HOC =heat of combustion

CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATIONCommon Synonyms Solid Yellow Weak irritatingodorSinks in water.10-Azaanthracene Benzo (b) quinoline Dibenzo [b,e] pyridineAvoid contact with solid and dust. Keep people away.Avoid inhalation.Shut off ignition sources. Call fire department.Stop discharge if possible.Isolate and remove discharged material.Notify local health and pollution control agencies.Protect water intakes.FireCombustible.POISONOUS GASES MAY BE PRODUCED IN FIRE.Wear goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus and rubber overclothing (including gloves).Extinguish with water or foam.Carbon dioxide and dry chemicals may be ineffective on fire.ExposureCALL FOR MEDICAL AID.DUSTIrritating to eyes, nose and throat.If inhaled will cause coughing or difficult breathing.If in eyes, hold eyelids open and flush with plenty of water.If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration.If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.SOLIDIrritating to skin and eyes.Harmful if swallowed.Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.Flush affected areas with plenty of water.IF IN EYES, hold eyelids open and flush with plenty of water.IF SWALLOWED and victim is UNCONSCIOUS OR HAVING CONVULSIONS,do nothing except keep victim warm.Water PollutionHARMFUL TO AQUATIC LIFE IN VERY LOW CONCENTRATIONS.May be dangerous if it enters water intakes.Notify local health and wildlife officials.Notify operators of nearby water intakes.1. CORRECTIVE RESPONSE ACTIONSStop dischargeDilute and disperse small amounts ContainCollection Systems: Pump; Dredge2. CHEMICAL DESIGNATIONS2.1 CG Compatibility Group: Not listed 2.2 Formula: C 13H 9N2.3 IMO/UN Designation: Not listed 2.4 DOT ID No.: 27132.5 CAS Registry No.: 260-94-62.6 NAERG Guide No.: 1532.7 Standard Industrial Trade Classification:514893. HEALTH HAZARDS3.1 Personal Protective Equipment: Dust respirator; chemical goggles; rubber gloves3.2 Symptoms Following Exposure: Inhalation irritates respiratory system and causes sneezing, crying,and vomiting. Contact with liquid irritates eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. At high temperature and during sun exposure, damage to the cornea, skin, and mucous membranes may occur following the liberation of acridine vapor.3.3 Treatment of Exposure: INHALATION: remove victim to fresh air; if breathing has stopped, giveartificial respiration; if breathing is difficult, give oxygen. EYES: wash with copious amounts of water for 20 min.; seek medical attention. SKIN: wash with large amounts of water for 20 min.3.4 TLV-TWA: Not listed.3.5 TLV-STEL: Not listed.3.6 TLV-Ceiling: Not listed.3.7 Toxicity by Ingestion: Grade 2; oral rat LD 50 = 2,000 mg/kg 3.8 Toxicity by Inhalation: Currently not available.3.9 Chronic Toxicity: Currently not available3.10 Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics: Currently not available 3.11 Liquid or Solid Characteristics: Currently not available 3.12 Odor Threshold: Currently not available 3.13 IDLH Value: Not listed.3.14 OSHA PEL-TWA: Not listed.3.15 OSHA PEL-STEL: Not listed.3.16 OSHA PEL-Ceiling: Not listed.3.17 EPA AEGL:Not listed4. FIRE HAZARDS4.1 Flash Point:Not pertinent (combustible solid)4.2 Flammable Limits in Air: Not pertinent 4.3 Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water, foam,monoammonium phosphate, dry chemical 4.4 Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to BeUsed: Carbon dioxide and dry chemicals may not be effective.4.5 Special Hazards of CombustionProducts: Toxic oxides of nitrogen may form in fire.4.6 Behavior in Fire: Sublimes before melting 4.7 Auto Ignition Temperature: Currently notavailable4.8 Electrical Hazards: Not pertinent 4.9 Burning Rate: Not pertinent4.10 Adiabatic Flame Temperature: Currentlynot available4.11 Stoichometric Air to Fuel Ratio:Currently not available4.12 Flame Temperature: Currently notavailable4.13 Combustion Molar Ratio (Reactant toProduct): Currently not available 4.14 Minimum Oxygen Concentration forCombustion (MOCC): Not listed5. CHEMICAL REACTIVITY5.1 Reactivity with Water: No reaction 5.2 Reactivity with Common Materials:Currently not available5.3 Stability During Transport: Stable 5.4 Neutralizing Agents for Acids andCaustics: Not pertinent5.5 Polymerization: Not pertinent5.6 Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent6. WATER POLLUTION6.1 Aquatic Toxicity:0.7 ppm/*/perch/kill/fresh water *Time period not specified6.2 Waterfowl Toxicity: Currently notavailable6.3 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):Currently not available6.4 Food Chain Concentration Potential:None6.5 GESAMP Hazard Profile: Not listed7. SHIPPING INFORMATION7.1 Grades of Purity: Commercial 7.2 Storage Temperature: Ambient 7.3 Inert Atmosphere: No requirement7.4 Venting: Open7.5 IMO Pollution Category: Currently not available 7.6 Ship Type: Currently not available 7.7 Barge Hull Type: Currently not available8. HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS8.1 49 CFR Category: Keep Away From Food 8.2 49 CFR Class: 6.18.3 49 CFR Package Group: III8.4 Marine Pollutant: No8.5 NFPA Hazard Classification: Not listed 8.6 EPA Reportable Quantity: Not listed 8.7 EPA Pollution Category: Not listed 8.8 RCRA Waste Number: Not listed 8.9 EPA FWPCA List: Not listed9. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES9.1 Physical State at 15° C and 1 atm: Solid 9.2 Molecular Weight: 179.089.3 Boiling Point at 1 atm: 655°F = 346°C =619°K 9.4 Freezing Point: 230°F = 110°C = 383°K 9.5 Critical Temperature: Not pertinent 9.6 Critical Pressure: Not pertinent9.7 Specific Gravity: (approx.) 1.2 at 20°C (solid)9.8 Liquid Surface Tension: Not pertinent 9.9 Liquid Water Interfacial Tension: Notpertinent 9.10 Vapor (Gas) Specific Gravity: Not pertinent 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas):Not pertinent 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: Not pertinent 9.13 Heat of Combustion: –15,800 Btu/lb =–8790 cal/g = –368 X 105 J/kg 9.14 Heat of Decomposition: Not pertinent 9.15 Heat of Solution: Not pertinent 9.16 Heat of Polymerization: Not pertinent 9.17 Heat of Fusion: Currently not available 9.18 Limiting Value: Currently not available 9.19 Reid Vapor Pressure: Currently notavailableNOTESACRIDINE ACD9.20SATURATED LIQUID DENSITY Temperature(degrees F)Pounds per cubic footNOTPERTINENT9.21LIQUID HEAT CAPACITYTemperature(degrees F)British thermal unit perpound-FNOTPERTINENT9.22LIQUID THERMAL CONDUCTIVITYTemperature(degrees F)British thermal unit inchper hour-square foot-FNOTPERTINENT9.23LIQUID VISCOSITYTemperature(degrees F)CentipoiseNOTPERTINENT9.24 SOLUBILITY IN WATERTemperature (degrees F)Pounds per 100 poundsof waterINSOLUBLE9.25SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURETemperature(degrees F)Pounds per square inchNOTPERTINENT9.26SATURATED VAPOR DENSITYTemperature(degrees F)Pounds per cubic footNOTPERTINENT9.27IDEAL GAS HEAT CAPACITYTemperature(degrees F)British thermal unit perpound-FNOTPERTINENT。

Loss of efficiency in the boiler will be caused by the dissipation of heat through the walls of the combustion chamber．锅炉效率的损失将由消散的热量穿过燃烧室的墙壁。

This heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of fire bricks round the walls of the chamber．这种热损失可以大大减少了使用防火砖围绕的墙壁室。

This helps to insulate the chamber and to conserve the heat which is generated．这有助于绝热室和保存热.However，at the temperatures which are attainable in modern boilers，the solid walls of the furnace are liable to be damaged by excessive heat．然而，在现代可达到的温度锅炉，炉子的实心壁容易被过度损坏热。

To avoid this , they are often lined with water tubes，and some of the heat of combustion is absorbed by the water．为了避免这种情况，他们经常内衬水管，一些燃烧的热量被水吸收。

The steam from the boiler is passed through a superheater and out past a stop-value at high pressure．来自锅炉的蒸汽通过过热器并流出高压下的停止值A fresh supply of water is fed by pumps into the boiler to replace it．新鲜的水由泵送入锅炉更换。

