精，如新鲜枣果.关键词：糖精;银（Ag）纳米粒子（Ag NPs）;表面增强拉曼散射光谱（SERS）;快速检测1 IntroductionThe abuse of the additives is a current problem in the field of food safety， which is a major- issue ofconcem to the people ' s healthcare[1].Saccharin is one of the oldest artificial sweeteners used in food industrieshecause it has no calories.ln the 1970s， PRICE et al 2_found that saccharin had close correlation with bladdercancer in rodents. Consequently， foods containing saccharin must be laheled with a warning to match therequirement of the “Saccharin Study and Labeling Aet”of 1977.However， in the year 2000， due to somereports exploring the different rodent ' s cellular microenvironment ，involving high pH ， high calcium phosphate ，and high protein levels.[3-4]，frmn human situation， the United States removed the warning labels from theexternal packing of food containing saccharin.Next， some researches showed saccharin might give rise to therelease ofinsulin in humans and rats ， which has not heen confirmed by the later control studies[5-7 ].In 2012，Qin[8-9] found the close， relationship be，tween inflammatory bowel dise，ase and the intake amount of saccharin，meaning that the saccharin is health risk for human as food additives.ln China， the acceptable daily intake（ADI） value of the saccharin is in the range from 8.189xl0-4 to 2.729xl0-2mol.L-1 for different foods.Thereupon， even if it remains controversy over the safety for saccharin as the food additive ， some methods todetect saccharin have been developed.WANG etal[10] proposed a competitve enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay to determine the sodium saccharin in food samples.This immunosorbent method showed an excellentspeeifieity for sodium saeeharin with the limit of detection （ LOD ） of l.146xl0-8 mol·L-l by the diazo-reaction ，but it needed more than l.5 h for a whole test process and even 12 h in a preparatory process.Bergamo et aldemonstrated an accurate analytical technique for simultaneous determination of different artificial sweetenersby using capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity with the 30 kV separationvoltage，s and 450 kHz operating condition ， but it was not easy to actualize an on-site strategy.GREMBECKA etal[12]reported a HPLC-CAD-UV/DAD protocol to analyze the mixture of artifieial sweeteners with the LODless than 3xl0-6mol.L-l and relative standard deviation （RSD） less than 2% but it has to perform the tediouspre-treatments， control exorbitant operating conditions， and require large-sized instrument. Therefore， it isnecessary to explore some fast approaches for pre-screening in food on field or market.The surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） technique has become one of the most potentialspectroscopic tools for label-free determination of the metal ions ， bio-analytes or food additivesl[13-16] ， due to itsextraordinary capability for signal enhancement and inherent narrow width of Raman pe，ak.The amplifiedRaman intensities could be attributed to the contributions of electromagnetic （EM） field enhancementi[17-18] andchemical enhancement （ CE） [19].With the huge electromagnetic field from "hot spots" behveen neighbor noblemetal nanoparticles by laser inducing [20] ， Raman signal for some especial molecules could be dramaticallyelevated even down to single molecule level[21-22].The additional merits of SERS technique such as rapidness，no interference hy water， and simple pre-treatment of sample have aroused great interests of many analysts invarious disciplines.As ahove-mentioned， SERS-based methods have lots of applications in life science[23-25] ，biotherapy[26] ， and chemical analysis[27].Also ， SERS spectroscopy provides fingerprint vibrational information ofmolecule moieties adsorbed on a metallic surface，bringing; an intrinsic selectwity.lt is perspective that with thedevelopment of reasonably active and stahle SERS suhstrates， Raman spectroscopy will play the key role inquality control application for goods and foods.According to our previous work [28-30 ]，inositol hexakisphosphate （IP6） as a naturally non-toxic substance，which has the strong interaction with metallic ions，could be used to synthesize and stabilize， the SERS substrates.In this work， tuning the ratio of IP6 and AgNO3 amounts for obtaining silver （Ag） nanoparticles （Ag NPs）（ designated as Ag NPs@IP6）with optimal sensitivity was explored.Herein，we proposed the Ag NPs@IP6-basedSERS method to