《词汇学》名词解释总汇

Bound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Bound morphemes include hound roots and affixes
word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.
Alien非同化词 are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.
Translation-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.

英语词汇学重点名词解释（3）英语词汇学重点名词解释Affixation: Derivation (also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formationof new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compounds.Conversion：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversionAcronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的.发音)e.g. CORE, TEFLBlending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won! plus a part of another word. Words formed by blending are called blends or pormanteau.Clipping is a way of ma-ki-ng new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered to the opposite process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word.Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc. Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind Sense : denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.英语词汇学笔记--名词解释篇2017-04-09 08:55 | #2楼1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added tonouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternativemorphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters ofwords and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.*Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.*Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different inmeaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』 only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。

英语词汇学重点名词解释（2）英语词汇学重点名词解释Neologisms 新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Alien非同化词 are borrowed words which have retainedtheir original pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a wordBound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Boundmorphemes include hound roots and affixesAffixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or functionPrefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stemInflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsDerivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new wordsRoot: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morpheme《英语词汇学重点名词解释》。

第一章：A word can be defined as afun dame ntal un it of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of perform ing a give n syn tactic fun cti on The developme nt of En glish Vocabulary. ① Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compo un ds. Some OE compo unds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no Ion ger in use.② Middle En glish (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the str ong in flue nce of French followi ng the Norman Conquest in 1066. (law and gover nmen tal admi nistratio n)③ Moder n En glish (1500-the prese nt)The rapid growth of prese nt-day En glish vocabulary and its causes： A. marked progress of scie nce and tech no logy (software, hardware) B.socio-economic, political and cultural cha nges( credit card, fringe ben efit, pressure cooker) C. in flue nce of other cultures and Ianguages (maotai, sputnik) classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin : native words andloan words 。

词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. T ake -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word- formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。

GlossaryLexicology 词汇学Morphology 形态学Semantics 语义学Etymolog 词源学Lexicography词典学Phonology 语音学Syntax 句法Pragmatics语用学functional linguistics 功能语言学sociolinguistics 社会语言学psycholinguistics 心理语言学cognitive linguistics 认知语言学text analysis 语篇分析lexicon 词汇phonemic 音位的prefix前缀suffix 后缀stress 重音pitch 音调，音高subject 主语object 宾语adjective 形容词nouns 名词adverbs 副词demonstrative 指示代词auxiliary verb 助动词modifier 修饰语preposition 介词conjunction 连词corpus linguistics 语料库语言学discourse analysis 语篇分析agent nouns 施事名词closed classes 封闭词类open classes 开放词类grammatical words 虚词function words 功能词inflection 屈折变化word class 词类lexical words 实词semantic field 语义场componential analysis 成分分析semantic features 语义特征thesaurus 词库morpheme 词素lexeme 词位morph 词素变体allomorph 词素变体complex word复杂词compound word复合词bound morpheme 粘着词素free morpheme 自由词素derivational morpheme 派生词素inflectional morpheme屈折词素denotation外延意义reference 指称意义sense 意义conceptual meaning 概念意义connotative meaning 内涵意义social meaning 社会意义affective meaning 情感意义reflected meaning 反映意义collocative meaning 搭配意义thematic meaning 主位意义root 词根stem 词干base 词基affix 词缀bound root 粘着词根free root 自由词根polysemy 多义词homonymy 同音、形异义词homophone同音异义词homograph 同形异义词writing conventions 书写规范Indo-European family 印欧语系west Germanic language 西日耳曼语族celtic 凯尔特语runic 如尼文字Old English古英语Middle English中古英语Early Modern English现代英语早期conjunctions连接词kennings代称修辞格nominative主格accusative 对格dative 与格genitive 所有格loan translation 借译leveled inflection 屈折的磨平loss of inflection 屈折的丧失inflectional endings 屈折词尾word-formation 构词法borrowing 借词affixation 词缀法New Englishes 新英语American English 美国英语Latin alphabets 拉丁字母root creation 造新词根onomatopoeic words 拟声词ejaculation 叹词derivation 派生变化conversion 词性转换blending 溶合法back formation 逆构法shortening 缩略法proper names 专有名词metanalysis 分界变化possessive marker 所有格标记modifier 修饰语comparative 比较级superlative 最高级plural inflection 复数变化syntactic structure 句法结构third person 第三人称class-changing affixes 改变词性的词缀class-maintaining affixes 不改变词性的词缀nominalization名词化verb compounds 动词性复合词nominal compounds 名词性复合词endocentric compound 向心结构exocentric compound 离心结构copulative compound 并列结构appositional compound 同位语结构shortening缩略法clipping 截短法fore clipping 首部截短法hind clipping 尾部截短法midclipping 中部截短法initialism 首字母缩略alphabetism 首字母拼写词acronym 首字母拼音词backformation 逆构法synonymy 同义词gradable antonyms 相对性反义词complementary antonyms 互补性反义词converse antonyms 逆反性反义词hyponymy 上下义词meronymy 整体-部分关系free collocation 松散搭配fixed collocation 固定搭配grammatical collocation 语法性搭配lexical collocation 词汇搭配idioms习语multiword verbs多词动词proverb谚语prepositional verb介词动词phrasal verb 短语动词phrasal-prepositional verb带介词的短语动词the entry词条headword词目pronunciation读音part of speech词性etymology 词源definition释义usage label用法说明illustration插图supplementary matter补充内容corpora 语料库general and specialized dictionaries普通与专门词典monolingual and bilingual dictionaries单语与双语词典unabridged dictionaries非足本词典learner’s dictionaries and children’s dictionaries 学习者词典与儿童词典thesaurus词库appendices附录dialect方言register语域style文体taboo禁忌euphemism委婉语jargon术语broadening 词义扩大narrowing 词义缩小amelioration 词义升格pejoration 词义降格mental lexicon 心理词汇metaphor隐喻mapping 映射prototype 原型radial category 辐射范畴。