水泥英语汉语名称英文名称汉语名称英文名称窑头 kiln end kiln hood section 窑头罩 firing hood窑尾 back-end of kiln 烟室 fed end chamber窑口 kiln mouth 窑口护铁 outlet guard iron液压挡轮 hydraulic thruster ash ring筒体 shell 窑口冷却风机 nose ring fan垫板挡砖圈 inlet end ring托轮瓦 lining tile 衬瓦轮带 tyre电流 current 流量 flowrate转速 rotation speed 喂料趋势 feed forward value喂料量 finished meal 表、压力表 gageamount of raw mix 仪表 instruction料位 level 电流 current累积量 accumulate 功率 power运转率 run rate 角速度 angular velocity直径 diameter 线速度 line speed半径 radius压力 pressure 压力表 manometer正压压差 difference in pressure负压 differential pressure排气压力 exhaust pressure pressure head风温 air temperature 二次风温 primary air temperature入口温度 entering temperature 三次风管 recoup duct入口压力 entering pressure tertiary air duct水分 moisture modulus of aluminia细度 fineness of grinding 水硬率铝氧率 alumina modulus 硅率warm-air原煤仓 raw coal silo 煤粉仓 coal dust bin均化库 homogenizing silo 单组分预均化堆场 single component blending bed 熟料库 clinker storage building 水泥库 cement silo预均化堆场 preblending bed 配料站prehomogenizing stockpile 缓冲仓 buffer bin堆取料机 stocker and reclaimer 布袋收尘 cloth dust collector桥式刮板取料机 bridge-type seraping reclaimer 袋收尘 bag filter 增湿塔 conditioning tower 电收尘器 electrostatic precipitator EP 给煤机 stoker 烟囱 chimney链式输送机 chain conveyor 空气斜槽 air slide盘式输送机 disc conveyor` 空气斜槽风机 air slide fan破碎机 crusher 斗式提升机 bucket elevator汉语名称英文名称斗子锺式破碎机 hammer crusher 链子螺旋绞刀 conveyor screw 链瓣拉链输送机 drag chain conveyor 销子管道、烟道 dust 皮带机 belt conveyor炉栅 grate 皮带 belt研磨介质 grinding media 溜槽 chute粗粉分离器 grit separator 辅传设备三角带带轮 sheave分解炉 calcining combustor旋风分离器、旋风筒 cyclone预热器 preheater氧气 oxygen 二氧化碳 carbon dioxide一氧化氮一氧化碳 monoxide氧化氮石灰石粉煤灰铁矿石石膏铁粉矿渣砂岩熟料粘土气动挡板挡板 baffler三次风挡板挡板开度翻板阀 flapgate flap valve 电动挡板棒闸热风挡板重力翻板阀 gravity tipping valve 冷风挡板气力锁风阀 pneumatic air lock valve冲机式流量计 impact flow meter 转子称 rotor feeder粉粉称皮带称 belt weigher电磁阀升辊磨盘 gringding table/base 降辊磨辊 gringding roller 锁风阀风环 air ring 反向/正向氮气囊液压缸选粉机 separator 衬板罗茨风机 Roots blower 风机机壳 fan casing鼓风机 air blower fan inet排风机 air-exhaust ventilator fan outputdischarge fan 主风机 main fanexhast fan 抽风机 suction blower轴流式风机 axial flow ventilator 叶轮 impeller离心式风机 centrifugal ventilator 转子 rotor离心式鼓风机 centrifugal blower 清扫风机 purging air fan循环风机 circulating fan 吸入式排风机（高） induced draft fan冷却风机 cooling blower 一次风机 kiln burner fan窑口冷却风机 primary fan热风机 hot gas fan pulverized coal firing fan密封风机水泵 water pump空气压缩机 air compressor稀油站液压站减速机 reducer齿轮减速机 reduction gear毫米 meric line 厘米米 meter 平方米 square meterMpa 立方米 cubic meterbar mbar镁铬砖 magnesia-chromite brick 高温烧结镁铬砖 high temperature fired magnesite chrome brick高铝砖 alumina brick 方镁石-尖晶石砖 periclase-spinel brick矿渣水泥slag cement硅酸盐水泥portland cement主导产品leading product年产量annual output基准reference体系system完全燃烧complete combustion不完全燃烧incomplete combustion机械不完全燃烧mechanical incomplete combustion化学不完全燃烧chemical incomplete combustion雾化atomization雾化介质atomizing medium物料平衡material balance实际空气量amount of actual air for combustion理论空气量amount of theoretical air for combustion理论烟气量amount of theoretical burned gas；amount of theoretical flue gas 形成热heat of formation单位热耗unit heat consumption标准煤Standard coal标准煤耗standard coal consumption实物煤耗raw coal consumption窑炉的余热利用waste heat utilization of kiln干燥周期drying cycle焙烧周期firing cycle热损失thermal loss；heat loss燃烧热heat of combustion有效热effective heat热效率heal efficiency燃烧效率combustion efficiency一次空气primary air二次空气secondary air系统漏入空气量false air空气系数air coefficient废气含尘浓度dust content in stack gas热平衡表heat balance table热流图heat balance diagram回转窑rotary kiln窑胭体内容积inside volume of kiln shell窑胴体有效内表面积effective inside surface of kiln shell 零件英语punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location 定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块sliding dowel block滑块固定块active plate活动板lower sliding plate下滑块板upper holder block上压块upper mid plate上中间板spring box弹簧箱spring-box eject-rod弹簧箱顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing bolck衬套cover plate盖板guide pad导料块塑件&模具相关英文compre sion molding压缩成型flash mold溢流式模具plsitive mold挤压式模具split mold分割式模具cavity型控母模core模心公模taper锥拔leather cloak仿皮革shiver饰纹flow mark流痕welding mark溶合痕post screw insert螺纹套筒埋值self tapping screw自攻螺丝striper plate脱料板piston活塞cylinder汽缸套chip细碎物handle mold手持式模具移转成型用模具encapsulation molding低压封装成型射出成型用模具two plate两极式（模具）well type蓄料井insulated runner绝缘浇道方式hot runner热浇道runner plat浇道模块valve gate阀门浇口band heater环带状的电热器spindle阀针spear head刨尖头slag well冷料井cold slag冷料渣air vent排气道h=0.02~0.05mmw=3.2mmL=3~5mmwelding line熔合痕eject pin顶出针knock pin顶出销return pin回位销反顶针sleave套筒stripper plate脱料板insert core放置入子runner stripper plate浇道脱料板guide pin导销eject rod (bar)（成型机）顶业捧subzero深冷处理three plate三极式模具runner system浇道系统stress crack应力电裂orientation定向sprue gate射料浇口，直浇口nozzle射嘴slag well冷料井side gate侧浇口edge gate侧缘浇口tab gate搭接浇口film gate薄膜浇口flash gate闸门浇口slit gate缝隙浇口fan gate扇形浇口dish gate因盘形浇口H=F=1/2t~1/5tT=2.5~3.5mmdiaphragm gate隔膜浇口ring gate环形浇口subarine gate潜入式浇口tunnel gate隧道式浇口pin gate针点浇口Φ0.8~1.0mmRunner less无浇道(sprue less)无射料管方式long nozzle延长喷嘴方式sprue浇口;溶渣sprue lock pin料头钩销(拉料杆)冲压模具专业英语根据国家标准以下为压铸模具术语的标准翻译。

中华人民共和国国家标准UDC 614.84：001.4 GB 5907－86消防基本术语第一部分Fundamental terminology of fire protection Part 1前言本标准规定了消防领域中所使用的基本术语和定义，适用于消防标准化、消防管理、消防工程、消防产品的生产、检验和认证、教学、出版及其他有关的工作领域。

本标准收词范围限于消防基本术语。

凡各专业具体产品，部件的术语及其专用技术术语等属各专业分类术语标准范围。

1 一般性消防术语General terms of fire1.1 放火Arson 蓄意造成火灾的行为。

1.2 燃烧Combustion 可燃物与氧化剂作用发生的放热反应，通常伴有火焰、发光和（或）发烟的现象。

1.3 燃烧（动词）Burn（Verb）进行燃烧。

1.4 燃烧性能Burning behaviour当材料、产品和（或）构件燃烧或遇火时，所发生的一切物理和（或）化学变化。

1.5 燃烧热Heat of combustion 单位质量的物质完全燃烧所释放出的热量。

1.6 燃烧产物Products of combustion 由燃烧或热解作用而产生的全部的物质。

1.7 潜热能Calorific potential 当物质完全燃烧时所能释放出的燃烧热。

国家标准局1986-03-03 发布1986-12-01 实施GB 5907－861.8 爆裂Bursting在物体的内部或外部，由于超压力和（或）应力变化使物体急剧破裂的现象。

