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Contents 目录Overall Site总场地 (场地)Global position地理位置 (全球定位)Location Plan位置图 (Regional Plan 区位图)Site photos现场照片Vision规划远视 (规划远景)Overall master plan总体规划Concept plan概念图Multi-cultural area-concept plan多元文化区 - 概念图Hot spring well-being area-concept plan温泉安康区 - 概念图Agri-recreational area-concept plan休闲农业区 - 概念图Outdoor sports户外运动区Land use schedule用地指标Land use plan用地规划图Circulation交通流线Infrastructure基础设施配套 (Infrastructure and Amenities 基础设施及配套设施)Infrastructure plan基础设施配套图 (Infrastructure and Amenities Plan/Diagram 基础设施及配套设施图)Ecology environment protection生态环境保护 (Ecological Environment Conservation) Planning basis规划根据Investment returns analysis投入产出分析 (CES Cost Effectiveness Analysis)Event calendar项目览表 (Programming Diagram/Calendar)E x amp l e s案例 (Case Study/ Precedents)Detail plan大样图Shadow studies日照分析图 (Shadow Analysis)Building height建筑高度Building use建筑用途 (Building Type)Circulation plan交通流线图 (Circulation Diagram)On ground parking + circulation地面停车场 + 交通流线Building levels建筑标高Basement parking地下室停车场 (Underground Parking) Section lines剖面图引线Section剖面图Road section道路剖面图Phase 1一期 ( A )开发Starting area起步区Phasing分期Cycling trail自行车道 (Cycling Lane)《城市规划标准规范集》中的第二部分保留地 reserved land步行街pedestrian street仓储区warehouse district仓储用地 warehouse城市 city城市布局 urban layout城市道路面积率 urban road area ratio城市道路网 urban road network/ Grid城市道路网密度density of urban road network城市道路系统 urban road system城市对外交通 intercity transportation/Regional Transportation 城市发展目标goals for urban development城市发展战略 strategy for urban development城市防洪 urban flood control城市防洪标准 standard for urban flood control城市防洪工程urban flood control engineering城市防空urban air defence城市防灾 disaster protection / Disaster Prevention城市防震urban earthquake hazard protection/Prevention城市工程管线综合规划 urban engineering pipeline comprehensive planning城市供电电源power source城市功能分区functional division / Functional Zoning城市供热系统district heating system城市规划 urban planning城市规划法则 codes of urban planning城市规划管理 urban planning administration / the Administration of Urban Planning 城市规划建设管理 urban planning and building administration城市规模 city size / City Scale城市化urbanization城市化水平 urbanization level城市环境保护 urban environmental protection城市环境污染 urban environmental pollution城市环境质量 urban environmental quality城市环境质量评价 evaluation of the urban environmental quality城市基础设施 urban infrastructure城市给水 water supply城市给水工程water supply engineering城市给水系统water supply system城市集中供热 district heating城市建成区 urban built-up areas城市交通 urban transportation城市交通预测 urban transportation forecast / urban transportation prediction 城市结构urban structure城市绿化系统 urban green space system城市绿化urban green space城市排水sewerage城市排水系统 sewerage system城市群agglomerations城市燃气urban gas城市燃气供应系统 urban gas supply system城市人口机械增长率mechanical growth rate of population城市人口结构 population structure城市人口年龄构成 age composition城市人口预测urban population forecast/prediction城市人口增长urban population growth城市人口增长率 population growth rate城市人口自然增长率natural growth rate of population城市设计urban design城市生态平衡 urban ecological balance城市生态系统urban ecological system城市通信communication城市通信系统communication system城市污水urban wastewater城市详细规划urban detailed planning城市消防urban fire control城市形态urban form城市性质designated function of city。
城规划基本术语标准GB/T50280—98中华人民共和国国家标准城市规划差不多术语标准StandardforBasicTerminologyofUrbanPlanningGB/T50280—98主编部门：中华人民共和国建设部批准部门：中华人民共和国建设部施行日期：1999年2月1日关于公布国家标准《城市规划差不多术语标准》的通知建标〔1998〕1号依照原国家计委计综合[1992]490号文的要求，由我部组织制订的《城市规划差不多术语标准》，差不多有关部门会审。
现批准《城市规划差不多术语标准》GB/T50280—98为推举性国家标准，自1999年2月1日起施行。
本标准由我部负责治理，其具体解释等工作由中国中国城市规划设计研究院负责。
出版发行由建设部标准定额研究所负责组织。
中华人民共和国建设部1998年8月13日1总那么1.0.1为了科学地统一和规范城市规划术语，制定本标准。
1.0.2本标准适用于城市规划的设计、治理、教学、科研及其他相关领域。
1.0.3城市规划使用的术语，除应符合本标准的规定外，尚应符合国家有关强制性标准、规范的规定。
2城市和城市化2.0.1居民点settlement人类按照生产和生活需要而形成的集聚定居地点。
按性质和人口规模，居民点分为城市和乡村两大类。
2.0.2城市〔城镇〕city以非农业和非农业人口聚集为要紧特征的居民点。
包括按国家行政建制设立的市和镇。
2.0.3市municipality;city经国家批准设市建制的行政地域。
2.0.4镇town经国家批准设镇建制的行政地域。
2.0.5市域administrativeregionofacity城市行政管辖的全部地域。
2.0.6城市化urbanization人类生产和生活方式由乡村型向城市型转化的历史过程，表现为乡村人口向城市人口转化以及城市不断进展和完善的过程。
又称城镇化、都市化。
2.0.7城市化水平urbanizationlevel衡量城市化进展程度的数量指标，一般用一定地域内城市人口占总人口比例来表示。
城市规划建设英语术语保留地 reserved land步行街 pedestrian street仓储区 warehouse district仓储用地 warehouse land城市（城镇） city城市布局 urban layout城市道路面积率 urban road area ratio城市道路网 urban road network城市道路网密度 density of urban road network 城市道路系统 urban road system城市对外交通 intercity transportation城市发展方向 direction for urban development 城市发展目标 goal for urban development城市发展战略 strategy for urban development城市防洪 urban flood control城市防洪标准 flood control standard城市防洪工程 flood control works城市防空 urban air defense城市防灾 urban disaster prevention城市防震 earthquake hazard protection城市给水 water supply城市给水工程 water supply engineering城市给水系统 water supply system城市工程管线综合 integrated design for utilities pipelines 城市功能分区 functional districts城市供电电源 power source城市供电系统 power supply system城市供热系统 district heating system城市规划 urban planning城市规划法规 legislation on urban planning城市规划管理 urban planning administration城市规划建设管理 urban planning and development control城市规划区 urban planning area城市规划用地管理 urban planning land use administration城市规模 city size城市化 urbanization城市化水平 urbanization level城市环境保护 city environmental protection城市环境污染 city environmental pollution城市环境质量 city environmental quality城市环境质量评价 city environmental quality assessment城市基础设施 urban infrastructure城市集中供热 district heating城市建成区 urban built-up area城市交通 urban transportation城市交通预测 urban transportation forecast城市结构 urban structure城市绿地系统 urban green space system城市绿化 urban afforestation城市排水 sewerage城市排水工程 sewerage engineering城市排水系统 sewerage system城市群 agglomeration城市燃气 gas城市燃气供应系统 gas supply system城市人口机械增长率 mechanical growth rate of population 城市人口结构 urban population structure城市人口年龄构成 age composition城市人口预测 urban population forecast城市人口增长 urban population growth城市人口增长率 urban population growth rate城市人口自然增长率 natural growth rate城市设计 urban design城市生态平衡 balance of city ecosystem城市生态系统 city ecosystem城市通信 communication城市通信系统 communication system城市污水 sewage城市详细规划 detailed plan城市消防 urban fire control城市形态 urban morphology城市性质 designated function of city城市用地 urban landunban planning 城市规划town planning 城镇规划act of urban planning 城市规划法urban comprehensive planning 城市总体规划urban detailed planning 城市详细规划Residentiral district detailed planning 修建性详规regulatory detailed planning 控制性详规规划类的专业课程reginal planning 区域规划urban system planning 城镇体系规划urban sociology 城市社会学urban economic城市经济学urban geograghy 城市地理学urban infrastructure planning 城市基础设施规划(water supply and drainage \electricity supply\road building)（城市供水、供电、道路修建）urban road system and transportation planning 城市道路系统和交通规划urban road cross-section城市道路横断面urban management information system 城市管理信息系统GIS =geograghy information system 地理信息系统RS=remote sensing遥感Gardening==Landscape architecture 园林=营造景观学Urban landscape planning and design 城市景观规划和设计Urban green space system planning城市绿地系统规划Urban design城市设计·Land-use planning土地利用规划The cultural and historic planning 历史文化名城Protection planning保护规划Urbanization城市化Suburbanization郊区化Public participation公众参及Sustainable development(sustainability) 可持续性发展（可持续性）Over-all urban layout城市整体布局Pedestrian crossing人行横道Human scale人体尺寸(sculpture fountain tea bar)（雕塑、喷泉、茶吧）Traffic and parking交通及停车Landscape node景观节点·Brief history of urban planningArchaeological 考古学的Habitat 住处Aesthetics 美学Geometrical 几何学的Moat 护城河Vehicles 车辆，交通工具,mechanization 机械化merchant-trader 商人阶级urban elements 城市要素plazas 广场malls 林荫道·The city and regionAdaptable 适应性强的Organic entity 有机体Department stores 百货商店Opera 歌剧院Symphony 交响乐团Cathedrals 教堂Density 密度Circulation 循环Elimination of water 水处理措施In three dimensional form 三维的Condemn 谴责Rural area 农村地区Regional planning agencies 区域规划机构Service-oriented 以服务为宗旨的Frame of reference 参考标准Distribute 分类Water area 水域Alteration 变更Inhabitants 居民Motorway 高速公路Update 改造论文写作Abstract 摘要Key words 关键词Reference 参考资料·Urban problemDimension 大小Descendant 子孙，后代Luxury 奢侈Dwelling 住所Edifices 建筑群<Athens Charter>雅典宪章Residence 居住Employment 工作Recreation 休憩Transportation交通Swallow 吞咽，燕子Urban fringes 城市边缘Anti- 前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的anticlockwise逆时针的Pro- 