《词汇学》名词解释总汇1.Conversion（转换）is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation.2.Neologisms（新词用法）are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society.3. Lexicology（词汇学）is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.4.the elevation of meaning（词义的升格）refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.5.Acronyms（首字母拼音词）words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequencesof letters.6.Hyponymy (上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items).7.Analogy（类比）is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language.8.Motivation（理据）deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as.10.Antonymy (反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.11.Suffix（后缀）: an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem)12. synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part.13. prefix（前缀）: an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem)14. initialism（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms.16.the degradation of meaning（词义的降格）: is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。

英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。

英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。

下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。

•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。

2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。

•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。

3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。

•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。

4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。

•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。

5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。

•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。

6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。

•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。

7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。

•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。

8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。

•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。

9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。

•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。

这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。

Chapter1Jargon术语is terminology 术语which is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, or group.Slang They belong to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words and informal ones available to everyone.Denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.Aliens外来词are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.Chapter2***Hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different languages.Chapter3Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Root is the part of the word that contains the basic meaning (definition) of the word. The root is the base element of the word.affixA prefix is a word element that is placed in front of a root. A prefix changes the word's meaning or makes a new word.A suffix is a word element that is placed after the root. The suffix changesthe word's meaning as well as its function (use).A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added.It can be a root or a stem.Chapter4Affixation (derivation)is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases.Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. Blending拼缀法is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.(就是compounding和abbreviation的结合，for example brunch。

