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Lesson 1 rock weathering★三段：①Water may fill a crack in a rock ;it freezes when it is very cold and,in doing so,makes the crack wider。
②Gradually little pieces of rock break away。
We should expect rocks to be broken in this way near the tops of high mountains,where it is very cold。
③The little pieces of rock which are broken off from hills and mountains roll down into the valleys,and we sometimes find great heaps of rough,sharp stones near the bottom of mountain。
①水可以充满岩石裂缝，严寒时水会结冰，这种现象使裂缝加大②岩石碎片逐渐剥落下来，我们可以想象严寒的山顶附近的岩石就是这样破裂的。
③从大小山顶上破碎的岩石碎块滚落到山谷，因而有时我们会在山脚附近发现大堆粗糙锋利的石块。
★四段：①The wind causes much wearing of rocks,particularly if sand and dust are blown along by it。
②If the wind blows over sandy country,such as deserts and beaches,it picks up quite a lot of sand and carries it along。
③The particles of sand rub,scratch and cut the rocks against which they are blown。
新托福TPO20阅读原文(三)：Fossil PreservationTPO20-3：Fossil PreservationWhen one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.The term "fossil" often implies petrifaction, literally a transformation into stone. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue is ordinarily consumed by scavengers and bacteria. The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. Indeed, unaltered shells of marine invertebrates are known from deposits over 100 million years old. In many marine creatures, however, the skeleton is composed of a mineral variety of calcium carbonate called aragonite. Although aragonite has the same composition as the more familiar mineral known as calcite, it has a different crystal form, is relatively unstable, and in time changes to the more stable calcite.Many other processes may alter the shell of a clam or snail and enhance its chances for preservation. Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron may circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as marrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves. Insuch cases, the original composition of the bone or shell remains, but the fossil is made harder and more durable. This addition of a chemically precipitated substance into pore spaces is termed "permineralization."Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition. This process is termed " replacement" because solutions have dissolved the original material and replaced it with an equal volume of the new substance. Replacement can be a marvelously precise process, so that details of shell ornamentation, tree rings in wood, and delicate structures in bone are accurately preserved.Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon. Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents. The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.Although it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues and organs are also occasionally preserved. Insects and even small invertebrates have been found preserved in the hardened resins of conifers and certain other trees. X-ray examination of thin slabs of rock sometimes reveals the ghostly outlines of tentacles, digestive tracts, and visual organs of a variety of marine creatures. Soft parts, including skin, hair, and viscera of ice age mammoths, have been preserved in frozen soil or in the oozing tar of oil seeps.The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation. Under such conditions, the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished. The Middle Eocene Messel Shale (from about 48 million years ago) of Germany accumulated in such an environment. The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals. Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons (hard outercoverings), frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.TPO20-3译文：化石保存如果想想生物在死之后被完全摧毁的种种方式，能够这样频繁出现化石是一件很令人惊讶的事。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-云南大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Unlike photographers on Earth, astronauts in the space have the opportunity to take photographs from （）perspectives.问题1选项A.underminedB.undulatedC.unilateralD.unprecedented【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。
Undermined “潜行的”；undulated “波状的”；unilateral “单方面的”；unprecedented “空前的，无前例的”。
句意：与地球上的摄影师不同，太空中的宇航员有机会从前所未有的角度拍摄照片。
选项D符合题意。
2.单选题When the lawyer asked him his reason for the divorcee he replied that he could no longer bear her carping（）him about his drinking too much.问题1选项A.onB.toC.atD.for【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。
carp at sb. “对某人挑剔”。
句意：当律师问他离婚的原因时，他回答不能再忍受她挑剔他酗酒。
选项C符合题意。
3.单选题The young lady is Mr. Smith’step-daughter, her（）parents having died in an accident.问题1选项A.ecologicalB.psychologicalC.physiologicalD.biological【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A选项ecological“生态的、生态学的”；B选项psychological “心理的”；C选项physiological“生理学的”；D选项biological“生物学的”，句意为：这位年轻的女士是史密斯先生的继女，她的亲生父母在一次事故中丧生。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国人民大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A product is to be regarded as being （）when introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value.问题1选项A.dischargedB.discardedC.disposedD.dumped【答案】D【解析】上下文语义。
句意：一种产品以低于正常价值的价格进入另一国家的贸易时，被认为是。
根据语境可知，这里应填入与进出口货物相关的词汇。
dump指倾销，符合语境，选项D正确。
2.单选题The novel contains some marvelously revealing （） of rural life in the 19th century.问题1选项A.glancesB.glimpsesC.glaresD.gleams 【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。
glance扫视，强调动作的快速性；glimpse一瞥，粗略地一看，强调快速但不完整的“一瞥”；glare怒视，强调目不转睛地“注视”；gleam闪光，瞬息的一现，还可指情感流露。
根据句意可知，选项B更符合语境。
3.单选题Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.问题1选项A.intriguingB.exasperatingC.demonstrativeD.unprovoked【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。
根据句意可知，划线部分词应该为贬义，首先排除选项A和C；其次如果选B，这里应该指让人感到愤怒的，用-ed的形式，所以选项B不正确；选项D正确，指无缘无故的，符合语境。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南财经大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Neglect has accelerated the process of this building’s （）?问题1选项A.declineB.egenerationC.decayD.wither【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。
decline下降，衰退；degeneration退化，恶化；decay衰减，衰败，腐烂；wither 枯萎，凋谢。
句意：疏忽大意加速了这座建筑物的衰败。
