阿金库尔战役

一.匈奴王篇1.上帝之怒任务一：干掉Blead: 你扮演的是匈奴王--Attila（黄色的甲胄骑兵），游戏一开始，Bleda（紫红色的蒙古骑射手）想与你争夺匈奴的统治权，提出比赛杀号角野猪，跟著他来到12：00的方向的海边一处僻静之地（杀人的好地方），千万别信他的去杀什么号角野猪，杀死了，就会出现很多埋伏的弓箭兵，可以抢先把对Bleda的外交态度改为敌对（比比看谁黑！），ok，甲胄骑兵 vs 蒙古骑射手，胜定了，然后回到出发地偏下一点的地方，可以收到8个匈奴骑兵，干掉追上来的敌人，然后回到地图10点方向的帐篷，整个Bleda的基地就归你了。

任务二：拯救村民：一边升级基地到封建时代，一边带领你的匈奴骑兵往地图6点方向冲，进入西罗马帝国的城市，会发现一批被扣押在木栅栏里的村民，打开栅栏救出村民就ok了，旁边还关著一个Sea Gate 的儿子（绿色的侦察骑兵），顺便也救他出来，Sea Gaet会表示感谢，并保持中立。

任务三：Sea Gate的任务：你（Attila）亲自去 Sea Gate 的领地去一躺，就可以和他结盟，在地图上找10匹马到他们领地插旗子的地方，他会送你一队蒙古骑射手。

赚了一笔，呵呵。

任务四：消灭西罗马帝国和波斯：西罗马帝国就是刚才救人的地方，波斯在3点锺的方向，都很容易就可以搞定。

这一关基本只是让你熟悉一下，新民族和新特性。

匈奴骑兵砍房子真是很快哟。

2.天下第一骑任务一：战前准备-食物资源，出来的时候是在地图的11点，有12个匈奴骑兵+8个骑射手，往 9点方向走，会找到索非亚（红色）的地盘，干掉几个剑士，直接打掉她的城镇中心可以得到食物资源。

任务二：战前准备-兵源，继续往7点方向有Dyrrhachium（青色）的基地，干掉几个挡路的长矛兵，冲进去，打掉城堡（用匈奴骑兵打），可以救出5个匈奴骑兵和2个轻骑兵。

任务三：战前准备-村民，往6点偏上的位置走，发现萨洛尼卡的地盘，千万别杀村民，打掉几个弓箭手和僧侣后，可以摧毁所有的住房，可以得到5个村民。

男爵叛乱1215年6月10日，英国男爵叛乱。

英格兰的封建贵族在伦敦聚集，挟持英格兰国王约翰。

约翰被迫赞成贵族提出的“男爵法案”(Articles of the Barons)，即最初的大宪章。

大宪章抑制了王权，保证了人们享受自由的权利，也为今后英国的普通法系奠定了基础。

然而贵族离开伦敦各自返回封地之后，约翰立即宣布废弃“男爵法案”。

英国重新陷入内战。

兵役免除税英国中世纪的一类税种。

威廉一世统治初期，英格兰内部政局尚不稳定，外部与苏格兰、威尔士和维金人的战争连绵不断，军役成为直属佃户向英王承担的首要义务。

但是，由于种种原因，英王的某些直属佃户无法身体力行提供兵役，遂产生兵役免除税。

这种做法对各方而言往往都是有利的，因为，男爵有时可能会由于年老或疾病原因无法按照约定追随英王征战；而英王也乐于征收该税，因为战争主要发生在欧洲大陆，在那里他可以轻松地雇佣到骑士。

《大宪章》内容及影响英国封建专制时期宪法性文件之一，习称《大宪章》。

１２１５年６月１５日，英国贵族胁迫约翰王在兰尼米德草原签署的文件。

文件共６３条，用拉丁文写成。

多数条款维护贵族和教士的权利。

主要内容有：保障教会选举教职人员的自由；保护贵族和骑士的领地继承权，国王不得违例征收领地继承税；未经由贵族、教士和骑士组成的“王国大会议”的同意，国王不得向直属附庸征派补助金和盾牌钱；取消国王干涉封建主法庭从事司法审判的权利；未经同级贵族的判决，国王不得任意逮捕或监禁任何自由人或没收他们的财产。

此外，少数条款涉及城市，如确认城市已享有的权利、保护商业自由、统一度量衡等。

《大宪章》又被称之为“自由大宪章”，虽然它是英国统治阶级内部权力争斗的产物，是一个封建性的政治文件。

但是它是英国宪法起源的标志，体现了“王权有限，法律至上”和保护公民权利的原则。

这是在中世纪人们试图用法律的形式限制王权的第一次尝试；它对英国以后的政治生活产生了巨大的冲击力，成为后来英国资产阶级对抗王权，反对专制的一个重要法律依据；为日后英国政治体制的确立和发展奠定了坚实的基础。