词汇学名词解释词汇学是研究语言中的词汇（单词）和词汇使用的学科。

在词汇学中，有很多专业术语，下面将对其中的几个常用术语进行解释。

1. 词汇（Vocabulary）：语言中使用的词语的集合。

2. 词（Word）：语言中的最小语言单位，具有单独的意义和语音形式。

3. 词根（Root）：词中含有全词意义的核心成分，通常是一个字母组合。

例如，“tele-”是“telephone”这个词的词根。

4. 词缀（Affix）：可以加在词根前、中或后的一个或多个字母，用于改变词的含义。

例如，“-er”是“teacher”这个词的词缀。

5. 合成词（Compound Word）：将两个或更多的词或词根组合成一个新的词。

例如，“lighthouse”（灯塔）由“light”和“house”两个词合成而成。

6. 前缀（Prefix）：位于词根前面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的含义。

例如，“re-”是“return”这个词的前缀。

7. 后缀（Suffix）：位于词根后面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的词性或含义。

例如，“-able”是“comfortable”这个词的后缀。

8. 短语（Phrase）：由两个或多个单词组成的词组，没有主语和谓语。

例如，“in the morning”（在早晨）是一个短语。

9. 句子（Sentence）：有明确的主语和谓语，可以表达一个完整的意思。

以上是词汇学中常见的术语解释，它们有助于我们更好地理解语言中的单词和词组。

除此之外，词汇学还研究了词的来源、演变、分类和使用等方面，是一门十分重要的学科。

自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理简答题和名词解释汇总0 introductionLexicology is a branch of linguistics, which is both a theoretical and practical course.There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely ____ and _____. synchronic, diachronicC1 Basic Concepts of Word and VocabularywordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.What is the relationship between sound and meaningThere is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.Eg. Dog means gou in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound rait can mean right, rite, and write, though denoting different things, them have the same sound.Why do more and more differences occur between sound and form?Why is English sound an imperfect representation of the spoken form?●English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.●Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.●Borrowing of foreign language.●Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.●Printing freezes the spelling of words while soundcontinues to change as usual.VocabularyVocabulary refers to the total number of thewords in a language, all the words used in a particular historical period, and all the words of a given dialect and so on.By __, words can be classified into ___.by use frequency, basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary;by notion, content words and functional words;by origin, native words and borrowed words.the basic word stockThe basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.What is the character of basic word stock?●All national character. The basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us.●Stability, they are likely to remain relatively unchanged.●Productivity, they are mostly root words, means they can form new words with other roots and affixes.●Polysemy, they often possess more than one meaning.●Collocability, many of them have many set expressions, proverbial sayings and so on. Eg, heart, a heart of gold, learn by heart.terminologyTerminology is technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in music, symphony.jargonJargon is the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves as in business, bottom line for unavoidableresult.slangSlang is the sub-standard language, which seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like jargon and argot, eg. Dough and bread means money.argotArgot is the jargon of criminals. Only thesub-cultural groups use it, and outsiders can hardly understand it, eg, Persuader means dagger.dialectal wordsDialectal words is words used only by speakers of the dialect in question, eg. Beauty in Australia means excellent.archaismsArchaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. Eg, brethren means brother.neologismsNeologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. Eg, internet.functional wordsFunctional words, also called empty words, form words, do not have notions of their own. Their chief function is to express the relation between words or between sentences. Prepositions, conjunctions belong to it. Eg, on, to.What are the features of native words? 7 They are in basic word stock.They are neutral in style.They are frequent in use.borrowingsWe can classified the borrowed words into four classes according to ____.the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing.The four classes of borrowings are ____. denizens, aliens, translation-loans, semantic-loans.denizensDenizens is words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. Eg. Pork.aliensAliens are borrowings which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg, decor.translation-loansTranslation-loans is words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. Eg. Mothertongue from Latin.semantic-loansSemantic-loans is words not borrow with reference to the form, but borrow their meanings. Eg, the modern meaning of dream borrowed from Norse.C2 The Development of the English VocabularyThree main period in English historyOld English, Anglo-Saxon; Middle English, 1150-1500; Modern English.If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.Three main sources of new words of present-day English vocabulary(1) the rapid development of modern science and technology；(2) social, economic and political changes；(3) the influence of other cultures and languages.modes of vocabulary development in English historycreation, semantic change, borrowing, reviving archaic.C3 Word Formation P208树状图morphemeMorpheme is the minimal meaningful unit in word formation.Structurally, a morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.monomorphemic words monomorphemic words is the morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence, eg, bird, tree, green.allomorphsAllomorphs is morphemes realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word, eg, in cats /s/, in bags/z/.free morphemesfree morphemes, also called free root, is the morphemes which have complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, eg. cat, walk.bound morphemesBound morphemes is Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, eg, recollection = re+collect+ion.bound rootBound root is that part of the word thatcarries the fundamental meaning like a free root, but it is bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to makewords.affixesAffixes is forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.The difference between inflection affixes and derivational affixesinflectional affixesInflectional affixes, also called inflectional morphemes, is affixes which attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectionalderivational affixesDerivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.rootA root is the basic form of a word, which can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg, international, the root is nation.stemA stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added in word formation.P44 一个词，拆分分析。