1.9 爆炸Explosion 由于物质急剧氧化或分解反应产生温度、压力增加或两者同时增加的现象。

1.10 爆燃Deflagration 以亚音速传播的爆炸。

1.11 爆轰Detonation 以冲击波为特征，以超音速传播的爆炸。

1.12 爆炸极限Explosion limit可燃的气体、蒸气或粉尘与空气混合后，遇火会产生爆炸的最高或最低的浓度。

《工程热力学》中英文对照词汇表Absolute entropy（绝对熵）Absolute pressure（绝对压力）Absolute temperature（绝对温度）Absolute zero of temperature（绝对零度）Absolute zero of temperature（绝对零度）Adiabatic enthalpy drop（绝热焓降）Adiabatic exponent（绝热指数）Adiabatic flame temperature（绝热燃烧温度）Adiabatic process（绝热过程）Adiabatic system（绝热系）Anergy（无效能，火无）Atmosphere（大气）Available energy（有效能）Avogadro’s hypothesis（阿伏伽德罗假说）Binary vapor cycle（两气循环）Boltzmann’s constant（玻尔兹曼常数）Carnot cycle（卡诺循环）Carnot cycle（卡诺循环）Carnot,N.L.S.（卡诺）Carnot’s theorem（卡诺定理）Celsius temperature scale（摄氏温标）Characteristic function（特性函数）Chemical equilibrium constant （化学平衡常数）Chemical equilibrium（化学平衡）Chemical potential（化学势）Chemical thermodynamics（化学热力学）Clapeyron equation（克拉贝龙方程）Classical thermodynamics（经典热力学）Clausius,R.（克劳修斯）Clausius-Clapeyron equation（克劳修斯－克拉贝龙方程）Closed system（闭口系）Closed system（闭口系统0 Coefficient of performance of refrigerator（制冷系数）Coefficient of thermal expansion （热膨胀系数）Coefficient of utilization of thermal energy（热能利用系数）Combined cycle（联合循环）Compressibility factor（压缩因子）Compression ratio of cycle（循环压缩比）Compression work（压缩功）Condition of phase equilibrium （相平衡条件）Condition of stability（稳定条件）Conservation of energy（能量守恒）Conservation of mass（质量守恒）Continuity equation（连续性方程）Control mass（控制质量）Control surface（控制面）Control volume（控制容积）Convergent nozzle（渐缩喷管）Convergent-divergent nozzle（缩放喷管）Criteria for equilibrium（平衡判据）Critical point（临界点）Critical pressure ratio（临界压力比）Cycle（循环）Degradation of energy（能量贬值）Density（密度）Dew-point（露点）Diesel cycle（狄赛尔循环）Diffuser（扩压管）Dissipation of energy（能量耗散）Divergent nozzle（渐扩喷管）Dolton’s law of partial pressure （道尔顿分压定律）Dual cycle（混合加热循环）Effect of dissipation（耗散效应）Energy（能量）Engineering thermodynamics（工程热力学）Enthalpy drop（焓降）Enthalpy（焓）Entropy balance equation（熵方程）Entropy（熵）Equation of energy for steady flow（稳定流动能量方程）Equation of state in reduced form（对比态方程）Equation of state（状态方程）Equilibrium state（平衡状态）Equilibrium（平衡）Exergy（火用）Expansion work（膨胀功）Extensive quantity（尺度量）Fahrenheit temperature scale（华氏温标）First law of thermodynamics（热力学第一定律）Flow work（流动功）Flux of entropy（熵流）Force（力）Free energy（自由能）Free enthalpy（自由焓）Free expansion（自由膨胀）Friction（摩擦）Gas constant（气体常数）Gas（气体）Gauge pressure（表压力）Generalized compressibility chart（通用压缩因子图）Generalized work（广义功）Generation of entropy（熵产）Gibbs’function（吉布斯函数）Gibbs’J.W.（吉布斯）Gibbs’phase rule（吉布斯相律）Gravitational potential（重力位能）Heat of combustion（燃烧热）Heat of reaction（反应热）《传热学》课程专业英语词汇 1. heat transfer 传热学2. heat conduction 导热 3. convection heat transfer 对流换热4. thermal radiation 热辐射 5. condensation heat transfer 凝结换热6. boiling heat transfer 沸腾换热7. number of heat transfer unit 传热单元数8. heat exchanger 换热器9. temperature field 温度场10. Fourier’s law 傅里叶定律11. Isothermal surface 等温面12. temperature gradient 温度梯度13. unsteady heat conduction 非稳态导热14. Isotherms 等温线15. lumped method 集总参数法16. thermal conductivity 导热系数17. heat flux 热流密度18. thermal resistance 热阻19. Newton’s law of cooling 牛顿冷却公式20. boundary layer 边界层21. thermal boundary layer 热边界层22. continuity equation 连续性方程23. laminar flow in tube 管内层流24. turbulent flow in tube 管内湍流25. in-tube boiling 管内沸腾26. dimensional analysis 量纲分析27. flow boundary layer 流动边界层28. fin 肋片29. fin efficiency 热效率30. Reynolds number 雷诺数31. Nusselt number 努谢尔数32. Prandtl number 普朗克数33. Planck’slaw普朗克定律34. boundary layer integral equation 边界层积分方程35．boundary layer differential equation 边界层微分方程36．boundary condition 边界条件37．finite difference 差分38.initial condition 初始条件39．transmissivity 穿透比40.mass transfer process 传质过程41.natural convection in infinite space 大空间自然对流42.poor boiling 大容器沸腾43.partial differential equation of heat conduction 导热微分方程44.numerical solution of heat conduction 导热问题数值解45.directional radiation intensity 定向辐射强度46.log-mean temperature difference 对数平均温差47.multidimensional steady state heat conduction 多维稳态导热48.emissivity 发射率49.analytical solution of transient heat conduction 非稳态导热问题分析解50.Fourier number 傅里叶数work method of radiation heat exchange 辐射换热的网络法52.emissive power 辐射力53.Grashof number 格拉晓夫数54.insulating material 隔热材料（保温材料，绝热材料）55.spectral emissive power 光谱辐射力56.excess temperature 过余温度57.nucleate boiling 核态沸腾58.black body 黑体（绝对黑体）59.flow across single tube 横掠单管60.flow across non-circular cylinder 横掠非圆形截面柱体61.flow across tube bundles 横掠管束62.gray body 灰体63.effectiveness of heat exchanger 换热器的效能64.mixed convection 混合对流65.Kirchhoff’s law 基尔霍夫定律66.cross strings method 交叉线法67.view factor ,angle factor 角系数68.heat conduction with internal heat source 具有内热源的导热erning equation 控制方程place equation 拉普拉斯方程mbert’s law 兰贝特定律72.discretized equation 离散方程73.critical insulation radius 临界绝缘直径74 diffuse surface 漫射表面75.film-wise condensation 膜状凝结76.internal flow 内部流动77.counter-flow 逆流78.gaseous radiation 气体辐射79.enhancement of heat transfer 强化传热80.forced convection 强制对流81.heat pipe 热管82.heat transfer rate 热流量83.time constant 时间常数84.numerical solution 数值解85.Stefan-Boltzmann’s law 斯特潘-波耳兹曼定律86.velocity boundary layer 速度边界层87.solar radiation 太阳辐射88.characteristic length 特征长度89.characteristic number 特征数（准则数）90.irradiation 投入辐射91.turbulent flow 湍流92.external flow 外部流动93.flow along a flat plate 外掠平板94.Wien’s displacement law 维恩位移定律95.green house effect 温室效应96.steady –state heat conduction 稳态导热97.thermal resistance of fouling 污垢热阻98.absorptivity 吸收比99.back difference 向后差分100.forward difference 向前差分101.similarity principle 相似原理102.shape factor 形状因子103.1-dimensional steady state heat conduction 一维稳态导热。