选项C更符合语境。
2.单选题We should get （）to that new journal.问题1选项A.a subscriptionB.a prescriptionC.an inscriptionD.a conscription 【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。
subscrip tion “捐献，订阅”；prescription “药方，指示”；inscription “题词，铭文”；conscription “征兵”。
句意：我们应该订阅那本新杂志。
选项A符合题意。
3.单选题Operations which left patients （）and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.问题1选项A.exhaustedB.abandonedC.injuredD.deserted【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析题。
exhausted精疲力尽的；abandoned被抛弃的；injured受伤的；deserted荒芜的，被遗弃的。
句意：过去手术使病人精疲力尽，需要很长时间来恢复，现在手术使他们感到放松和舒适。
选项A符合语境。
4.单选题While the doctor analyzed the patient’s condition, his family waited outside in co nsiderable （）.问题1选项A.tensionB.anticipationC.eagernessD.anxiety【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-云南大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The usual statue of Apollo represents him as the ideal Greek handsome, tall and perfectly （）.问题1选项A.proportionB.proportionalC.has proportionD.is proportioned【答案】B【解析】语法（词性）题。
分析题干可知，空格与形容词handsome和tall由and连接，并列，并且由副词perfectly修饰，B选项是形容词，跟handsome和tall词性一致，并且可以用副词perfectly修饰，所以正确。
2.单选题He knew that he was poor, and would admit it; he would have died sooner than confess any（）to the rich.问题1选项A.superiorityB.inferiorityC.priorityD.preference【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。
superiority“优越”；inferiority“自卑”；priority“优先权”；preference“偏爱、优先权”。
本句意为“他知道自己穷，也愿意承认；他宁愿死也不愿承认自己比富人低一等”，inferiority的意思让本句逻辑成立。
选项符合题意。
3.单选题A terrible traffic accident happened; people were saddened when they watched the（）sight on TV.问题1选项A.panicB.patrioticC.patheticD.periodic【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A选项panic“恐慌的”；B选项patriotic“爱国的”；C选项pathetic“可怜的、悲哀的”；D选项periodic“周期的、定期的”，句意为：一场可怕的交通事故发生了。
Types of Chemical ReactionsIt is important that you know the basic types of chemical reactions for the SAT II Chemistry test since the test often refers to reactions as being of one type or another. Here’s a list of the different types of reactions, with examples of each type included. Synthesis reaction: This is a reaction in which two or more elements or compounds combine to form a single product. This type of reaction follows the general equationwhere A and B may be either elements or compounds. Here are some examples:Decomposition reaction: In this type of reaction, a single reactant, a compound, breaks into two or more parts. Often these are the most difficult to predict. Here is the general equation:AB→A + Bwhere A and B may be either elements or compounds. Here are some examples of decomposition reactions:Single replacement or displacement reaction: In this type of reaction, a more active element replaces a less active element in a compound. Among the halogens, F2 is the most active halogen, and the activity of the halogens decreases as you go down the group. For the metals, you will need to be given an activity series. General equation:A + BC→AC + Bwhere A is a metal.Here is an example of a displacement reaction in which a metal is involved:General equation:A + BC→BA + Cwhere A is a nonmetal. Here is an example of a displacement reaction where a nonmetal is involved:Double replacement or displacement reaction: In this type of reaction, two compounds react to form two new compounds. The formation of a molecular compound such as water, the formation of a gas, or the formation of a precipitate usually drives these reactions. Here’s the general equation:AB + CD→AD + CBAnd here are a couple of examples:Combustion reaction: In this type of reaction, often a hydrocarbon is burned in the presence of oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide (in a complete combustion) or carbon monoxide (in an incomplete combustion, due to a limited amount of oxygen). Here is the general equation in the presence of plenty of oxygen:An example of this is seen when methane gas is burned in the presence of excess oxygen (Bunsen burner reaction):Here is the general equation for when a hydrocarbon is burned in an incomplete combustion (oxygen is in limited supply):。
Unit 1 Language in missionText A An impressive English lessonEx.1 Understanding the text1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules.2、The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account; however, what the student could do was only one single utterance :“whoa!” without any any specific comment.3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency. They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary. And the younger teachers themselves have little knowledge of the vital structures of language.4、Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily get bored if it’s not properly dealt with.5、He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed their specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs.6、Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of wordsin an English sentence before.7、The author uses “road map”and “car”to describe grammar and vocabulary. Here,“road map”is considered as grammar and “car”as vocabulary.8、Since the subjunctive mood his son used is a fairly advanced grammar structure, the interjection“whoa!”reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son; it also reflects the author’s humor in using the word because it was once usedby his student, though in two different situations and with two different feelings.Ex.3 Words in use1.condense2.exceed3.deficit4.exposure5.asset6.adequatepetent8.adjusting9.precisely 10.beneficialEx.4 Word building-al/-ial: managerial/editorial/substance/survival/tradition/margin -cy : consistency/accuracy/efficient -y : recovery/ministry/assemblyEx.5 Word building1.editorial2.recovery3.accuracy4.substance5.managerial6.margin7.assembly8.Ministry9.survival 10.tradition 11.consistency 12.efficientEx.6 Banked cloze1-5: L C J A I 6-10: O N E H FEx.7 Expressions in use1.feel obliged to2.be serious about3.run into4.distinguish between5.thrust upon6.was allergic to7.get lost8.be attracted to9.make sense 10.looked upon asEx.10 C-E TranslationChinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world. The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form. Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers’personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that “seeing thecalligrapher’s handwriting is like seeing the person”. As one of the treasures of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the world’s treasure house of culture and art.Unit 2 College-The ladder to successText A The humanities:Out of date?Reading Comprehension1. because English or history majors are considered less competitive when the job market is shrinking, and they have to study something that can help them more easily locate their future jobs.2. because as the tuition is climbing higher and higher, many students have run away from studying the humanities and toward “hard” skills that they think will lead to employment.3. since more students are now taking job-oriented courses, libraries, where students of liberal arts used to study, are getting less popular than before; in contrast, labs are getting more eye-catching because students of science and engineering do experiments and research there.4. because this inner drive that can be either constructive or destructive is so mysterious and powerful that it has attracted many people to speculate on it. From ancient times, these men and women developed artistic “languages” in the form of story, music, myth, painting, architecture, sculpture, landscape and traditions, which from the very foundation of civilization.5. Studying the humanities improves your ability to read and write, makes you familiar with the language of emotion and the creative process, and, more importantly, provides you with a wide scope of possibilities that are open to you.6. Because in modern life, an ideal capacity for establishing one’s career is tohave both technical knowledge and inner insight, not just one without the other.7. “Well-rounded human beings” are those who have insight and understand the passions, hopes and dreams common to all humanity.8. Since many people who once studied the humanities became famous in their career,the author implies that if students spend more time studying the humanities, theycould surely become successful in the future as well.Language focus 31. promotes2. accelerate3. mystery4. insight5. boost6. analysis7. calculate8. barriers9. destruction 10. prospect4Promising Bearing Housing Objective Offend Exclude Excess Execute Intensify Identity51. excess2. bearing3. objective4. intensify5. execute6. promising7. exclude8. identity 9 offend 10. housing6.1-5 CHDJB 6-10 LMGFA71. are liable to2. in favor of3. is bound to4. speculate about5. invested…with6. stand up for7.in the form of 8. prepared for 9. in the company of10 in succession10In recent years, with the development of Internet technology, the construction of digital education resources of our country has made great achievements. Many universities have set up their own digital learning platforms, and digital teaching is playing an increasingly important role in education. Compared with the traditional way of teaching, the digital way has a lot of advantages. On one hand, digital teaching makes global sharing of teaching resources possible; on the other hand, it expands the learner’s study time and space to learn, allowing people to get access to the digital virtual schools through the Internet anytime and anywhere. These advantages make it possible for people to shift from one-time learning to lifelong learning.Unit 3 Discovery of a new life stageText A The humanities:Out of date?Ex.11. Because people in different life stages are confronted with different problems and setbacks and each group of people in a particular time period have their particular worries and pains.2.The norm refers to the general consensus that as soon as students graduated from college, they would enter adulthood and be able to find an ideal job leading to their career.3. They are recognized as a new life stage that comes after high school graduation, continues through college and leads to starting a family and having a career.4. Because nowadays so many young people are following this new lifestyle that it has become a trend. As long as the economic situation continues its long slide, this new stage is unavoidable.5. Unlike their parents, a large number of young people are now delaying marriage,child bearing, and even employment during their odyssey years.6. They often resent the pressure they’re feeling and keep a distance from theirparents or even run away from home. Many also resort to computer games, iPods, iPhones,or iPads.7. Their parents feel more anxious and upset seeing their children’s odyssey yearscontinue to stretch without a clear direction.8. The author thinks as people are getting to know the odyssey years better, bothparents and their children can tackle this phase better. For parents, they canunderstand their children more; for children, they can explore and discoverthemselves with a positive attitude.Ex.31. peculiar2. radical3. phase4. sensible5.predict 6. labeled 7. resent 8. witnessed 9. equivalent10. parallelsEx.4-ic Chaotic dramatic academy -ion Depression detection erosion Classification confuse cooperate dictate -ist Rightist journalEx.51. journal2. chaotic3. cooperate4. erosion5. dramatic6.confuse 7. academy 8. rightists 9. depression 10. dictate 11.detection 12. classificationEx. 6K E A C L I G N H OEx.71. saddled with2. back off3. gives way to4. resorted to5. make allowances for6. wonder at7. prior to8. based upon/onEx. 10Filial piety is the basic code of ethics in the ancient Chinese society. Chinese people consider filial piety as the essence of a person’s integrity, family harmony,and the nation’s well-being. With filial piety being the core of Confucian ethics,it has been the moral standard for the Chinese society to maintain the family relationship for thousands of years. It’s undoubtedly a traditional Chinese virtue.The culture of filial piety is a complex concept, rich in content and wide in range.It concludes not only cultural ideas but also institutional etiquettes. Generally speaking, it refers to the obligation of children to their parents required by the society, including respect, care, support for the elderly and so forth. Filial pietyis fundamental to the ancient “Oriental civilization”.Unit 4 Dance with loveText A College sweetheartsEx. 