词汇学名词解释词汇学1、Compounding（合成法）Compounding is a word-formation process of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.e.g. blackboard, air-conditioning, flowerpot2、Derivation（派?生法）= a?xation（词缀法）A word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or su?x,or both, to the base.e.g. belittle, debug, anti-war3、Conversion（词性转移法）Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an a?x.e.g. attack (v. & n.), compound (v. & n.), permit (v. & n.)4、Initialisms（?首字?母连写词）Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter.e.g. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP (a very important people)5、Acronyms（?首字?母拼?音词）Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term.e.g. OPEC, BASIC, SAM, TEFL, UNESCO6、Clipping（剪裁法）The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available inits full form.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone, gym from gymnastics, taxi from taxicab7、Blending（混合法）Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of whichare not in their full forms.e.g. newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)8、Back formation（逆构法）Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorterword is coined by the deletion of a supposed a?x from a longer form already present in the language.e.g.the verb resurrect was formed from the noun resurrection by removing the supposed derivative su?x -ion, and the verb edit formed from editor by dropping the su?x -or.9、Words from proper names（专有名词构词法）The words that coined from the di?erent proper names. Such as the names of people, the names of places, the names of books, or the names of brands.e.g. watt, hertz, Nicotine10、Reduplication（复制法）Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.11、Coinage（新造的字）Coinage is a process of inventing words not based onexisting morphemes.e.g. fruice = fruit +juice, slanguage =slang + language12、Classification of English words according to di?erent criteriaA. By origin:1) native words2) loan wordsB. By level of usage :1)common words2)literary words3)colloquial words4)slang words5)technical wordsC. By notion:1)function words（虚词）2)content words （实词）13、inflectional morpheme (or inflectional a?xes) （曲折词缀）An inflectional aifix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is a?xed.e.g. “s” in chairs, pens ; “es” in boxes, tomatoes;“en” in oxen14、root（词根）(1) 书：A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.e.g. work, boy, moon, walk(2) ?网：A root is a form which is not further analysable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. A rootis the basic part always present in a lexeme.15、stem（词?干）Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional a?xes have been removed.e.g. in the word undesirables, the stem is undesirable;in the word desired, the stem is desire16、base（词基）Base is any form to which a?xes of any kind can be added.e.g. in the word desirable, desire is the base to which a su?x -able is added.17、echoic words or onomatopoeic words（拟声词或象声词）Words motivated phonetically are called echoi words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.e.g. the woof-woof of a dog, the miaow of a cat18、homonyms（异义词）In the English language, there are many pairs or groups of words, which, though di?erent in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.e.g. lead (n. & v.), sow (n. & v.), tear (n. & v.)19、complementary antonyms（互补性反义词）Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. In a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms is absolute.e.g. alive and dead, single and married20、synchronic dictionary（共时词典）Synchronic dictionaries describe the vocabulary of a certain period or at a certain stage of the development of the language, providing the from, meaning, usage, etc., of the words of the period.e.g. COD, WCD21、allomorph（同位异形体）An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.e.g. the allomorphs -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same su?x22、prefixation（前缀）Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.e.g. de-, be-, en-23、semantic motivation（语义动机）Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association.e.g.When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone; when we say the leg of a table, we are comparing the tables leg with one of the lower limbs of a human being.24、a?ective meaning（情感意义）A?ective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.e.g. Aha! Alas! and Hurrah!25、hyponymy（上下义关系）Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included” in the la tter.e.g. a cat is a hyponym of animal, flute of instrument, chair of furniture26、semantic field（语义场）（1）书：Semantic field theory "took the view that the vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing ofindependent items (as the headwords in a dictionary would suggest), but is organized into areas, or fields, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways."（2）?网：Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.e.g.The words red, green, white etc. make up the semantic field of colors;the words father, mother, son etc. make up the semantic field of kinship27、componential analysis（成分分析法）The analysis of word meanings is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components.e.g. cow : [+ Bovine + Adult - Male]man : [+Human + Adult + Male]。

