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Framework for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking

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Network Working GroupINTERNET-DRAFTExpires in: April 2004Scott PoretskyQuarry TechnologiesShankar RaoQwest Communicati onsRay PiattCable and Wireles sOctober 2003Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking<draft-ietf-bmwg-acc-bench-term-01.txt>Status of this MemoThis document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance withall provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet EngineeringTask Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note thatother groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of sixmonths and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by otherdocuments at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Draftsas reference material or to cite them other than as "work inprogress."The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at/ietf/1id-abstracts.txtThe list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at/shadow.html.ABSTRACTThis terminology document provides the terms to be used forbenchmarking a router or switch under Accelerated Stress conditions.Terminology is provided for performing this benchmark usingthe Contol Plane, Data Plane, Management Plane, and SecurityPlane of the Device Under Test. Terms are defined forConfiguration, Startup Conditions, Instability Conditions, FailureConditions, and Benchmarks.Poretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 1]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 2003Table of Contents1. Introduction (3)2. Existing definitions (3)3. Term definitions (3)3.1 Benchmark Planes (3)3.1.1 Control Plane (4)3.1.2 Data Plane (5)3.1.3 Management Plane (5)3.1.4 Security Plane (6)3.2 Configuration Sets (6)3.2.1 Control Plane Configuration Set (7)3.2.2 Data Plane Configuration Set (7)3.2.2.1 Traffic Profile (8)3.2.3 Management Plane Configuration Set (8)3.2.4 Security Plane Configuration Set (9)3.3 Startup Conditions (10)3.3.1 Control Plane Startup Conditions (10)3.3.2 Security Plane Startup Conditions (11)3.4 Instability Conditions (11)3.4.1 Control Plane Instability Conditions (12)3.4.2 Data Plane Instability Conditions (12)3.4.3 Management Plane Instability Conditions (13)3.4.4 Security Plane Instability Conditions (13)3.5 Failure Conditions (14)3.5.1 Unexpected Packet Loss (14)3.5.2 Unexpected Session Loss (14)3.5.3 Misrouted Packets (15)3.5.4 Access Denial (15)3.5.5 Errored Management Value (16)3.5.6 Security Plane Failure (16)3.6 Benchmarks (17)3.6.1 Success Threshold (17)3.6.2 Accelerated-Life Test Duration (17)4. Security Considerations (18)5. References (18)6. Author’s Address (18)7. Full Copyright Statement (19)Appendix 1 - White Box Benchmarks (20)Poretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 2]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20031. IntroductionRouters in an operational network are simultaneously configured withmultiple protocols and security policies while forwarding traffic andbeing managed. To accurately benchmark a router for deployment it isnecessary to test that router in operational conditions bysimultaneously configuring and scaling network protocols and securitypolicies, forwarding traffic, and managing the device. It is helpfulto accelerate these network operational conditions so that therouter under test can be benchmarked with faster test duration.Testing a router in accelerated network conditions is known asAccelerated Stress Testing.This document defines the Benchmark Planes used for the AcceleratedLife Benchmarking. These are the Control Plane, Data Plane,Management Plane, and Security Plane. For each plane, theConfiguration Set, Startup Conditions, and Instability Conditions.Terms are also defined for observing Failure Conditions and reportingBenchmarks. White Box benchmarks are provided in Appendix 1 foradditional DUT behavior measurements.2. Existing definitionsRFC 1242 "Benchmarking Terminology for Network InterconnectDevices" and RFC 2285 "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN SwitchingDevices" should be consulted before attempting to make use of thisdocument.For the sake of clarity and continuity this RFC adopts the templatefor definitions set out in Section 2 of RFC 1242. Definitions areindexed and grouped together in sections for ease of reference.The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT","SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" inthis document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.3. Term definitions3.1 Benchmark PlanesDefinition:The features, conditions, and behavior for the Accelerated StressBenchmarking.Discussion:There are four Benchmark Planes: Control Plane, Data Plane,Management Plane, and Security Plane as shown in Figure 1. TheBenchmark Planes define the Configuration, Startup Conditions,Instability Conditions, and Failure Conditions used for the test. Poretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 3]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 2003___________ ___________| Control | | Management|| Plane |___ ___| Plane || | | | | |----------- | | -----------\/ \/ ______________________ | Security || |<-----------| Plane || DUT | | ||--->| |<---| -----------| ----------- || || ___________ || | Data | ||--->| Plane |<---|| |-----------Figure 1. Router Accelerated Stress Benchmarking PlanesMeasurement units: N/AIssues: NoneSee Also:Control PlaneData PlaneManagement PlaneSecurity Plane3.1.1 Control PlaneDefinition:The Description of the control protocols enabled forthe Accelerated Stress Benchmarking.Discussion:The Control Plane defines the Configuration, StartupConditions, Instability Conditions, and FailureConditions of the control protocols used for the test.Control Plane protocols may include routing protocols,multicast protocols, and MPLS protocols. These can beenabled or disabled for a benchmark test.Measurement units: N/AIssues: NoneSee Also:Benchmark PlanesControl Plane Configuration SetControl Plane Startup ConditionsControl Plane Instability ConditionsControl Plane Failure ConditionsPoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 4]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20033.1.2 Data PlaneDefinition:The data traffic profile used for the Accelerated StressBenchmarking.Discussion:The Data Plane defines the Configuration, StartupConditions, Instability Conditions, and FailureConditions of the data traffic used for the test.The Data Plane includes the traffic and interfaceprofile.Measurement Units:N/ASee Also:Benchmark PlanesData Plane Configuration SetData Plane Startup ConditionsData Plane Instability ConditionsData Plane Failure Conditions3.1.3 Management PlaneDefinition:The Management features and tools used for theAccelerated Stress Benchmarking.Discussion:A key component of the Accelerated Stress Benchmarking is theManagement Plane to assess manageability of the routerunder stress. The Management Plane defines the Configuration,Startup Conditions, Instability Conditions, and FailureConditions of the management protocols and features used forthe test. The Management Plane includes SNMP, Logging/Debug,and Statistics Collection.Measurement units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:Benchmark PlanesManagement Plane Configuration SetManagement Plane Startup ConditionsManagement Plane Instability ConditionsManagement Plane Failure ConditionsPoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 5]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20033.1.4 Security PlaneDefinition:The Security features used during the Accelerated StressBenchmarking.Discussion:The Control Plane defines the Configuration, StartupConditions, Instability Conditions, and FailureConditions of the security features and protocols used forthe test. The Security Plane includes the ACLs, Firewall,Secure Protocols, and User Login.Measurement units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:Benchmark PlanesSecurity Plane Configuration SetSecurity Plane Startup ConditionsSecurity Plane Instability ConditionsSecurity Plane Failure Conditions3.2 Configuration SetsDefinition:The features and scaling limits used during the Accelerated StressBenchmarking.Discussion:There are four Configuration Sets: Control Plane Configuration Set,Data Plane Configuration Set, Management Plane Configuration Set,and Security Plane Configuration Set.Measurement units: N/AIssues: NoneSee Also:Control Plane Configuration SetData Plane Configuration SetManagement Plane Configuration SetSecurity Plane Configuration SetPoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 6]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20033.2.1 Control Plane Configuration SetDefinition:The routing protocols and scaling values used for the AcceleratedLife Benchmarking.Discussion:Control Plane Configuration Set is shown in Figure 2 and specifiesthe Routing Protocols, Multicast, and MPLS configuration. Specificprotocols can be enabled or disabled for a benchmark test.Measurement units: NoneIssues: None____________ ____________ ____________| Routing | | Multicast | | MPLS || Protocols |___ | Protocols | __| Protocols || | | | | | | | ------------ | ------------ | ------------| | || | || \/ || ___________ || | | ||------->| DUT |<------|| |-----------Figure 2. Control Plane Configuration ModuleSee Also:Data Plane Configuration SetManagement Configuration SetSecurity Configuration Set3.2.2 Data Plane Configuration SetDefinition:The data traffic profile enabled for the Accelerated StressBenchmarking.Discussion:Data Plane Configuration Set includes the Traffic Profile andinterfaces used for the Accelerated Stress Benchmarking.Measurement Units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:Traffic ProfilePoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 7]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20033.2.2.1 Traffic ProfileDefinitionThe characteristics of the Offered Load to the DUT used forthe Accelerated Stress Benchmarking.DiscussionThe Traffic Profile specifies the number of packet size(s), packetrate per interface, number of flows, and encapsulation used for the o ffered load to the DUT.Measurement Units:Traffic Profile is reported as follows:Parameter Units--------- ------Packet Size(s) bytesPacket Rate(interface) array of packets per secondNumber of Flows numberEncapsulation(flow) array of encapsulation typeIssues:NoneSee Also:Data Plane Configuration Set3.2.3 Management Plane Configuration SetDefinition:The router management features enabled for theAccelerated Stress Test.Discussion:A key component of the Accelerated Stress Test is the Management C onfiguration Set to assess manageability of the router understress. The Management Configuration Set defines the management c onfiguration of the DUT. Features that are part of theManagement Configuration Set include SNMP, Logging/Debug, andStatistics Collection, and services such as FTP, as shown inFigure 3.Measurement units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:Control Plane Configuration SetData Plane Configuration SetSecurity Plane Configuration SetPoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 8]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 2003____________ ____________| | | Logging/ || SNMP | __| Debug || | | | |------------ | ------------| || |\/ |___________ || | || DUT |<---|| |-----------||\/___________| Packet || Statistics|| Collector || |-----------Figure 3. Management Plane Configuration Set3.2.4 Security Plane Configuration SetDefinition:Security features and scaling enabled for the Accelerated StressTest.Discussion:The Security Plane Configuration Set includes the configurationand scaling of ACLs, Firewall, IPsec, and User Access, as shownin Figure 4.