11. The author uses this sentence to tell her own love story. She didn’t expect thatshe would end up marrying Butch. He became her boyfriend just because of her wishto find a cute boyfriend. She didn’t really want to marry him at the beginning. 2. Because when she met up with Butch the first time, he kept staring at her allnight long. He flattered her and fell in love with her at first sight. He lookedreally wild or maybe even dangerous.3. Because Butch had a “bad boy image” which was very tempting to a lot of girls,and his wild, dynamic personality was a little frightening. She didn’t know whethershe could be getting along with him.4. Though she always had an excellent reputation in respect to her schoolwork, shethought that her college life was dull, with no fun. In her opinion, college was supposed to be a time of great learning and also of some fun.5. Because she was becoming more interested in him and she wanted to find out ifshe was the “right” date in the eyes of Butch, thinking of herself as a traditionalgirl.6. It means that Butch didn’t want to do anything to change his bad situation. Theword fate here refers to the fact that Butch was going to be expelled from the university.7. Though Butch was wild and would sometimes display directly his love in front ofher friends, he was always a perfect gentleman at his core. And they had a pure and responsible relationship for seven years.8. The author and her husband’s faithful journey of love that started with a causal attraction but bloomed into a mature love proves that romantic love can last longthrough the ups and downs in life.Ex. 31. confess2. tempting3. commence4. coordinating5.granted 6. deserved 7. displayed 8. consequently 9. lodged 10. proceedEx. 4-edContented compress complicate -ion Identification justification qualification Illustration exhibit extension Interpretation plantation perceptionEx. 51. qualifications2. perception3. plantations4. compressed5.exhibit 6. contented 7. interpretation 8. complicate 9. illustration10. extension 11. identification 12. justificationEx. 6N B G I H L E M K CEx. 71. on her behalf2. took the liberty of3. immune to4. werefilled with 5. fall in love with 6. Expelled from 7. been pessimistic about8. go along withEx. 10July 7th on the Chinese calendar is Chinese Qixi Festival, the most romantic of allthe traditional Chinese holidays. Every year, some big businesses organize variousactivities, and young people send gifts to their lovers. As a result, the QixiFestival is considered to be Chinese “Valentine’s Day”. The Qixi Festival is derivedfrom the legend of Cowherd and Weaving Maid. The legend holds that on this particularnight every year the Weaving Maid in heaven meets with Cowherd. So, people can seeCowherd and Weaving Maid meeting in the Milky Way on the night of Qixi. On this night,girls would also beg Weaving Maid for some wisdom for a happy marriage. But, withthe changing of times, these activities are diminishing. All that remains is thelegend of Cowherd and Weaving Maid, a sign of faithful love, continuously circulatedamong the folk.Unit5 The money gameText A Spend or save-The student’s dilemmaEx.31. contradict2. paradox3. perspective4. explicit5. suspended6.derive 7. defy 8. retains 9. manipulating 10. tackleEx4-er browse browsermessage messenger consumer consume -ion negotiate negotiationobject objection react reaction constitute constitutioncultivate cultivation define definition expand expansion concentration concentrate civilization civilizeEx.51. concentrated2. messenger3. civilized4. Constitution5.browser 6. objection 7. expansion 8. consume 9. definition 10. cultivation 11. reaction 12. negotiationEx.61 B 2D 3O 4E 5F 6C 7K 8H 9N 10IEx.71. referred to 2 at odds with 3 put off 4 consulting with 5 dotheir utmost 6 took stock of 7 on track 8 take inEx.10The Silk Road is a traffic route in the ancient times connecting China and Eurasia. This trade route focuses on the trade of silk, hence the name “the Silk Road”. As an international trade channel and a bridge of cultural exchanges, the Silk Road effectively improved the economic and cultural exchanges and development between the East and the West, exerting a profound impact on the progress of the world civilization. Nowadays, under the new historical circumstances, our country proposes the strategy of “One Belt, One Road”(namely the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road). The strategy of “One Belt, One Road”focuses on cooperation and mutual benefits, emphasizing mutual benefits, win-win, as well as common development of the related countries. Once proposed, the strategy has received positive responses from the related countries along the road.Unit6 Less is moreText A Door closer,are you?Reading comprehension Understanding the text11 He was imposing on his troops a necessary sacrifice to achieve victory over their opponents. By doing this, the soldiers would be more determined and concentrated on the battles.2 The purpose for the experiment is to investigate seemingly irrational human behavior when making a decision, such as the tendency for keeping multiple options open.3 The experiment enabled people to see why it's always so hard for them to say "NO" to any opportunities that came to them. In everyday life, people just give excusesto keep options open.4 Students should quickly check all the doors and keep clicking on the one with thehighest cash. They should absolutely ignore the vanishing doors.5 Because we can see that the students didn't really focus on ensuring future cashearnings. What they tried to avoid was the immediate pain of watching options close.6 Because in life the doors are closing slowly, not like the ones on the computerin the experiment, people don't really see the opportunities actually vanishing awaylittle by little.7 He suggests that people should prohibit overbooking, reduce options, delegatetasks to others, and even give away