Abberbation 缩写；缩略Ablative case 夺格（即第五个或工具格）Absolute synonym 绝对同义词Accusative case 直接宾格Acronym 首字母缩略词Aderbial clause of concession 让步状语从句Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Alien 外国词Alliteration 头韵Alphabetical order 字母表顺序Amelioration 进化Analogy 类比Analytic language 分析性语言Anthropomorphic 拟人化的Antonym 反义词Antonymy 翻译关系Approach to 方法Archaism 古词Arbitrary 任意的Argot 黑话Autosemantic 词本身有独立意义的Base 词基Back-formation 逆成法Bilingual 双语的Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Borrowed word 借词Borrowing 借词Bound morpheme 粘着形位Briton 布立吞人Capitalization 大写Case 格Classical element 古典成分Clipping 缩短法Collocability 词的搭配能力Collocation 词的搭配Colloquialism 口语词Colloquial style 口语语体Combining form 构词成分Complementaries 互补性反义词Complex word 复合词Compound 合成词Compound word 合成词Compounding 合成法Concatenation 连锁型语义演变过程Conjugation 动词变位Connotative meaning 内含意义Context 语境Contraries 相对性反义词Conventional 约定俗成的Convergingsound-development 语音发展的一致性Conversion 转类法Conversives 换位性反义词Cosmopolitan character 国际性Dative case 与格（第三格）De-adjectival 由形容词转变而来的Declension 名词、形容词等的变格Degradation of meaning 意义的降格Denizen 外来词Denominal nouns :abstract 纯名词表示抽象意义Denominal nouns :concrete 纯名词表示具体意义Denotative meaning 外延意义Derivative antonym 派生反义词Deterioration 退化Deverbal noun 由动词派生的名词Diachronic approach 历时分析法Diachronic dictionary 历史语言学词典Diachrony 历时分析Dialect 方言Double genitive case 双生格Doublets 两词一组的同义词Elevation of meaning 意义的升格Encyclopaedic dictionary 百科全书词典Entry 词条Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Euphony 语音的和谐悦耳Existing word 现行的词Exocentric word 离心结构合成词Extension of meaning 意义的扩大Figure of speech 修饰手段Figurative use 比喻用法Foreign element 外来语成分Formal word 书面词Form-word 虚词Free from 自由形式Free morpheme 自由形位Free phrase 自由词组French element 法语成分Full conversion 完全转类法Full word 实词Functional word 虚词Generalization 一般化Genitive case 生格（第二格）General dictionary 一般性词典Glossary 难词Headword 词目Homoform 同语法形式异义词Homograph 同形异音异义词Homonym 同音异义词；同形异义词；同音同形异义词Homonymy 同音、同形、同音同形异义词的研究Homophone 同音异形异义词Hybrid 混合词Hyponym 下意词Hyponymy上下意关系Idiom 习语Idiomatic phrase 惯用语词组Imperative sentence 祈使句Indo-European family 印欧语系Inflected language 曲折性语言Informal word 口语词Jargon 行话Latin element 拉丁语成分Leveled inflections 曲折变化弱化Linguistic context 语言语境Literal use 字面用法Loan-word借词Locativecase 位置格Locative prefix 表示地点的前缀Lost inflections 曲折变化消失Main stress 主重音Medium-sized dictionary 中型词典Metaphor隐喻Middle English 中古英语Miscellaneous prefix 混合型前缀Monosemy 一词单意Morpheme 形位Morphology 词法Motivation 理据Multilingual 用多种语言表达的；多语的Narrowing of meaning 意义的缩小Native element 本族语成分Native word 本族语词Negative prefix 表示否定的前缀Neo-classical 新古典主义的Neologism 新词New word 新词Nominative case 主格Nonce word 临时造的词Non-linguistic context 非语言语境Notional word 实词Number prefix 表示数目的前缀Obsolete word 费词Official language 官方语言Old English 古英语Onomatopoeia 象声词Open 分开写的Orthographic criterion 正字法标准Part of the speech 词类Partial conversion 部分转类法Pejorative prefix 表示贬义的前缀Pahatic communion 交际性谈话Phonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Phraseological idiom 熟语Physiology 生理学Pocket dictionary 小型词典Polarity 对立性Polysemic character 一词多义性Polysemy 一词多义Popular 通俗的Possessive case 所有格Preciseness 精确性Prefix 前缀Prefixation 前缀法Private prefix 表示反义的前缀radiation 放射型的语义演变过程reduplicative compound 或者reduplicative(s )重叠合成词reference 语词所指涵义referent 语词所指事物relative synonym 相对同义词repetition 重复representative work 代表作reversativeprefix表示反义的前缀rhyme 韵脚richness丰富性root 词根root antonym词根反义词Scandinavian element 斯堪的纳维亚语成分Secondary stress次重音Semantic borrowing(s)义借词Semantics语义学Semiotic triangle三角关系符号学理论Sense-shift语义转换Shade of meaning意义的（细微差别Shortening缩短法(the)sign theory of Saussure索绪尔符号理论Signified（借助符号进行交际的）事物的概念或涵义Signifier代表事物的概念或涵义符号Simile明喻Slang俚语solid(合成词中两个词）连起来写的special dictionary专门性词典specialization 特殊化Spelling拼写Stem词干Stylistics文体学Suffix后缀Suffixation后缀法(the)superordinate (term)上义词Survival(s)(vestiges)保留下来的词Sychronic approach共时分析法Sychronic dictionary共时语言学词典Synchrony共时分析。