____________ ____________ ____________| | | Secure | | User ||ACL/Firewall| | Protocol | __| Access || | | | | | |------------ ------------ | ------------| | || | || \/ || ___________ || | | ||-------> | DUT |<--------|| |-----------Figure 4. Security Configuration ModulePoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 9]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 2003Measurement units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:ACL Configuration SetSecure Protocol Configuration SetPassword Login Configuration Set3.3 Startup ConditionsDefinition:Test conditions that occur at the start of the AcceleratedLife Benchmark to establish conditions for the remainder ofthe test.Discussion:Startup Conditions may cause stress on the DUT and producefailure. Startup Conditions are defined for the ControlPlane and Security Plane.Measurement units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:Control Plane Startup ConditionsData Plane Startup ConditionsManagement Plane Startup ConditionsSecurity Plane Startup Conditions3.3.1 Control Plane Startup ConditionsDefinition:Control Plane conditions that occur at the startof the Accelerated Stress Benchmarking to establish conditionsfor the remainder of the test.Discussion:Startup Conditions may cause stress on the DUT and producefailure. Startup Conditions for the Control Plane includesession establishment rate, number of sessions establishedand number of routes learned.Measurement units:N/APoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 10]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 2003Issues:NoneSee Also:Startup ConditionsSecurity Plane Startup ConditionsControl Plane Configuration Set3.3.2 Security Plane Startup ConditionsDefinition:Security Plane conditions that occur at the startof the Accelerated Stress Benchmarking to establish conditionsfor the remainder of the test.Discussion:Startup Conditions may cause stress on the DUT and producefailure. Startup Conditions for the Security Plane includesession establishment rate, number of sessions establishedand number of policies learned, and number of user accesssessions opened.Measurement units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:Startup ConditionsData Plane Startup ConditionsManagement Plane Startup ConditionsSecurity Plane Startup Conditions3.4 Instability ConditionsDefinition:Test conditions that occur during the Accelerated StressBenchmark to produce instability and stress the DUT.Discussion:Instability Conditions are experienced by the DUT after theStartup Conditions have completed. Instability Conditionsoccur for the Control Plane, Data Plane, Management Plane,and Security Plane.Measurement units:N/AIssues:NonePoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 11]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 2003See Also:Control Plane Instability ConditionsData Plane Instability ConditionsManagement Plane Instability ConditionsSecurity Plane Instability Conditions3.4.1 Control Plane Instability ConditionsDefinition:Control Plane conditions that occur during the Accelerated StressBenchmark to produce instability and stress the DUT.Discussion:Control Plane Instability Conditions are experienced by the DUTafter the Startup Conditions have completed. Control PlaneInstability Conditions experienced by the DUT include sessionloss, route withdrawal, and route cost changes.Measurement units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:Instability ConditionsData Plane Instability ConditionsManagement Plane Instability ConditionsSecurity Plane Instability Conditions3.4.2 Data Plane Instability ConditionsDefinition:Data Plane conditions that occur during the Accelerated StressBenchmark to produce instability and stress the DUT.Discussion:Data Plane Instability Conditions are experienced by the DUTafter the Startup Conditions have completed. Data PlaneInstability Conditions experienced by the DUT include interfaceshutdown, link loss, and overloaded links.Measurement units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:Instability ConditionsControl Plane Instability ConditionsManagement Plane Instability ConditionsSecurity Plane Instability ConditionsPoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 12]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20033.4.3 Management Plane Instability ConditionsDefinition:Management Plane conditions that occur during the AcceleratedLife Benchmark to produce instability and stress the DUT.Discussion:Management Plane Instability Conditions are experienced by the DUTafter the Startup Conditions have completed. Management PlaneInstability Conditions experienced by the DUT include repeatedFTP of large files.Measurement units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:Instability ConditionsControl Plane Instability ConditionsData Plane Instability ConditionsSecurity Plane Instability Conditions3.4.4 Security Plane Instability ConditionsDefinition:Security Plane conditions that occur during the AcceleratedLife Benchmark to produce instability and stress the DUT.Discussion:Security Plane Instability Conditions are experienced by the DUTafter the Startup Conditions have completed. Security PlaneInstability Conditions experienced by the DUT include sessionloss and policy changes.Measurement units:N/AIssues:NoneSee Also:Instability ConditionsControl Plane Instability ConditionsData Plane Instability ConditionsManagement Plane Instability ConditionsPoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 13]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20033.5 Failure Conditions3.5.1 Unexpected Session LossDefinition:Session Loss due to Control Plane or Data Plane failure during theAccelerated Stress Benchmarking.Discussion:Session loss will be observed due to Convergence Events producedby the Instability Conditions. This is not considered a failureduring the Accelerated Stress Benchmarking. It is expected behavior.Unexpected packet loss occurs due to Data Plane or Control Planefailure.Measurement units:sessionsIssues:NoneSee Also:Unexpected Packet LossMisrouted PacketsAccess DenialErrored Management ValuesSecurity Plane Failure3.5.2 Unexpected Packet LossDefinition:Packet Loss due to Control Plane or Data Plane failure during theAccelerated Stress Benchmarking.Discussion:Packet loss will be observed due to Convergence Events producedby the Instability Conditions. This is not considered a failureduring the Accelerated Stress Benchmarking. It is expected behavior.Unexpected packet loss occurs due to Data Plane or Control Planefailure.Measurement units:packetsIssues:NoneSee Also:Unexpected Session LossMisrouted PacketsAccess DenialErrored Management ValuesSecurity Plane FailurePoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 14]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20033.5.3 Misrouted PacketsDefinition:Packets routed to the incorrect next-hop or LSP due to ControlPlane failure during the Accelerated Stress Benchmarking.Discussion:Packets will be rerouted to new next-hops and LSPs due to ConvergenceEvents produced by the Instability Conditions. This is not considereda failure during the Accelerated Stress Benchmarking. It is expectedbehavior. Unexpected Misrouted packets occur due to Control Planefailure.Measurement units:packetsIssues:NoneSee Also:Unexpected Packet LossUnexpected Session LossAccess DenialErrored Management ValuesSecurity Plane Failure3.5.4 Access DenialDefinition:Inability to management the DUT due to the inabilityto gain remote access to the DUT.Discussion:Handling of Instability Conditions may cause a Control Plane failureof the DUT externally observable as the inability to remotely managethe DUT. Whether using SNMP, Telnet, SSH, or FTP, failure to managethe device constitues a failure.Measurement units:Failed sessionIssues:NoneSee Also:Unexpected Packet LossUnexpected Session LossMisrouted PacketsErrored Management ValueSecurity Plane FailurePoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 15]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20033.5.5 Errored Management ValueDefinition:Incorrect SNMP object value or statistic during the AcceleratedLife Benchmark.Discussion:Management of a router relies upon accurate reporting of objectvalues and statistics. The Accelerated Stress Benchmarkinging validates that the DUT is able to report correct values when experiencingInstability Conditions.Measurement units:Name of incorrect object or statisticIssues:NoneSee Also:Unexpected Packet LossUnexpected Session LossMisrouted PacketsAccess DenialSecurity Plane FailureSuccess Threshold3.5.6 Security Plane FailureDefinition:Violation of Security Policy for packets directed to the DUTor routed through the DUT.Discussion:Security Policy is configured to permit and deny access to packetsdestined for the DUT and packets to be routed through the DUT.A violation of this security policy is when either a packet tobe denied is permitted or a packet to be permitted is denied.Measurement units:packetsIssues:NoneSee Also:Unexpected Packet LossUnexpected Session LossMisrouted PacketsAccess DenialErrored Management ValuePoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 16]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20033.6 Benchmarks3.6.1 Success ThresholdDefinition:The intended number of hours for the DUT to operate without failureduring the Accelerated Stress Benchmarking.Discussion:Success Threshold is a user determined value of time. It isnecessary to define the Success Threshold because it is possiblefor the DUT to experience zero failures for given ConfigurationSets, Startup Conditions, and Instability ConditionsMeasurement units:HoursIssues:NoneSee Also:Accelerated-Life Test Duration3.6.2 Accelerated-Life Test DurationDefinition:The run-time for the Accelerated Stress Test without the DUTexhibiting an error in the control plane, data plane, managementplane, or security plane.Discussion:For a successful test, the Test Duration will equal theSuccess Threshold. In the event of any failure, the Test Durationis less than the Success Threshold. Reporting of the TestDuration MUST inlcude the Failure Condition from those definedin this document.Measurement units:HoursIssues:NoneSee Also:Success ThresholdPoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 17]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20034. Security ConsiderationsDocuments of this type do not directly effect the security ofthe Internet or of corporate networks as long as benchmarkingis not performed on devices or systems connected to operatingnetworks.5. References[1] Bradner, S., Editor, "Benchmarking Terminology for NetworkInterconnection Devices", RFC 1242, July 1991.[2] Mandeville, R., "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN SwitchingDevices", RFC 2285, June 1998.[3] Bradner, S. and McQuaid, J., "Benchmarking Methodology forNetwork Interconnect Devices", RFC 2544, March 1999.[4] "Core Router Evaluation for Higher Availability", ScottPoretsky, NANOG 25, June 8, 2002, Toronto, CA.[5] "Router Stress Testing to Validate Readiness for NetworkDeployment", Scott Poretsky, IEEE CQR 2003.6. Author’s AddressScott PoretskyQuarry Technologies8 New England Executive ParkBurlington, MA 01803USAPhone: + 1 781 395 5090EMail: sporetsky@Shankar Rao950 17th StreetSuite 1900Qwest CommunicationsDenver, CO 80210USAPhone: + 1 303 437 6643Email: srao@Ray PiattCable and Wireless11700 Plaza America DriveReston, VA 20190USAPhone: + 1 703 292 2113Email: rpiatt@Poretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 18]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 20037. Full Copyright StatementCopyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All RightsReserved.This document and translations of it may be copied andfurnished to others, and derivative works that comment on orotherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may beprepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or inpart, without restriction of any kind, provided that the abovecopyright notice and this paragraph are included on all suchcopies and derivative works. However, this document itself maynot be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyrightnotice or references to the Internet Society or other Internetorganizations, except as needed for the purpose of developingInternet standards in which case the procedures for copyrightsdefined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, oras required to translate it into languages other than English.The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and willnot be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors orassigns. This document and the information contained herein isprovided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THEINTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES,EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTYTHAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANYRIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESSFOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.Poretsky, Rao, Piatt [Page 19]INTERNET-DRAFT Terminology for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking October 2003Appendix 1. White Box Benchmarking TerminologyAppendix 1.1 Minimum Available MemoryDefinition:Minimum DUT Available Memory during the duration of theAccelerated Stress Test.Discussion:It is necessary to monitor DUT memory to measure thisbenchmark.Measurement units:bytesIssues:NoneSee Also:Maximum CPU UtilizationAppendix 1.2 Maximum CPU UtilizationDefinition:Maximum DUT CPU utilization during the duration of theAccelerated Stress Test.Discussion:It is necessary to monitor DUT CPU Utilization to measurethis benchmark.Measurement units:%Issues:NoneSee Also:Minimum Available MemoryPoretsky, Rao, Piatt [ Page 20]。