Chemical Safety Data SheetSECTION 1 CHEMICALS & COMPANYProduct Name: PropeneTelephone ：Company :Shandong Yinuo Chemical Industry Co.,LtdZip Code ：251500 Cas NO: 115-07-1 File No ：008 Effective Date: Mar 1,2013SECTION 2 COMPONENTComponent ：PropeneCAS No.：115-07-1. Purity: ＞99.5％SECTION 3 DANGEROUSNESSClass ：2.1 Inflammable Gas Invasive ways: suctionHealth Hazard: This product is a simple asphyxiant and mild anesthetic.Acute Poisoning: Inhaled propylene can cause loss of consciousness, when the concentration is 15%, need 30 minutes; 24% when, should be 3 minutes; When 35% ~ 40%, to 20 seconds; When more than 40%, only 6 seconds, and lead to vomiting.Chronic Effects: Long-term exposure can cause dizziness, fatigue, concentration, whole body discomfort, thinking individuals gastrointestinal function disorders.Environmental Hazards: Has harm to the environment, water, soil and air can cause pollution.Combustion Hazard: Flammable, the steam can form explosive mixtures with air, flame is burning explosion hazard.SECTION 4 FIRST AID MEASURESSkin Contact: no data. Eye contact: no data.Sucked Into: quickly from the scene to fresh air place. Keep the airway open. Such as the breath is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, immediately to people or to breathe. Go to a doctor.Eat: nonsense .SECTION 5 FIRE CONTROL MEASURESDangerous Features: Flammable, mixed properties can form explosive mixtures with air, with heat and open flame is in danger of burning explosion, and carbon dioxide, nitrogen tetroxide, nitrous oxide and other chemical combination, contact with other antioxidant violent reaction, the gas is heavier than air and can be spread in the low to very far place, meet fire can cause burning back.Hazardous Combustion Products: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.Fire Extinguishing Method And Agent: C ut off the gas source, if not immediately cut off the gas source, are not allowed to put out the burning gas, water spray cooling container, possible move container from fire to open.Agent: water fog, foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder.Fire Precautions: water spray cooling combustion cans and near tanks, until the end of fire extinguishing. Tank in case of changes in a fire or abnormal sound, should be evacuated immediately. Put out the fire with water is invalid.SECTION 6ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURESEmergency Treatment:Leave quickly leak contaminated area personnel to windward, and isolation and strictrestrictions in and out, cut off the fire, suggested that the emergency response personnel wear self-contained breathing apparatus, fire protective clothing, cut off the leak source as far as possible, in industrial coating or adsorption/absorption agent cover near the leak place such as sewer, prevent gas entering. Reasonable ventilation, accelerate the diffusion, spray water dilution, dissolve, constructing dike or dig a pit for produce the large amount of waste water, if possible, use leakage gas exhaust fan sent to the empty place or furnishappropriate nozzle burned, leak container to properly handle, repairing, inspection before use.SECTION 7 DISPOSAL AND STORAGE OPERATIONOperation Note:Airtight operation, the comprehensive ventilation. Operators must receive special training, strictly abide by the operation procedures. Away from fire and heat source, workplace smoking is strictly prohibited. Use explosion-proof ventilation systems and equipment. Prevent gas leakage in the air of workplace. Avoid contact with oxidant, acid type. In the process of transmission, the cylinder and the container must be grounded and jumper, prevent to produce static electricity. Light light discharge when handling to prevent damage to the cylinder and accessories. Equipped with corresponding varieties and number of fire equipment and spill contingency processing equipment.Storage precautions:flammable compressed gas. Store in a cool, dry and ventilated good non-combustible warehouse. Warehouse temperature should not exceed 30 ℃. Away from fire, heat source, prevent direct sunlight. Should work with oxygen, compressed air, halogen () of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, antioxidant, etc. Storage room lighting, ventilation facilities should use explosion-proof type, switch is located in outside warehouse. When tank storage should have technical measures for fire and explosion prevention.SECTION 8 CONTACT CONTRO/LINDIVIDUAL PROTECTIONThe Highest Permissible Concentration: The MAC (mg/m3) standardsThe former Soviet union MAC (100 mg/m3)The United States TVL - TWAACGIH asphyxiationUs the TLV - STEL formulated standardsMethods: gas chromatographyEngineering Control: closed production process, comprehensive ventilation. Provide a good natural ventilation. Respiratory Protection:generally don't need special protection, high concentrations of contact can be self-priming filter type gas mask (half mask).Eye Protection: generally don't need special protection, high concentrations of contact can be wear chemical safety gogglesBody Protection: wear anti-static overalls. Hand protection: wear protective gloves.Other Protection:work site no smoking. Avoid high suction. Into the cans, restrictive space or other high concentration area, must be watched.SECTION 9 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIESAppearance and properties: colorless, scents of hydrocarbon gases.PH: no dataOctanol/Water Partition Coefficient: no dataMelting point (℃). The relative density of 191.2 (water = 1) : 0.5Boiling point (℃) : the relative density of 47.7 (air = 1) : 1.48Saturated vapor pressure (kPa) : 602.88 (0 ℃) heat of combustion (kJ/mol) : 2049Critical temperature (℃) : 91.9 critical pressure (MPa) : 4.62Flash point (℃) : - 108 explosive limit % (V/V) : 15.0Ignition temperature (℃) : 455 lower explosive limit % (V/V) : 1.0Solubility: soluble in water, ethanol. Minimum ignition energy (mj) : 0.282Main USES: the main acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, acetone, etc.Other physical and chemical properties: the maximum explosion pressure (MPa) 0.843SECTION 10 the STABILITY AND REACTIVITYStability: stable prohibited content: strong oxidant, acid.Avoid contact with the condition: heat, open flame.Polymerization: polymerizationHazardous combustion products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxideSECTION 11TOXICOLOGY DATAAcute Toxicity: LD50 mg/kg through the mouth (mice) LC50 mg/m3, 2 hours (suction) in miceSubacute And Chronic Toxicity: mice inhaling this product concentration was 35%, 20 times, causing mild fatty liver soaks.Stimulus: no data Allergenic: no dataRespectively: no data Teratogenicity: no dataCarcinogenic effects: no data Other: no dataSECTION 12 INFORMATION ECOLOGYEcological Toxicity: this material has harm to the environment, to give special attention to the fish and water. Should also pay special attention to surface water, soil, air and water pollution.Biodegradability: no dataThe Biodegradability: no dataBiological Enrichment Or Cumulative: no dataOther Harmful Effects: no dataSECTION 13 WASTE DISPOSAL□Industrial solid wasteWaste Material PropertiesWaste Disposal Method: before disposal shall refer to the national and local relevant laws and regulations. Proposal with incinerating disposal.Scrap Notice: before disposal shall refer to state and local relevant laws and regulations, waste storage, see "storage and transportation considerations".SECTION 14 TRANSPORTATION INFORMATIONDangerous Goods Number: 21018 The UN NO. : 1077Packing Mark: flammable gas Packaging categories:Ⅱclass wrapping Packing Method: steel cylinders.Transportation Note:this product use railway transport time pressure liquefied gas enterprise should bring along their own tanker shipment, need to be submitted to the relevant departments for approval before shipment. Using just bottle transport must wear a good helmet on the cylinder. General flat cylinder, and the bottle should be in the same direction, do not cross; Fencing height shall not exceed the vehicle plate, with triangle wood mat card, to prevent rolling. Transport transport vehicles should be equipped with corresponding varieties and number of fire equipment. Shipment the goods vehicle exhaust pipes must be equipped with fire equipment, mechanical equipment and tools to ban the use of easy to produce sparks loading and unloading. It is strictly prohibited during mixed with oxidant, acid, etc. Summer should be transport in the morning and evening, to prevent exposure to the sun. Stopover should be far away from fire and heat source. When highway transportation route, according to the rules, don't stay in residential areas and densely populated area. Railway transportation should prohibit humping.SECTION 15 REGULATORY INFORMATIONHazardous chemical materials safety management regulations (January 9, 2002, 52 times under the state council executive meeting, released on January 26, since March 15, 2002), in view of the hazardous chemicals safety in production, use, storage, transportation, loading and unloading, etc, have made the corresponding provisions; Commonly used the classification of dangerous chemicals and mark (GB 13690-92), the material is divided into class 2.1 flammable gases.SECTION 16 OTHER INFORMATIONReference: 1. The list of dangerous chemicals (2002)2. The commonly used the classification of dangerous chemicals and mark (GB 13690-92)3. Safety net in China4 "petrochemical dangerous chemicals practical handbook"5. The hazardous chemical materials safety technical specifications ", 1997, Zhou Guotai.Time to fill out a form: on March 1, 2013Department of filling: the security officeData audit units: security officeModify description: second, unmodified.。