determinesaccharin in the food product of fresh jujuhe fruit.The lowest detectableconcentration for saccharin was 50 nmol·L1，which meets the requirement of National Food Safety Standard fortolerance level of food additives.This SERS protocol with good reproducibility can be employed for on-marketmonitoring the food quality by using the portable Raman system.2 Materials and methods2.1Chemicals and materialsSilver nitrate （ AgN03），sodium salt of IP6 and saccharin 98% （mass fraction） were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich （USA）.Crystal violet， perchloric acid， acetic anhydride， sodium hydroxide （ NaOH）， Rhodamine 6G（R6G） . hydroxyl-ammomum chloride （NH20H-HCI）and acetic acid were purchased from SinopharmChemical Reagent （ Shanghai， China）.Ethanol was obtained from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co.， Ltd.Raw freshjujube fruit （Raw-J） was purchased from a local supermarket， and retail jujuhe fruit （Retail-J） was boughtfrom a local agricultural trade market. All reagents were of anal}'tical grade and used without furtherpurification.Deionized water （ 18 MQ·cm） was produced using a Millipore water purification system.The surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） technique has become one of the most potentialspectroscopic tools for label-free determination of the metal ions ， bio-analytes or food additivesl[13-16] ， due to itsextraordinary capability for signal enhancement and inherent narrow width of Raman pe，ak.The amplifiedRaman intensities could be attributed to the contributions of electromagnetic （EM） field enhancementi[17-18] andchemical enhancement （ CE） [19].With the huge electromagnetic field from "hot spots" behveen neighbor noblemetal nanoparticles by laser inducing [20] ， Raman signal for some especial molecules could be dramaticallyelevated even down to single molecule level[21-22].The additional merits of SERS technique such as rapidness，no interference hy water， and simple pre-treatment of sample have aroused great interests of many analysts invarious disciplines.As ahove-mentioned， SERS-based methods have lots of applications in life science[23-25] ，biotherapy[26] ， and chemical analysis[27].Also ， SERS spectroscopy provides fingerprint vibrational information ofmolecule moieties adsorbed on a metallic surface，bringing; an intrinsic selectwity.lt is perspective that with thedevelopment of reasonably active and stahle SERS suhstrates， Raman spectroscopy will play the key role inquality control application for goods and foods.According to our previous work [28-30 ]，inositol hexakisphosphate （IP6） as a naturally non-toxic substance，which has the strong interaction with metallic ions，could be used to synthesize and stabilize， the SERS substrates.In this work， tuning the ratio of IP6 and AgNO3 amounts forobtaining silver （Ag） nanoparticles （Ag NPs）（ designated as Ag NPs@IP6）with optimal sensitivity was explored.Herein，we proposed the Ag NPs@IP6-basedSERS method to determine saccharin in the food product of fresh jujuhe fruit.The lowest detectableconcentration for saccharin was 50 nmol·L1，which meets the requirement of National Food Safety Standard fortolerance level of food additives.This SERS protocol with good reproducibility can be employed for on-marketmonitoring the food quality by using the portable Raman system.2 Materials and methods2.1Chemicals and materialsSilver nitrate （ AgN03），sodium salt of IP6 and saccharin 98% （mass fraction） were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich （USA）.Crystal violet， perchloric acid， acetic anhydride， sodium hydroxide （ NaOH）， Rhodamine 6G（R6G） . hydroxyl-ammomum chloride （NH20H-HCI）and acetic acid were purchased from SinopharmChemical Reagent （ Shanghai， China）.Ethanol was obtained from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co.