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Approaching Advanced Learning with Rationality In recent years, the concept of advanced or early learning has gained significant attention in education circles and among parents. The idea of children acquiring knowledge and skills beyond their age level has sparked debates about its benefits and drawbacks. In this essay, we will explore how to approach advanced learning with rationality, considering both its advantages and potential pitfalls.The Advantages of Advanced Learning1. Intellectual StimulationAdvanced learning can provide a challenging and intellectually stimulating environment for students. It allows them to explore topics in greater depth and breadth, fostering curiosity and a love for learning.2. Individualized EducationAdvanced learners often have unique educational needs. Offering advanced learning opportunities enables educators to tailor instruction to a student's specific abilities and interests, promoting personalized learning experiences.3. Preparation for Future ChallengesIn a rapidly changing world, early exposure to advanced concepts can better prepare students for future academic and career challenges. It can lead to a deeper understanding of complex subjects and improved critical thinking skills.4. Development of ConfidenceSuccess in advanced learning can boost a student's self-confidence and motivation. It instills a sense of accomplishment and encourages them to set higher goals.The Potential Drawbacks of Advanced Learning1. Social and Emotional DevelopmentAccelerated learning can place students in environments with older peers, potentially affecting their social and emotional development. They may face challenges related to social integration and peer relationships.2. Stress and BurnoutThe pressure to excel in advanced learning programs can lead to stress and burnout in students. High expectations and heavy workloads can take a toll on their mental and emotional well-being.3. Narrow FocusFocusing solely on advanced subjects may lead to a narrow educational experience. Students might miss out on a well-rounded education that includes arts, sports, and other extracurricular activities.4. Overemphasis on AchievementAn overemphasis on advanced learning achievements can place excessive pressure on students, potentially leading to a fear of failure and a lack of intrinsic motivation to learn.Rational Approaches to Advanced LearningTo navigate the complexities of advanced learning, it is crucial to adopt a rational and balanced approach:1. Individual AssessmentEach student is unique. Assess their readiness for advanced learning based on their abilities, interests, and emotional development. Avoid a one-size-fits-all approach.2. Supportive EnvironmentCreate a supportive learning environment that prioritizes thewell-being of advanced learners. Encourage open communication and provide resources for social and emotional support.3. Balanced CurriculumEnsure that an advanced learning curriculum includes a variety of subjects and activities. Promote a well-rounded education that includes arts, physical education, and social interaction.4. Manage ExpectationsSet realistic expectations for advanced learners and their parents. Emphasize the importance of a growth mindset and the value of effort and perseverance over immediate success.5. FlexibilityBe flexible in adapting advanced learning programs based on ongoing assessments and feedback. Adjust the pace and content to meet the needs of the individual student.6. Encourage PassionFoster a love for learning by encouraging students to explore their passions and interests. Advanced learning should not only be about meeting academic benchmarks but also about nurturing curiosity and creativity.In conclusion, advanced learning offers significant benefits in terms of intellectual stimulation and individualized education. However, it also comes with potential challenges related to social and emotional development, stress, and narrow focus. To approach advanced learning with rationality, it is essential to consider the unique needs of each student, provide a supportive environment, and maintain a balanced educational approach. By doing so, we can help advanced learners thrive academically and personally while preserving their well-being and love for learning.。