ideas to others to pursue.8 People can obtain pleasure and satisfaction by focusing their energy and attentionin a more concentrated fashion. They will have more with fewer, carefully chosenoptions.31 implement2 rival3 motivating4 discarded5 fluctuating6 prejudiced7 restore8 enlightening9 profit 10 investigateWord building 4 Words learned New words formed-ic strategy strategic sympathy sympathetic -ion confirm confirmationlocate location reflect reflection provide provisioninstall installation register registrationquotation quote -ize sympathy sympathize critic criticize industrial industrialize51 sympathize2 confirmation3 strategic 4installation 5 quote 6 sympathetic 7 criticize 8 location 9 reflection 10 industrialize 11 provision 12 registration Banked cloze61 M2 D3 H4 05 F6 L7 I8 C9 J 10 AExpressions in use 7I was attached to 2 be measured in 3 come in handy 4 clinging to 5 paya big price 6 are exhausted from 7 imposed on 8 revolve around10National Happiness Index (NHI) is an index that measures how happy people are. Itis also a tool that measures the levels of economic development and people'slivelihood and happiness in a country or region. With the fast growth of Chineseeconomy, the Chinese government has been paying more and more attention to people'sliving quality and the increase of happiness index. The government stressesimprovement of its people's livelihood, striving to improve their economicconditions and meet their growing material and cultural needs. Currently, theChinese government advocates the unleashing of more reform dividends, with the aimof offering more real benefits to its people. All these measures will combine toeffectively increase the NHI of our people.Unit7 Women:Making a differenceTextA Women at rhe management level3.Words in use1. harness2.symbolic3.disposed4.flourishing5.violated6.accommodation7.inferpose9.plausible 10.toleranceWord building 4.-al/-ial fate fatal horizon horizontal mechanic mechanical occasion occasional proportion proportionan logical logic deny denial commercial mommerce -ity relative relativity prior priority continue continuity actual actuality 5.1.actuality2.mechanical3.logic4.denial5.Occasional6.fatal7.continuity8.relativity9.priority merce 11.proportional 12.horizon6.1.D2.J3.M4.H5. A6.O7.F8.L9.I 10.C7.es down to2.take exception to3.make concessions to4.burst into5.feel at ease with6.on both counts7.took over8.stemmed from10China is home to silk, thereby having a variety of arts related to silk, one of which is embroidery. Embroidery, with at least two or three thousand years of history, is one of the Chinese traditional folk arts and crafts. Since most embroiderers are women, it's also called "women's needlework". Embroidery has been much-loved by the Chinese people. It can be used to beautify clothing and things. For example, clothes, quilts, pillowcases etc. can be embroidered with beautiful designs, or a piece of embroidery can be made for a special ornament. There are four most famous types of embroidery in China: Suxiu from Suzhou, Yuexiu from Guangdong, Xiangxiu from Hunan,and Shuxiu from Sichuan, each having its own style and theme. Among the four, Suzhou embroidery has enjoyed the highest reputation.Unit 8 Human rights vs. Animal rightsText A Animals or children?-A scientist’s choice understanding the text:1. He became a children’s doctor because of this love for children and his strong desire to keep them healthy.2. He is thought of having no moral compass: He tortures innocent animals for his career advancement and his experiments having nothing to do with medicine.3. The public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance to them, while the senator and politicians continue to give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists4. The author does not really admit their mistake, but the tone is apparently ironic, criticizing that the physicians were too soft to respond to the animal rights activists.5. Life is cruel to both animals and human beings . if the physician don’t create an animal model of the problem, they have to do experiments on human beings, or the medical knowledge will remain static.6. Drugs to cure infection will remain undiscovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques will remain undeveloped, and fundamental biological processes will remain mysteries.7. Because protection from serious sickness and drugs as well as most complexsurgical procedures were initially developed in animals instead of human beings8. If the more radical members of this movement are successful in threateningfurther research, their efforts will bring about a tragedy that will cost the livesof many human beings. Language focus word in use3.1. arresting2. omits3. optional4. transplanted5. hence6. twisted7.stung 8. minute 9. imitate 10. evil4. Words learned New words formed-ence interfere interference -er thrill thriller -lyscarcely scarce specially special -ion consume consumption deceive deception invade invasion proceed procession51. interference2. invasion3. Consumption4. procession5. specific6.deception 7. scare 8. thriller6.1.B2. G3. L4. K5. F6. D7. H8. N9. E 10.I7.1. persisted in2. have relevance to3. becoming aware of4. isolated from5. inthe name of 6. make a contribution 7. been occupied with 8. tip the scales10.Since the founding of New China, especially since the economic reform anddoor-opening to the world, the Chinese government has made considerable efforts ineco-environmental protection and achieved effective progress. The government has taken a series of important measures to protect and improve the ecological environment, such as actively promoting key ecological projects, enhancing ecosystem construction and biodiversity conservations, establishing a number of nature reservation, ecological demonstration zones, scenic spots and forest parks. One of the important goals of building a socialist harmonious society is to strengthen ecological protection and construction and to achieve harmony between man and nature. Environmental protection and ecological civilization construction have provided a solid foundation for the sustainable development of China’s economy and society.。