前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American 亲美的pro-education重教育的Grant 助学金，基金Sewage 污水Sewer 污水管Sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂Brain drain 人才流失Drainage area 汇水面积Traffic flow 交通量Traffic concentration 交通密度Traffic control 交通管制Traffic bottleneck 交通瓶颈地段Traffic island 交通岛（转盘）Traffic point city 交通枢纽城市Train-make-up 编组站Urban redevelopment 旧城改造Urban revitalization 城市复苏·Urban FunctionUrban fabric 城市结构Urban form 城市形体Warehouse 仓库Material processing center 原料加工中心Religious edifices 宗教建筑Correctional institution 教养院Transportation interface 交通分界面CBD=central business district 城市中心商业区Public agencies of parking 停车公共管理机构Energy conservation 节能Individual building 单一建筑Mega-structures 大型建筑Mega- 大，百万，强Megalopolis 特大城市Megaton 百万吨R residence 居住用地黄色C commercial 商业用地红色M manufacture 工业用地紫褐色W warehouse 仓储用地紫色T transportation 交通用地蓝灰色S square 道路广场用地留白处理U utilities 市政公共设施用地接近蓝灰色G green space 绿地绿色P particular 特殊用地E 水域及其他用地（除E外，其他合为城市建设用地）Corporate 公司的，法人的Corporation 公司企业Accessibility 可达性；易接近Service radius 服务半径·Urban landscapeTopography 地形图Well-matched 相匹配Ill-matchedVisual landscape 视觉景观Visual environment 视觉环境Visual landscape capacity 视觉景观容量Tour industry 旅游业Service industry 服务业Relief road 辅助道路Rural population 城镇居民Roofline 屋顶轮廓线风景园林四大要素：landscape plantarchitecture/buildingtopographywater·Urban designNature reserve 自然保护区Civic enterprise 市政企业Artery 动脉，干道，大道Land developer 土地开发商Broad thorough-fare 主干道·Water supply and drainageA water supply for a town 城市给水系统Storage reservoir 水库，蓄水库Distribution reservoir 水库，配水库Distribution pipes 配水管网Water engineer 给水工程师Distribution system 配水系统Catchment area 汇水面积Open channel 明渠Sewerage system 污水系统，排污体制Separate 分流制Combined 合流制Rainfall 降水Domestic waste 生活污水Industrical waste 工业污水Stream flow 河流流量Runoff 径流Treatment plant 处理厂Sub-main 次干管Branch sewer 支管City water department 城市供水部门·UrbanizationSpatial structure 空间转移Labor force 劳动力Renewable 可再生*Biosphere 生物圈Planned citiesBlueprints 蓝图License 执照，许可证Minerals 矿物Hydroelectric power source 水利资源Monuments 纪念物High-rise apartment 高层建筑物Lawn 草地Pavement 人行道Sidewalk 人行道Winding street 曲折的路·A view of VeniceMetropolis 都市Construction work 市政建设Slums 平民窟Alleys 大街小巷Populate 居住Gothic 哥特式Renaissance 文艺复兴式Baroque 巴洛克式。
城市规划建设英语术语保存地 reserved land步行街 pedestrian street仓储区 warehouse district仓储用地 warehouse land城市〔城镇〕 city城市布局 urban layout城市道路面积率 urban road area ratio城市道路网 urban road network城市道路网密度 density of urban road network城市道路系统 urban road system城市对外交通 intercity transportation城市开展方向 direction for urban development城市开展目标 goal for urban development城市开展战略 strategy for urban development城市防洪 urban flood control城市防洪标准 flood control standard城市防洪工程 flood control works城市防空 urban air defense城市防灾 urban disaster prevention城市防震 earthquake hazard protection城市给水 water supply城市给水工程 water supply engineering城市给水系统 water supply system城市工程管线综合 integrated design for utilities pipelines 城市功能分区 functional districts城市供电电源 power source城市供电系统 power supply system城市供热系统 district heating system城市规划 urban planning城市规划法规 legislation on urban planning城市规划管理 urban planning administration城市规划建设管理 urban planning and development control城市规划区 urban planning area城市规划用地管理 urban planning land use administration城市规模 city size城市化 urbanization城市化水平 urbanization level城市环境保护 city environmental protection城市环境污染 city environmental pollution城市环境质量 city environmental quality城市环境质量评价 city environmental quality assessment城市根底设施 urban infrastructure城市集中供热 district heating城市建成区 urban built-up area城市交通 urban transportation城市交通预测 urban transportation forecast城市结构 urban structure城市绿地系统 urban green space system城市绿化 urban afforestation城市排水 sewerage城市排水工程 sewerage engineering城市排水系统 sewerage system城市群 agglomeration城市燃气 gas城市燃气供给系统 gas supply system城市人口机械增长率 mechanical growth rate of population城市人口结构 urban population structure城市人口年龄构成 age position城市人口预测 urban population forecast城市人口增长 urban population growth城市人口增长率 urban population growth rate城市人口自然增长率 natural growth rate城市设计 urban design城市生态平衡 balance of city ecosystem城市生态系统 city ecosystem城市通信 munication城市通信系统 munication system城市污水 sewage城市详细规划 detailed plan城市消防 urban fire control城市形态 urban morphology城市性质 designated function of city城市用地 urban landunban planning 城市规划town planning 城镇规划act of urban planning 城市规划法urban prehensive planning 城市总体规划urban detailed planning 城市详细规划Residentiral district detailed planning 修建性详规regulatory detailed planning 控制性详规规划类的专业课程reginal planning 区域规划urban system planning 城镇体系规划urban sociology 城市社会学urban economic 城市经济学urban geograghy 城市地理学urban infrastructure planning 城市根底设施规划(water supply and drainage \electricity supply\road building)〔城市供水、供电、道路修建〕urban road system and transportation planning 城市道路系统和交通规划urban road cross-section城市道路横断面urban management information system 城市管理信息系统GIS =geograghy information system 地理信息系统RS=remote sensing遥感Gardening==Landscape architecture 园林=营造景观学Urban landscape planning and design 城市景观规划和设计Urban green space system planning 城市绿地系统规划Urban design城市设计·Land-use planning土地利用规划The cultural and historic planning 历史文化名城Protection planning保护规划Urbanization城市化Suburbanization郊区化Public participation公众参与Sustainable development(sustainability) 可持续性开展〔可持续性〕Over-all urban layout城市整体布局Pedestrian crossing人行横道Human scale人体尺寸(sculpture fountain tea bar)〔雕塑、喷泉、茶吧〕Traffic and parking交通与停车Landscape node景观节点·Brief history of urban planningArchaeological 考古学的Habitat 住处Aesthetics 美学Geometrical 几何学的Moat 护城河Vehicles 车辆，交通工具,mechanization 机械化merchant-trader 商人阶级urban elements 城市要素plazas 广场malls 林荫道·The city and regionAdaptable 适应性强的Organic entity 有机体Department stores 百货商店Opera 歌剧院Symphony 交响乐团Cathedrals 教堂Density 密度Circulation 循环Elimination of water 水处理措施In three dimensional form 三维的Condemn 谴责Rural area 农村地区Regional planning agencies 区域规划机构Service-oriented 以服务为宗旨的Frame of reference 参考标准Distribute 分类Water area 水域Alteration 变更Inhabitants 居民Motorway 高速公路Update 改造论文写作Abstract 摘要Key words 关键词Reference 参考资料·Urban problemDimension 大小Descendant 子孙，后代Luxury 奢侈Dwelling 住所Edifices 建筑群<Athens Charter>雅典宪章Residence 居住Employment 工作Recreation 休憩Transportation交通Swallow 吞咽，燕子Urban fringes 城市边缘Anti- 前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear 反核的anticlockwise逆时针的Pro- 前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American 亲美的pro-education重教育的Grant 助学金，基金Sewage 污水Sewer 污水管Sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂Brain drain 人才流失Drainage area 汇水面积Traffic flow 交通量Traffic concentration 交通密度Traffic control 交通管制Traffic bottleneck 交通瓶颈地段Traffic island 交通岛〔转盘〕Traffic point city 交通枢纽城市Train-make-up 编组站Urban redevelopment 旧城改造Urban revitalization 城市复苏·Urban FunctionUrban fabric 城市结构Urban form 城市形体Warehouse 仓库Material processing center 原料加工中心Religious edifices 某某建筑Correctional institution 教养院Transportation interface 交通分界面CBD=central business district 城市中心商业区Public agencies of parking 停车公共管理机构Energy conservation 节能Individual building 单一建筑Mega-structures 大型建筑Mega- 大，百万，强Megalopolis 特大城市Megaton 百万吨R residence 居住用地黄色C mercial 商业用地红色M manufacture 工业用地紫褐色W warehouse 仓储用地紫色T transportation 交通用地蓝灰色S square 道路广场用地留白处理U utilities 市政公共设施用地接近蓝灰色G green space 绿地绿色P particular 特殊用地E 水域与其他用地〔除E外，其他合为城市建设用地〕Corporate 公司的，法人的Corporation 公司企业Accessibility 可达性；易接近Service radius 服务半径·Urban landscapeTopography 地形图Well-matched 相匹配Ill-matchedVisual landscape 视觉景观Visual environment 视觉环境Visual landscape capacity 视觉景观容量Tour industry 旅游业Service industry 服务业Relief road 辅助道路Rural population 城镇居民Roofline 屋顶轮廓线风景园林四大要素：landscape plant architecture/buildingtopographywater·Urban designNature reserve 自然保护区Civic enterprise 市政企业Artery 动脉，干道，大道Land developer 土地开发商Broad thorough-fare 主干道·Water supply and drainageA water supply for a town 城市给水系统Storage reservoir 水库，蓄水库Distribution reservoir 水库，配水库Distribution pipes 配水管网Water engineer 给水工程师Distribution system 配水系统Catchment area 汇水面积Open channel 明渠Sewerage system 污水系统，排污体制Separate 分流制bined 合流制Rainfall 降水Domestic waste 生活污水Industrical waste 工业污水Stream flow 河流流量Runoff 径流Treatment plant 处理厂Sub-main 次干管Branch sewer 支管City water department 城市供水部门·UrbanizationSpatial structure 空间转移Labor force 劳动力Renewable 可再生*Biosphere 生物圈Planned citiesBlueprints 蓝图License 执照，许可证Minerals 矿物Hydroelectric power source 水利资源Monuments 纪念物High-rise apartment 高层建筑物Lawn 草地Pavement 人行道Sidewalk 人行道Winding street 曲折的路· A view of VeniceMetropolis 都市Construction work 市政建设Slums 平民窟Alleys 大街小巷Populate 居住Gothic 哥特式Renaissance 文艺复兴式Baroque 巴洛克式。