The Battle of Agincourt[a] was a major English victory against a numerically superior French army in the Hundred Years' War. The battle occurred on Friday 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day, November 3. NS), in northern France.[6][b]Henry V's victory had a crippling effect on France and started a new period in the war, during which Henry married the French king's daughter and his son was made heir to the throne of France. However, his battlefield successes were not capitalised on by his heir, Henry VI.Henry V led his troops into battle and participated in hand-to-hand fighting. The French king of the time, Charles VI, did not command the French army himself as he suffered from severe, repeating illnesses and moderate mental incapacitation. Instead, the Frenchwere commanded by Constable Charlesd'Albret and various prominent French noblemen of the Armagnac party.The battle is notable for the use of the English longbow, which Henry used in very large numbers, with English and Welsh longbowmen forming most of his army. The battle is also the centrepiece of the play Henry V, by William Shakespeare.Contents[hide]∙ 1 Campaign∙ 2 Battleo 2.1 Situationo 2.2 Terraino 2.3 Fighting▪ 2.3.1 Opening moves▪ 2.3.2 The French cavalryattack▪ 2.3.3 The main French assault▪ 2.3.4 The attack on theEnglish baggage train▪ 2.3.5 Henry orders thekilling of the prisoners o 2.4 Aftermatho 2.5 Notable casualties∙ 3 Numbers at Agincourt∙ 4 Fictional accountso 4.1 Shakespeare's Henry Vo 4.2 Historical fictiono 4.3 Other theatricalo 4.4 Science fiction and fantasy ∙ 5 See also∙ 6 Noteso 6.1 Footnoteso 6.2 Citations∙7 Referenceso7.1 Bookso7.2 Articleso7.3 Other8 External links[edit] CampaignMain article: Hundred Years WarHenry V invaded France following the failure of negotiations with the French. He claimed the title of King of France through his great-grandfather Edward III, although in practice the English kings were generally prepared to renounce this claim if the French would acknowledge the English claim on Aquitaine and other French lands (the terms of the Treaty of Bretigny).[7] He initially called a great council in the spring of 1414 to discuss going to war with France, but the lords insisted that he should negotiate further and moderate his claims. In the following negotiations Henry said that he would give up his claim to the French throneif the French would pay the 1.6 million crowns outstanding from the ransom of John II (who had been captured at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356), and concede English ownership of the lands of Normandy, Touraine, Anjou, Brittany and Flanders, as well as Aquitaine. Henry would marry Princess Catherine, the young daughter of Charles VI, and receive a dowry of 2 million crowns. The French responded with what they considered the generous terms of marriage with Princess Catherine, a dowry of 600,000 crowns, and an enlarged Aquitaine. By 1415 negotiations had ground to a halt, with the English claiming that the French had mocked their claims and ridiculed Henry himself.[8]In December 1414, the English parliament was persuaded to grant Henry a "double subsidy", a tax at twice the traditional rate, to recover hisinheritance from the French. On 19 April 1415, Henry again asked the great council to sanction war with France, and this time they agreed.[9]Henry's army landed in northern France on 13 August 1415 and besieged the port of Harfleur with an army of about 12,000. The siege took longer than expected. The town surrendered on 22 September, and the English army did not leave until 8 October. The campaign season was coming to an end, and the English army had suffered many casualties through disease. Henry decided to move most of his army (roughly 9,000) to the port of Calais, the English stronghold in northern France, where they couldre-equip over the winter.The French had raised an army during the siege which assembled around Rouen. This was not strictly a feudal army, but anarmy paid through a system similar to the English. The French hoped to raise 9,000 troops, but the army was not ready in time to relieve Harfleur. After Henry V marched to the north the French moved to blockade them along the River Somme. They were successful for a time, forcing Henry to move south, away from Calais, to find a ford. The English finally crossed the Somme south of Péronne, at Béthenco urt and Voyennes[10][11] and resumed marching north. Without the river protection, the French were hesitant to force a battle. They shadowed Henry's army while calling a semonce des nobles, calling on local nobles to join the army. By 24 October both armies faced each other for battle, but the French declined, hoping for the arrival of more troops. The next day the French initiated negotiations as a delaying tactic, but Henry ordered hisarmy to advance and to start a battle that, given the state of his army, he would have preferred to avoid. The English had very little food, had marched 260 miles in two-and-a-half weeks, were suffering from sickness such as dysentery, and faced much larger numbers of well equipped French men at arms. Henry needed to get to the safety of Calais and knew that if he waited, the French would gain yet more reinforcements.[edit] Battle[edit] SituationThe battle was fought in the narrow strip of open land formed between the woods of Tramecourt and Agincourt (close to the modern village of Azincourt). The French army was positioned at the northern exit so as to bar the way to Calais. The twoarmies spent the night of 24 October on open ground.The battle of AgincourtEarly on the 25th, Henry deployed his army (approximately 1,500 men-at-arms and 7,000 longbowmen) across a 750-yard part of the defile. The army was organised into three "battles" or divisions, the vanguard led by the Duke of York, the main battle led by Henry himself and the rearguard, led by Lord Camoys. In addition, Sir Thomas Erpingham, one of Henry's mostexperienced household knights, had a role in marshalling the archers.[12]It is likely that the English adopted their usual battle line of longbowmen on either flank, men-at-arms and knights in the centre. They may also have deployed some archers in the centre of the line. The English men-at-arms in plate and mail were placed shoulder to shoulder four deep. The English and Welsh archers on the flanks drove pointed wooden stakes into the ground at an angle to force cavalry to veer off. This use of stakes may have been inspired by the Battle of Nicopolis of 1398, where forces of the Ottoman Empire used the tactic against French cavalry.