， Ltd.Raw freshjujube fruit （Raw-J） was purchased from a local supermarket， and retail jujuhe fruit （Retail-J） was boughtfrom a local agricultural trade market. All reagents were of anal}'tical grade and used without furtherpurification.Deionized water （ 18 MQ·cm） was produced using a Millipore water purification system.The surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） technique has become one of the most potentialspectroscopic tools for label-free determination of the metal ions ， bio-analytes or food additivesl[13-16] ， due to itsextraordinary capability for signal enhancement and inherent narrow width of Raman pe，ak.The amplifiedRaman intensities could be attributed to the contributions of electromagnetic （EM） field enhancementi[17-18] andchemical enhancement （ CE） [19].With the huge electromagnetic field from "hot spots" behveen neighbor noblemetal nanoparticles by laser inducing [20] ， Raman signal for some especial molecules could be dramaticallyelevated even down to single molecule level[21-22].The additional merits of SERS technique such as rapidness，no interference hy water， and simple pre-treatment of sample have aroused great interests of many analysts invarious disciplines.As ahove-mentioned， SERS-based methods have lots of applications in life science[23-25] ，biotherapy[26] ， and chemical analysis[27].Also ， SERS spectroscopy provides fingerprint vibrational information ofmolecule moieties adsorbed on a metallic surface，bringing; an intrinsic selectwity.lt is perspective that with thedevelopment of reasonably active and stahle SERS suhstrates， Raman spectroscopy will play the key role inquality control application for goods and foods.According to our previous work [28-30 ]，inositol hexakisphosphate （IP6） as a naturally non-toxic substance，which has the strong interaction with metallic ions，could be used to synthesize and stabilize， the SERS substrates.In this work， tuning the ratio of IP6 and AgNO3 amounts for obtaining silver （Ag） nanoparticles （Ag NPs）（ designated as Ag NPs@IP6）with optimal sensitivity was explored.Herein，we proposed the Ag NPs@IP6-basedSERS method to determine saccharin in the food product of fresh jujuhe fruit.The lowest detectableconcentration for saccharin was 50 nmol·L1，which meets the requirement of National Food Safety Standard fortolerance level of food additives.This SERS protocol with good reproducibility can be employed for on-marketmonitoring the food quality by using the portable Raman system.2 Materials and methods2.1Chemicals and materialsSilver nitrate （ AgN03），sodium salt of IP6 and saccharin 98% （mass fraction） were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich （USA）.Crystal violet， perchloric acid， acetic anhydride， sodium hydroxide （ NaOH）， Rhodamine 6G（R6G） . hydroxyl-ammomum chloride （NH20H-HCI）and acetic acid were purchased from SinopharmChemical Reagent （ Shanghai， China）.Ethanol was obtained from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co.， Ltd.Raw freshjujube fruit （Raw-J） was purchased from a local supermarket， and retail jujuhe fruit （Retail-J） was boughtfrom a local agricultural trade market. All reagents were of anal}'tical grade and used without furtherpurification.Deionized water （ 18 MQ·cm） was produced using a Millipore water purification system.The surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） technique has become one of the most potentialspectroscopic tools for label-free determination of the metal ions ， bio-analytes or food additivesl[13-16] ， due to itsextraordinary capability for signal enhancement and inherent narrow width of Raman pe，ak.The amplifiedRaman intensities could be attributed to the contributions of electromagnetic （EM） field enhancementi[17-18] andchemical enhancement （ CE） [19].With the huge electromagnetic field from "hot spots" behveen neighbor noblemetal nanoparticles by laser inducing [20] ， Raman signal for some especial molecules could be dramaticallyelevated even down to single molecule level[21-22].The additional merits of SERS technique such as rapidness，no interference hy water， and simple pre-treatment of sample have aroused great interests of many analysts invarious disciplines.As ahove-mentioned， SERS-based methods have lots of applications in life science[23-25] ，biotherapy[26] ， and chemical analysis[27].Also ， SERS spectroscopy provides fingerprint vibrational information ofmolecule moieties adsorbed on a metallic surface，bringing; an intrinsic selectwity.lt is perspective that with thedevelopment of reasonably active andstahle SERS suhstrates， Raman spectroscopy will play the key role inquality control application for goods and foods.According to our previous work [28-30 ]，inositol hexakisphosphate （IP6） as a naturally non-toxic substance，which has the strong interaction with metallic ions，could be used to synthesize and stabilize， the SERS substrates.In this work， tuning the ratio of IP6 and AgNO3 amounts for obtaining silver （Ag） nanoparticles （Ag NPs）（ designated as Ag NPs@IP6）with optimal sensitivity was explored.Herein，we proposed