中国三大城市群流动人口集聚的空间格局与机制作者：盛亦男杨旭宇来源：《人口与经济》2021年第06期摘要：利用重心模型、社会网络分析与空间滞后模型等方法，分析京津冀、长三角、珠三角城市群流动人口集聚的空间格局与影响机制。
研究发现，三大城市群流动人口规模持续增长，但流动人口规模和密度的增长速度均有所放缓;流动人口重心向经济发达与人口高度集聚城市移动，与常住人口重心逐渐接近;京津冀、长三角与珠三角城市群流动人口的社会网络日益密集，内部结构分别呈双核分布稳定的星状网络、多中心发散网络与中心—外围层次结构明显的空间格局。
影响机制研究发现，高房价水平、环境污染弱化了经济因素对京津冀流动人口集聚的吸引力，较高的公共服务能力与开放水平则分别促进流动人口持续向长三角、珠三角集聚。
研究结论可以为不同城市群制定科学的发展规划、优化人口布局提供政策建议。
关键词：流动人口;城市群;空间集聚;人口空间格局中图分类号：C922 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-4149（2021）06-0088-20DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2021.00.050Abstract： Using methods such as the center of gravity model， the social network analysis and the spatial lag model， this paper analyzes the spatial pattern and the influencing mechanism of floating population agglomeration in three city clusters： BeijingTianjinHebei region， Yangtze River Delta region and Pearl River Delta. Our findings suggest that the scale of floating population in the three major city clusters continued to grow， but the growth rate of both the size and density of the floating population has slowed down. In addition， we find that the gravity center of the floating population moved to economically developed and highly populated cities， and approached the gravity center of permanent resident population gradually. The social network structure of three cityclusters is increasingly dense， representing as a spatial pattern of the starshaped， multicenter divergent and centerperipheral hierarchical structure network， respectively. The influencing mechanism results show that high housing price and environmental pollution have weakened the attractiveness of economic factors to the floating population agglomeration in the BeijingTianjinHebei region， while higher public service and openingup have attracted the floating population to continue to flow into the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta， respectively. The results provide policy suggestions for different urban clusters to make scientific development plans and optimize population distribution.Keywords：floating population;city clusters;spatial agglomeration;population spatial pattern一、引言随着城市不断发展，中心城市和若干不同规模、类型和等级的城市共同组成了空间组织紧凑、经济联系紧密的城市群，这类城市通过交通、网络、通信等基础设施建设加速了资金、物流和人才的紧密连接和流动[1-2]。
建筑国际项目文案翻译建筑行业是一门朝气蓬勃的行业，在当今社会，建筑行业更多地与城市文化相结合，被赋予了新的高度和含义，与社会经济、文化、生活密不可分。
随着市场经济的迅猛发展，无论是在国内还是在国外，一些大型建筑公司都纷纷将目光瞄准了中国的建筑市场。
建筑行业的发展带来了建筑翻译需求的扩大。
想要做好建筑翻译必须具备丰富的专业词汇量。
环境设计：environmental design环境标准：environmental standards能源保护：energy conservation基础设施：infrastructure主干道：arterial road辅助道路：collector street快速干道：freeway林荫公路：parkway居住面积密度：density of living floor area居住建筑面积密度：density of residential floor area居住人口密度：density of registered inhabitants人口密度：population density人口分布：population distribution人口机械增长：population growth from migration居住密度：residential density高层高密度：high-rise/high density高层低密度：high-rise/low density建筑面积比容积率：FAR-floor area ratio居住建筑面积：residential floor area建筑高度：building height建筑红线：building line城市设计：urban design城市景观：cityscape天际线：skyline空间布局：space planning城市网络：urban network临街面：frontage历史文化名城保护：conservation of historic cultural cities 古建筑保护：conservation of historic buildings文物古迹保护：conservation of historic landmarks and sites 历史性建筑保护：historic preservation风景名胜保护：conservation of scenic spots历史性市区：historic district绿带：greenbelt城市规划：urban planning总体规划：comprehensive planning详细规划：detailed planning城市分区规划：city district planning功能规划：functional planning住房建设规划：housing program实体规划：physical planning城市性质：designated function of a city 竖向规划：site engineering国土规划：territorial planning建设场地规划：site planning城市人防规划：civil defense planning城市防灾规划：disaster planning城市抗震规划：seismic planning临界分析（门槛理论）：threshold analysis 用地平衡：land use banlance土地使用控制：land use controls土地利用规划图：land use plan土地利用调查：land use survey城市用地评价：land use assessment城市规模：city size商业网点：commercial network城市改造：urban redevelopment地形测量：topographic survey区位理论：location theory可持续发展：sustainable development混凝土：concrete钢筋：reinforcing steel bar钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete（rc）钢筋混凝土结构：reinforced concrete structure 板式楼梯：cranked slab stairs刚度：rigidity徐变：creep水泥：cement钢筋保护层：cover to reinforcement梁：beam柱：column板：slab剪力墙：shear wall基础：foundation加载：loading抗压强度：compressive strength。
E-commerce In formati on Security ProblemsI.IntroductionE-commerce (E-Bus in ess) is in ope n n etworks, in cludi ng betwee n en terprises (B2B), bus in ess and con sumers (B2C) commercial tran sacti ons, compared with the traditi onal bus in ess model, e-commerce with efficie nt, convenient, covered wide range of characteristics and ben efits. However, e-commerce ope n this Intern et-based data excha nge is great its security vuln erabilities, security is a core e-commerce developme nt con stra ints and key issues.In this paper, the basic ideas and prin ciples of systems engin eeri ng, an alyzes the curre nt security threats facing e-commerce, in this based on security tech no logy from the perspective of developme nt trend of e-commerce.II. E-commerce modelModer n e-commerce tech no logy has focused on the establishme nt and operation of the network of stores. Network in the department stores and real stores no dist in cti on betwee n structure and fun cti on, differe nces in their fun ctio n and structure to achieve these methods and the way bus in ess operate.Web store from the front view is a special ki nd of WEB server. WEB site of moder n multimedia support and a good in teractive feature as the basis forthe establishme nt of this virtual store, so customers can, as in a real supermarket push ing a shopp ing cart to select goods, and fin ally in the checkout check out. These online stores also constitute the three pillars of software: catalog, shopp ing cart and customer checkout. Customers use an electronic currency and transaction must store customers and stores are safeand reliable.Behind the store in the network, enterprises must first have a product storage warehouse and administration; second network to sell products by mailor other delivery cha nn els to customers han ds; Third, en terprises should also be resp on sible for product after-sales service, This service may be through n etworks, maynot. In ternet tran sacti ons are usually a first Pay the bill and getting goods shopping. For customers, convenience is that the goods purchased will be directly delivered to their home, but hard to feel assured that the goods can not be con firmed un til the hands reach into their own han ds, what it is.Therefore, the credibility of the store n etwork and service quality is actually the keyto the success of e-commerce.ID .the key to development of electronic commerceE-commerce in the telecom muni cati ons n etwork to develop. Therefore, the adva need computer n etwork in frastructure and telecom muni cati ons policy eas ing the developme nt of electr onic commerce has become a prerequisite. Currently, telecom services, high prices, limited bandwidth, the service is not timely or not reliable and so the developme nt of e-commerce has become a con stra int. Speedup the con structi on of telecom muni cati ons in frastructure, to break the telecom muni catio ns market mon opoly, in troduce competiti on mecha nism to en sure fair competitio n in the telecom muni cati ons bus in ess, to promote networking, ensure to provide users with low-cost, high-speed, reliable com muni catio ns services is a good con struct ion target n etwork en vir onment, but also all of the world com mon task.E-commerce the most prominent problem is to solve the on-line shopping, trading and cleari ng of security issues, in clud ing the establishme nt of e-commerce trust betwee n all the main issues, n amely the establishme nt of safety certification system (CA) issues; choose safety standards (such as SET,SSL, PKI, etc.) problems; using encryption and decryption method and encryption strength problems. Establishment of security authenticationsystem which is the key.Online trading and traditional face to face or written transactions in differe nt ways, it is tran smitted through the n etwork bus in ess in formatio n and trade activities. The security of on li ne tran sact ions means:Validity: the validity of the contract to ensure online transactions, topreve nt system failure, computer viruses, hacker attacks.Con fide ntiality: the content of the tran sacti on, both tran sact ions acco unt, the password is not recog ni zed by others and steali ng.Integrity: to prevent the formation of unilateral transaction information and modify.Therefore, the e-commerce security system should in clude: secure andreliable com muni cati ons n etwork to en sure reliable data tran smissi on in tegrity, preve nt viruses, hackers; electro nic sig natures and otherauthe nticati on systems; complete data en crypti on system and so on.IV .e-commerce security issues facingAs e-commerce network is the computer-based, it inevitably faces a number of security issues.