连读、加音、爆破、同化、省音、弱读、浊化
——英语常见语流现象
1.连读：
两个相邻单词首尾音素自然的拼读在一起，中间不停顿，被称为连读。连读只发生在同一意群之内，即意思联系紧密的短语或从句之内。
1）词尾辅音+词首元音，如：
Stand?up.
Not?at?all.
Put?it?on, please.
Please pick?it?up.
I'm?an?English boy.
It?is?an?old book.
Let me have?a look?at?it.
Ms Black worked in?an?office.
I called you half?an?hour?ago.
2）词尾不发音r或re+词首元音，词尾r发音/r/。如：
far?away
Here?is a letter for you.
Here?are four?eggs.
Where?is my cup?
Where?are your brother?and sister?
They're my father?and mother.
I looked for?it here?and there.
There?is a football under?it.
There?are some books on the desk.
注：当有意群进行停顿时不可连读。如：
Is?it a hat or?a cat?（hat 与or 之间不可以连读）
There?is?a good book in my desk.（book 与in 之间不可以连读）
Can you speak?English or French?（English 与or 之间不可以连读）
Shall we meet at?eight or ten tomorrow morning? (meet 与at eight 与or 之间不可以连读)
She opened the door and walked?in. (door 与and 之间不可以连读)
英语的连读主要可分为三个大类：“辅音+元音连读”、“辅音+辅音连读”和“元音+元音连读”。下面咱们来分别看一下：
1、辅音+元音
定义：在同一个意群中，如果相邻的两个单词中的前一个以辅音音素结尾，后一个以元音音素开头，这时就要把辅音和元音连起来拼读。这部分可以说是英语中最常见也是我们中国的学生最熟悉的一类连读了，
无论是在英语歌曲中还是在各类演讲中，都大量存在着“辅元连读”，给大家看几个“栗子”吧。（“~”为连读符号）
Not~at~all ?（这就是着名的“闹太套”）
Take~it~easy
Put~it~on
在辅音+元音型连读中有一类连读特别容易被大家忽略，就是“ r/re + 元音”型连读：如果一个词是以-r 或–re 结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r 获re 不但要发/r/ 音，还要和后面的元音进行连读。
They’re my father~and mother.
I looked for~it here~and there.
There~is a football under~it.
There~are some books on the desk.
Here~is a letter for you.
2、辅音+辅音
这个类型的连读主要是指音的同化。音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。主要是以下几种方式：
a?**当第一个单词以[ t ] 结尾，紧接着一个单词以[ j ] 开头，则变音读[ t?] **
如：
next year 要读成[ nekst?i?]
last year 要读成[ la:st?i? ]
b?当第一个单词以[ d ] 结尾，紧接着一个单词以[ j ] 开头，则变音读[ d? ]
如：
would you 要读成[ wud?u ]
could you 要读成[ kud?u ]
c?当第一个单词以[ s ] 结尾，紧接着一个单词以[ j ] 开头，则变音读[ ? ]
如：
I miss you 要读成[a? m??u]
this year 要读成[e???r]
God bless you 要读成[ɡɑd bl??u]
d?当第一个单词以[ z ] 结尾，紧接着一个单词以[ j ] 开头，则变音读[ ? ]
如：
Who's your friend? 要读成[hu:??r fr?nd]
Where's your home? 要读成[wε???r hom]
3、元音+元音
元音与元音之间的连读是大家非常容易忽略的一点，因为在我们的英语学习中，很少有老师会教给我们如何来进行元音与元音之间的连读。然而，元音之间的连读可以使元音音节之间的过渡变的自然、流畅，读起来朗朗上口。
元音与元音之间的连读实质上是在元音和元音之间插入半元音?/j/ 或/w/，连读规则如下：
a?前面的单词以元音[e] 或[i ]结尾，紧随其后的单词以元音开头，这时，在两个单词之间出现半元音[j] 作为过渡。
be [j] on time
weigh [j] it up
play [j] around
flew [j] out
the [j] early bird
I [j] am
any [j] other
try [j] again
b?前面的单词以[u] 或[o] 结尾，紧随其后的单词以元音开头，这时，在两个单词之间出现半元音[w] 作为过渡。
blue [w] on top
knew [w] it
you [w] are
too [w] often
go [w] on
throw [w] away
no [w] end
blew [w] away
go [w] away
who [w] else
2.加音：
在连贯的语流中，人们往往会在两个元音之间加入一个外加音帮助发音，从而更加流畅地表达意思。1）词尾元音/?,u:/+词首元音在词尾加上一个轻微的/w/。
Go w away.