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Build deep bench strength and strong leadershipReady-now leadersStrong talent pipelineRanked #1 in Customer Satisfaction by Skill shortages and weak leadership pipelines are serious issues for many of today’s employers.The departure or retirement of tenured employees and the accompanying loss of their knowledge and expertise is putting business continuity at risk. Millennials, who make up more than half the workforce, expect leadership paths and work flexibility. 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Plot employee performance and potential, identify and assign the best candidates to talent pools and analyze competency gaps with talent assessment processes.Easily identify high-potentialemployeesUsing succession analytics, gain insight into critical indicators such as high-potential employees and employee retention risks across all departments, potential successors for key positions within talent pools and where strong or weak talent pipelines exist in the organization.Gain valuable successionworkforce insightsHalogen’s award-winning software, proven consulting services and best-in-class leadership content will help you establish a solid foundation for your succession program so you can foster the competencies and skills critical to your organization. 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We use Halogen to align competencies to organizational objectives, values and requirements. This integrated approach has enabled us to create a highly defined talent management process, in which talent pools play a critical role.”Naomi Goodwin, HR Advisor, United Coffee UK“Provide accurate data for succession planning.”“ W e use Halogen’s succession and leadership solution to ensure we have the necessary talent to execute the current and future business strategy and provide accurate data for succession planning. 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2017年12份最新APQC通用版流程分类框架PCF交流版

跨行业流程分类架构版本号Version 7.0.5概述跨行业流程分类架构®（Process Clas-sification Framework - PCF）是跨职能业务流程的分类法，可对组织内部和组织之间的绩效进行客观的比较。

PCF由APQC及其成员公司所开发，作为一种开放的标准，它能通过流程管理和基准测试来促进流程的改善，无论行业、规模或地理位置。

PCF将运营和管理流程分为13个企业级类别，包括流程组、1000多个流程以及相关的活动。

PCF及其相关衡量方法和定义可从/pcf免费下载。

流程改进的框架经验表明，可推动显著进步的基准测试的潜力正是在于进行创新的比较以及找寻行业范围内不易被发现的独到见解。

为执行这一大有裨益的基准测试，APQC 流程分类架构（PCF）®作为一种高层次、行业中立的企业流程模型，使得企业组织可以从跨行业的角度去审视其业务流程。

跨行业架构已被全球数以千计的企业组织创造性地运用了超过20多年。

PCF为APQC的开放标准基准测试®（Open Standards Benchmarking - OSB）的数据库和全球行业领导咨询委员会的工作奠定了基础。

随着OSB数据库进一步开发其定义、过程和衡量方法，PCF的每个版本都将继续得到加强。

PCF及其相关的衡量方法和基准调查可从开放标准基准测试（OSB）的网站/osb下载。

历史跨行业流程分类架构®最初被设想为一种业务流程的分类法，以及一种可以使APQC成员组织们进行基准测试的通用语言。

APQC和80多家有兴趣推动在美国和全球使用基准测试的企业组织参与到了初步设计中来。

自从1992年成立以来，PCF已经实现了其大部分内容的更新。

这些更新通过世界各地的企业开展业务的方式，来保持该架构的最前沿状态。

2014年，APQC致力于改善跨行业PCF，并更新了一些特定行业的流程分类架构。

OVERVIEWCross Industry Process Classification Framework®(PCF) is a taxonomy of crossfunctional businessprocesses intended to allow the objectivecomparison of organizational performance withinand among organizations. The PCF was developedby APQC and its member companies as an openstandard to facilitate improvement through processmanagement and benchmarking, regardless ofindustry, size, or location. The PCF organizesoperating and management processes into 13enterprise-level categories, including process groupsand more than 1,000 processes and associatedactivities. The PCF, its associated measures, anddefinitions are available for download at no chargeat /pcf.THE FRAMEWORK FOR PROCESSIMPROVEMENTExperience shows that the potential ofbenchmarking to drive dramatic improvement lies squarely in making out-of-the-box compari-sons and searching for insights not typically found within intra-industry paradigms. To enable this beneficial benchmarking, the APQC Process Classification Framework® (PCF) serves as a high-level, industry-neutral enterprise process model that allows organizations to see their business processes from a cross-industry viewpoint. The cross-industry framework has expe-rienced more than 20 years of creative use by thousands of organizations worldwide. The PCF provides the foundation for APQC’s Open Standards Benchmarking® (OSB) database and the work of its advisory council of global industry leaders. Each version of the PCF will continue to be enhanced as the OSB database further develops definitions, processes, and measures. The PCF and associated measures and benchmarking surveys are available for download from the Open Standards Benchmarking web site at /osb.HISTORYThe cross-industry Process Classification Framework® was originally envisioned as a taxonomy of business processes and a common language through which APQC member orga-nizations could benchmark their processes. The initial design involved APQC and more than80 organizations with a strong interest in advancing the use of benchmarking in the United States and worldwide. Since its inception in 1992, the PCF has seen updates to most of its content. These updates keep the framework current with the ways that organizations do busi-ness around the world. In 2014, APQC worked to enhance the cross-industry PCF and updated a number of industry-specific process classification frameworks.The PCF is written in United States English language format.管理和支持服务7.0开发和管理人力资本8.0管理信息技术9.0管理财务资源10.0获取、建造和管理资产11.0管理企业风险、合规、整治和持续性12.0管理外部关系13.0开发和管理业务能力2017.11.25汽车行业流程分类框架PCQ群459842191Version 7.0.5-en-XI • October 2016 12Permission granted to photocopy for personal use. ©2016 APQC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.期待跨行业和行业流程分类架构正不断发展其模型， APQC 会继续将这些模型予以加强和改进。