[13]One English account describes the day before the battle as a day of remorse in which the English soldiers cleansed themselves of their sins to avoid Hellif they died. French accounts state that Henry V gave a speech before the battle reassuring his nobles that, if the French prevailed, the English nobles would be spared, to be captured and ransomed; the common soldiers, however, would have no such luck, and he told them that they had better fight for their lives.By contrast, the French were confident that they would prevail and were eager to fight. The French believed they would triumph over the English not only because their force was larger, fresher, and better equipped, but also because the large number of noble men-at-arms would have considered themselves superior to the large number of archers in the English army, who the French (based on their experience in living memory of using and facing archers)considered relatively insignificant. The chronicler Edmond de Dyntner stated that there were "ten French nobles against one English", ignoring the archers completely.[14]The French were arrayed in three lines or "battles". The first line was led by Constable D'Albret, Marshal Boucicault, and the Dukes of Orléans and Bourbon, with attached cavalry wings under the Count of Vendôme and Sir Clignet de Brebant. The second line was commanded by the Dukes of Bar and Alençon and the Count of Nevers. The third line was under the Counts of Dammartin and Fauconberg.[15]The Burgundian chronicler, Jehan de Waurin, writes that there were 8,000 men-at-arms, 4,000 archers and 1,500 crossbowmen in the vanguard, with two wings of 600 and 800 mountedmen-at-arms, and the main battle having"as many knights, esquires and archers as in the vanguard", with the rearguard containing "all of the rest of themen-at-arms".[16]The Herald of Berry uses somewhat different figures of 4,800 men-at-arms in the first line, 3,000 men in the second line, with two "wings" containing 600 mounted men-at-arms each, and a total of "10,000 men-at-arms",[17] but does not mention a third line.Approximately 8,000 of the heavily armoured French men-at-arms fought on foot, and needed to close the distance to the English army to engage them in hand-to-hand fighting. If they could close the distance, however, they outnumbered the English men-at-arms by more than 5-to-1, and the English longbowmen would not be able to shoot into a mêlée without risking hitting their own troops. Many of the Frenchmen-at-arms had fathers and grandfathers who had been humiliated in previous battles such as Crécy and Poitiers, and the French nobility were determined to get revenge. Several French accounts emphasise that the French leaders were so eager to defeat the English (and win the ransoms of the English men-at-arms) that they insisted on being in the first line. For example: "All the lords wanted to be in the vanguard, against the opinion of the constable and the experienced knights".[18]There appear to have been thousands of troops in the rearguard, containing servants and commoners whom the French were either unable or unwilling to deploy. De Waurin gives the total French army size as 50,000. He says: "They had plenty of archers and crossbowmen butnobody wanted to let them fire [sic]. The reason for this was that the site was so narrow that there was only enough room for the men-at-arms."[19] Most of the rearguard played little part in the battle, with English and French accounts agreeing that many of the French army fled after seeing so many French nobles killed and captured in the fighting.[edit] TerrainThe field of battle was arguably the most significant factor in deciding the outcome. The recently ploughed land hemmed in by dense woodland favoured the English, both because of its narrowness, and because of the thick mud through which the French knights had to walk.[20][21] An analysis by Battlefield Detectives has looked at the crowd dynamics of the battlefield.[22]The 1,000–1,500 English men-at-arms are described as shoulder toshoulder and four deep, which implies a tight line about 250–300 men long (perhaps split in two by a central group of archers). The remainder of the field would have been filled with the longbowmen behind their palings. The French first line contained men-at-arms who had no way to outflank the English line. The French, divided into the three battles, one behind the other at their initial starting position, could not bring all their forces to bear: the initial engagement was between the English army and the first battle line of the French. When the second French battle line started their advance, the soldiers were pushed closer together and their effectiveness was reduced. Casualties in the front line from longbow arrows would also have increased the congestion, as the following men would have to walk around the fallen. TheBattlefield Detectives episode states that when the density reached four men per square metre, soldiers would not even be able to take full steps forward, lowering the speed of the advance by 70%.[22] Accounts of the battle describe the French engaging the Englishmen-at-arms before being rushed from the sides by the longbowmen as the mêlée developed. The English account in the Gesta Henrici says: "For when some of them, killed when battle was first joined, fall at the front, so great was the undisciplined violence and pressure of the mass of men behind them that the living fell on top of the dead, and others falling on top of the living were killed as well". Although the French initially pushed the English back, they became so closely packed that they are described as having trouble using their weapons properly. The French monk of St.Denis says: "Their vanguard, composed of about 5,000 men, found itself at first so tightly packed that those who were in the third rank could scarcely use their swords",[23] and the Burgundian sources have a similar passage. In practice there was not enough room for all these men to fight, and they were unable to respond effectively when the English longbowmen joined the hand-to-hand fighting. By the time the second French line arrived, for a total of about eight thousand men (depending on the source), the crush would have been even worse. The press of men arriving from behind actually hindered those fighting at the front.As the battle was fought on a recently ploughed field, and there had recently been heavy rain leaving it very muddy, it proved very tiring to walk through infull plate armour. The French monk of St. Denis describes the French troops as "marching through the middle of the mud where they sank up to their knees. So they were already overcome with fatigue even before they advanced against the enemy". The deep, soft mud particularly favoured the English force because, once knocked to the ground, the heavily armoured French knights had a hard time getting back up to fight in the mêlée. Barker (2005) states that several knights, encumbered by their armour, actually drowned in it. Their limited mobility made them easy targets for the volleys from the English archers. The mud also increased the ability of the much more lightly armoured English archers to join in hand-to-hand fighting against the French men-at-arms.