the Ag NPs@IP6-basedSERS method to determine saccharin in the food product of fresh jujuhe fruit.The lowest detectableconcentration for saccharin was 50 nmol·L1，which meets the requirement of National Food Safety Standard fortolerance level of food additives.This SERS protocol with good reproducibility can be employed for on-marketmonitoring the food quality by using the portable Raman system.2 Materials and methods2.1Chemicals and materialsSilver nitrate （ AgN03），sodium salt of IP6 and saccharin 98% （mass fraction） were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich （USA）.Crystal violet， perchloric acid， acetic anhydride， sodium hydroxide （ NaOH）， Rhodamine 6G（R6G） . hydroxyl-ammomum chloride （NH20H-HCI）and acetic acid were purchased from SinopharmChemical Reagent （ Shanghai， China）.Ethanol was obtained from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co.， Ltd.Raw freshjujube fruit （Raw-J） was purchased from a local supermarket， and retail jujuhe fruit （Retail-J） was boughtfrom a local agricultural trade market. All reagents were of anal}'tical grade and used without furtherpurification.Deionized water （ 18 MQ·cm） was produced using a Millipore water purification system.The surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） technique has become one of the most potentialspectroscopic tools for label-free determination of the metal ions ， bio-analytes or food additivesl[13-16] ， due to itsextraordinary capability for signal enhancement and inherent narrow width of Raman pe，ak.The amplifiedRaman intensities could be attributed to the contributions of electromagnetic （EM） field enhancementi[17-18] andchemical enhancement （ CE） [19].With the huge electromagnetic field from "hot spots" behveen neighbor noblemetal nanoparticles by laser inducing [20] ， Raman signal for some especial molecules could be dramaticallyelevated even down to single molecule level[21-22].The additional merits of SERS technique such as rapidness，no interference hy water， and simple pre-treatment of sample have aroused great interests of many analysts invarious disciplines.As ahove-mentioned， SERS-based methods have lots of applications in life science[23-25] ，biotherapy[26] ， and chemical analysis[27].Also ， SERS spectroscopyprovides fingerprint vibrational information ofmolecule moieties adsorbed on a metallic surface，bringing; an intrinsic selectwity.lt is perspective that with thedevelopment of reasonably active and stahle SERS suhstrates， Raman spectroscopy will play the key role inquality control application for goods and foods.According to our previous work [28-30 ]，inositol hexakisphosphate （IP6） as a naturally non-toxic substance，which has the strong interaction with metallic ions，could be used to synthesize and stabilize， the SERS substrates.In this work， tuning the ratio of IP6 and AgNO3 amounts for obtaining silver （Ag） nanoparticles （Ag NPs）（ designated as Ag NPs@IP6）with optimal sensitivity was explored.Herein，we proposed the Ag NPs@IP6-basedSERS method to determine saccharin in the food product of fresh jujuhe fruit.The lowest detectableconcentration for saccharin was 50 nmol·L1，which meets the requirement of National Food Safety Standard fortolerance level of food additives.This SERS protocol with good reproducibility can be employed for on-marketmonitoring the food quality by using the portable Raman system.2 Materials and methods2.1Chemicals and materialsSilver nitrate （ AgN03），sodium salt of IP6 and saccharin 98% （mass fraction） were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich （USA）.Crystal violet， perchloric acid， acetic anhydride， sodium hydroxide （ NaOH）， Rhodamine 6G（R6G） . hydroxyl-ammomum chloride （NH20H-HCI）and acetic acid were purchased from SinopharmChemical Reagent （ Shanghai， China）.Ethanol was obtained from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co.