工程热力学中英文对照词汇表整理：孙志坚AAbsolute entropy绝对熵Absolute pressure绝对压力Absolute temperature绝对温度Absolute zero of temperature绝对零度Adiabatic enthalpy drop绝热焓降Adiabatic exponent绝热指数Adiabatic flame temperature绝热燃烧温度Adiabatic process绝热过程Adiabatic system绝热系Anergy 火无，无用能Atmosphere大气Available energy有用能A vogadro’s hypothesis阿伏伽德罗假说BBinary vapour cycle两气循环B oltzman’s constant玻尔兹曼常数CCarnot cycle卡诺循环Carnot, N.L.S. 卡诺C arnot’s theorem卡诺定理Celsius temperature scale摄氏温标Characteristic function特性函数Chemical equilibrium化学平衡Chemical equilibrium constant化学平衡常数1Chemical potential化学势Chemical thermodynamics化学热力学Clapeyron equation克拉贝龙方程Classical thermodynamics经典热力学Clausius-Clapeyron equation克劳修斯-克拉贝龙方程Clausius, R. 克劳修斯Closed system闭口系Coefficient of performance of refrigerator制冷系数Coefficient of thermal expansion热膨胀系数Coefficient of utilization of thermal energy热能利用系数Combined cycle联合循环Compressibility factor压缩因子Compression ratio of cycle循环压缩比Compression work压缩功Condition of phase equilibrium相平衡条件Condition of stability稳定性条件Conservation of energy能量守恒Conservation of mass质量守恒Control mass控制质量Control surface控制面Control volume控制容积Continuty equation连续性方程Covergent-divergent nozzle缩放喷管Covergent nozzle渐缩喷管Criteria for equilibrium平衡判据Critical point临界点Critical state临界状态Critical flow临界流动Critical pressure ratio临界压力比Cycle循环DDegradation of energy能量贬值2Density密度Diesel cycle笛塞尔循环Divergent nozzle渐扩喷管Diffuser扩压管Dissipation of energy能量耗散D olton’s law of partial pressare道尔顿分压定律Dry saturated steam干饱和蒸汽Dual cycle混合加热循环EEffect of dissipation耗散效应Energy能量Engineering atmosphere工程大气压力Engineering thermodynamics工程热力学Enthalpy焓Enthalpy drop焓降Entropy熵Entropy balance equation熵方程Equation of energy for steady flow稳定流动能量方程Equation of state状态方程Equation of state in reduced form对比态方程Equilibrium平衡Equilibrium state平衡状态Ericsson cycle埃尔逊循环Exergy火用Expansion work膨胀功Extensive quantity尺度量FFahrenheit temperature scale华氏温标First law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律3Flow work流动功Flux of entropy熵流Free energy自由能Free enthalpy自由焓Free expansion自由膨胀Friction摩擦Force力GGas气体Gas constant气体常数Gauge pressure表压力Generalized compressibility chart通用压缩因子图Generalized work广义功Generation of entropy熵产G ibbs’ function吉布斯函数G ibbs’ J.W.吉布斯G ibbs’ phase rule吉布斯相律Gravitational potential重力位能HHeat热Heat of combustion燃烧热Heat (enthalpy) of formation生成热（生成焓）Heat of reaction反应热Heat pump热泵Heat source热源Helmhotz function亥姆霍兹函数H ess’ law赫斯定律Humidity湿度4IIdeal gas equation of state理想气体状态方程Inequality of Clausius克劳修斯不等式Intensive quantity强度量Internal combustion engine内燃机Internal energy热力学能（内能）Inversion curve转变曲线Inversion temperature转变温度Irreversible cycle不可逆循环Irreversible process不可逆过程Isentropic compressibility绝热压缩系数Isentropic process定熵过程Isobaric process定压过程Isolated system孤立系Isometric process定容过程Isothermal compressibility定温压缩系数Isothermal process定温过程JJoule, J.P. 焦耳Joule-Thomon effect焦—汤效应KKelvin, L. (Thomson, W.) 开尔文Kinetic energy动能K irchhoff’s law基尔霍夫定律5LLatent heat潜热Law of corresponding states对应态定律Law of partial volume分容积定律Le Cha telier’s principle吕—查德里原理Local velocity of sound当地声速Lost available energy有用能损失MMach number马赫数Mass flow rate质量流量Maximum work from chemical reaction反应最大功Maxwell, J.C. 麦克斯韦Maxwell relations麦克斯韦关系M ayer’s formula迈耶公式Mechanical equilibrium力学平衡Metastable equilibrium亚稳定平衡Mixture of gases混合气体Moist air湿空气Moisture content含湿量Molar specific heat摩尔比热NNernst heat theorem奈斯特热定理Nonequilibrium-thermodynamics非平衡热力学Nozzle喷管O6One dimensional flow一维流动Open system开口系Otto cycle奥托循环PParameter of state状态参数Perfect gas理想气体Perpetual motion engine永动机Perpetual motion engine of the second kind第二类永动机Phase相Polytropic process 多变过程Potential energy位能Power cycle动力循环Pressure压力Principle of increase of entropy熵增原理Process过程Psychrometer chart湿空气焓—湿图Push work推挤功Pure substance纯物质QQuantity of refrigeration制冷量Quality of vapor-liquid mixture, Dryness干度Quasi-equilibrium process准平衡过程Quasi-static process准静态过程RRankine cycle朗肯循环Ratio of pressure of cycle循环增压比Real gas实际气体7Reduced parameter对比参数Refrigerant制冷剂Refrigeration cycle制冷循环Refrigerator制冷机Regenerative cycle回热循环Reheated cycle再热循环Relative humidity相对湿度Revesed Carnot cycle逆卡诺循环Reversed cycle逆循环Reversible cycle可逆循环Reversible process可逆过程SSaturated air饱和空气Saturation pressure饱和压力Saturation state饱和状态Saturation tempperature饱和温度Saturated vapor饱和蒸汽Saturated water饱和水Second law of thermodynamics热力学第二定律Simple compressible system简单可压缩系Sink冷源Specific heat比热容Specific heat at constant pressure定压比热容Specific heat at constant volume定容比热容Specific humidity绝对湿度Specific volume比体积Stable equilibrium稳定平衡Stagnation enthalpy滞止焓Standard atmosphere标准大气压力Standard enthalpy of formation标准生成焓Standard state标准状况8State状态State postulate状态公理Statistical thermodynamics统计热力学Steady flow稳定流动Steam水蒸汽Subsonic亚声速Superheated steam过热蒸汽Supersonic超声速TTemperature温度Temperature of dew-point露点温度Temperature scale温度标尺Technical work技术功Theoretical flame temperature理论燃烧温度Thermal coefficient热系数Thermal efficiency热效率Thermal equilibrium热平衡Thermodynamic Probability热力学概率Thermodynamics热力学Thermodynamic system热力学系统Thermodynamic temperature scale热力学温标Third law of thermodynamics热力学第三定律Throttling节流Triple point 三相点UUnavailable energy无用能Universal gas constant通用气体常数9VVacuum真空度V an der Waals’ equation范德瓦尔斯方程Velocity of sound声速Virial equation of state维里状态方程WWet-Bulb temperature湿球温度Wet saturated steam湿饱和蒸汽Work功Working substance 工质ZZeroth law of thermodynamics热力学第零定律10。