土木工程专业英语词汇

土木工程专业英语词汇

专业英语词汇AAabandoned hole 报废孔ablation 消融（作用）abnormal curve 非正常曲线abnormal value 异常值abrasion 磨蚀absence 缺失absolute coordinates 绝对坐标absolute elevation 绝对高度；海拔absolute error 绝对误差absolute level 绝对标高absorbability 吸附力absorbed water 吸着水absorbing well 吸水井；注水井；渗水井accelerated consolidation 加速加固acceleration 加速度acceptance test 验收试验accepted scale 采用的比例尺acceptence of work 工程验收access road 通道，便道accidental error 偶然误差accretion of river bottom 河底淤高accretion of sand 淤砂accretion 淤积accumulated value 累计值accumulation curve 累积曲线accumulation terrace 洪积阶地accuracy of calibration 标定精度accuracy of measurement 量测精度accuracy of observation 观测精度accuracy of reading 读数精度accuracy 精度acidimetry 酸量滴定法acidity and alkalinity test 酸碱度试验action 作用active surface of sliding 主动(土压力的)滑动面active drainage area 有效排水面积active earth pressure 主动土压力active fault 活断层active pile 主动桩active remote sensing 人工源遥感active seismical area 地震活动区active stabilizer 活性加固剂active state of plastic equilibrium 主动塑性平衡状态active tectonic system 活动性构造体系active water 活性水activity 活性actual error 真误差actual load 实际荷载actual measurement 实测 actual state 现状additional load 附加荷载adfreezing force 冻附力adfreezing strength 冻附强度adhesion 粘聚力adhesive water 薄膜水adjust 调整，对准adjustment of coordinates 坐标平差adjustment of observation 观察平差adjustment 调整，对准admissible load 容许荷载admixture 掺合物adsorbed layer 吸附层adsorption 吸附作用aeolian plain 风成平原aeolian soil 风积土aeration zone 饱气带aeroview 鸟瞰图age determination 年代测定age 年代ageing 老化aggregate 骨料agitator 搅拌器A-horizon 淋溶层air permeability 透气性air tight 不透气的air-dried soil 风干土air-lock 气闸air-water surface 气水结合面alimentation area 补给区A-line A 线（塑性图〕alkali soil 碱土alkaline soil 碱性土all-around pressure 周围压力allowable amplitude 容许振幅allowable bearing capacity 容许承载力allowable error 容许误差allowable load 容许荷载allowable pile bearing load 单桩容许荷载allowable pile load 桩的容许荷载allowable settlement 容许沉降量allowable value 容许值alluvial apron 山麓冲积扇alluvial fan 冲积扇alluvial plain 冲积平原alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial terrace 冲积阶地 alluvial valley 冲积河谷 alluviation 冲积（作用） alluvium 冲积层alternating current induced polarzation alternating load 交变荷载 alternating strain 交变应变 alternating stress 交变应力 alternation 互层altitude survey 高程测量 altitude 高程；高度 ambient pressure 围压 amended plan 修正方案amount of compression 压缩量 amount of deflection 扰度 amount 数量amplification factor 放大因数 amplitude of vibration 振幅 amplitude 振幅，幅度 analysis of strain 应变分析 analysis of stress 应力分析 analysis 分析analytic balance 分析天平 anchor grouting 锚固灌浆 anchor block 锚块 anchor bolt 锚栓 anchor pile 锚桩 anchor plate 锚板 anchor rod 锚杆 anchor wall 锚墙 anchor 锚anchorage force 锚固力 anchorage 地锚anchored bulkhead 锚定岸壁 anchored sheet piling 锚定板桩墙 andesite 安山岩angle of contact 接触角 angle of dilatancy 剪胀角angle of external friction 外摩擦角 angle of internal friction 内摩擦角 angle of obliquity （应力的〕倾角 angle of repose 休止角 angle of rupture 破裂角angle of shearing strength 剪切角angle of true internal friction 真内擦角 angle 角，角度angular deformation 角变形 angular error 角度误差anion adsorption 阴离子吸附anion exchange 阴离子交换anisotropic consolidation 各向不等压固结anisotropic soil 各向异性土annual variation 年变化anticline 背斜anti-flocculation 反絮凝作用anti-slide pile 抗滑桩apparatus 仪器,设备apparent angle of internal friction表观内摩角apparent cohesion 表观粘聚力apparent dip 视倾斜；视倾角apparent resistivity 视电阻率apparent shearing strength 表观抗剪强度application of load 施加荷载applied pressure 施加压力approximate value 近似值aquiclude 隔水层；滞水层aquifer 含水层aquitard 弱含水层arch culvert 拱形涵洞arching 拱作用architectural design 建筑设计area of passage 过水面积area of well influence 井影响面积area ratio （取样器〕面积比area 区域，地区arenite 砂质岩areometer 比重计argillite 泥质岩artesian aquifer 承压含水层；自流水层artesian condition 承压（水）状态artesian head 承压水头artesian water 自流水artesian well 自流井artificial ground 人工地基ascension spring 上升泉aseismatic design 抗震设计aseismic code 抗震规范aseismic region 无震地区assistant engineer 助理工程师associated structure 伴生构造assumed coordinates 假定坐标assumed value 假定值asymmetric(al) fold 不对称褶皱atmospheric water 大气水attainable precision 可达精确度attenuation 衰减atteration 冲积土Atterberg limits 阿太堡界限attitude of rocks 岩层产状attitude of stratum 地层产状attitude 产状auger bit 螺旋钻头auger drill 螺旋钻auger pile 螺旋桩auger with hydraulic feed液压给进式螺旋钻auger 麻花钻autographic oedometer 自录固结仪automatic ram pile driver自动冲锤打桩机average grain size 平均粒径average grain diameter 平均粒径average stress 平均应力average water level 平均水位axial compression 轴向压缩axial displacement 轴向位移axial extension test 轴向拉伸试验axial load 轴向荷载axial strain 轴向应变axial stress 轴向应力axial symmetry 轴对称axial thrust 轴向推力axis of fold 褶皱轴axis of principal stress 主应力轴axis of symmetry 对称轴axis 轴BBback calculation 反算法back pressure 反压力backfill grouting 回填灌浆backfill 回填土backosmotic pressure 反渗压力backward erosion 向源侵蚀bahymetry 测深法balance cone 平衡锥(稠度试验)balloon densimeter 囊式密度计banded lode 带状矿脉banded structure 带状构造bar 杆，钻杆basalt 玄武岩base failure of slope 土坡基底破坏base level 基准面base network 基线网base of slope 坡角base sheet 原图base station 基准点base tilt factor 基底倾斜因数（地基承载力）base 基础，底部base-line survey 基线测量base-line 基线basement wall 地下室墙basement 地下室basin range structure 断块构造basin 盆地bathymetric line 等深线beads-shaped structure 串珠状构造beam 梁bearing layer 承压(持力)层bearing course 承压垫层bearing area 承压面积bearing capacity factor （地基）承载力bearing capacity factors ( Nc,Nq,Nr) 承bearing deformation 承压变形bearing graph 反应曲线（桩工）bearing pile 支承桩bearing plate 载荷板bearing stratum 持力层bearing 方位角，承载bed （一）层，床bed rock 基岩bedded structure 层状构造bedding surface 层面bedding course 垫层bedding error 端垫误差（三轴试验）bedding plane slip 层面滑动bedding structure 层状构造bedding 基床，层面，层理bedrock 基岩behaviour 性状belled pier 扩底墩belled pile 扩底桩bench gravel 阶地砾石bench mark 水准点benched foundation 台阶式基础bend in river 河曲biaxial state of stress 双轴应力状态binder 胶结物biological weathering 生物风化Bishop's simplified method of slice肖普简化条分法bit 钻头blank hole 未下套管的钻孔blanket 铺盖blasting compaction method 爆炸挤密bleeder well 减压井blind drain 盲沟block diagram 三相图block basin 断块盆地block diagram 方框图block sample 块状试样block 块blow count 击数blow-in 涌入blown sand 风成砂blown tip pile 爆扩桩bluff 悬崖body wave 体波bog 沼泽boiling 翻浆border facies 边缘相bore hole 钻孔bore 钻孔bored pile 钻孔桩borehole log 钻孔记录borehole logging 钻孔记录borehole 钻孔boring bit 钻头boring by percussion 冲击钻进boring casing 钻探套管boring frame 钻架boring machine 钻探机具boring rod 钻杆boring 钻（探）borrow area 采料场bottom level 层底标高bottom pressure 底压力（隧道）bottom 底boulder 漂石bound water 吸附水boundary line 边界线boundary 边界Boussinesq theory 布西涅斯克理论box caisson 沉箱box foundation 箱型基础box pile 箱型钢桩box shear apparatus 盒式剪切仪braced excavation 支撑开挖braced sheeting 支撑挡板bracing 支撑brick foundation 砖基础brief analysis 简易分析brittle failure 脆性破坏Brownian movement 布朗运动brush joint 帚状节理bubble 气泡building area 建筑面积building code 建筑法规building material 