， Ltd.Raw freshjujube fruit （Raw-J） was purchased from a local supermarket， and retail jujuhe fruit （Retail-J） was boughtfrom a local agricultural trade market. All reagents were of anal}'tical grade and used without furtherpurification.Deionized water （ 18 MQ·cm） was produced using a Millipore water purification system.The surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） technique has become one of the most potentialspectroscopic tools for label-free determination of the metal ions ， bio-analytes or food additivesl[13-16] ， due to itsextraordinary capability for signal enhancement and inherent narrow width of Raman pe，ak.The amplifiedRaman intensities could be attributed to the contributions of electromagnetic （EM） field enhancementi[17-18] andchemical enhancement （ CE） [19].With the huge electromagnetic field from "hot spots" behveen neighbor noblemetal nanoparticles by laser inducing [20] ， Raman signal for some especial molecules could be dramaticallyelevated even down to single molecule level[21-22].The additional merits of SERS technique such as rapidness，no interference hy water， and simple pre-treatment of sample have aroused great interests of manyanalysts invarious disciplines.As ahove-mentioned， SERS-based methods have lots of applications in life science[23-25] ，biotherapy[26] ， and chemical analysis[27].Also ， SERS spectroscopy provides fingerprint vibrational information ofmolecule moieties adsorbed on a metallic surface，bringing; an intrinsic selectwity.lt is perspective that with thedevelopment of reasonably active and stahle SERS suhstrates， Raman spectroscopy will play the key role inquality control application for goods and foods.According to our previous work [28-30 ]，inositol hexakisphosphate （IP6） as a naturally non-toxic substance，which has the strong interaction with metallic ions，could be used to synthesize and stabilize， the SERS substrates.In this work， tuning the ratio of IP6 and AgNO3 amounts for obtaining silver （Ag） nanoparticles （Ag NPs）（ designated as Ag NPs@IP6）with optimal sensitivity was explored.Herein，we proposed the Ag NPs@IP6-basedSERS method to determine saccharin in the food product of fresh jujuhe fruit.The lowest detectableconcentration for saccharin was 50 nmol·L1，which meets the requirement of National Food Safety Standard fortolerance level of food additives.This SERS protocol with good reproducibility can be employed for on-marketmonitoring the food quality by using the portable Raman system.2 Materials and methods2.1Chemicals and materialsSilver nitrate （ AgN03），sodium salt of IP6 and saccharin 98% （mass fraction） were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich （USA）.Crystal violet， perchloric acid， acetic anhydride， sodium hydroxide （ NaOH）， Rhodamine 6G（R6G） . hydroxyl-ammomum chloride （NH20H-HCI）and acetic acid were purchased from SinopharmChemical Reagent （ Shanghai， China）.Ethanol was obtained from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co.， Ltd.Raw freshjujube fruit （Raw-J） was purchased from a local supermarket， and retail jujuhe fruit （Retail-J） was boughtfrom a local agricultural trade market. All reagents were of anal}'tical grade and used without furtherpurification.Deionized water （ 18 MQ·cm） was produced using a Millipore water purification system.The surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） technique has become one of the most potentialspectroscopic tools for label-free determination of the metal ions ， bio-analytes or food additivesl[13-16] ， due to itsextraordinary capability for signal enhancement and inherent narrow width of Raman pe，ak.The amplifiedRaman intensities could be attributed to the contributions of electromagnetic （EM） field enhancementi[17-18] andchemical enhancement （ CE） [19].With the huge electromagnetic field from "hot spots" behveen neighbor noblemetal nanoparticles by laser inducing [20] ， Raman signal for some especial molecules could be dramaticallyelevated even downto single molecule level[21-22].The additional merits of SERS technique such as rapidness，no interference hy water， and simple pre-treatment of sample have aroused great interests of many analysts invarious disciplines.As ahove-mentioned， SERS-based methods have lots of applications in life science[23-25] ，biotherapy[26] ， and chemical analysis[27].Also ， SERS spectroscopy provides fingerprint vibrational information ofmolecule moieties adsorbed on a metallic surface，bringing; an intrinsic selectwity.lt is perspective that with thedevelopment of reasonably active and stahle SERS suhstrates， Raman spectroscopy will play the key role inquality control application for goods and foods.According to our previous work [28-30 ]，inositol hexakisphosphate （IP6） as a naturally non-toxic substance，which has the strong interaction with metallic ions，could be used to synthesize and stabilize， the SERS substrates.In this work， tuning the ratio of IP6 and AgNO3 amounts for obtaining silver （Ag） nanoparticles （Ag NPs）（ designated as Ag NPs@IP6）with