(1) Information leakPerforma nee in e-commerce for the leakage of bus in ess secrets, in cludi ng two aspects: the parties are dealing transactions by third parties to steal the contents; transaction to the other party to provide documents used illegal use by third parties.(2) AlteredE-commerce in formatio n for bus in ess performa nee in the authe nticity and in tegrity issues. Electro nic tran sact ion in formatio n in the n etwork transmission process maybe others to illegally modify, delete or re-changed, so that information about its authenticity and integrity.(3) IdentificationWithout identification, third-party transactions is likely to fake theidentity of parties to a deal breaker, damage the reputation of being counterfeit or stolen by one party to the transaction fake results and so on, for identification, the transaction between the two sides can preventsuspici on situati on.(4) Computer virusesComputer virus appeared 10 years, a variety of new virus and its variants rapidly in creas ing, the emerge nee of the In ternet for the spread of the virushas provided the best medium. Many new viruses directly using the network as its tran smissi on, as well as many viruses spread faster through dried n etworks, freque ntly caus ing billi ons of dollars in econo mic losses.(5) HackerWith the spread of a variety of applicati on tools, hackers have bee n popular, and are not in the past; non-computer expert can not be a hacker. Have kicked Yahoo's mafia boy did not receive any special training, only a few attacks to the users to download software and learn howto use the Internet on a big dry.V .e-commerce security and safety factorsEnterprise application security is the most worried about e-commerce, and how to protect the security of e-commerce activities, will rema in the core of e-commerce research. As a secure e-commerce system, we must first have a safe, reliable com muni cati on n etwork, to en sure that tran sacti on in formatio nsecure and rapid tran smissi on; sec ond database server to en sure absolute security aga inst hackers break in to n etworks to steal in formatio n. E-commerce security tech no logies in clude en crypti on, authe nticati on tech no logy and e-commerce security protocols, firewall tech no logy.(1) en crypti on tech no logyTo en sure the security of data and tran sacti ons to preve nt fraud, to confirm the true identity of transaction parties, e-commerce to adopten crypti on tech no logy, en crypti on tech no logy is through the use of code or password to protect data security. For en crypted data is called pla in text, specifically through the role of a encryption algorithm, the conversion into cipher text, we will express this change as the cipher text is called en crypti on, the cipher text by the d ecrypti on algorithm to form a clear rolein the output of this a process known as decrypti on.En crypti on algorithm knownas the key parameters used. The Ion ger the key,the key space is large, traverse the key space the more time spe nt, the less likely cracked. En crypti on tech no logy can be divided into two categories: symmetric en cryptio n and asymmetric en crypti on. Symmetric en crypti on to the data en crypti on sta ndard DES (Data En crypti on Stan dard) algorithm is represe nted. Asymmetric en crypti on is usually RSA (Rivets Shamir Alema n) algorithm is represe nted.(2) authe nticati onCommonl yused security authe nticati on tech no logies: digital sig natures, digital certificates, digital time stamp, CA security authentication tech no logy.(3) hacker protecti on tech no logyCurre ntly, hackers have become the biggest e-commerce security threats, thus preve nti ng hack ing n etwork security tech no logy has become the main content, by gover nments and in dustry are highly valued. Hack ing tech niq ues in clude buffer overflow attacks, Troja ns, port sca ns, IP fraud, n etwork monitoring, password attacks, and denial of service Dos attacks. At present, people have madema ny effective an ti-hacker tech no logies, in cludi ng firewalls, in trusi on detect ion, and n etwork security evaluati on tech niq ues.W .the future security of e-commerceIncreasingly severe security problems, are growing threat to national andglobal econo mic security, gover nments have bee n based on efforts in the follow ing areas:(1) Strengthen the legislation, refer to the advaneed countries have effective legislati on, inno vative, e-commerce and improve the protecti on of the laws aga inst cyber-crime security system.(2) Establishme nt of releva nt in stituti ons, to take practical measures to combat cyber crime. Developme nt of the law, the impleme nti ng age nciesshould also be used for its releva nt laws, which must establish an in depe ndent oversight body, such as the execut ing age ncy to impleme nt the law.(3) In crease inv estme nt in n etwork security tech no logy; improve the level of n etwork security tech no logy. E-commerce security law is the prerequisiteand basis for developme nt and secure e-commerce security tech no logy is a means of protect ion. There are man ysecurity issues are tech ni cal reas ons, it should in crease the tech no logy resources, and con ti nu ously push forward the developme nt of old tech no logies and develop ing new security tech no logy.(4) To en courage en terprises to protect themselves aga inst In ternet crime aga in st. To avoid attack, compa nies can not hold things to cha nee, must attach great importance to system vulnerabilities, in time to find security holesto in stall the operati ng system and server patches, and n etwork security detect ion equipme nt should be used regularly sca n the n etwork mon itori ng, develop a set of complete security protecti on system to en able en terprises to form a system and comb ined with the comprehe nsive protecti on system.(5) To strengthen international cooperation to strengthen global effortsto combat cyber crime. As e-commerce knows no borders, no geographical, itis a completely open area, so the action against cyber crime e-commerce willalso be global. This will require Governments to strengthen cooperation, can not have "the saying which goes, regardless of others, cream tile" misc on ceptio n.(6) To strengthen the network of national safety education, pay attention to the cultivati on of outsta nding computer.W . ConclusionE-commerce in China has developed rapidly in recent years, but the security has not yet established. This has an impact on the developme nt of electr onic commerce as a barrier.To this end, we must accelerate the construction of the e-commercesecurity systems. This will be a comprehensive, systematic project involving the whole society. Specifically, we wan t legal recog niti on of electr onic com muni catio nsrecords of the effective ness of legal protect ion for electronic commerce; we should strengthen the research on electronicsig natures, to protect e-commerce tech no logy; we n eed to build e-commerce authentication system as soon as possible, to organize protection for electro nic commerce. Moreover, for e-commerce features without borders, we should also stre ngthe n intern ati onal cooperati on, so that e-commerce truly plays its role. Only in this way, we can adapt to the times Promoting China's economic development; also the only way we can in the economic globalization today, to participate in internationalcompetition, and thus gain a competitive adva ntage.电子商务中的信息安全问题引言电子商务(E-Bus in ess)是建立在开放的网络环境上，包括企业(B2B)之间，企业和消费者(B2C)之间的商业交易，与传统商业模式相比，电子商务具有高效、便捷、覆盖范围广的特点和好处。