[edit] Fighting[edit] Opening movesMorning of the Battle of Agincourt, 25th October 1415, painted by Sir John GilbertOn the morning of 25 October the French were still waiting for additional troops to arrive. The Duke of Brabant (about 2,000 men),[24] the Duke of Anjou (about 600 men),[25] and the Duke of Brittany (6,000 men, according to Montstrelet),[26] were all marching to join the army. This left the French with a question of whether or not to advance towards the English.For three hours after sunrise there was no fighting. Military textbooks of the time stated "Everywhere and on alloccasions that foot soldiers march against their enemy face to face, those who march lose and those who remain standing still and holding firm win".[27] On top of this, the French were expecting thousands of men to join them if they waited. They were blocking Henry's retreat, and were perfectly happy to wait for as long as it took. There had even been a suggestion that the English would run away rather than give battle when they saw that they would be fighting so many French princes.[28] Henry's men, on the other hand, were already very weary from hunger, illness and marching. Even though he knew as well as the French did that his army would perform better on the defensive, Henry was eventually forced to take a calculated risk, and move his army further forward to start the battle.[29]This entailed pulling out the long stakes pointed outwards towardthe enemy which protected the longbowmen, and abandoning his chosen position. (The use of stakes was an innovation for the English: during the Battle of Crécy, for example, the archers were instead protected by pits and other obstacles.) If the French cavalry had charged before the stakes had been hammered back in, the result would probably have been disastrous for the English, as it was at the Battle of Patay. However, the French seem to have been caught off guard by the English advance. The tightness of the terrain also seems to have restricted the planned deployment of their forces.A battle plan had originally been drawn up which had archers and crossbowmen in front of the men-at-arms, with a cavalry force at the rear specifically designed to "fall upon the archers, and use their force to break them,"[30]but in the event, the archers and crossbowmen weredeployed behind and to the sides of the men-at-arms (where they seem to have played almost no part, except possibly for an initial volley of arrows at the start of the battle). The cavalry force, which could have devastated the English line if it had attacked while they moved their position, seems to have charged only after the initial volley of arrows from the English. It is unclear whether this is because the French were hoping the English would launch a frontal assault (and were surprised when the English instead started shooting from their new defensive position), or whether the French mounted knights simply did not react fast enough to the English advance. French chroniclers agree that when the mounted charge did come, it did not contain as many men as it should have; Gilles le Bouvier states that some had wandered off to warmthemselves and others were walking or feeding their horses.[31]In any case, within extreme bowshot from the French line (approximately 300 yards), the longbowmen dug in their stakes and then opened the engagement with a barrage of arrows.[edit] The French cavalry attackThe French cavalry, despite being somewhat disorganised and not at full numbers, charged the longbowmen, but it was a disaster, with the French knights unable to outflank the longbowmen (because of the encroaching woodland) and unable to charge through the palings that protected the archers. John Keegan argues that the longbows' main influence on the battle was at this point: armoured only on the head, many horses would have become dangerously out of control when struck in the back or flank from thehigh-elevation shots used as the charge started.[32] The effect of the mounted charge and then retreat was further to churn up the mud the French had to cross to reach the English. Juliet Barker quotes a contemporary account by a monk of St. Denis who reports how the panicking horses also galloped back through the advancing infantry, scattering them and trampling them down in their headlong flight.[33] The Burgundian sources similarly say that the mounted men-at-arms retreated back into the advancing French vanguard.[edit] The main French assaultThe constable himself led the attack of the dismounted French men-at-arms. French accounts describe their vanguard alone as containing about 5,000men-at-arms, which would have outnumbered the English men-at-arms bymore than 3 to 1, but before they could engage in hand-to-hand fighting they had to cross the muddy field under a bombardment of arrows.The plate armour of the Frenchmen-at-arms allowed them to close the 300 yards or so to the English lines while being under what the French monk of Saint Denis described as "a terrifying hail of arrow shot". However they had to lower their visors and bend their heads to avoid being shot in the face (the eye and airholes in their helmets were among the weakest points in the armour), which restricted both their breathing and their vision, and then they had to walk a few hundred yards through thick mud, wearing armour weighing 50–60 pounds.[34]King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415, by Sir John GilbertThe French men-at-arms reached the English line and actually pushed it back, with the longbowmen continuing to shoot until they ran out of arrows and then dropping their bows and joining themêlée, implying that the French were able to walk through a hail of tens of thousands of arrows while taking comparatively few casualties. But the physical pounding even fromnon-penetrating arrows, combined with the slog in heavy armour through the mud, the heat and lack of oxygen in plate armour with the visor down, and the crush of their numbers meant they could "scarcely lift their weapons" when they finally engaged the English line.When the English archers, using hatchets, swords and other weapons, attacked the now disordered and fatigued French, the French could not cope with their unarmoured assailants (who were much less hindered by the mud). The exhausted French men-at-arms are described as having been knocked to the ground and then unable to get back up. As the mêlée developed, the French second line also joined the attack, but they too were swallowed up, with the narrow terrain meaning the extra numbers could not be used effectively, and Frenchmen-at-arms were taken prisoner or killed in their thousands. The fighting lasted about three hours, but eventually the leaders of the second line were killed or captured, as those of the first line had been. The English Gesta Henrici describes three great heaps of the slain around the three main English standards.According to contemporary English accounts, Henry was directly involved in the hand-to-hand fighting. Upon hearing that his youngest brother Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester had been wounded in the groin, Henry took his household guard and stood over his brother, in the front rank of the fighting, until Humphrey could be dragged to safety; the king received an axe blow to the head which knocked off a piece of the crown which formed part of his helmet.