Designation:D240–09Standard Test Method forHeat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter1This standard is issued under thefixed designation D240;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.1This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.1.2Under normal conditions,this test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines,kerosines,Nos.1and2 fuel oil,Nos.1-D and2-D diesel fuel and Nos.0-GT,1-GT, and2-GT gas turbine fuels.1.3This test method is not as repeatable and not as reproducible as Test Method D4809.1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.The values in parentheses are for information only.1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazard statements,see Sections7and9and A1.10and Annex A3.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2D129Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Gen-eral Bomb Method)D1018Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions D1266Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D2622Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry D3120Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD3701Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Reso-nance SpectrometryD4294Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4809Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter(Precision Method)D5453Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons,Spark Ignition Engine Fuel,Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers E200Practice for Preparation,Standardization,and Stor-age of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis3.Terminology3.1Definitions:3.1.1gross heat of combustion,Qg(MJ/kg)—the quantity of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned in a constant volume enclosure,with the products being gaseous,other than water that is condensed to the liquid state.3.1.1.1Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid, and contain only the elements carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,and sulfur.The products of combustion,in oxygen,are gaseous carbon dioxide,nitrogen oxides,sulfur dioxide,and liquid water.In this procedure,25°C is the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen,and thefinal temperature of the products of combustion.3.1.2net heat of combustion,Qn(MJ/kg)—the quantity of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constant pressure,with all of the products,including water,being gaseous.3.1.2.1Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid, and contain only the elements carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,and sulfur.The products of combustion,in oxygen,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05on Properties of Fuels,Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved July1,2009.Published September2009.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2007as D240–02(2007).2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.are carbon dioxide,nitrogen oxides,sulfur dioxide,and water, all in the gaseous state.In this procedure,the combustion takes place at a constant pressure of0.1012MPa(1atm),and25°C is the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen,and the final temperature of the products of combustion.3.1.3The following relationships may be used for convert-ing to other units(conversion factor is exact only for Btu): 1cal(International Table calorie)=4.1868J1Btu(British thermal unit)=1055.06J and refer to as factor not exact1cal(I.T.)/g=0.0041868MJ/kg1Btu/lb=0.002326MJ/kg3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1energy equivalent—(effective heat capacity or water equivalent)of the calorimeter is the energy required to raise the temperature1°expressed as MJ/°C.1MJ/kg51000J/g(1) In SI,the unit of heat of combustion has the dimension J/kg, but for practical use a multiple is more convenient.The MJ/kg is customarily used for the representation of heats of combus-tion of petroleum fuels.N OTE1—The energy unit of measurement employed in this test method is the joule with the heat of combustion reported in megajoules per kilogram.3.3Symbols:3.3.1The net heat of combustion is represented by the symbol Q n and is related to the gross heat of combustion by the following equation:Q n~net,25°C!5Q g~gross,25°C!20.21223H(2) where:Q n(net,25°C)=net heat of combustion at constantpressure,MJ/kg,Q g(gross,25°C)=gross heat of combustion at constantvolume,MJ/kg,andH=mass%of hydrogen in the sample.3 4.Summary of Test Method4.1Heat of combustion is determined in this test method by burning a weighed sample in an oxygen bomb calorimeter under controlled conditions.The heat of combustion is com-puted from temperature observations before,during,and after combustion,with proper allowance for thermochemical and heat transfer corrections.Either isothermal or adiabatic calo-rimeter jackets can be used.4.1.1Temperatures can be measured in degrees Celsius. 4.1.1.1Temperatures can be recorded in either degrees Fahrenheit or ohms or other units when using electric e the same units in all calculations,including standardization.4.1.2Time is expressed in calculations in minutes and decimal fractions thereof.It may be measured in minutes and seconds.4.1.3Masses are measured in grams and no buoyancy corrections are applied.5.Significance and Use5.1The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel.A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.5.2The heat of combustion as determined by this test method is designated as one of the chemical and physical requirements of both commercial and military turbine fuels and aviation gasolines.5.3The mass heat of combustion,the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel,is a critical property of fuels intended for use in weight-limited craft such as airplanes,surface effect vehicles,and hydrofoils.The range of such craft between refueling is a direct function of the heat of combustion and density of the fuel.6.Apparatus6.1Test Room,Bomb,Calorimeter,Jacket,Thermometers, and Accessories,as described in Annex A1.7.Reagents7.1Benzoic Acid,Standard4—Benzoic acid powder must be compressed into a tablet or pellet before weighing.Benzoic acid pellets for which the heat of combustion has been determined by comparison with the National Bureau of Stan-dards sample are obtainable commercially for those laborato-ries not equipped to pellet benzoic acid.7.2Gelatin Capsules.7.3Methyl Orange or Methyl Red Indicator.7.4Mineral Oil.7.5Oxygen—Commerical oxygen produced from liquid air can be used without purification.If purification is necessary, see A1.11(Warning—Oxygen vigorously accelerates combus-tion.See A3.2.).7.6Pressure-Sensitive Tape—Cellophane tape38mm(11⁄2 in.)wide,free of chlorine and sulfur.7.7Alkali,Standard Solution:7.7.1Sodium Hydroxide Solution(0.0866mol/L)—Dissolve3.5g of sodium hydroxide(NaOH)in water and dilute to1L.Standardize with potassium acid phthalate and adjust to0.0866mol/L as described in Practice E200 (Warning—Corrosive.Can cause severe burns or blindness. Evolution of heat produces a violent reaction or eruption upon too rapid mixture with water.See Annex A3.1.)7.7.2Sodium Carbonate Solution(0.03625mol/L)—Dissolve 3.84g of Na2CO3in water and dilute to1L. Standardize with potassium acid phthalate and adjust to 0.03625mol/L as described in Practice E200.7.82,2,4-Trimethylpentane(iso octane),Standard5—(Warning—Extremelyflammable.Harmful if inhaled.Vapors may causeflashfire.See Annex A3.3.)3Supporting data(derivation of equations)have beenfiled at ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1346.4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST),100 Bureau Dr.,Stop1070,Gaithersburg,MD20899-1070, as standard sample No.39.5Obtainable from the National Institute of Standards Technology as standard sample No.217b. --`,,,``,`,`,,`,,,`,,,,`,,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---8.Standardization8.1Determine the Energy Equivalent of the Calorimeter —Average not less than six tests using standard benzoic acid.6These tests should be spaced over a period of not less than three e not less than 0.9g nor more than 1.1g of standard benzoic acid (C 6H 6COOH).Make each determination according to the procedure described in Section 9and compute the corrected temperature rise,t ,as described in 10.1or 10.2.Determine the corrections for nitric acid (HNO 3)and firing wire as described in 10.3and substitute in the following equation:W 5~Q 3g 1e 11e 2!/t(3)where:W =energy equivalent of calorimeter,MJ/°C,Q =heat of combustion of standard benzoic acid,MJ/g,calculated from the certified value,g =weight of standard benzoic acid sample,g,t =corrected temperature rise,as calculated in 10.1or10.2,°C,e 1=correction for heat of formation of nitric acid,MJ,ande 2=correction for heat of combustion of firing wire,MJ.8.1.1Repeat the standardization tests after changing any part of the calorimeter and occasionally as a check on both calorimeter and operating technique.8.2Checking the Calorimeter for Use with Volatile Fuels —Use 2,2,4-trimethylpentane to determine whether the results obtained agree with the certified value (47.788MJ/kg,weight in air)within the repeatability of the test method.If results do not come within this range,the technique of handling the sample may have to be changed (Annex A1.8).If this is not possible or does not correct the error,run a series of tests using 2,2,4-trimethylpentane to establish the energy equivalent for use with volatile fuels.8.3Heat of Combustion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape or Gelatin/Mineral Oil —Determine the heat of combustion of either the pressure-sensitive tape or 0.5g gelatin capsule/mineral oil in accordance with Section 9using about 1.2g of tape or 0.5g gelatin capsule/mineral oil and omitting the sample.Make at least three determinations and calculate the heat of combustion as follows:Q pst 5~D t 3W 2e 1!/1000a(4)where:Q pst =heat of combustion of the pressure-sensitive tape ormineral oil,MJ/kg,D t =corrected temperature rise,as calculated in accor-dance with 10.1or 10.2,°C,W =energy equivalent of the calorimeter,MJ/°C,e 1=correction for the heat of formation of HNO 3,MJ,anda =mass of the pressure-sensitive tape or gelatincapsule/mineral oil,g.Average the determinations,and redetermine the heat of combustion of the tape or gelatin capsule/mineral oil whenever a new roll or batch is started.9.Procedure9.1Weight of Sample —Control the weight of sample (in-cluding any auxiliary fuel)so that the temperature rise pro-duced by its combustion will be equal to that of 0.9to 1.1g of benzoic acid (Note 2).Weigh the sample to the nearest 0.1mg.N OTE 2—If the approximate heat of combustion of the sample is known,the required weight can be estimated as follows:g 526.454/Q s(5)where:g =mass of sample,g,and Q s =MJ/kg.Some fuels contain water and particulate matter (ash)that will degrade calorimetric values.If the heat of combustion is required on a clean fuel,filter the sample to remove free water and insoluble ash before testing.9.1.1For highly volatile fluids,reduce loss with use of tape or gelatin capsule mineral oil.N OTE 3—Acceptable procedures for handling volatile liquids include those described in the reports referenced at the end of this test method.References (1-6)describe glass sample holders:(7)describes a metal sample holder:(8)describes a gelatin sample holder.9.1.2Tape —Place a piece of pressure-sensitive tape across the top of the cup,trim around the edge with a razor blade,and seal tightly.Place 3by 12-mm strip of tape creased in the middle and sealed by one edge in the center of the tape disk to give a flap arrangement.Weigh the cup and tape.Remove from the balance with forceps.Fill a hypodermic syringe with the sample.The volume of sample can be estimated as follows:V 5~W 30.00032!/~Q 3D !(6)where:V =volume of sample to be used,mL,W =energy equivalent of calorimeter,J/°C,Q =approximate heat of combustion of the sample,MJ/kg,andD =density,kg/m 3,of the sample.9.1.2.1Add the sample to the cup by inserting the tip of the needle through the tape disk at a point so that the flap of tape will cover the puncture upon removal of the needle.Seal down the flap by pressing lightly with a metal spatula.Reweigh the cup with the tape and sample.Take care throughout the weighing and filling operation to avoid contacting the tape or cup with bare fingers.Place the cup in the curved electrode and arrange the fuse wire so that the central portion of the loop presses down on the center of the tape disk.9.1.3Gelatin/Mineral Oil —Weigh the cup and gelatin cap-sule.The capsule should only be handled with forceps.Add the sample to the capsule.Reweigh the cup with capsule and sample.If poor combustion is expected with the capsule,add several drops of mineral oil on the capsule and reweigh the cup and contents.Place the cup in the curved electrode and arrange the fuse wire so that the central portion of the loop contacts the capsule and oil.6Jessup,R.S.,“Precise Measurement of Heat of Combustion with a Bomb Calorimeter,”NBS Monograph 7,ernment PrintingOffice.9.2Water in Bomb—Add1.0mL of water to the bomb froma pipet.9.3Oxygen—With the test sample and fuse in place,slowly charge the bomb with oxygen to3.0-MPa(30-atm)gauge pressure at room temperature(9.3.1).Do not purge the bomb to remove entrapped air(Warning—Be careful not to overcharge the bomb.If,by accident,the oxygen introduced into the bomb should exceed4.0MPa,do not proceed with the combustion. An explosion might occur with possible violent rupture of the bomb.Detach thefilling connection and exhaust the bomb in the usual manner.Discard the sample,unless it has lost no weight,as shown by reweighing.).9.3.1Lower or higher initial oxygen pressures can be used within the range from2.5to3.5MPa,provided the same pressure is used for all tests,including standardization.9.4Calorimeter Water—Adjust the calorimeter water tem-perature before weighing as follows:Isothermal jacket method 1.6to2.0°C below jacket temperature Adiabatic jacket method 1.0to1.4°C below room temperatureThis initial adjustment will ensure afinal temperature slightly above that of the jacket for calorimeters having an energy equivalent of approximately10.2kJ/°C.Some opera-tors prefer a lower initial temperature so that thefinal tempera-ture is