建筑学英语词汇星火燎原2班architecture巴洛克建筑Baroque architecture 建筑学architecture 洛可可建筑Rococo architecture建筑史architectural history 伊斯兰建筑Islamic architecture古典建筑classical architecture 新艺术运动Art-nouveau Movement 古典柱式classical order 现代主义modernism古埃及建筑Egyptian arhcitecture 美索不达米亚建筑Mesopotamian architecture古希腊建筑Greek architecture 古罗马建筑Roman architecture拜占庭建筑Byzantine architecture罗曼式建筑Romanesque architecture哥特式建筑Gothic architecture国际风格In ternati on al Style后现代主义post-modernism 功能主义functionalism 构成主义constructivism 表现主义expressionism 手法主义mannerism 折中主义eclecticism 结构主义structuralism新古典主义neoclassicism文艺复兴建筑Renaissanee复古主义revivalism民族风格 nationalstyle新理性主义neorationalism批判地方主义 critical regionalism解构主义 dec on struct ion反构成主义 dec on structivismimpleme ntati on城市规划管理city planningman ageme nt, city pla nning admi nistrati on城市评价urba n evaluati on技术经济论证tech no-ec ono micappraisal粗野主义brutalism城市发展战略strategy for urban文脉主义 contextualism growth, urban developme nt strategy新陈代谢主义metabolism城市职能city fun ction高技术建筑 hightech architecture 城市性质desig nated fun ctio nof乡土建筑 vernaculararchitecture城市规模city size有机建筑 organic architecture控制性详细规划control detailed城市人口 urba n populati on非农业人口non-farmi ng修建设计con structi on desig ncitypla nningpopulati on人口结构population structure 又称“人群众参与public participati on口构成”城市规划实施city pla nning就业人口employed population就业率employment rate 基本人口basic population 服务人口service population 被抚养人口depe ndent populati on 年龄结构age structure 性别结构sex structure 职业结构occupation structure 常住人口permanent population 暂住人口temporary population 流动人口floating population, fluid populati on 人口增长population growth 人口增长率population growth rate 人口自然增长率natural growth rate 出生率birth rate 死亡率death rate人口迁移增长population growth from migrati on人口百岁图age pyramid 城市人口分布population distribution 城市人口流动migration and immigratio n of urba n populatio n 日间人口day-time population夜间人口night population城市人口预测population projection, populati on estimat ing城市人口规模size of urban populati on劳动平衡labour force balanee城市用地urban land城市规划区city planning area居住用地reside ntial la nd公共设施用地land for public facilities生育率fertility rate 工业用地in dustrial la nd仓储用地land for warehouses对外交通用地land for externaltran sport道路用地land for roads广场用地land for squares市政公用设施用地land for utilities特殊用地land for special use保留地reservation area 又称“预留地”水域water area林地wood land闲置地vaca nt la nd又称“空地”城市用地选择selection of urban land 土地利用规划land use planning土地利用模型land use model用地平衡land use balanee城市气候urban climate 污染系数pollution coefficient风向频率wi nd directi on freque ncy 风玫瑰图wi nd directi on diagram, rose diagram of wi nd directi on热岛效应heat island effect微气候microclimate城市功能分区functional zoning for urba n land use工业区in dustrial area居住区residential area商业区commercial area文教区cultural and educational area 商务办公区bus in ess area仓库区warehouse area综合区mixed use area,comprehe nsive area中心商务区cen tral bus in ess district, CBD市中心商业区downtown公共汽车bus无轨电车trolleybus有轨电车tram, trolley出租汽车taxi城市道路系统urban road system 道路网road network主干路arterial road城市设计urban design, civic design 城市形式urban form城市结构urban structure城市肌理urban tissue城市布局urban layout城市空间urban space旷地open space又称“开放空间”连续空间continuous space活动空间activity space城市形象city image城市艺术civic art简支板suspended slab 嵌固板fixed-edge slab 单向板one-way slab 双向板two-way slab 肋形板ribbed slab井字形梁板groined slab 承重墙load bearing wall 桁架truss框架framework排架bent frame刚架（刚构）rigid frame 桩pile板桩sheet pile结构structure城市景观cityscape, urban Iandscape 基础foundation地基foundation soil 独、立基础s in gle foot ing木结构timber structure 联合基础comb ined foot ing 拱结构arch structure 条形基础strip foun dati on 钢结构steel structure 壳体基础shell foun dati on 砌体结构masonry structure 箱形基础box foun dati on 混凝土（砼）结构con crete structure 筏形基础raft foun dati on 混合结构mixed structure 桩基础pile foundation板柱结构slab-column system 沉箱基础caiss on foun dati on框架结构frame structure 初步设计prelim inary desig n 折板结构folded-plate structure 施工设计final desig n壳体结构shell structure 详图设计detail desig n充气结构pneumatic structure 图纸drawing拉膜结构tensile structure 平面图plan筒体结构tube structure 立面图elevation悬挂结构suspended structure 东立面图east elevati on扩展（扩大）基础spread foun dati on 南立面图south elevati on刚性基础rigid foundation 西立面图west elevati on北立面图north elevation 横咅面cross section 纵剖面longitudinal section 轴测图isometric view 施工图working drawing 总体规划图master pla n。
城市规划专业英语默认分类城市规划专业英语（一）unban planning 城市规划town planning 城镇规划act of urban planning 城市规划法urban comprehensive planning 城市总体规划urban detailed planning 城市详细规划Residentiral district detailed planning 修建性详规regulatory detailed planning 控制性详规规划类的专业课程reginal planning 区域规划urban system planning 城镇体系规划urban sociology 城市社会学urban economic 城市经济学urban geograghy 城市地理学urban infrastructure planning 城市基础设施规划(water supply and drainage \electricity supply\road building)城市供水、供电、道路修建）urban road system and transportation planning 城市道路系统和交通规划urban road cross-section 城市道路横断面urban management information system 城市管理信息系统GIS =geograghy information system 地理信息系统RS=remote sensing 遥感Gardening==Landscape architecture 园林=营造景观学Urban landscape planning and design 城市景观规划和设计Urban green space system planning 城市绿地系统规划Urban design 城市设计?Land-use planning 土地利用规划The cultural and historic planning 历史文化名城Protection planning 保护规划Urbanization 城市化Suburbanization 郊区化Public participation 公众参与Sustainable development(sustainability) 可持续性发展（可持续性）Over-all urban layout 城市整体布局Pedestrian crossing 人行横道Human scale 人体尺寸(sculpture fountain tea bar) （雕塑、喷泉、茶吧）Traffic and parking 交通与停车Landscape node 景观节点?Brief history of urban planningArchaeological 考古学的Habitat 住处Aesthetics 美学Geometrical 几何学的Moat 护城河Vehicles 车辆，交通工具,mechanization 机械化merchant-trader 商人阶级urban elements 城市要素plazas 广场malls 林荫道?The city and regionAdaptable 适应性强的Organic entity 有机体Department stores 百货商店Opera 歌剧院Symphony 交响乐团Cathedrals 教堂Density 密度Circulation 循环Elimination of water 水处理措施In three dimensional form 三维的Condemn 谴责Rural area 农村地区Regional planning agencies 区域规划机构Service-oriented 以服务为宗旨的Frame of reference 参考标准Distribute 分类Water area 水域Alteration 变更Inhabitants 居民Motorway 高速公路Update 改造论文写作Abstract 摘要Key words 关键词Reference 参考资料?Urban problemDimension 大小Descendant 子孙，后代Luxury 奢侈Dwelling 住所Edifices 建筑群<Athens Charter> 雅典宪章Residence 居住Employment 工作Recreation 休憩Transportation 交通Swallow 吞咽，燕子Urban fringes 城市边缘Anti- 前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的anticlockwise逆时针的Pro- 前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American 亲美的pro-education重教育的Grant 助学金，基金Sewage 污水Sewer 污水管Sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂Brain drain 人才流失Drainage area 汇水面积Traffic flow 交通量Traffic concentration 交通密度Traffic control 交通管制Traffic bottleneck 交通瓶颈地段Traffic island 交通岛（转盘）Traffic point city 交通枢纽城市Train-make-up 编组站Urban redevelopment 旧城改造Urban revitalization 城市复苏?Urban FunctionUrban fabric 城市结构Urban form 城市形体Warehouse 仓库Material processing center 原料加工中心Religious edifices 宗教建筑Correctional institution 教养院Transportation interface 交通分界面CBD=central business district 城市中心商业区Public agencies of parking 停车公共管理机构Energy conservation 节能Individual building 单一建筑Mega-structures 大型建筑Mega- 大，百万，强Megalopolis 特大城市Megaton 百万吨R residence 居住用地黄色C commercial 商业用地红色M manufacture 工业用地紫褐色W warehouse 仓储用地紫色T transportation 交通用地蓝灰色S square 道路广场用地留白处理U utilities 市政公共设施用地接近蓝灰色G green space 绿地绿色P particular 特殊用地E 水域及其他用地（除E外，其他合为城市建设用地）Corporate 公司的，法人的Corporation 公司企业Accessibility 可达性；易接近Service radius 服务半径?Urban landscapeTopography 地形图Well-matched 相匹配Ill-matchedVisual landscape 视觉景观Visual environment 视觉环境Visual landscape capacity 