[35][edit] The attack on the English baggage trainThe only French success was an attack on the lightly protected English baggage train, with Ysembart d'Azincourt (leading a small number of men-at-arms and varlets plus about 600 peasants) seizing some of Henry's personal treasures, including a crown.[36]Whetherthis was part of a deliberate French plan or an act of local brigandage is unclear from the sources. Certainly,d'Azincourt was a local knight but he may have been chosen to lead the attack because of his local knowledge and the lack of availability of a more senior soldier.[37] In some accounts the attack happened towards the end of the battle, and led the English to think they were being attacked from the rear. Barker, following the Gesta Henrici, believed to have been written by an English chaplain who was actually in the baggage train, concludes that the attack happened at the start of the battle.[37][edit] Henry orders the killing of the prisonersRegardless of when the baggage assault happened, there was definitely a point after the initial English victory whereHenry became alarmed that the French were regrouping for another attack. The Gesta Henrici puts this after the English had overcome the onslaught of the French men-at-arms, and the weary English troops were eyeing the French rearguard ("in incomparable number and still fresh"). Le Fevre and Waurin similarly say that it was signs of the French rearguard regrouping and "marching forward in battle order" which made the English think they were still in danger.In any event, Henry ordered the slaughter of what was perhaps several thousand French prisoners, with only the most illustrious being spared. His fear was that they would rearm themselves with the weapons strewn upon the field, and the exhausted English would be overwhelmed. Though ruthless, it wasarguably justifiable given thesituation of the battle; perhaps surprisingly, even the French chroniclers do not criticise him for this.[38]This marked the end of the battle, as the French rearguard, having seen so many of the French nobility captured and killed, fled the battlefield.[edit] AftermathDue to a lack of reliable sources it is impossible to give a precise figure for the French and English casualties. However, it is clear that though the English were outnumbered, their losses were far lower than those of the French. The French sources all give4,000–10,000 French dead, with up to 1,600 English dead. The lowest ratio in these French sources has the French losing six times more dead than the English. The English sources varybetween about 1,500 and 11,000 for the French dead, with English dead put at no more than 100.[39]Barker identifies from the available records "at least" 112 Englishmen who died in the fighting (including Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, a grandson of Edward III), but this excludes the wounded. One widely used estimate puts the English casualties at 450, not an insignificant number in an army of about 8,500, but far less than the thousands the French lost, nearly all of whom were killed or captured. Using the lowest French estimate of their own dead of 4,000 would imply a ratio of nearly 9 to 1 in favour of the English, or over 10 to 1 if the prisoners are included.The French suffered heavily. Three dukes, at least eight counts, a viscount and an archbishop died, along with numerousother nobles. Of the great royal office holders, France lost her Constable, Admiral, Master of the Crossbowmen and prévôt of the marshals.[40]The baillis of nine major northern towns were killed, often along with their sons, relatives and supporters. In the words of Juliet Barker, the battle "cut a great swath through the natural leaders of French society in Artois, Ponthieu, Normandy, Picardy." [41] Estimates of the number of prisoners vary between 700 and 2,200, amongst them the Duke of Orléans (the famous poet Charles d'Orléans) and Jean Le Maingre(known as Boucicault) Marshal of France.[42]Almost all these prisoners would have been nobles, as the less valuable prisoners were slaughtered.Although the victory had been militarily decisive, its impact was complex. It did not lead to further English conquestsimmediately as Henry's priority was to return to England, which he did on 16 November, to be received in triumph in London on the 23rd.[43] Henry returned a conquering hero, in the eyes of his subjects and European powers outside of France, blessed by God. It established the legitimacy of the Lancastrian monarchy and the future campaigns of Henry to pursue his "rights and privileges" in France.[44]Other benefits to the English were longer term. Very quickly after the battle, the fragile truce between the Armagnac and Burgundian factions broke down. The brunt of the battle had fallen on the Armagnacs and it was they who suffered the majority of senior casualties and carried the blame for the defeat. The Burgundians seized on the opportunity and within 10 days of the battle had mustered their armies and marched onParis.[45] This lack of unity in France would allow Henry eighteen months to prepare militarily and politically for a renewed campaign. When that campaign took place, it was made easier by the damage done to the political and military structures of Normandy by the battle.[46]It took several years' more campaigning, but Henry was eventually able to fulfil all his objectives. He was recognised by the French in the Treaty of Troyes(1420) as the regent and heir to the French throne. This was cemented by his marriage to Catherine of Valois, the daughter of King Charles VI.[edit] Notable casualtiesNotable casualties included:[47]Antoine of Burgundy, Duke of Brabant and Limburg (b. 1384)∙Philip of Burgundy, Count of Nevers and Rethel (b. 1389)∙Charles I d'Albret, Count of Dreux, the Constable of France∙John II, Count of Bethune (b. 1359) ∙George Edward Stewart III, Lord of Shetland (b. 1395)∙John I, Duke of Alençon (b. 1385) ∙Frederick of Lorraine, Count of Vaudemont (b. 1371)∙Robert, Count of Marles and Soissons ∙Edward III of Bar (the Duchy of Bar lost its independence as a consequence of his death)∙John VI, Count of Roucy∙Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (b. 1373)∙Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk∙Jean I de Croÿ and two of his sons ∙Waleran III of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny。