建筑材料building settlement 建筑物沉降building survey 建筑测量building 建筑物built-up area 已建面积bulb pile 扩底桩bulk compressibility 体积压缩性bulk density 体密度bulk modulus 体积模量bulkhead 岸壁bulking 体胀buoyant foundation 浮筏基础buoyant pile 摩擦桩buoyant unit weigh 浮容重burden 覆盖层burette 滴定管buried river 地下(暗)河buried structure 埋入式结构物butt 平桩头by-pass seepage 绕渗Ccable anchor 索锚caisson foundation 沉箱基础caisson pier 沉箱墩caisson pile 沉箱桩caisson 箱，沉箱calcareous concretion 钙质结核calculated self-weight collapse计算自重湿陷量calculating chart 计算图表calculous soil 砾质土calibration curve 标定曲线calibration error 校准误差calibration test 标定试验calibration 标定cambering 上拱度Camkometer 剑桥旁压仪cantilever footing 悬臂式基础cantilever foundation 悬臂式基础cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙cantilever sheet pile 悬臂式板桩cantilever sheet piling 悬臂板桩cantilever 悬臂canyon 峡谷capacity of driven pile 打入桩的承载力capacity of saturation 饱和量capacity of well 井流量capacity 容量capillarimeter 毛细管仪capillarity 毛细管作用capillary fringe 毛细管水上升边缘capillary head 毛细管水头capillary height 毛细管水上升高度capillary migration 毛细管水移动capillary pressure 毛细管水压力capillary rise 毛细上升高度capillary water 毛细水capillometer 毛细管试验仪capollary tension 毛细管引力carbon-14 dating 碳－14年代测定法Carlson stress meter 卡尔逊应力计case study 实例研究cased borehole 套管钻孔cased hole 下套管的钻孔cased pile 套管桩case-in 下套管case-in-place pile 灌注桩casing procedure drilling 套管钻进casing 套管Cassagrande's soil classification 卡萨格兰德土分类法cast in-place pile 就地灌注桩catch-drain 截水沟catchment area 汇水面积cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量cation exchange 阳离子交换cation 阳离子cavern 洞穴caving zone 塌陷区caving 坍落CBR=California Bearing Ratio 加州承载CD-test=consolidated-drained triaxisl cocell pressure 室压（三轴试验）cell test 荷兰式三轴试验cell 单元，盒cement grouting 水泥灌浆cement mortar 水泥砂浆cementation 胶结作用cementing agent 胶结剂cement-stabilized soil 水泥加固土cement-water ratio 灰水比centering error 对中误差chalk 白垩chamber 室change 变化channel 沟，水道character 特征，特性characteristic curve 特性曲线characteristic fossil 特征化石characteristic function 特征函数characteristic loop 特性曲线characteristic point 特征点characteristic value 特征值chart表（图）chemical grouting 化学灌浆chemical churning pile 旋喷桩chemical equivalent 化学当量chemical erosion 化学侵蚀chemical stabilization 化学加固chemical weathering 化学风化chief engineer 总工程师chopping bit 冲击钻头chronologic(al) scale 地质年代表cinder 炉渣circlar arc analysis 圆弧分析法circle of stress 应力圆circle 圆，弧circular foundation 圆形基础circular slip surface 圆弧滑动面civil engineer 土木工程师civil engineering 土木工程classfication 分类classification chart 分类表classification of the qualitative system 定classification system 分类系统classification test 分类试验clay binder 粘土胶结物clay blanket 粘土铺盖（水工）clay classification 粘土分类clay fraction 粘粒粒组clay grouting 粘土灌浆clay lens 粘土透镜体clay mineral 粘土矿物clay partings 粘土夹层clay rock 粘土岩clay shale 粘土质页岩 clay stone 粘土岩 clay 粘土 clean sand 纯砂 cleaning 清理场地 clean-out auger 清孔钻 clear height 净高 clear span 静跨 clinometer 测斜仪 clogging 淤塞 close texture 密实结构 closed conduit 封闭管道 closely graded soil 颗粒均匀的土 CL-test=continual loading test 连续加荷固结试验 cluster structure 团粒结构 coagulant 凝聚剂 coagulantion 凝聚作用 coal bed 煤层 coal-bearing strata 含煤地层 coarse aggregate 粗粒料 coarse grained soil 粗粒土 coarse sand 粗砂 coarse screen 粗筛 cobble 卵石 code for soil and foundation 地基与基础规范 code 规范（程） coefficient between layers 层间系数，管涌比 coefficient of active earth pressure 主动土压力系数 coefficient of adhesion 粘着系数 coefficient of attenuation 衰减系数 coefficient of collapsibility 湿陷系数 coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数 coefficient of consolidation 固结系数 coefficient of correlation 相关系数 coefficient of curvature 曲率系数 coefficient of earth pressure at rest 静止土压力系数 coefficient of earth pressure 土压力系数 coefficient of elastic shear 弹性剪切系数 coefficient of elastic uniform compression 弹性均压系数 coefficient of foundation ditch'srebound 基坑回弹系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of horizontal consolidation 水平固结系数 coefficient of lateral pressure 侧压力系数 coefficient of passive earth pressure 被动土压力系数 coefficient of permeability 渗透系数 coefficient of pore pressure 孔隙压力系数 coefficient of resilience 回弹系数 coefficient of rigidity 刚度系数 coefficient of secondary consolidation 次固结系数 coefficient of self-weight collapsibility 自重湿陷系数 coefficient of stiffness 刚度系数coefficient of storage 储水系数coefficient of subgrade reaction基床反力系数coefficient of uniformity 不均匀系数coefficient of variation 变异系数coefficient of volume compressibility 体积压缩系数coefficient 系数cofferdam 围堰cohesion 内聚力cohesive soil 粘性土collapse settlement 湿陷量collapse 塌陷；湿陷collapsibility grading index 分级湿陷量collapsibility 湿陷性collapsible loess 湿陷性黄土collapsible soils 湿陷性土collector well 集水井column pile 端承桩columnar joint 柱状节理combination structure 混合结构 combined footing 联合基础 combined foundation 联合基础 coment-water factor 水灰比 compacted depth 压实深度 compacted fill 压实填土compacted lift 压实分层厚度compacted soil 压实土compacting factor 压实系数compaction by driving 夯实compaction by layers 分层填土夯实compaction by rolling 碾压compaction by vibrating roller振动碾压法compaction by vibration 振动压实compaction effect 压实效应compaction pile 挤密桩compaction test 击实试验compaction 压实；夯实compactness 密实度 compactor pass 击实遍数 compactor 压实机 compensated foundation 补偿式基础 complete water analysis 水的全分析 complete well 完整井composite map 综合图composite pile 组合桩composite sliding surface 复合滑动面compressibility 压缩性compressible soil 压缩性土compression index 压缩指数compression curve 压缩曲线compression failure 压缩破坏compression test 压缩试验 compression wave 压缩波 compression zone 压缩区 compression 压缩 compressive deformation 压缩变形compressive strain 压应变compressive strength 抗压强度compressive stress 压应力computation sheet 计算表格concentration of stresses 应力集中concentration 集中concentric weathering 同心风化concordant bedding 整合层面concrete beam 混凝土梁concrete dam 混凝土坝concrete pile 混凝土桩concrete pile 混凝土桩concrete tubular pile 混凝土管桩concrete vibro column pile振动混凝土柱桩concrete 混凝土concretion 结核condition 状态，条件conduit pipe 管道conduit system 管道系统 conduit 管道 cone foundation 锥形基础 cone of depression 降落漏斗 cone of recharge 补给漏斗cone penetrometer 圆锥触探仪cone 圆锥体confined aquifer 承压含水层confined compression 侧限压缩confined grain diameter 限制粒径confined water 承压水confining bed 隔水层confining pressure 周围压力conformable contact 整合接触 conformable stratum 整合地层 conjugate joint 共轭节理 consistency index 稠度指数 consistency limit 稠度界限consistency test 稠度试验consistency 稠度 consolidation apparatus 固结仪 consolidation curve 固结曲线consolidation deformation 固结变形consolidation of soft foundation 软弱地consolidation pressure 固结压力 consolidation ratio 固结比 consolidation settlement 固结沉降 consolidation test 固结试验 consolidation 加固，固结 consolidometer 固结仪 constant gradient test 等梯度固结试验constant head permeability test常水头渗透试验constant head permeameter常水头渗透仪constant pressure device 恒压装置constitutional