整合营销学培训教程目标一致性是指整合营销学的各个营销活动应该以共同的目标为导向，通过协调和配合，实现品牌的整体目标。
信息一致性是指整合营销学的各个传播手段应该传递一致的信息，以避免给消费者造成混淆。
渠道一致性是指整合营销学应该协调和整合不同的渠道，使其具有一致性和互补性。
过程一致性是指整合营销学应该形成一个有序的流程，使各个营销活动和传播手段相互联系和配合。
实施整合营销学的步骤是确定目标、选择传播手段、制定整合计划、实施计划并进行监测和评估。
首先，确定目标是整合营销学的第一步，通过分析市场和竞争环境，确定品牌的整体目标和具体营销活动的目标。
其次，选择传播手段是整合营销学的关键步骤，要根据目标和目标受众选择最适合的传播手段，如电视广告、网络营销和社交媒体等。
然后，制定整合计划是整合营销学的重要环节，要将不同的传播手段有机地组合起来，制定详细的实施计划。
最后，实施计划并进行监测和评估是整合营销学的最后一步，通过实施计划并及时监测和评估，确保整合营销学的有效性和效果。
案例分析是深入理解和应用整合营销学的重要途径之一。
下面以某知名公司为例，详细分析其整合营销学的实施情况和效果。
该公司在市场推广和品牌传播方面采用了多种不同的传播手段，如电视广告、网络营销和社交媒体等。
这些传播手段通过协调和配合，传达公司的品牌形象和产品信息。
公司通过整合营销学的实施，提高了品牌的知名度和消费者的购买欲望，取得了显著的销售增长和市场份额的提升。
综上所述，整合营销学是一种全方位的市场营销策略，通过协调和整合多个渠道和媒体，以实现较高的营销效果。
整合营销学的核心是将不同的营销活动和传播手段整合在一起，通过共同的目标和信息传递，提高品牌的知名度和销售额。
实施整合营销学的步骤包括确定目标、选择传播手段、制定整合计划、实施计划并进行监测和评估。
通过案例分析，可以深入理解和应用整合营销学，提高品牌的市场竞争力。
整合营销学是一种整合不同营销活动和传播手段的策略，以实现更高效的市场推广和品牌传播效果。
托福考试 复习TPO 30—2 The Pace of Evolutionary Change原文：【1】A heated debate has enlivened recent studies of evolution. Darwin's original thesis, and the viewpoint supported by evolutionary gradualists, is that species change continuously but slowly and in small increments. Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of modern observations, and, it is argued, they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in the imperfect fossil record. Gradualism, with its stress on the slow pace of change, is a comforting position, repeated over and over again in generations of textbooks. By the early twentieth century, the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in favor of gradualism to most biologists' satisfaction.【2】Sometimes a closed question must be reopened as new evidence or new arguments based on old evidence come to light. In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period. These episodes of rapid evolution are separated by relatively long static spans during which a species may hardly change at all.【3】The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to explain a curious feature of the fossil record—one that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but has usually been ignored. Many species appear to remain unchanged in the fossil record for millions of years—a situation that seems to be at odds withDarwin's model of continuous change. Intermediated fossil forms, predicted by gradualism, are typically lacking. In most localities a given species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock, only to be replaced suddenly by a new and different species.【4】The evolution of North American horse, which was once presented as a classic textbook example of gradual evolution, is now providing equally compelling evidence for punctuated equilibrium. A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors—each slightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toe—seemed to provide strong support for Darwin's contention that species evolve gradually. But close examination of those fossil deposits now reveals a somewhat different story. Horses evolved in discrete steps, each of which persisted almost unchanged for millions of years and was eventually replaced by a distinctive newer model. The four-toed Eohippus preceded the three-toed Miohippus, for example, but North American fossil evidence suggests a jerky, uneven transition between the two. If evolution had been a continuous, gradual process, one might expect that almost every fossil specimen would be slightly different from every year.【5】If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly, consider this: an alteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pair of wings into one that has two pairs of wings.【6】The question about the rate of evolution must now be turned around: does evolution ever proceed gradually, or does it always occur in short bursts? Detailedfield studies of thick rock formations containing fossils provide the best potential tests of the competing theories.【7】Occasionally, a sequence of fossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organism over a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon's studies of trilobites, a now extinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments—typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. No significant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmental conditions were quite stable during the period he examined.【8】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution. Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.题目：1.The word "innumerable" in the passage is closest in the meaning toA.countless.B.occasional.rge.D.repeated.2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true EXCEPTA.Darwin saw evolutionary change as happening slowly and gradually.B.Gaps in the fossil record were used to explain why it is difficult to see continuous small changes in the evolution of species.C.Darwin's evolutionary thesis was rejected because small changes could not be observed in the evolutionary record.D.By the early twentieth century, most biologists believed that gradualism explained evolutionary change.3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis challenged gradualism, which holds that species evolve in relatively sudden bursts of brief duration.B.