Types of meaningTypes of lexical changes1.Elevation:词义升格Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importanceSome words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant.For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasantMarshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officerSo elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive.2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The oldEnglish is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life.3.Bound morpheme:It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have:➢Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful➢Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-edFor an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme.4.Hyponymy:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”.Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.5.Collocation:Collocation is the habitual juxtaposition of linearly arranged words which occurs multiple times to become set expressions.Collocations have four features:➢They are non-arbitrary and predictable. For example, we can say “have tea” but not “have engine oil”➢They are stable and rigid. Collocations are strong enough to exclude other synonymous words. For example, we can say “strong wind and heavy rain” but not “strong rain and heavy wind”.➢They are culturally-loaded. Collocation reflects the English culture and cultural heritage, such as “the Trojan horse” and “Pandora’s box”.➢They are Language-specific.Collocations can be classified into: (in terms of collocational strength.)weak collocations, (collocations that have a wide variety of collocates. Collocational range is wide.E.g. white/red/green/long/small shirt)strong collocations,(Collocations are strong but not unique.E.g. moved to tears) frozen collocations (Collocations that are fixed and irreplaceable, E.g. foot the bill *foot the coffee)Collocations are non-arbitrary, which means that they are motivated. There are four kinds of motivations:Grammatical motivation, (Collocations serve particular grammatical functions in certain grammatical structures.)Semantic motivation, (The meaning of the collocation depends on the collocated components.)Pragmatic motivation, (Collocations are pragmatically driven and pragmatically shaped. E.g.Buckle up, keep space, )Cognitive motivation. (Metaphorical expression beyond literal interpretation.E.g. red-carpet treatment, political honeymoon, bubble economy, soft landing)Collocation is one important aspect of vocabulary development.It offers the most natural way of language use.It provides alternative ways of language use, which may be more colorful, expressive or precise.It helps to improve the style in writing.6.Morpheme:A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Morpheme can be lexical or grammatical.A free morpheme has complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.A bound morpheme cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words.An inflectional morpheme is a morpheme that is used to inflect a word. e.g. white can be inflected with the morphemes -r (whiter) and -est (whitest)A derivational morpheme is a morpheme that is used to create derivations of words. e.g. white can form the derivation whiten by adding the -n morpheme.7.Stylistic meaning:Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries ,these stylistic features are clearly marked as “formal”, “informal”, “ literary”, “archaic”, “slang” and so on. This stylistic difference is especially true of synonyms. It is observed that there are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the stylistic meaning.8.Analogy:Analogy refers to the process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language.E.g. youthquake, airbag, earthriseearthquake, handbag, sunrisepounding:It is a type of word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is also a productive device at every period of the English language. Forms of compounds are solid, hyphenated, open. According to the grammatical property, there are three types of compounds: noun compounds, adjective compounds, verb compounds. For instance, sleeping-bag= sleeping + bag (the bag for sleeping).Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.10.Word:A word is defined as a minimum free form of language with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of preforming a given syntactic function. A word contains three elements: form, structural function and meaning. Broadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is known as vocabulary. It is very important to a language.Without words, nothing can be conveyed.11.Superordinate: in the case of hyponymy, superordinate is the upper word standing for thetotality or the group. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate.12.Subordinate: in the case of hyponymy, subordinate is the lower word standing for amember of the group.13.Semantic components: They are the features in a word as far as its concept is concerned.Father –a word with the conceptual features of “adult”, “male”, “humanity”, and “animate”.All the 4 features are its semantic components.14.Derivation:Derivation is the formation of word by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. For example, when the verb “care”add a suffixe “-ful”, a new word ”careful” is formed.This process is also known as affixation. New words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.15.Inflection:The process of changing word form for the sake of grammaticality, withoutchanging its meaning.16.Back formation:Backformation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix from a longer form already present in the language. It is also called reverse derivation. The process of word-formation by changing from one form into another for m, as in “edit” from “editor”(initial word).17.Connotative meaning:For people with different cultural backgrounds, a word might evoke different associations.It is the extended meaning of a word. When a word is enlarged in meaning, its meaning is no longe r limited to the original sense. For instance, “torch” in certain context indicates the hope or the ambition/spirit based on its original sense.The connotative meaning of a word refers to the feeling that a word invokes. This differs from its dictionary definition, which is called its "denotative" meaning. Two words can have similar denotations but very different connotations. For example, the words "miserly" and "thrifty" are both adjectives that describe a person who goes to certain lengths to save money. However, "miserly" has strong negative connotations, while "thrifty" evokes positive feelings in a reader.18.Affective meaning:the meaning of a word as decided by the person who uses it withhis/her personal emotion. Positive or negative sense belongs to affective meaning.It refers to the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. You may address sb as an “idiot” to convey your despise, or describe sth as “marvelous”to express your positive evalution. This meaning can be conveyed into three types by the choice of words: commendatory, derogatory and neutral.Extension:It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized, or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept.For example, the original meaning of manuscript is the handwriting( writing by hand only), but nowadays, it refers to any author’s writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processorA large proportion of polysemic words of modern English have their meanings extended in the course of development.19.Degradation:It is a process whereby words of good origin or affective neutrality fall into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense. It is the reverse of elevation.For example, “sad” formerly refers to full, satisfied, but now comes to be described “sorrowful”.20.Specialization: the meaning is limited and reduced to certain sense. It is also called“narrowing”.。