视觉景观容量Tour industry 旅游业Service industry 服务业Relief road 辅助道路Rural population 城镇居民Roofline 屋顶轮廓线风景园林四大要素：landscape plantarchitecture/buildingtopographywater?Urban designNature reserve 自然保护区Civic enterprise 市政企业Artery 动脉，干道，大道Land developer 土地开发商Broad thorough-fare 主干道?Water supply and drainageA water supply for a town 城市给水系统Storage reservoir 水库，蓄水库Distribution reservoir 水库，配水库Distribution pipes 配水管网Water engineer 给水工程师Distribution system 配水系统Catchment area 汇水面积Open channel 明渠Sewerage system 污水系统，排污体制Separate 分流制Combined 合流制Rainfall 降水Domestic waste 生活污水Industrical waste 工业污水Stream flow 河流流量Runoff 径流Treatment plant 处理厂Sub-main 次干管Branch sewer 支管City water department 城市供水部门?UrbanizationSpatial structure 空间转移Labor force 劳动力Renewable 可再生*Biosphere 生物圈Planned citiesBlueprints 蓝图License 执照，许可证Minerals 矿物Hydroelectric power source 水利资源Monuments 纪念物High-rise apartment 高层建筑物Lawn 草地Pavement 人行道Sidewalk 人行道Winding street 曲折的路?A view of VeniceMetropolis 都市Construction work 市政建设Slums 平民窟Alleys 大街小巷Populate 居住Gothic 哥特式Renaissance 文艺复兴式Baroque 巴洛克式城市规划专业英语（二）居民点settlement城市（城镇）city市municipality;city镇town市域administrative region of a city 城市化urbanization城市化水平urbanization level城市群agglomeration城镇体系urban system卫星城（卫星城镇）satellite town城镇体系规划urban system planning城市规划urban planning城市总体规划纲要master planning outline城市规划区urban planning area城市建成区urban built-up area开发区development area旧城改建urban redevelopment城市基础设施urban infrastructure城市总体规划master plan,comprehensive planning 分区规划district planning近期建设规划immediate plan城市详细规划detailed plan修建性详细规划site plan城市规划管理urban planning administration城市发展战略strategy for urban development城市职能urban function城市性质designated function of city城市规模city size城市发展方向direction for urban development城市发展目标goal for urban development城市人口结构urban population structure城市人口年龄构成age composition城市人口增长urban population growth城市人口增长率urban population growth rate城市人口自然增长率natural growth rate城市人口机械增长率mechanical growth rate of population 城市人口预测urban population forecast城市用地urban land居住用地residential land公共设施用地public facilities工业用地industrial land仓储用地warehouse land对外交通用地intercity transportation land道路广场用地roads and squares市政公用设施用地municipal utilities绿地green space特殊用地specially-designated land水域和其它用地waters and miscellaneous保留地reserved land城市用地评价urban landuse evaluation城市用地平衡urban landuse balance城市结构urban structure城市布局urban layout市形态urban morphology城市功能分区functional districts工业区industrial district居住区residential district商业区commercial district文教区institutes and colleges district中心商务区central business district(CBD)仓储区warehouse district综合区mixed-use district风景区scenic zone市中心civic center副中心sub-civic center居住区规划residential district planning居住小区residential quarter居住组团housing cluster城市交通urban transportation城市对外交通intercity transportation城市交通预测urban transportation forecast城市道路系统urban road system城市道路网urban road network快速路express way城市道路网密度density of urban road network大运量快速交通mass rapid transit步行街pedestrian street城市给水water supply城市用水water consumption城市给水工程water supply engineering给水水源water sources水源选择water sources selection水源保护protection of water sources城市给水系统water supply system城市排水sewerage城市污水sewage生活污水domestic sewage生产废水industrial wastewater生产污水polluted industrial wastewater城市排水系统sewerage system分流制separate system合流制combined system城市排水工程sewerage engineering污水处理sewage treatment,wastewater treatment 城市供电电源power source城市用电负荷electrical load高压线走廊high tension corridor城市供电系统power supply system城市通信communication城市通信系统communication system城市集中供热district heating城市供热系统district heating system城市燃气gas城市燃气供应系统gas supply system城市绿化urban afforestation城市绿地系统urban green space system公共绿地public green space公园park绿带green belt专用绿地specified green space防护绿地green buffer城市生态系统city ecosystem城市生态平衡balance of city ecosystem城市环境污染city environmental pollution城市环境质量city environmental quality城市环境质量评价city environmental quality assessment 城市环境保护city environmental protection历史文化名城historic city历史地段historic site历史文化保护区conservation districts of historic sites历史地段保护conservation of historic sites历史文化名城保护规则conservation plan of historic cities城市防灾urban disaster prevention城市防洪urban flood control城市防洪标准flood control standard城市防洪工程flood control works城市防震earthquake hazard protection城市消防urban fire control城市防空urban air defense竖向规划vertical planning城市工程管线综合integrated design for utilities pipelines 城市规划法规legislation on urban planning规划审批程序procedure for approval of urban plan城市规划用地管理urban planning land use administration 选址意见书permission notes for location建设用地规划许可证land use permit城市规划建设管理urban planning and development control 建设工程规划许可证building permit建筑面积密度total floor space per hectare plot建筑密度building density,building coverage道路红线boundary lines of roads建筑红线building line人口毛密度residential density人口净密度net residential density 建筑间距building interval日照标准insolation standard城市道路面积率urban road area ratio 绿地率greening rate容积率floor。
Network Structure and City SizeDavid Levinson∗July22,2011AbstractNetwork structure varies across cities.This variation may yield important knowledge about how the internal structure of the city affects its performance.This paper systematically com-pares a set of surface transportation network structure variables(connectivity,hierarchy,cir-cuity,treeness,entropy,accessibility)across the50largest metropolitan areas in the UnitedStates.Itfinds most of these measures vary with city size.A set of scaling parameters arediscovered to show how network size and structure vary with city size.These results suggestthat larger cities are physically more inter-connected.Keywords:Connectivity,Network Structure,Transportation Geography,Network Science, City Size,Scaling Rules1IntroductionThe structure of urban networks shapes the efficiency of the cities they serve.While in general there are many characteristics that scale with city size(metropolitan population),not all cities are created equal.They grew under different technological,political,and legal regimes and operate in different physical environments,and as a consequence manifest different physical forms.A recent book The Triumph of the Cities(1)has publicized what had been heretofore an academic debate about the efficiency of cities,both in reduced infrastructure costs per capita,and in increased productivity.There is a modest literature examining the inputs to cities,how do network structure and urban services vary across cities.This has been examined for metro systems,(2;3;4;5), highways(6;7;8;9;10;11),and other facilities(12;13;14).There is also a large and growing literature examining the outputs from cities:how productive are cities,do they generate agglomeration economies,GDP,patents,and if so,how large is their agglomeration benefit.The literaturefinds that larger cities produce more GDP per capita,more ∗RP Braun-CTS Chair of Transportation Engineering;Director of Network,Economics,and Urban Systems Re-search Group;University of Minnesota,Department of Civil Engineering,500Pillsbury Drive SE,Minneapolis,MN 55455USA,dlevinson@ 1patents,and more innovation,though there are of course debates about magnitudes.