九年级英语历史主题练习题40题含答案解析1. Which king of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215?A. King JohnB. King Henry VIIIC. King Richard the LionheartD. King Edward I答案解析：A。

1215年，英国国王约翰被迫签署《 大宪章》。

B选项亨利八世以宗教改革等事迹闻名；C选项狮心王理查以军事征战著称；D选项爱德华一世在其他方面有贡献，与签署 大宪章》无关。

2. Who was the British queen during the Victorian era?A. Queen Elizabeth IB. Queen VictoriaC. Queen Mary ID. Queen Anne答案解析：B。

维多利亚时代的英国女王是维多利亚女王。

A选项伊丽莎白一世是都铎王朝时期的女王；C选项玛丽一世也在不同时期；D选项安妮女王也是另一个时期的君主，与维多利亚时代不符。

3. Which event in British history marked the end of the Anglo - Saxon period?A. The Norman Conquest in 1066B. The signing of the Magna CartaC. The ReformationD. The Industrial Revolution答案解析：A。

1066年的诺曼征服标志着盎格鲁- 萨克逊时期的结束。

B选项《大宪章》签署是限制王权的重要事件；C选项宗教改革主要是宗教方面的变革；D选项工业革命是经济和社会变革，与盎格鲁- 萨克逊时期结束无关。

4. Who was the famous English playwright during the Elizabethan era?A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. William ShakespeareC. Christopher MarloweD. John Milton答案解析：B。