How w and why did you come here?
The question is too w easy for him to answer.
2）词尾元音/?,i:/+词首元音在词尾加上一个轻微的/j/。如：
I j am Chinese.
She can't carry j it.
I j also need the j other one.
He j is very friendly to me.
She wants to study j English.
It'll take you three j hours to walk there.
3. 失去爆破与不完全爆破：
1）失去爆破：爆破音+爆破音
当两个爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/相邻时，前一个爆破音只按其发音部位做好发音口形、形成阻碍而不爆破出来，稍微停顿后即发出后面的辅音。前一个爆破音被称为失去爆破。失去爆破产生的原因大体上是由于省力原则造成的。如：Kept/Blackboard/Notebook/Goodbye/September/Suitcase/Big boy/Sharp pencil What time
You must pay.
Ask Bob to sit behind me.
She took good care of the children.
2)不完全爆破：
A）爆破音+摩擦音：
爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/与摩擦音/f,v,s,z,?,?,θ,e,r,h/相邻时产生不完全爆破。发摩擦音时发音器官并不形成阻碍而只形成一个很狭小的缝隙让气流从缝隙中摩擦而出。如果一个爆破音与摩擦音相接它爆破冲出的气流只能从狭小的缝隙中通过这种爆破是不完全的。失去爆破产生的原因大体上是由于省力原则造成的。如：Advance/Success
A good view
Old friends
Just then
Get through
Make sure
Night show
Keep silence
Keep that in mind
B）爆破音+破擦音：
爆破音与破擦音/t?,d?,tr,dr/相邻时产生不完全爆破。如Picture/Object
That child
Good job
Sweet dream
Great changes
C）爆破音+鼻辅音：
爆破音与鼻辅音/m,n,?/相邻时：在词中，不完全爆破；在词尾鼻腔爆破。如：
Utmost/Admit/Midnight/Certain/Button/Garden
Good morning
Good night
Start now
I don’t know
Just moment
A good neighbor
D）爆破音+边辅音：
爆破音与边辅音/l/相邻时：在词中，不完全爆破；在词尾舌侧爆破。如：Lately/Badly/Mostly/Friendly A bit louder
I’d like to
Straight line
Good luck
At last
At lunch
4.同化：
人们在说话的时往往会不自觉地让一个音受相邻音的影响，使它们变得与其相同或相似；或者两个音互相影响变为第三个音。这两种现象被称为音的同化。同化可以发生在同一个词、复合词内或者句子相邻词之间。
1）因声带的影响而发生的同化：
A）浊辅音可变为清辅音，如：of(v→f) course his(z→s) pen with(e→θ) pleasure。
B）清辅音可变为浊辅音，如：like(k→g) that。
2）因发音部位的影响而发生的同化：
A）/t/+/j/→/t?/。如：
Don’t hu rt yourself!
I’ll le t you go this time.
Don’t you do that again.
It’s very nice to mee t you.
B）/d/+/j/→/d?/。如：
Did your sister come?
Would you please come in?
Could you read this for me please?
You didn’t like English, di d you?
C）/s/+/j/→/?/。如：
I miss you.
May God bless you.
We will come this year.
D）/z/+/j/→/?/。如：
Here’s your ticket.
I love you because you are you.