(15;16;17; 18;19;20;21;22;23;24;25;26;27;28;29;30).The travel behavior literature shows that larger cities have more congestion and longer commutes, which implies inefficiency,even if those commutes are not increasing as fast as population growth (31).However if those longer commutes result in better jobs(a better match of worker skills to employer needs),and that congestion is the result of non-work travel caused by expanded con-sumption(goods that betterfit desires)(32),then those implied inefficiencies of transportation are simply the product of choices that urban consumers make that is dominated by the benefits that created them(33).After all,people could choose to have shorter commutes(34),or to consume fewer specialist goods and services,even if they lived in a large city.This paper compares networks across cities,examining relationships between the macro(overall system performance)and averages of micro measures(network structure)with the aim of discov-ering key relationships that might be used to inform future network designs.It focuses on the questions of how network scale and connectivity vary with city size.This connectivity that cities enable,and of which networks determine efficiency,may drive the expanded outputs of larger cities noted above.On the one hand,larger cities consume more area,which makes connectivity more difficult,on the other,they increase population density,requiring more connected networks to serve.Whether connectivity increases is in the end an empirical question.The authors have previously examined how network structure affects transportation performance (congestion,travel per person,journey to work time)(35),and how accessibility affects those variables(36).It has been hypothesized that network connectivity increases with city size as the value of the increased access outweighs the costs of building the additional links(37).This paper begins with a discussion of network characteristics.This is followed by an explanation of the data used.The theory to be tested is discussed.Summary statistics of how network structure varies with city size is presented.Next are scaling rules,which used in a systematic set of regres-sion models to ascertain whether city scaling is linear,sublinear,or superlinear with population for a set of variables.2Characterizing NetworksThere are a variety ways of characterizing networks,developed in thefield of transportation ge-ography and network science,reviewed in(38).Selected measures developed in this paper are discussed below.2.1ConnectivityTransportation geography provides a classic set of connectivity measures(39).2The alpha index(α)is the ratio of the actual number of circuits in a network to the maximum possible number of circuits on that planar network network.It is given as:α=e−v+p 2v−5where e=number of edges(links),v=number of vertices(nodes),p=number of graphs or subgraphs,and for a network where every place is connected to the network p=1.Values ofαrange from0percent–no circuits–to100percent a–completely interconnected network.The beta index(β)measures the connectivity relating the number of edges to the number of nodes. It is given as:β=e vThe greater the value ofβ,the greater the connectivity.As transport networks develop and become more efficient,the value ofβshould rise.Aβof1.0is a minimally connected network where the links form a cycle.If we limit junctions to 4incoming links,(as is typical of urban intersections,with a few outliers)and all junctions were 4-way,we would get aβof2.0(each node has four two-way in-links).The gamma index(γ)measures the connectivity in a network.It is a measure of the ratio of the number of edges in a network to the maximum number possible in a planar networkγ=e3(v−2)The index ranges from0(no connections between nodes)to1.0(the maximum number of connec-tions,with direct links between all the nodes).The eta index(η)measure the length of the graph over the number of edges.η=L(G) eThe theta index(θ)measure the traffic(Q(G))(e.g.system vehicle kilometers traveled)per ver-tex.θ=Q(G) v3Most road networks have e and v of similar orders of magnitude,soα,β,andγ,while differentiated for small networks,are highly correlated(correlation coefficient of approximately1.0)for large networks.2.2TreenessThe treeness(φtree)measure(40)is based on the two basic structures of a planar transportation network:circuit and tree(41).A circuit is defined a a closed path,with no less than three links, that begins and ends at the same node.A tree is defined as a set of connected lines that do not form a complete circuit.Each link belongs to a branch or a circuit network.1The treeness for each street network is given as:φtree=L tree L totalwhere,L tree,L total=Length of street segments belonging to a branch,entire network(km),2.3CircuityNetwork circuity is defined as the ratio of the shortest path network distance to the Euclidean or straight line distance between an origin and destination,and captures the spatial(in)efficiency of the network in connecting two points.(42)used a dataset of randomly selected,origins and destinations of actual trips to estimate circuity in their analysis of commute patterns and compared that to random OD points,finding that circuity of actual home to work trips was lower than random OD points of the same trip length.Here we use circuity of random trips constrained to match actual trip length,which is highly correlated with(but higher than)actual commute circuity.For each metropolitan area in our dataset,two samples were generated.Thefirst sample of200 randomly distributed origins and the second sample of1000randomly distributed destinations were generated using GIS.This provided200*1000OD pairs for each area resulting in a200,000OD matrix.The network distance and the euclidean distance were calculated for each of200,000OD pairs.A subsample of OD pairs were extracted from the200,000random OD matrix in each metropolitan area by matching the network distance to the average commute trip length,provided in the2001 1Open source software to classify each link was developed by Feng Xie,and can be downloaded from http: ///Software/IdentifyingNetworkTopologies.zip was used.This code was implemented on the street network of each metropolitan area.4National Household Travel Survey(NHTS)2.The average circuity for the subsample of OD pairs in each area was then estimated as:C=D nD e(1)where,C=Average circuityD n=Sum of the network distance between all OD pairs in the subsample,D e=Sum of the euclidean distance between all OD pairs in the subsample.2.4AccessibilityThe cumulative opportunity measure of accessibility a estimates the number of destinations that can be reached in a given time threshold(here we use30minutes)(43).a=π∗[V n·tC]2∗ρempwhere,ρemp=Urban area employment density(jobs·km−2).t=time threshold.V n=Average network velocity in km/hC=Average circuity,as estimated above2.5EntropyRoad networks are heterogeneous,considering the differentiated functional designs and opera-tional performance of hierarchical roads.The entropy measure of heterogeneity is given as:H(X)=−m∑i=1p i log2(p i)2/5Where m is the number of subsets in the system X,and p i is the proportion of elements in the i th subset.Individual links can be grouped into subsets based on different road properties such as functional type,traffic volume,capacity,or level of service.In this paper,entropy is defined by functional class.3Data3.1Street NetworksThe street networks for thefifty metropolitan areas,used in this analysis,were extracted from the Census TIGER/linefiles3.The extracted networks for the metropolitan areas were cleaned to in-clude just the road features based on the Feature Class Codes(FCC)for the line segments provided in the Census TIGER/Linefiles.They were further cleaned using TransCAD software to eliminate nodes which served no topological purpose,and to combine the resulting links.3.2Travel DataThe travel data is from the Texas Transportation Institute’s Urban Mobility Report4and provides information on the long-term congestion trends and the most recent congestion comparisons for 90urban areas across the U.S.Journey to work times are derived from the American Community Survey(2005-2008).3.3Socio-Demographic DataThe socio-demographic data was obtained for the year2010from the U.S Census Bureau for the fifty metropolitan areas considered in the analysis.53/geo/www/tiger/4/ums/5The metropolitan areas,listed alphabetically and given by the primary city,are:Atlanta,Austin,Baltimore,Birm-ingham,Boston,Buffalo,Charlotte,Chicago,Cincinnati,Cleveland,Columbus,Dallas,Denver,Detroit,Hartford, Houston,Indianapolis,Jacksonville,Kansas City,Las Vegas,Los Angeles,Louisville,Memphis,Miami,Milwaukee, Minneapolis,Nashville,New Orleans,NewYork,Norfolk,Oklahoma City,Orlando,Philadelphia,Phoenix,Pitts-burgh,Portland,Providence,Raleigh,Richmond,Riverside,Sacramento,Salt Lake City,San Antonio,San Diego, San Francisco,San Jose,Seattle,St.Louis,Tampa Bay,Washington64TheoryThis research posits that network connectivity increases with metropolitan work connectivity is created