《帝国时代2：征服者》四大战役全攻略一.匈奴王篇二.艾西特篇5.瓦伦西亚之王：任务一：生存问题，艾西特再次被阿方索流放（早就知道会是这样了），面临生存问题，开始你(红色）会在9点的位置，向右走，解决掉3各贝伦戈伯爵（紫色）的长剑士后，受到丹尼亚（绿色）村民的欢迎，会有三名长剑士、四名投矛兵加入和四个村民加入，可是这里不安全，贝伦戈伯爵的大军很快就到，丹尼亚这个小镇无法抵抗敌人的大军，带著你的人，继续往右走，到六点方向，过桥后到达雷利达（橙色）的城市，可以收到四个骑士，继续往六点方向走可以收到3各骆驼兵，往地图中央走有一个修道院，可以收到2 个传教士，往右走就可以到瓦伦西亚城了，进城前还要解决几个长枪兵和步弓手的拦截。

任务二：保护瓦伦西亚的建造奇迹，你的玩瓦伦西亚盟友开始在你的城市修建奇迹，这一关，陆地上的木材资源非常少，要依靠有限的木头发展海上资源采集食物，另外黄金资源除了自己城里的一块，离城不远接近地图中部的地方还有一块，你不需要造很多兵，但是要造很多僧侣，敌人的圣剑士和圣殿骑士会发动零星进攻，让僧侣把他们都收为你的部下吧，注意敌人会有几次，比较猛烈的攻城活动，火炮、投石车不少，但是掩护的部队不够多，派骑兵出去搞定攻城武器就会补血，敌人靠近就转化，奇迹一建成你就算胜利了！6.再度征服：任务一：消灭黑卫陆军和黑卫海军，艾西特（红色）不幸中箭身亡，为了使瓦伦西亚的军民士气不受到打击，她的妻子隐瞒了死亡的真相，将他的尸体批甲骑马，立在那，所以，战争中首先要保证艾西特的尸体不受到任何攻击（55555...艾西特...，不过这个情节好像很老套，呵呵），你的城市位于地图中央，有六匹重装骑兵和六匹骆驼兵，8个双手剑士，4 个长枪兵和两辆重型攻城冲车，还有不少的快速喷火船和战舰，位于地图10 点的黑卫陆军（青色）和7点的黑卫海军（黄色）都很弱，黑卫陆军空有大量的攻城武器而缺乏实战兵种，先灭他是个不错的注意，黑卫海军都是些骆驼兵和轻骑兵，也很容易灭掉，把他们两个灭掉后整个左边的大陆就是你的了。

阿拉库尔会战：1944年9月【1.O】简介【1.1】历史背景【1.2】兵棋的组成【1.3】兵棋比例尺【1.4】兵棋地图【1.5】棋子【1.6】兵棋的大致过程【2.0】获胜条件【3.0】兵力部署【4.0】推演顺序【5.0】机动【6.0】战斗【7.0】恢复【8.0】战斗结果【9.0】地形影响【1.0】简介“阿拉库尔会战”是一款双人兵棋，它重现了德国第58装甲军希望占领夺回战略要地阿拉库尔的作战企图，美军第四装甲师A作战部则要阻挠德军这一计划。

【1.1】历史背景1944年9月，巴顿的第三集团军的装甲矛头已经切入了洛林——盟军与莱茵河之间的最后屏障。

盟军在诺曼底的胜利后，补给问题减缓盟军的步伐超过了德国抵抗，但现在希特勒已决定阻止盟军的前进。

集中了帝国所能够提供的每辆坦克，德国人组建第五装甲军团——一个由勉强搜集来的单位仓促拼凑而成的军团。

希特勒下令将在洛林对美军实施反击。

第58装甲军就是反攻部队之一。

其任务是夺回南希——一个不切实际的任务。

它的主要打击力量是仓促组建的第111和第113装甲旅。

由于缺兵少将，他们只能指望他们那些已被证明有效的坦克，尤其是致命的5号装甲战车和反坦克炮。

美国第4装甲师A作战司令部处于德军和他们的乐观目标之间。

由于美军的注意力和资源都集中在北方的战斗，该部分布得很散，包括艾布拉姆中校的第37坦克营和一个下辖一个装甲步兵连、一个工兵连和一个反坦克连的营以及3个炮兵营。

不过，这是一支强大的联合武装力量，有充足的战斗经验，获得过大量的胜利。

9月19日清晨，薄雾。

第113装甲旅先头部队袭击了阿拉库尔东部雷兹附近的A部前哨。

从这里开始了为期4天的进攻与反击的混战，这将促使美军坦克削弱和摧毁第58装甲军的进攻力量！【1.2】兵棋的组成一幅兵棋地图棋子兵棋规则兵棋的地形效果表和战斗结果表同时，推演此兵棋还需要准备一个六面的骰子。