Don’t expect he tell s you the truth
在快速、随便的言语中一些音素被省略掉被称为省音。省音能提高语速，使说话省力。在正式场合和语速慢的情况下，省音不是必须的。
1）同一单词内元音的省略，主要是非重读音节中的/?/和/?/，如：ord(i)n(a)ry。
2）当前一单词以辅音结尾，后一单词以/?/开头时，/?/常被省略，如：walk (a)way。
3）当前一单词以否定形式-n't结尾，后一单词以辅音开头时，/t/常被忽略，如：
She isn’(t) there.
I didn’(t) hear you.
He can’(t) believe that.
4）任何一个辅音若后面紧跟着/h/，/h/可以不发音。如：
Come (h)ere!
Must (h)e /ti/ go?
What will (h)e /wili/do?
Has (h)e done it before?
Tell (h)im to ask (h)er…
5）将多个单词利用连读爆破等拼和在一起。如：
gotta(got to)
gonna(going to)
kinda(kind of)
lotsa(lots of)
gimme(give me)
6. 强读式和弱读式：
在一个句子，有些词说得又轻又快，而且较为含糊，有些词则说得又重又慢，而且较为清晰。那些说得响亮而清晰的词就是句子重音所在。实词（包括名词、实义动词、形容词、副词、数词疑问词等）一般都接受句子重音，为重读词，采用强读式：虚词（包括介词、代词、连词、冠词、助动词、情态动词等功能词）一般都不接受句子重音，为非重读词，采用弱读式。
6.1 一般规律：
1）弱读式只出现在句子的非重读词中。如：Pass me/m?/ the/e?/ book. me、the弱读。
2）单词单独出现或在句首或句尾时，都采用强读式。如：What are you listening to/tu:/?
3）被特别强调的词无论实词还是虚词都采用强读式。如：I am/?m/ Peter. 我就是皮特。
6.2 虚词弱读规律：
1）长音变短音，如：she/?i:/弱读/??/。
2）元音前面的辅音被省略，如：him/h?m/弱读/?m/。
3）辅音前面的元音被省略，如：am/?m/弱读/m/。
4）元音一般弱读为/?/，如：can/k?n/弱读/k?n/。
5）部分虚词有多种弱读式，如：would/w?d/弱读/?d,d/。
7. 浊化：
1）/s/ 后面的清辅音要浊化。如：
/k/浊化成/g/: scar/school/discussion
/t/浊化成/d/: stand/student/mistake
/p/浊化成/b/: spring/spirit/expression
2）美音中，当/t/出现在两个元音之间并且处于非重读位置的时候，/t/需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。这样，writer听起来和rider 的发音几乎没有区别。如：Letter/water/better/duty/bitter/city
I got it.
Would you please pick it up?
注：/t/如果处于重读位置的话，即使在两个元音之间也不需要浊化。请比较：
清晰的/t/ 浊化的/t/
I'talian 'Italy
a'tomic 'atom
La'tino 'Latin
pho'tographer 'photograph
3）美音中，当/t/前面是一个元音，后面是一个模糊的/l/，且处于非重读位置，/t/也需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。如：Battle/bottle/cattle/little/rattle/settle
4)美音中，当/t/前面是一个清辅音或前鼻音/n/，后面是一个元音，且处于非重读位置，/t/也需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。如：Twenty/fifty/center/after/faster/actor/sister/yesterday
朗读练习：
1. There are many things to consider when you are looking for a house, whether you intend to buy or only rent. After all, it is going to be your home, perhaps for quite a long time, and you want to be happy with it. You have to decide exactly what kind of house you want, how much you can afford to pay, and the type of neighborhood you wish to live in. However, it’s always easy to forget all above, because it’s most probably that you’ll fall in love with the house for sale at the first sight.
2. Youth
Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.
Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of sixty more than a boy of twenty. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.
Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.
Whether sixty or sixteen, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite for what's next, and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the Infinite, so long are you young.
When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at twenty; but as long as your aerials are up, to catch the waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at eighty.