equation 本构方程constitutive law of soils 土的本构关系constitutive law 本构定律constitutive relation 本构关系constrained diameter 限制粒径construction condition 施工条件construction plan 建筑平面图construction procedure 施工程序construction sequences 施工程序construction survey 施工测量construction work 建筑工程construction 建筑consulting engineer 咨询工程师contact erosion 接触面冲蚀contact metamorphism 接触变质作用contact pressure 接触压力contact relation 接触关系contact zone 接触带contact 接触content 容量continental drift theory 大陆漂移说continuous sampling 连续取样continuous concrete wall 地下连续墙continuous concrete wall 连续墙continuous footing连续基础continuous layer 连续层continuous load 连续荷载continuously loaded oedometer连续加荷固结仪contour interval 等高距contour map 等高线图contour-interval 等高距contractive soil 收缩性土control network 控制网control on slope stability对斜坡稳定性的控制control survey 控制测量control 控制conventional method of slices常规条分法conventional sign 惯用符号conventional 常规的coordinate system 坐标系统coordinates 坐标core resistance 圆锥探头阻力core sampler 岩芯取样器core 岩芯；心墙correction factor for inclination偏心荷载校正系数correction data 修正数据correlation analysis 相关分析correlation curve 相关曲线correlation procedure 相关程序corrosion 侵蚀corrosive water 侵蚀性水Coulomb's earth pressure theory 库仑土压力理论Coulomb's law 库仑定律count 计数，击数counter bore 扩空钻counterfort retaining wall 后扶垛式挡土墙course 过程，层covered conduit 暗沟CPT=cone penetration test 圆锥触探试验crack 裂缝cracked zone 破碎带creep 蠕变creep-time curve 蠕变时间曲线crevice water 裂隙水criterion 准则critical circle 临界圆critical condition 临界条件critical damping 临界阻尼critical density 临界密度critical head 临界水头critical height of slope 土坡临界高度critical load 临界荷载critical point 临界点critical range 临界区critical stress 临界应力critical surface 临界面critical value 临界值critical water content 临界含水量crop 露头cross bedding 交错层理cross section 横断面cross stratification 交错层理crosshair 十字丝（测）crosshole method 跨孔法cross-wire 十字丝CRP-test=constant rate of penetration test等速贯入试验crushed stone 碎石crust of weathering 风化壳crust 外壳，硬壳CRU-test=constant rate of uplift test 等速上拔试验CU-test=consolidated undrained t compressionCulmann construction 库尔曼图解法（土力学）culvert 涵洞cumulose soil 腐植土curtain grouting 帷幕灌浆curve board 曲线板curve fitting 曲线拟合curve 曲线cushion 垫层cut and cover method 明挖法（隧道〕cut 挖方cuttability 可挖性cutting ring 环刀cuttings 钻屑cycle of loads 荷载周期cycle of stress reversal 应力交变周期cycle of stress 应力周期cycle of vibration 振动周期cycle 循环，周期cyclic loading 周期荷载cyclic number 循环次数cyclic shear strain amplitude 周期剪应cyclic simple shear test 周期单剪试验cyclic stress ratio 周期应力比cyclic stress 周期应力cyclic triaxial test 周期荷载三轴试验cyclic variation 周期变化Ddado 护壁板dam site 坝址dam 坝damping ratio 阻尼比damping 阻尼Darcy's law 达西定律data acquisition 数据收集data analysis 数据分析data collection 数据收集data processing system 数据处理系统data sheet 成果表data treatment 数据处理data 数据dating 年代测定datum level 基准面datum plane 基准面datum 基准点dead load 静荷载debouch 河口debris flow 泥石流debris from demolition 建筑拆除垃圾decline of water table 水位下降decomposition 分解decompression 卸荷deep consolidation 深层加固deep foundation 深基础deep well method 深井法deep-well pump 深井泵deflected pile 偏位桩deflection curve 扰度曲线deflection inclinometer 测斜仪deflection 变形deflocculant 分散剂deflocculation 反絮凝作用deformation measurement 变形测量deformation 变形deformeter 变形计defrosting 解冻degree of accuracy 精度degree of compaction 压实度degree of consolidation 固结度degree of disturbance 扰动程度degree of mineralization 矿化度degree of saturation 饱和度degree of sensitivity 灵敏度degree of sorting 分选程度degree of stability 稳定度degree of weathering 风化程度degree of wetness 湿度degree 程度delta 三角洲deltaic deposit 三角洲沉积density bottle 比重瓶density 密度denudation 剥蚀deposit 沉积depression curve 浸润曲线depth curve 深度曲线depth factor 埋深因数depth of cut 挖方深度depth of foundation 基础砌置深度depth of groundwater table地下水埋深depth of penetration 贯入深度depth of scour 冲刷深度depth ratio 埋深比（基础〕depth 深度depth-span ratio 高跨比descending spring 下降泉design elevation 设计标高design plan 设计图design capacity 设计承载力design load 设计荷载design 设计designed level 设计标高detailed exploration 详细勘探details of construction 施工详图determination of deformation 变形测定determination of quality 定性测定determination of quantity 定量测定determination of soil parameters土的参数测定determination of strength of soil土的强度测定determination of water quality水质测定determination 测定，鉴定detrimental settlement 有害沉降detrital sediment 碎屑沉积development area 开发区deviation 偏差device 装置，设备dewater 排水dewatering 降低地下水位diagonal bedding 斜层理diagram 图表diagrammatic sketch 示意图dial gauge 圆形量表diameter 直径difference in elevation 高差difference of elevation 高差difference of water table 水位差difference 差，异differential settlement 差异沉降differential shrinkage 不均匀收缩differential thermal analysis 差热分析differential weathering 差异风化differential-acting steam hammer 差动汽锤diffusion layer 扩散层digging 开挖dilapidation 倒塌dilatability 膨胀性dilatancy test 手捻试验dilatancy 剪胀性dilatation 剪胀diluvial deposit 坡积diluvial soil 洪积土diluvial 洪积diluvium 洪积层diorite 闪长岩dip 倾角direct current induced polarization 直流激发极化法direct proportion 正比例direct reading 直接读数direct simple shear test 直接单剪试验direction of fissures 裂隙方向direction of flow 流向direction of groundwater flow 地下水流向direction 方向directrix 准线discharge capacity 排水量discharge diagram 流量图discharge head 压头discharge of well 井流量discharge velocity 排水速度discharge 流量discordance 不整合discrimination 鉴别displacement of soil mass 土体位移displacement pile 排土桩displacement 位移disproportionately grade 级配不良的dissipation 消散distance mark 远处目标distributary 河道支流distributed load 分布荷载distribution 分布disturbed sample 扰动试样ditch 明沟diversion channel 分水沟doline 落水洞dolly 桩垫domestic water 生活用水dot and dash line 点划线dotted line 虚线double -acting steam hammer 双动汽锤double amplitude 双振幅double diaphragm pressure cell双膜式土压力盒downdraw 水位下降downhole dynamic compaction DDC工法downstream （河流）下游drain pit 排水坑drain channel 排水沟drain pile 排水砂桩drain 排水沟drainage by desiccation 疏干排水drainage by well point 井点排水drainage culvert 排水涵洞drainage of foundation 基坑排水drainage path 排水路径drainage pipe 排水管drainage shear test 排水剪切试验drainage triaxial test 排水三轴试验drainage well 排水井drainage 排水drawdown curve （地下水位）降深曲线drawdown curve 水位下降曲线drawdown 水位降深dredge level 疏浚标高dredging 疏浚drift 冰碛土drill record 钻探记录drill 钻，钻机drilled caisson 钻孔沉井drilled footage 钻进尺寸drilled pier 钻孔墩drilling mud 钻孔泥浆drilling rod 钻杆drilling 钻进drive sampler 击入式取土器driven cast-in-place pile 就地灌注桩driven pile 打入桩driver 驱动机，推进器driving record 打桩记录driving test 打桩试验drop hammer 落锤drum roller 滚筒式碾路机dry density 干密度dry oven 烘箱dry unit weight 干容重dune 沙丘Dupuit's equation 裘布依公式duration curve 历时曲线duration 历时Dutch cone penetrometer 荷兰式圆锥触Dutch cone 荷兰式圆锥仪dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic characteristic 动力特性dynamic compaction 动力压实，强夯 dynamic consolidation 强夯法dynamic elastic modulus 动弹性模量 dynamic load test of pile 桩的动载荷试验dynamic load 动荷载dynamic