by agents(land developers,governments)who build network links to con-nect places to the network(37).All places must have at least one connection to the network(i.e. there must be at minimum a tree connecting developed land parcels).However,there may be some value to network builders to create cross connections(circuits)so that the network becomes more web-like.The advantage of the additional links is reducing travel costs compared to trees,the disadvantage is the additional construction costs.That value is determined by the accessibility the additional connection creates.In short,this model predicts that road networks will be more connected,less circuitous,and less tree-like the greater the accessibility a new link creates.Accessibility by road increases with population(i.e.more people can be reached in a given time the larger(denser)the city is)if density increases accessibility more than the resulting congestion and decline in average network speed decreases it.This will be true if there is excess road capacity,or if there are non-road modes of transportation(e.g.metro systems)which serve travelers when roads are congested(44;45;46) thereby limiting the amount of road congestion,and perhaps in other conditions.Thus larger cities have a greater incentive for agents to build cross-connecting links since those links will be more valuable.These cross-connecting links in addition to reducing travel distances compared with dendritic networks also may relieve congestion on the network.If private developers are building links,their requirement is that the embedded land value of the accessibility created by the new link exceeds the cost of link construction.Public agencies require that the public welfare created exceeds the cost of link construction.Previous research suggests publicly built networks have different development objectives than privately built ones(47).5Network Variations with City SizeMost network structures vary systematically over a large range of metropolitan areas(from about 1million to18million persons)under the current technology state of automobiles on roads.Table 1summarizes a variety of network structure statistics by metropolitan population quintile(quintile 5represents the10largest US metros,quintile4the next10largest,and so on)for the50largest metropolitan areas in the US.As can be seen,connectivity measured in a variety of ways(α,β,γ,1/C,1−φtree)increases with metropolitan area population.If we imagine a city growing radially out from a point,as it gets larger,it connects the radial elements with cross-routes.This happens fractally,for major facilities as beltways are built,and for smaller roads as infill development occurs.Thus larger areas are less dendritic and more rger metropolitan areas are also more likely to be polycentric.The entropy declines with city size as there is somewhat less variety in road types,meaning there are a greater share of low-level roads,and fewer high-level roads(freeways).Larger areas also(and7not surprisingly)have fewer overall meters of roadway per capita,as the population density can increase faster than network density,as it is relatively easy for residential structures to increase vertically,while it is much more expensive for transportation facilities to do the rge cities also suffer more delay.Perhaps surprisingly average edge length(η)increases with city size.This may be due to larger metropolitan areas having a greater spatial extent(including relatively more suburban and exurban areas)with longer road segments.Not surprising,traffic per vertex(θ)increases.Circuity seems largely invariant to city rge cities are less dendritic.Figure1shows how population(darker points indicate greater population)and journey to work travel time(wider points indicate more minutes)vary with beta and network per capita.As the city becomes larger,it becomes more connected,but has longer journey to work times, while larger cities have less capacity per capita.For US networks,the maximum observed Beta is just above1.5,indicating the typical intersection is3-way.βgrows with population,network size,network density,but is correlated with lower road utilization per capita(Figure2.This suggests that it is not only population density which results in less driving,but also more connected street(and by implication pedestrian)networks.The sources of lowered driving include more direct trips and increased non-auto use.6Scaling rulesFollowing(14;48)and others,a power law is used to describe how network structure and perfor-mance variables depend on city size.X i=X0NµiThis can be transformed with natural logs to estimate with a linear regression:ln(X i)=−µ·ln(N i)+X0where N i is the independent variable,which in this analysis we take to be metropolitan area popula-tion(city size),and X i is the dependent variable,which are a variety of network structure variables (coefficientµand normalization constant X0are to be estimated).The estimated coefficient(µ)indicates whether sublinear or superlinear scaling obtains.The mod-els are estimated using OLS regression.For the models estimated in Table2,all are sublinear,indicating a1percent increase in metropoli-tan population leads to less than a1percent change in the dependent variable.All of the variables are statistically significant at the95or99percent confidence level except for circuity,which is8statistically insignificant.For instance,the individual regressions indicate that for every1percent increase in population,βincreases by0.03percent.The net result is that network connectivity increases with city size.(49)write“Quantities reflecting wealth creation and innovation haveβ≈1.2>1(increasing re-turns),whereas those accounting for infrastructure displayβ≈0.8<1(economies of scale).”This researchfinds that median household income does increase with city size(a one percent increase in size leads to a0.09percent increase in household income).These results support thefindings of(49)and others about sublinear infrastructure scaling.Each1 percent increase in population leads to only a0.67percent increase in roadways.Further,each1 percent increase in population reduces roadways per capita by0.21percent(Table2).7ConclusionsAn improved understanding of urban structure requires progress beyond simple land use variables to consider the underlying network pattern.This paper explores a set of highway network structure variables and examines how they affect a variety of other network performance measures,and how they are affected by population.This research corroborates previousfindings that larger cities have more delay,longer commutes,and less travel per person.It alsofinds that larger cities have more connected highway networks,corroborating similarfindings about transit networks(4),are more accessible,and are less hierarchical(in terms of network hierarchy).We may be able to explain earlierfindings that larger cities have more wealth and innovation per capita hold up because of the efficiency of intra-urban connectivity that larger cities bring.It might not only be the potential for contacts,but also the efficiency of interaction(and hence the number of contacts per unit time,and the amount of time spent with contacts rather than in transport)that brings about that super-linear scaling.Alternatively,the causality may be reversed,as cities grow the agents within them naturally create more connected networks to maximize local gains,but those network elements may dampen col-lective wealth creation instead of reinforcing it.More connected and less tree-like networks may have less focus on a single downtown,and consequently may lower the economies of agglomera-tion that depend on face-to-face interaction and serendipitous interactions.The resolution to this depends very much on the scale on which economies of agglomeration operate,and may vary by industry.The question remains,and should be the subject of future study,whether the internal spatial struc-ture of cities causally 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