如果没有骰子，你可以在六张纸片上分别写上1到6，然后放在一个容器里抽签。

莎士比亚名著《亨利五世》中的领导力、激励和管理精髓编者按：“尽管当今职场中，我们不能宣扬宗教，但是我们可以提醒下属我们行动目的是高尚的，并就此与他们沟通。

”找出你为什么站在那里的大目标，并将之变成带有个人色彩和更具激励性的言语。

在这方面，亨利五世的确做得不错。

（本文来自沃顿商学院）故事梗概：这是一场闻名古今的战役—1415年10月25日，英王亨利五世在法国北部的阿金库尔大败法军。

亨利五世怀揣夺回百年前被法国占领国土的梦想，率领6000余人的队伍。

根据不同历史记载，此役法军投入3到6万人，大多数是马上马下都能进攻的铁甲骑士。

英军既无铁甲，也无战马，历经两个月艰苦跋涉到达日后的加来港一带的战场时，已经疲惫不堪。

但是，英军却拥有具决定性作用的优势—亨利五世的领导才能和化劣势成决胜优势的能力。

战争开始前，亨利五世发表了那份历史上最著名的演讲—起码莎士比亚笔下的亨利五世这么做过。

这篇演讲后来在二战盟军横跨英吉利海峡强攻诺曼底之前，中场休息时暂时落后一方的休息室里，还有即将开赴伊拉克的美军的网站上被多次用到。

亨利五世是这样做的：他将队伍埋伏在林地间的空地上，迫使法军只能挤在一处漏斗形的地带，缓慢前行。

这样法军的人数优势显现不出来。

他又充分利用下雨天气将战场变得泥泞不堪的战机。

雨天路滑对于法军来说是灾难性的，60磅重甲在身的法军，向后滑倒就爬不起来，向前摔倒又会溺毙在泥沼中。

另外，亨利弃用传统好用的弩,改用射程更长并能轻易穿透厚甲的长弓。

直接结果是，长弓射出雨点般的箭落在交锋面后面的法军身上，消灭了法军急需的后续支援力量。

英军配备的长矛又比法军的长出1英尺，这样两军贴身交手时，英军往往可以先发制人并且一枪致命。

亨利五世战前的灵机一闪，在两军交手战线地区埋满了尖刺拒马。

法军战马冲杀过来时会因此受伤并摔倒在地，将骑在上面的法军重重摔在地上并且堵塞道路。

战斗持续了几个小时，法军损失了6000余人，而英军只损失450人。

成因法国海岸长久遭受北欧维京海盗骚扰侵略。

西法兰克王国加洛林王朝的查理三世以协助抵御其他海盗为条件，同意他们定居海边的诺曼底。

他们后来建立了诺曼底公国。

1066年，诺曼底公爵征服者威廉渡海征服英格兰。

其后150年内，盎格鲁-诺曼贵族说著法语统治英格兰和诺曼底。

1216年，他们失去诺曼底，但在百年战争于1337年开打时，仍然控有法国英吉利海峡沿岸一些地区。

14世纪时，法国人想赶走盘据西南地区的英格兰人，统一法国。

后者则非但不肯，还想夺回其祖先的土地，如诺曼底、曼恩、安茹等。

两国另因弗兰德尔的贸易纠纷，加深彼此的冲突。

该地位于法国北疆，表面隶属法国，实际独自行政，且与英格兰有很多羊毛贸易。

战争导火线出现在法国卡佩王朝绝嗣之后，英王爱德华三世企图以近亲身分继承王位，但最后由腓力六世夺冠。

爱德华三世于是宣战，要抢回其王位。

英格兰受到弗兰德尔和神圣罗马帝国的诸侯的支持，军队是雇佣兵制，由步兵、弓箭兵、雇佣骑兵组成，国王亲自指挥。

苏格兰和罗马教皇则支持法国，法军主要由封建骑士组成。

百年战争依局势转变，大致可分四阶段。

经过第一阶段1337年－1360年之间，英法争夺佛兰德斯和基恩。

1340年，英军在斯鲁伊斯海战打败法军，夺得制海权，防制法军渡海入侵。

1346年8月，英军先于陆上的克雷西会战大胜，再围攻法国海防要塞加莱港，11个月后成功占领。

接着又于本土的内维尔十字之战打败苏格兰入侵，擒获亲法的苏格兰王大卫二世，大大减少其威胁。

1348年，黑死病横扫整个欧洲，两国停战十年。

1356年，英格兰再度进攻，夺取法国西南部的基思和加斯科涅。

随即在普瓦捷战役以相同战术再次获胜。

法国王室则承受英军横征暴敛、国家经济崩溃、平民起义反抗等内外煎熬，情势非常不利。

1360年于布雷蒂尼，法国被迫签订极不平等的布勒丁尼和约，割让出卢瓦尔河以南至比利牛斯山脉的全部领土。

第二阶段1360年－1400年之间，法王查理五世展开报仇，欲夺回被侵占的领土。