1.What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.“Language is man’s way of communication with his fellow man and. It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals”2.What is linguistics?Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.4.What is lexicology?Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.5.What is the Vocabulary?Broadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is known as vocabulary. The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc. There is a total English vocabulary of more than 1 million.11. What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。

《英语词汇学》重要术语One:1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.Two:1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.Three1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.Four:1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which acompound word is created by therepetition of one word or of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.Five:1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据 A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaningcan be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such an analysis is called componential analysis.Six:1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more words which once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.Seven: 1. Synonyms 同义词 A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as another word: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use. 2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings. 3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution. 4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness. 5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries orcontrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that they can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved. 6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition so that theassertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other. 7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other. 8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter. 9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically. 10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate. 11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common. Eight: 1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. But, in broader sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting. 2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense. 3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set. 4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word. 5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word. 6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting. 7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning. 8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy. 9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.Nine: 1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words as well as the addition of new meaning to establish words. 2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaning or specialization of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted. 3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word’s sense un til it covers much more than what it originally conveyed. 4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration. One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift to a less respectable, or even derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakening of meaning resulting from habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it. Ten: 1. Idiom 习语An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning. 2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverb as the central word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function. 3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements. 4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions. 5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in a concise and witty style.。