slightly below that of the jacket.This procedure is acceptable,provided it is used in all tests,including standard-ization.9.4.1Use the same amount(60.5g)of distilled or deion-ized water in the calorimeter vessel for each test.The amount of water(2000g is usual)can be most satisfactorily determined by weighing the calorimeter vessel and water together on a balance.The water can be measured volumetrically if it is measured always at the same temperature.9.5Observations,Isothermal Jacket Method—Assemble the calorimeter in the jacket and start the stirrer.Allow5min for attainment of equilibrium,then record the calorimeter temperatures(Note4)at1-min intervals for5min.Fire the charge at the start of the sixth minute and record the time and temperature,t a.Add to this temperature60%of the expected temperature rise,and record the time at which the60%point is reached(Note5).After the rapid rise period(about4to5 min),record temperatures at1-min intervals on the minute until the difference between successive readings has been constant for5min.N OTE4—Use a magnifier and estimate all readings(except those during the rapid rise period)to the nearest0.002°C when using ASTM Bomb Calorimeter Thermometer56C.Estimate Beckmann thermometer read-ings to the nearest0.001°C and25-V resistance thermometer readings to the nearest0.0001V.Tap liquid thermometers with a pencil just before reading to avoid errors caused by the liquid sticking to the walls of the capillary.N OTE5—When the approximate expected rise is unknown,the time at which the temperature reaches60%of the total can be determined by recording temperatures at45,60,75,90,and105s afterfiring and interpolating.9.6Observations,Adiabatic Jacket Method(Note6)—Assemble the calorimeter in the jacket and start the stirrers. Adjust the jacket temperature to be equal to or slightly lower than the calorimeter,and run for5min to obtain equilibrium. Adjust the jacket temperature to match the calorimeter within 60.01°C and hold for3min.Record the initial temperature andfire the charge.Adjust the jacket temperature to match that of the calorimeter during the period of rise,keeping the two temperatures as nearly equal as possible during the rapid rise, and adjusting to within60.01°C when approaching thefinal equilibrium temperature.Take calorimeter readings at1-min intervals until the same temperature is observed in three successive readings.Record this as thefinal temperature.Time intervals are not recorded as they are not critical in the adiabatic method.N OTE6—These instructions supersede the instructions given in9.5 when using jackets equipped for adiabatic temperature control.9.7Analysis of Bomb Contents—Remove the bomb and release the pressure at a uniform rate such that the operation will require not less than1min.Examine the bomb interior for evidence of incomplete combustion.Discard the test if un-burned sample or sooty deposits are found.9.7.1Wash the interior of the bomb,including the elec-trodes and sample holder,with afine jet of water and quantitatively collect the washings in a e a minimum of wash water,preferably less than350mL.Titrate the washings with standard alkali solution,using methyl orange or methyl red indicator.9.7.2Remove and measure the combined pieces of un-burnedfiring wire,and subtract from the original length. Record the difference as wire consumed.9.7.3Determine the sulfur content of the sample if it exceeds0.1%.Determine sulfur by analyzing the bomb washings remaining after the acid titration,using the procedure described in Test Methods D129,D1266,D2622,D3120, D4294,or D5453.10.Calculation10.1Temperature Rise in Isothermal Jacket Calorimeter—Using data obtained as prescribed in9.5,compute the tempera-ture rise,t,in an isothermal jacket calorimeter as follows:t5t c2t a–r1~b2a!2r2~c2b!(7) where:t=corrected temperature rise,a=time offiring,b=time(to nearest0.1min)when the temperature rise reaches60%of total,c=time at beginning of period in which the rate of temperature change with time has become constant(after combustion),t a=temperature at time offiring,corrected for thermom-eter error(10.1.1),t c=temperature at time,c,corrected for thermometer error(10.1.1),r1=rate(temperature units per minute)at which tempera-ture was rising during5-min period beforefiring,and r2=rate(temperature units per minute)at which tempera-ture was rising during the5-min period after time c.Ifthe temperature is falling,r2is negative and thequantity−r2(c−b)is positive.10.1.1All liquid-in-glass thermometers shall be corrected for scale error,using data from the thermometercertificateprescribed in Annex A1,A1.5.1,or A1.5.2.Beckmann ther-mometers also require a setting correction and an emergent stem correction(Annex A2,A2.1.2).Solid-stem ASTM Ther-mometers56F and56C do not require emergent stem correc-tions if all tests,including standardization are performed within the same5.5°C interval.If operating temperatures exceed this limit,apply a differential emergent stem correction(Annex A2, A2.1.1)to the correct temperature rise,t,in all tests,including standardization.10.2Temperature Rise in Adiabatic Jacket Calorimeter—Using data obtained as prescribed in9.6,compute the tempera-ture rise,t,in an adiabatic jacket calorimeter as follows:t5t f–t a(8) where:t=corrected temperature rise,t a=temperature when charge wasfired,corrected for thermometer error(10.1.1),andt f=final equilibrium temperature,corrected for the ther-mometer error(10.1.1).10.3Thermochemical Corrections(Annex A2)—Compute the following for each test:e1=correction for heat of formation of nitric acid(HNO3), MJ=cm3of standard(0.0866N)NaOH solution usedin titration35/106,e2=correction for heat of formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).MJ=58.03percentage of sulfur insample3mass of sample/106,e3=correction for heat of combustion offiring wire,MJ, = 1.133millimetres of iron wire consumed/106,=0.963millimetres of Chromel C wire consumed/106, ande4=correction for heat of combustion of pressure-sensitive tape or gelatin capsule and mineral oil,MJ=mass oftape or capsule oil,g3heat of combustion of tape orcapsule/oil,MJ/kg/106.10.4Gross Heat of Combustion—Compute the gross heat of combustion by substituting in the following equation:Q g5~tW2e12e22e32e4!/1000g(9) where:Q g=gross heat of combustion,at constant vol-ume expressed as MJ/kg,t=corrected temperature rise(10.1or10.2),°C,W=energy equivalent of calorimeter,MJ/°C(8.1),e1,e2,e3,e4=corrections as prescribed in10.3,andg=weight of sample,g.N OTE7—The gross heat of combustion at constant pressure may be calculated as follows:Q gp5Q g10.006145H(10) where:Q gp=gross heat of combustion at constant pressure,MJ⁄kg, andH=hydrogen content,mass%.10.5Net Heat of Combustion:10.5.1If the percentage of hydrogen,H,in the sample is known,the net heat of combustion may be calculated as follows:Q n5Q g–0.21223H(11) where:Q n=net heat of combustion at constant pressure,MJ/kg, Q g=gross heat of combustion at constant volume,MJ/kg, andH=mass percent of hydrogen in the sample.When the percentage of hydrogen is not known,determine the hydrogen in accordance with Test Methods D1018or D3701.10.5.2If the percentage of hydrogen in aviation gasoline and turbine fuel samples is not known,the net heat of combustion may be calculated as follows:Q n510.0251~0.7195!Q g(12) where:Q n=net heat of combustion at constant pressure,MJ/kg, Q g=gross heat of combustion at constant volume,MJ/kg.N OTE8—Eq12is recommended only if the percentage of hydrogen isnot known.It is based on Eq11and an empirical relation between Qnand the percentage of hydrogen in aviation gasolines and turbine fuels, developed from data by Jessup and Cragos.711.Report11.1Net heat of combustion is the quantity required in practical applications.The net heat should be reported to the nearest0.005MJ/kg.N OTE9—Usually the gross heat of combustion is reported for fuel oils in preference to net heat of combustion to the nearest0.005MJ/kg.11.2To obtain the gross or net heat of combustion in cal(I.T.)/g or Btu/lb divide by the appropriate factor reporting to the nearest0.5cal/g or1Btu/lb.Q Btu/lb5~Q,MJ/kg!/0.002326(13)Q cal/g5~Q,MJ/kg!/0.0041868(14) 12.Precision and Bias812.1Precision—The precision of this test method as ob-tained by statistical examination of interlaboratory test results is as follows:12.1.1Repeatability—The difference between successive test results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test material,would in the long run,in the normal and correct7Jessup,R.S.,and Cragos,C.S.,“Net Heat of Combustion of AN-F-28Aviation Gasolines,”Nat.Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,Technical Note No.996,June 1945,and Joseph A.Cogliano and Ralph S.Jessup,“Relation Between Net Heat of Combustion and Aniline-Gravity Product of Aircraft Fuels,”Nat.Institute of Standards Technology Report2348,March1953.8Supporting data have beenfiled at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-38.The summary of cooperative test data from which these repeatability and reproducibility values were calculated was published for information as Appendix XII to the1957Report of Committee D02on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.The summary of test data was also published from1958to1966,inclusive,as Appendix III to ASTM Test Method D240.operation of the test method,exceed the values shown in the following table only in one case in twenty.Repeatability0.13MJ/kg12.1.2Reproducibility—The difference between two single and independent results,obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material,would in the long run,in the normal and correct operation of the test method,exceed the values shown in the following table only in one case in twenty.Reproducibility0.40MJ/kg12.2Bias—No general statement is made on bias for the standard since comparison with accepted reference materials (covering the range of values expected when the method is used)is not available.13.Keywords13.1bomb calorimeter methods;gross heat of combustion; heat of combustion;heating tests;net heat of combustionANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1.APPARATUS FOR HEAT OF COMBUSTION TESTA1.1Test Room—The room in which the calorimeter is operated must be free from drafts and not subject to sudden temperature changes.The direct rays of the sun shall not strike the jacket or thermometers.Adequate facilities for lighting, heating,and ventilating shall be provided.Thermostatic control of room temperature and controlled relative humidity are desirable.A1.2Oxygen Bomb—The oxygen bomb is to have an internal volume of350650mL.All parts are to be constructed of materials which are not affected by the combustion process or products sufficiently to introduce measurable heat input or alteration of end products.If the bomb is lined with platinum or gold,all openings shall be sealed to prevent combustion products from reaching the base metal.The bomb must be designed so that all liquid combustion products can be com-pletely recovered by washing the inner surfaces.There must be no gas leakage during a test.The bomb must be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic pressure test to a gauge pressure of 3000psi(20MPa)at room temperature,without stressing any part beyond its elastic limit.(See Note3.)A1.3Calorimeter—The calorimeter(Note A1.1)vessel shall be made of metal(preferably copper or brass)with a tarnish-resistant coating,and with all outer surfaces highly polished.Its size shall be such that the bomb will be com-pletely immersed in water when the calorimeter is assembled. It shall have a device for stirring the water thoroughly and at a uniform rate,but with minimum heat input.Continuous stirring for10min shall not raise the calorimeter temperature more than0.01°C starting with identical temperatures in the calo-rimeter,room,and jacket.The immersed portion of the stirrer shall be coupled to the outside through a material of low heat conductivity.N OTE A1.1—As used in this test method,the term calorimeter desig-nates the bomb,the vessel with stirrer,and the water in which the bomb is immersed.A1.4Jacket—The calorimeter shall be completely enclosed within a stirred water jacket and supported so that its sides,top, and bottom are approximately10mm from the jacket wall.The jacket can be arranged so as to remain at substantially constant temperature,or with provision for rapidly adjusting the jacket temperature to equal that of the calorimeter for adiabatic operation.It must be constructed so that any water evaporating from the jacket will not condense on the calorimeter.9A1.4.1A double-walled jacket with a dead-air insulation space may be substituted for the constant-temperature water jacket if the calorimeter is operated in a constant-temperature (62°F)(61°C)room.The same ambient conditions must be maintained for all experiments,including standardization.A1.5Thermometers—Temperatures in the calorimeter and jacket shall be measured with the following thermometers or combinations thereof:A1.5.1Etched Stem,Liquid-in-Glass,ASTM Bomb Calo-rimeter Thermometer having a range from66to95°F or19to 35°C,18.9to25.1°C,or23.9to30.1°C,as specified,and conforming to the requirements for Thermometer56F,56C, 116C,or117C,respectively,as prescribed in Specification E1. Each of these thermometers shall have been tested for accuracy at intervals no larger than2.5°F or2.0°C over the entire graduated scale.Corrections shall be reported to0.005°F or 0.002°C,respectively,for each test point.A1.5.2Beckmann Differential Thermometer,range6°C reading upward as specified and conforming to the require-ments for Thermometer115C as prescribed in Specification E1.Each of these thermometers shall be tested for accuracy at intervals no larger than1°C over the entire graduated scale and corrections reported to0.001°C for each test point.A1.5.3Calorimetric Type Platinum Resistance Thermom-eter,25·V.A1.6Thermometer Accessories—A magnifier is required for reading liquid-in-glass thermometers to one tenth of the smallest scale division.This shall have a lens and holder 9The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Parr Instrument Co.,211Fifty-Third St.,Moline,IL61265.If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you mayattend. --`,,,``,`,`,,`,,,`,,,,`,,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---。