optimal sensitivity was explored.Herein，we proposed the Ag NPs@IP6-basedSERS method to determine saccharin in the food product of fresh jujuhe fruit.The lowest detectableconcentration for saccharin was 50 nmol·L1，which meets the requirement of National Food Safety Standard fortolerance level of food additives.This SERS protocol with good reproducibility can be employed for on-marketmonitoring the food quality by using the portable Raman system.2 Materials and methods2.1Chemicals and materialsSilver nitrate （ AgN03），sodium salt of IP6 and saccharin 98% （mass fraction） were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich （USA）.Crystal violet， perchloric acid， acetic anhydride， sodium hydroxide （ NaOH）， Rhodamine 6G（R6G） . hydroxyl-ammomum chloride （NH20H-HCI）and acetic acid were purchased from SinopharmChemical Reagent （ Shanghai， China）.Ethanol was obtained from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co.， Ltd.Raw freshjujube fruit （Raw-J） was purchased from a local supermarket， and retail jujuhe fruit （Retail-J） was boughtfrom a local agricultural trade market. All reagents were of anal}'tical grade and used without furtherpurification.Deionized water （ 18 MQ·cm） was produced using a Millipore water purification system.The surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） technique has become one of the most potentialspectroscopic tools for label-free determination of the metal ions ， bio-analytes or food additivesl[13-16] ， due to itsextraordinary capability for signal enhancement and inherent narrow width of Raman pe，ak.The amplifiedRaman intensities could be attributed to the contributions of electromagnetic （EM） field enhancementi[17-18] andchemical enhancement （ CE） [19].Withthe huge electromagnetic field from "hot spots" behveen neighbor noblemetal nanoparticles by laser inducing [20] ， Raman signal for some especial molecules could be dramaticallyelevated even down to single molecule level[21-22].The additional merits of SERS technique such as rapidness，no interference hy water， and simple pre-treatment of sample have aroused great interests of many analysts invarious disciplines.As ahove-mentioned， SERS-based methods have lots of applications in life science[23-25] ，biotherapy[26] ， and chemical analysis[27].Also ， SERS spectroscopy provides fingerprint vibrational information ofmolecule moieties adsorbed on a metallic surface，bringing; an intrinsic selectwity.lt is perspective that with thedevelopment of reasonably active and stahle SERS suhstrates， Raman spectroscopy will play the key role inquality control application for goods and foods.According to our previous work [28-30 ]，inositol hexakisphosphate （IP6） as a naturally non-toxic substance，which has the strong interaction with metallic ions，could be used to synthesize and stabilize， the SERS substrates.In this work， tuning the ratio of IP6 and AgNO3 amounts for obtaining silver （Ag） nanoparticles （Ag NPs）（ designated as Ag NPs@IP6）with optimal sensitivity was explored.Herein，we proposed the Ag NPs@IP6-basedSERS method to determine saccharin in the food product of fresh jujuhe fruit.The lowest detectableconcentration for saccharin was 50 nmol·L1，which meets the requirement of National Food Safety Standard fortolerance level of food additives.This SERS protocol with good reproducibility can be employed for on-marketmonitoring the food quality by using the portable Raman system.2 Materials and methods2.1Chemicals and materialsSilver nitrate （ AgN03），sodium salt of IP6 and saccharin 98% （mass fraction） were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich （USA）.Crystal violet， perchloric acid， acetic anhydride， sodium hydroxide （ NaOH）， Rhodamine 6G（R6G） . hydroxyl-ammomum chloride （NH20H-HCI）and acetic acid were purchased from SinopharmChemical Reagent （ Shanghai， China）.Ethanol was obtained from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co.