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.C.In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by positing that change from one species to another cannot occur without a lengthy transition period.D.The punctuate equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.4.According to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, the punctuated equilibriumhypothesis and the gradualism hypothesis differed aboutA.Whether the fossil record is complete.B.Whether all species undergo change.C.Whether evolution proceeds an a constant rate.D.How many new species occur over long periods of time.5.According to paragraph 3, the lack of intermediate fossils in the fossil record of some speciesA.has been extensively studied by paleontologist for over a century.B.contradicts the idea that most species have remained unchanged for millions of years.C.challenges the view that evolutionary change is gradual.D.is most common in the fossil records of clam and coral species.6.The word "compelling" in the passage paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning toA.surprising.B.persuasive.C.controversial.D.detailed.7.Paragraph 4 mentions that North American horses have changed in all the following ways EXCEPT inA.the number of toes they have.B.the length of their face.C.their overall size.D.the number of years they live.8.The word "alteration" in the passage paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imperfection.B.replacement.C.change.D.duplication.9.According to paragraph 7, Peter Sheldon's studies demonstrated which ofthe following about trilobites?A.They underwent gradual change over a long time period.B.They experienced a number of discontinuous transitions during their history.C.They remained unchanged during a long period of environmental stability.D.They evolved in ways that cannot be counted for by either of the two competing theories.10.The word "occasionally" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toA.undoubtedly.B.basically.C.once in a while.D.to some extent.11.The main purpose of paragraph 7 is toA.Describe one test of the competing theories.B.Provide an example of punctuated equilibrium.C.Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories.D.Explain why trilobites became extinct.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where could the sentence best fit? They believe that environmental conditions may play a crucial role in determining which of the two modes will be in operation over a given period.■【A】Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. ■【B】Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution.■【C】Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. ■【D】But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.13.Directions: selected from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize punctuated equilibrium and the phrases that correctly characterize gradualism. Two of the phrases will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.A.States that new species emerge from existing species during relatively brief period of time.B.Was first formulated by Charles Darwin.C.Explain why North American horses have become smaller over time.D.States that new species evolve slowly and continuously from existing species.E.Explain the lack of intermediate fossil forms in the fossil record of many species.petition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.G.States that a species will not change unless its environment changes.1 ）GradualismA B C D E F G2 ）punctuated equilibriumA B C D E F G答案：1.innumerable是不可计数的，A是无数的，B是偶然的，C是大的，D是重复的。
A new decomposition of derangementsDongsu Kim and Jiang ZengMay5,2000AbstractWe give a new decomposition of derangements,which gives a direct interpre-tation of a formula for their generating function.This decomposition also worksfor counting derangements by number of excedances.1IntroductionA permutationπof[n]={1,2,...,n}is a derangement,ifπ(i)=i,for all i∈[n].A value i∈[n]is an excedance ofπif i<π(i).The number of excedances inπis denoted excπ.Let D n be the set of derangements of[n],and d n(x)the polynomiald n(x)=π∈D nx excπ.(1)For example,d0(x)=1,d1(x)=0,d2(x)=x,d3(x)=x+x2,d4(x)=x+7x2+x3. The generating function of d n(x)can be written as follows[2,5]:n≥0d n(x)t nn!=11−n≥2(x+x2+···+x n−1)t n/n!.(2)Of course(2)can be proved by various methods,but,as pointed out by Gessel[4],it seems difficult to directly interpret(2)(even in the x=1case!)in terms of derange-ments.In[4]Gessel gave a direct proof of(2)in a different model with x=1.His proof is actually based on a factorization of some D-permutations,and cannot be gen-eralized in a straightforward way to prove(2).Our purpose is to give a decomposition of derangements which interprets(2)directly.A cycleσ=(s1s2···s k)of length k is a cyclic permutation of a k-set{s1,...,s k} such thatσ(s i)=s i+1for i∈[k],with s k+1=s1,and s1=min(σ).In what follows a cycle is always of length greater than or equal to2.We identify each derangement with the sequence of its cycles sorted in the decreasing order of their minima.Thecycleσis called unimodal(resp.prime),if there exists i,2≤i≤k,such that s1<···<s i−1<s i>s i+1>···>s k(resp.,in addition,s i−1<s k).Considering that s1is the smallest in our case,this definition is consistent with the usual definition of ‘unimodal’.According to our definition,any cycle(s1s2)of length2is unimodal and prime.A sequence of prime cyclesτ=(τ1,τ2,...,τm)is called a P-decomposition of type (l1,...,l m),ifτi is of length l i and the underlying sets ofτi,i∈[m],form a partition of[l1+···+l m].Define the excedance ofτas the sum of the excedances of its prime cycles,i.e.excτ=excτ1+···+excτm,and weightτby x excτ.It turns out that the right-hand side of(2)is the corresponding generating function of P-decompositions. Indeed,the weight of prime cycles on a given l-set is x+x2+···+x l−1,and so the generating function of P-decompositions of type(l1,...,l m)is given byl1+···+l ml1,...,l m mi=1(x+···+x l i−1)t l1+···+l m(l1+···+l m)!.Summing on l1,...,l m≥2and m≥0,we obtain the right hand side of(2).In the next section we will give an algorithm,which permits us to decompose each derangement into a P-decomposition with the same number of excedances and thus to prove(2).We conclude this paper with some further remarks.2Unimodal and prime decompositionsThe following algorithm decomposes each cycleσ=(s1s2···s k)into a sequence of unimodal cycles.U-Algorithm1.Ifσis unimodal then U(σ)=σ.2.Otherwise,let i be the largest integer such that s i−1>s i<s i+1,and let j be theunique integer greater than i such that s j>s i>s j+1,recalling that s k+1=s1.Decompose it into two cyclesσ1=(s1···s i−1s j+1···s k)andσ2=(s i s i+1···s j).Note thatσ2is unimodal.Then set U(σ)=(U(σ1),σ2).There is an abuse of notation in the description of the U-algorithm(also of the P-algorithm later).Namely,the secondσin U(σ)=σactually means(σ),to be consistent with the case of length greater1,a sequence of length1whose only term isσ,and