消防基本术语第一部分前言本标准规定了消防领域中所使用的基本术语和定义,适用于消防标准化、消防管理、消防工程、消防产品的生产、检验和认证、教学、出版及其他有关的工作领域。

本标准收词范围限于消防基本术语。

凡各专业具体产品, 部件的术语及其专用技术术语等，属各专业分类术语标准范围。

1 一般性消防术语General terms of fire1．1放火Arson蓄意造成火灾的行为。

1．2燃烧Combustion可燃物与氧化剂作用发生的放热反应,通常伴有火焰、发光和（或）发烟的现象。

1．3 燃烧（动词）Burn （Verb）进行燃烧。

1．4燃烧性能Burning behaviour当材料、产品和（或）构件燃烧或遇火时，所发生的一切物理和（或）化学变化。

1．5燃烧热Heat of combustion单位质量的物质完全燃烧所释放出的热量。

1．6燃烧产物Products of combustion由燃烧或热解作用而产生的全部的物质。

1．7潜热能Calorific potential当物质完全燃烧时所能释放出的燃烧热。

1．8爆裂Bursting在物体的内部或外部，由于超压力和(或)应力变化使物体急剧破裂的现象。

1．9爆炸Explosion由于物质急剧氧化或分解反应产生温度、压力增加或两者同时增加的现象。

1．10爆燃Deflagration以亚音速传播的爆炸。

1．11爆轰Detonation以冲击波为特征，以超音速传播的爆炸。

1．12爆炸极限Explosion limit可燃的气体、蒸气或粉尘与空气混合后，遇火会产生爆炸的最高或最低的浓度。

1．13火Fire以释放热量并伴有烟或火焰或两者兼有为特征的燃烧现象。

1．14火灾Fire在时间或空间上失去控制的燃烧所造成的灾害。

1．15火灾分类Fire Classification根据燃料的性质，按标准化的方法，进行的火灾分类。

见GB 4968－85 《火灾分类》。

1．16火灾危险性Fire risk发生火灾的可能性。