， Ltd.Raw freshjujube fruit （Raw-J） was purchased from a local supermarket， and retail jujuhe fruit （Retail-J） was boughtfrom a local agricultural trade market. All reagents were of anal}'tical grade and used without furtherpurification.Deionized water （ 18 MQ·cm） was produced using a Millipore water purification system.The surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） technique has become one of the most potentialspectroscopic tools for label-free determination of the metal ions ， bio-analytes or food additivesl[13-16] ， due to itsextraordinary capability for signal enhancement and inherent narrowwidth of Raman pe，ak.The amplifiedRaman intensities could be attributed to the contributions of electromagnetic （EM） field enhancementi[17-18] andchemical enhancement （ CE） [19].With the huge electromagnetic field from "hot spots" behveen neighbor noblemetal nanoparticles by laser inducing [20] ， Raman signal for some especial molecules could be dramaticallyelevated even down to single molecule level[21-22].The additional merits of SERS technique such as rapidness，no interference hy water， and simple pre-treatment of sample have aroused great interests of many analysts invarious disciplines.As ahove-mentioned， SERS-based methods have lots of applications in life science[23-25] ，biotherapy[26] ， and chemical analysis[27].Also ， SERS spectroscopy provides fingerprint vibrational information ofmolecule moieties adsorbed on a metallic surface，bringing; an intrinsic selectwity.lt is perspective that with thedevelopment of reasonably active and stahle SERS suhstrates， Raman spectroscopy will play the key role inquality control application for goods and foods.According to our previous work [28-30 ]，inositol hexakisphosphate （IP6） as a naturally non-toxic substance，which has the strong interaction with metallic ions，could be used to synthesize and stabilize， the SERS substrates.In this work， tuning the ratio of IP6 and AgNO3 amounts for obtaining silver （Ag） nanoparticles （Ag NPs）（ designated as Ag NPs@IP6）with optimal sensitivity was explored.Herein，we proposed the Ag NPs@IP6-basedSERS method to determine saccharin in the food product of fresh jujuhe fruit.The lowest detectableconcentration for saccharin was 50 nmol·L1，which meets the requirement of National Food Safety Standard fortolerance level of food additives.This SERS protocol with good reproducibility can be employed for on-marketmonitoring the food quality by using the portable Raman system.2 Materials and methods2.1Chemicals and materialsSilver nitrate （ AgN03），sodium salt of IP6 and saccharin 98% （mass fraction） were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich （USA）.Crystal violet， perchloric acid， acetic anhydride， sodium hydroxide （ NaOH）， Rhodamine 6G（R6G） . hydroxyl-ammomum chloride （NH20H-HCI）and acetic acid were purchased from SinopharmChemical Reagent （ Shanghai， China）.Ethanol was obtained from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co.， Ltd.Raw freshjujube fruit （Raw-J） was purchased from a local supermarket， and retail jujuhe fruit （Retail-J） was boughtfrom a local agricultural trade market. All reagents were of anal}'tical grade and used without furtherpurification.Deionized water （ 18 MQ·cm） was produced using a Millipore water purification system.。

Pesticide Science and Administration2021,42(4)应用技术防治山东省特色小宗作物姜炭疽病试验研究张国福1,薛雯1,王红艳2,于志波1,张耀中打吴亚玉-金岩“(1.山东省农药检定所，山东济南250100；2.山东农业大学植物保护学院，山东泰安271018)Study on Control of Ginger Anthracnose on Shandong Local Featured Minor CropsZhang Guofit,Xue Wen,Yu Zhibo,Zhang Yaozhong,Wu Yayu,Jin Yan(Shandong Province In­stitute for the Control of Agrochemicals,Jinan Shandong250100,China)Wang Hongyan(College of Plant Protection,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai"an Shandong271018,China)Abstract:This article aims to investigate the effects and safety of prochloraz(450g/L EW)andazoxystrobin(25%SC)against ginger anthracnose.Mycelial growth rate method and spray methodwere chosen to be used separately to determine the indoor antibacterial activity,field efficacy andsafety to anthrax of these two fungicides.The indoor results showed that both prochloraz and azoxys­trobin had good antibacterial activities against colletotrichum gloeosporioides,with120h EC50valuesof0.076a.i.mg/L and1.59a.i.mg/L,respectively.The results of the safety study indicatedthat prochloraz(450g/L EW)and azoxystrobin(25%SC)were significantly safe for ginger,withthe safety factors of400%.Moreover,the field experiment results showed that prochloraz providedan over80%control efficacy against colletotrichum gloeosporioides at the test doses,and the effica­cy of azoxystrobin was about75%.These results showed that prochloraz and azoxystrobin were ableto be used to control ginger anthracnose effectively.Key words:ginger anthracnose;prochloraz；azoxystrobin；field control effect;safety evaluation摘要：为了明确450g/L咪鲜胺水乳剂和25%囉菌酯悬浮剂防治姜炭疽病的防治效果和安全性，本研究采用菌丝生长速率法、喷雾法分别测定了2种药剂对姜炭疽病菌的室内活性、田间防效以及对姜的安全性。