1.Free morphemes:自由语素a morphemes that can stand alone.或者
a linguistic form that can occur as an independent word.
2.Boud morphemes:黏着语素a morphemes that must occur with at
lease one other morpheme.
3.Back-formation: 逆生法。is the method of creating words by
removing the supposed suffixes.
4.Allomorph：语素变体the phonetic variant of a morpheme in a
particular language.或者one of the variants of the same morpheme 5.conversion:转换法is the formation of new words by converting
words from one word-class to another word-class.或者Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.
6.blending 拼缀法is the formation of new words by combining pasts
of two words or word plus a part of anther word .如;smog---smoke +fog.
7.Semantic field:语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the
vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.
The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.
8.semantic motivation :语义理据Semantic motivation refers to
motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.
9.conceptual meaning：概念意义。the meaning given in the dictionary
and forms the core of word-meaning.
meaning：the meaning of a word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is used to express
meaning:情感意义is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.
transfer词义迁移figures of speech
13 Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.
.提喻A figure of speech by which a part is put for tha whole ,the whole for the part ,species for genus,the genud for the species or the name of the material for the dhing made .
15:Extra-linguistic context:语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic contex t refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.
16：polysemy ：一词多义Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
:同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.
18：homonymy：Homonyms are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. :词义的升格process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.
20 . Degradation: 词义的降格i t is the process whereby words of good prigin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense
21 oxymoron. 矛盾修辞It is a compressed paradox ,formed by the conjoining of two contrasting , contradictory incongruous terms 比如：bitter-sweet memories , orderly chaos and proud humility.