penetration 动力触探 dynamic pile-driving formula 动力打桩公式dynamic point resistance 动力探头阻力 dynamic shear modulus 动剪模量 dynamic sounding 动力触探dynamic triaxial test 振动三轴试验EEarth dam 土坝earth road 土路earth backing 还土earth fill 填方earth pressure at rest 静止土压力 prestress 预应力 earth pressure cell 土压力盒earth pressure coefficient 土压力系数earth pressure wedge 土压力楔体earth pressure 土压力earth 土，陆地，地球earthflow 泥石流earthquake effect 地震作用earthquake engineering 地震工程earthquake intensity 地震烈度earthquake magnitude 地震震级earthquake proof foundation 抗震基础earthquake proof joint 防震缝earthquake region 地震区earthquake resistance 抗震能力earthquake zone 地震带earthquake 地震earthquake-proof construction 抗震建筑earth-rock dam 土石坝earthwork 土石方工程eccentricity 偏心距eductor well point 喷射井点effect of pile group 桩群作用effect 效应，作用effective cohesion 有效内聚力effective diameter 有效粒径effective grain diameter 有效粒径effective overburden pressure 有效上覆压力 effective pressure 有效压力effective range 有效范围effective size 有效尺寸effective span 有效跨度effective stress path 有效应力路径effective stress 有效应力effective unit weight 有效容重effective value 有效值efficiency formula 效率公式（群桩〕 elastic compression 弹性压缩 elastic deformation 弹性变形 elastic equilibrium 弹性平衡 elastic hysteresis 弹性滞后 elastic modulus 弹性模量 elastic state of equilibrium 弹性平衡状态 elasto-plastic deformation 弹塑性变形 elasto-plasticity theory 弹塑性理论 electric profiling 电测剖面法 electrical method of prospecting 电法勘探 electrical logging 电测井 electrical method 电法 electrical prospecting 电法勘探 electrical resistivity 电阻率 electrical sounding 电测深 electrical survey(ing) 电法探测 electrochemical stabilization 电化学加固 electromagnetic prospecting 电磁勘探 electroosmosis 电渗现象 element 单元elevation of borehole 孔口标高 elevation of well 井口标高 elevation scheme 高程图 elevation 高度；海拔 eluvial deposit 残积 eluvial soil 残积土 eluvial 残积 eluviation 淋滤（作用） eluvium 残积层 embedded depth 埋置深度 empirical coefficient 经验系数 empirical data 经验数据 empirical formula 经验公式 empirical value 经验值 end load 端荷载 end of curve 曲线终点 end-bearing pile 端承桩 energy of blow 锤击能 engineer 工程师，技师 engineered fill 质控回填土 engineering characteristic of rock 岩石的工程性能 engineering geologic condition 工程地质条件 engineering geological evaluation 工程地质评价 engineering geological phenomena 工程地质现象 engineering geological problem 工程地质问题 engineering geology 工程地质(学) engineering survey 工程测量engineering 工程（学） enlarged base 扩底（桩工〕 ensile strength 抗拉强度 envelope of failure 破坏包线 envelope 包迹（线） enveloping curve 包络曲线 environmental geology 环境地质(学) Eocene series 始新统 Eogene system 下第三系 eolian deposit 风积物 epicenter 震中 equation 方程，公式 equilibrium 平衡 equipment 仪器，设备 equivalent consolidation pressure 等效固equivalent damping ratio 等效阻尼比 equivalent diameter 等效粒径 equivalent stress 等效应力equivalent uniform load 等效均荷载 erosion landform 侵蚀地形 erosion plain 侵蚀平原 erosion surface 侵蚀面 erosion terrace 侵蚀阶地 erosion 侵蚀 error distribution principle 误差分布原error distribution 误差分布 error equation 误差方程 error of centering 对心误差 error of scale 比例尺误差 error of sighting 瞄准误差 error probability function 误差概率函数error 误差 estuary deposit 港湾沉积 estuary 港湾 evaluation of resources 储量评价 evaluation 评价 evaporation capacity 蒸发量 evenly distributed load 均布荷载 excavated section 开挖断面 excavation 挖方 excavator 挖土机 excess pore water pressure 超静水压力 exchange capacity 交换容量 exchange 交换 exchangeable ion 可交换离子 existing data 现有资料 expanding auger 扩孔钻 expansibility 膨胀性 expansion apparatus 膨胀仪 expansion index 回弹指数 experimental data 试验数据 explorating data 勘探数据 exploration program 勘测大纲 exploration 勘探 extention work 扩建工程 extractor 拔桩机 extruder 顶样器 eye sketch 目测草图 eye visible crack 肉眼可见裂缝 Ffabric analysis 组构分析fabric 构造，结构fabric 组构facies 相facing 护面factor 因数，系数，比率failure condition 破坏条件failure criterion 破坏准则failure in shear 剪切破坏failure load 破坏荷载failure plane 破坏面failure surface 破坏面failure zone 破坏区failure 破坏fall head 降落水头fall 落距falling cone method 沉锥法（液限试验〕falling head permeability test变水头渗透试验fault gouge 断层泥fault plane 断层面fault strike 断层走向fault throw 断距fault trough 地堑fault zone 断层带fault 断层feather joint 羽状节理feature 特征，特性feldspar 长石Fellenius method of slices费伦纽斯条分法field density test 现场密度试验field determination 野外鉴定field identification 现场鉴定field investigation 野外勘察field measurement 实地测量field measurements 现场测试field record 外业资料field sketch 外业草图field test 现场试验field vane test 现场十字板试验field work 外业figure 图fill structure 填方工程fill 填土，填土filled earth 填土filling pile 灌注桩filter dam 透水坝filter well 渗水井filter-well 渗水井final penetration 最终贯入度final pressure 最终压力final settlement 最终沉降量fine aggregate 细粒料fine fissure 微裂隙fine sand 细砂fine screen 细筛fine-grained soil 细粒土fines 细粒土finite aquifer 有限含水层finite difference method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限差分法finite element method 有限单元法finite slice method 条分法fissure water 裂隙水fissure 裂隙fitting 拟合fixed piston sampler 固定活塞式取样器fixed point 固定点fixed-ring consolidometer 固定环式固结仪fixing 固定flat grade 缓坡flat jack 扁千斤顶flexible foundation 柔性基础flood dam 防洪坝flood land 漫滩flood level 洪水位flood plain deposit 漫滩沉积flood plain 洪积平原flow curve 流量曲线flow diagram 流量图flow net 流网flow path 流径flow 流动flowing sand 流砂fluvial deposit 河流沉降fluvial terrace 河成阶地fold 褶皱foliation 叶理footing 基础force 受力，施加力forecast 预报form 形式formation 建造formula 公式forward intersection 前方交会fossil soil 古土壤foundation base 基础底面foundation beam 地基梁foundation bed 基础垫层foundation bottom 基底foundation design 基础设计foundation engineering 基础工程foundation investigation 地基勘察foundation pit 基坑foundation plan 基础平面图foundation pressure 基底压力foundation treatment 地基处理foundation 基础fracture 断裂free head 自由水头freeze 歇后增长（桩的承载力〕French drain 盲沟frequency diagram 频率图fretwork weathering 蜂窝式风化，粒状friction pile 摩擦桩friction 摩擦，摩擦力frog-rammer 蛙式打夯机frost depth 冻结深度frost heave 冻胀frost weathering 冰冻风化frozen soil 冻土full scale test 足尺试验full-face digging 全面开挖function 函数fuzzy mathematics 模糊数学Ggabbro 辉长岩gamma-rays logging 伽马射线测井gap gradation 不连续级配gauge 量表，量规general characteristic 一般特性general description 总述general geology 普通地质(学)general layout 总图general plan 总图generalized procedure of slices 广义条分geodesy 大地测量学geodetic(al) datum 大地基准点geodetic(al) formation 地质建造geodetic(al) surveying 大地测量geodimeter 光电测距仪geographic coordinates 地理坐标geography 地理学geohydrology 水文地质学geologic structure 地质构造geologic(al) age 地质年代geological condition 地质条件geological engineer 地质工程师geological log 地质记录geological map 地质图geological section 地质剖面图geological survey 地质测绘geology 地质(学)geomechanics 地质力学geometric shape 几何形状geomorphological map 地貌图geomorphology 地球形态(学)；geophone pattern 检波器组合(形式)geophysical exploration 地球物理勘探geophysical log 地球物理测井记录geophysical logging 地球物理测井geophysics 地质力学geotechnical engineering 岩土工程geotechnical laboratory 岩土试验室geotechnical map 岩土工程图geotechnique 岩土工程geotectonic map 地质构造图geotextile 土工织物。