U(σ1)in(U(σ1),σ2)actually means the sequence of cycles in U(σ1)without outside parentheses.Example2.1Letσ=(1847121411913106352).The U-algorithm runs as follows:σ→(U(18471214119131062),(35))→(U(184712141162),(91310),(35))→(U(182),(471214116),(91310),(35))→((182),(471214116),(91310),(35)).We extend U to any derangement by applying U to each of its cycles;the resulting sequence is called the unimodal decomposition of the given derangement.Note that if U(π)=(u1,...,u m)is the resulting sequence,then thefirst cycle ofπcorresponds to the segment(u1,...,u i),where i is the smallest integer satisfying min(u1)>min(u i+1), and the second to a segment of(u i+1,...,u m)in the same manner,etc.,so that the un-derlying set of each cycle can be read offfrom U(π).The following result characterizes all the sequences of unimodal cycles obtained by the U-algorithm.Lemma2.2A sequence of disjoint unimodal cycles,u=(u1,...,u m),is a unimodal decomposition of a derangement in D n if and only if the underlying sets of u i,i∈[m], form a partition of[n]and for each i=2,...,m,max(u i−1)>min(u i).Proof.Clearly it suffices to show the‘if’part.Without loss of generality we may assume that min(u1)<min(u i),for each i=2,...,m.We buildπstep by step.Let π(1)=u1.For i>1,assume thatπ(i−1)has been built and thatπ(i−1)=(s1s2···s l), where s1,...,s l is a rearrangement of elements in u1,u2,...,u i−1.Let u i=(r1r2···r a). Since max(u i−1)>min(u i),there is an integer j such that s j>min(u i),let j0be thelargest such integer and setπ(i)=(s1s2···s j0r1r2···r a s j0+1···s l).Letπ=π(m).Clearly U(π)=u.The following algorithm decomposes each unimodal cycleσ=(s1s2···s k)into a sequence of prime cycles.P-Algorithm1.Ifσis prime then P(σ)=σ.2.Otherwise,let j be the smallest integer such that s j>s i>s j+1>s i−1for someinteger i greater than1.Decompose it into two cyclesσ1=(s1···s i−1s j+1···s k) andσ2=(s i s i+1···s j).Note thatσ2is prime.Then set P(σ)=(P(σ1),σ2).We extend P to any sequence of unimodal cycles by applying P to each of its com-ponents.Since each derangement is decomposed into cycles,sorted in the decreasing order of their minima,combining with the U-algorithm,we can factor any derange-mentπinto a sequence of prime cycles,P◦U(π),called the prime decomposition ofπ.The structure of the unimodal decomposition ofπcan be easily obtained fromits prime decomposition.If P◦U(π)=(τ1,...,τm),then thefirst unimodal cycle in U(π)corresponds to the segment(τ1,...,τi),where i is the smallest integer satisfying max(τi)>min(τi+1),and the second to a segment of(τi+1,...,τm)in the same manner, etc.Example2.3Letσ=(1847121411913106352).Its unimodal decomposition is U(σ)=((182),(471214116),(91310),(35)).Since only the second cycle in U(σ)is not prime,it suffices to decompose the second cycle.The algorithm runs as follows:(471214116)→(P(47116),(12,14))→((46),(711),(1214)).Therefore P◦U(σ)=((182),(46),(711),(1214),(91310),(35)).Theorem2.4Any P-decomposition of[n]is the prime decomposition of a derange-ment in D n.Proof.Letτ=(τ1,τ2,...,τm)be a P-decomposition of[n].Wefirst construct a sequence of unimodal cycles as follows:starting from the right,if there is any pair of adjacentτi andτi+1such that max(τi)<min(τi+1),then we insert the elements ofτi+1 inτi just before the maximum ofτi and obtain a new cycleτi∗τi+1.Repeat this process with(τ1,...,τi∗τi+1,...,τm),until there are no more such pairs.By lemma2.2,the resulting sequenceσis a unimodal decomposition of someπ∈D n,i.e.U(π)=σ.It follows that P◦U(π)=P(σ)=τ.From the U-algorithm it is clear that the number of excedances in a cycle is the same as the sum of excedances in each unimodal component.Also the prime decomposition has the same property.Thus we have proved(2).3RemarksIf instead of derangements we let A n(x)denote the sum of x excπfor all permutations πof[n],thenn≥0A n(x)t nn!=e tn≥0d n(x)t nn!=11−n≥1(x−1)n−1t n/n!.(3)The last expression can be interpreted as the generating function of sequences of uni-modal segments(the minimal element is allowed to be at the end)with appropriate weights.A similar proof can be given for(3),but in this case a weight-preserving sign-reversing involution is needed.The polynomials xA n(x)are actually the well-knownEulerian polynomials and have several other combinatorial interpretations in addition to counting permutations by number of excedances[6].Our decompositions work also for permutations of a multiset{1n1,2n2,...,m n m}. More precisely,let w=w1w2...w n be such a permutation andδ(w)=p1p2...p n the nondecreasing rearrangement of the letters in w,where n=n1+···+n m.Then w is a multiderangement if p i=w i for each i=1,...,n,while the statistic of excedance of w is defined by exc w=#{i:w i>p i}.Let R(n)be the set of all such permutations and defined n(x)=w∈R(n)x exc w.Using Foata’s factorization of multipermutations(see[3])we can factorize each mul-tiderangement as a product of cycles of length at least2,combining with our two decompositions we get the following result:n1,...,n m≥0d n(x)x n11...x n mm=11−x e2−(x+x2)e3−···−(x+x2+···+x m−1)e m,where e i(2≤i≤m)is the i-th elementary symmetric function of x1,...,x m.The above result wasfirst proved by Askey and Ismail[1]using MacMahon’s Master The-orem.AcknowledgmentThis work was partially supported by KOSEF:971-0106-038-2.References[1]Askey(R.)and Mourad(I.),Permutation problems and special functions,Canad.J.Math.28(1976),no.4,853–874.[2]Brenti(F.),Unimodal polynomials arising from symmetric functions,Proc.Amer.Math.Soc.108(1990),no.4,1133–1141.[3]Cartier(P.)and Foata(D.),Probl`e mes combinatoires de commutation etr´e arrangements,Lecture Notes in Mathematics85,Springer-Verlag,Berlin,1969.[4]Gessel(Ira M.),A coloring problem,Amer.Math.Monthly98(1991),no.6,530–533.[5]Roselle,(D.P.),Permutations by number of rises and successions,Proc.Amer.Math.Soc.19(1968),8–16.[6]Stanley,(R.P.),Enumerative Combinatorics,Volume1,Cambridge UniversityPress,1997Dongsu Kim,Department of Mathematics,KAIST,Taejon305-701,KoreaEmail address:dskim@math.kaist.ac.krJiang Zeng,Institut Girard Desargues,Universit´e Claude Bernard(Lyon I),France Email address:zeng@desargues.univ-lyon1.fr。