名词解释1,word:fundamental units of speech and hacing a mininum, free form.it is a unity of sound and meaning,capable of performing a given syntactical function.2,morpheme:the minimal meaningful unit of the english language,possesses both sound and meaning.the morpheme is not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.An allomorph(词素变体)is any of the various form of a morpheme.3,freemorpheme:is one that can stand by itself as a complete utterance.4,bound morpheme:cannot exist on its own,mit must appear with at least one other morpheme.5,roots and affixes:a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.6,inflectional affixes and derivational affixes:An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality,tense,and the comparative or superlative degree.it does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. inflectional affixes have only thier particular grammatical meaning.derivational affixes are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes,which are used to related to the formation of new words.7,free root and bound root:Free root can stand alone as woeds and provide the language with a basis for the formation of new words.Bound root cannot appear as woeds in modern English, although they were once words,nor can they be used to form new words.8,hybrid:a hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different language.9,compounding/composition:it is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,a conpound word.10,word-formation rule:the rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.11,initialisms and acronyms:Initialism is a type of shortening,using the first letters of wors to form a proper name,a technical term , or a phrase.Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scietific term.12,polysemy:it means a single word having several or many meanings.13,homonyms:homonyms are words different in meaning,but identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.14,syonyms:words which nearly the same denotative meaning are syonyms,and the relationship between them is one of synonymy.15,antonymy:words that are opposite are antonyms.16,huponymy:it is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical item. 17,blending:it is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words , one of which is not in its full form or both of which are notin their full forms.18,back-formation: it is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.19,reduplication:it is a minor type of word-formation by a compound word which is created by the repetition of one word like go-go.20,grammatical meaning and lexical meaning:Grammatical meaning is indispensable in determining the position a word occupies in a sentence.it consists of word-class and inflectional paradigmlexical meaning is that aspect of sense proper to the word as a lexical item.21,semantic field theory:it is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrrelated lexical networks.22,linguistic context:three main types of linguistic context are the lexical,grammatical and vorbal context in its broad sense.23,extra-linguistic context/context of situation:(1)the actual speech situation in which a word(or an utterance,or a speech event)occurs.(2)The entire cultural back ground agaicst ehich a word ,or an utterance or a speech eventhas to be set.24,clipping:deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun),which is also available in its full form.词语辨析1 Plains /pleinz/ a large strentch of flat landPlanes /pleinz/ aeroplane2 row / rəu/ a neat line (of people or things) side by sideRow /rau/ uproar,noisy distuibance3 sound / saund/ n. PronounceSound / saund/ adj. Healthy4 waist /weist/ the narrow part of the human body between the ripes and the hips.Waste /weist/ a useless or profitless spending.Compound words(1) 1 someone who writes songs. Songwriter2 someone who cleans windows. Window-cleaner3 the race for arms. Arms race4 the train in the morning. Morning train5 gold mine6 sunbathing7 dirt cheap8 sun-tanned(2)1 a drop of rain ; the bed for flowers2 impermeable to air ; as green as sew3 a remark that is meant well ; a person that behaves well4 houses ruined by war5 one who designs computer ; one who baths in the sun6 steam powers or operates engine ; an engine prevents fire7 the worm produces silk ; ;the gas produces light8 one who writes by hand ; one who finds fault9 a ship that goes across oceans ; people who love peace10 one who teaches language ; one who sits with the babaies11 boys bred in country1 knee-deep2 lifelike3 snow-white4 nation-wide5 shoulder-high6 pitch-dark/black7 carefree 8 soundproof 9 fireproof 10 lifelong填空Reject 拒绝；退回，摈弃n.不合格产品Refuse 拒绝做某事Decline 谢绝帮助Rapid 瞬间的Fast 快速的Range/fury 狂怒Indignation 义愤近义词反义词Fair-dark empty-full faint-loud low-high gloomy-bright sad-joyful/cheerful dark-bright rough-soft/gentle decline-accept/rise peculiar-common/average light-dark/heavy fresh-stale/faded thin-fat/thick wild-domestic/garden dull-interesting/clever deep-shallow/surface seldom-often hard-easy/soft over-under scarce-plentiful backward-forward总分关系。