大学英语语法归纳

大学英语语法规纳

一、时态和语态

I、时态

◇时态是表示动作发生的时刻和表现方式的一种动词形式。每一种“时刻＋方式”就组成一种时态。从时刻上看，有此刻、过去、以后和过去以后之分，从动作上看，有一样、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。（英语动词有16种时态）在实际应用中和TOEFL等考试中显现最多的时态也只有4种，即一样此刻时，此刻完成时，一样过去时及过去完成时。◇

1．用一样此刻时表示以后的动作。

A. 在由连词even if, unless, as soon as, if, when, in case, before, after, until, once, the

moment, as long as等引出状语从句中，谓语一样不用will或shall来表示以后的动作，仅用一样此刻时。例如：

eg. She will come to see you the moment she finishes her work.

◇The boss won’t give the workers pay unless they ______their work today. (03/12, 43)

A) finish B) finished C) will finish D) had finished

◇Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone__________ them.

A) discovered B) will discover (03/1,31, CET-4)

C) would have discovered D) discovers

B. 某些表示起始的动词，可用一样此刻时表示按预定打算或时刻表在短时刻内将发生的动作。这种动词有：be, go, come, start, leave, depart, arrive, begin, return等。例如：

◇ The train leaves at five sharp.

2. 此刻完成时、过去完成时和以后完成时之间的区别

1) 此刻完成时：

①组成：have／has + 过去分词

②语法意义及要点：

A. 表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到此刻并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时刻的状语连用。eg.

so far，up to now，since，for a long time etc.

eg. He has worked as a teacher for many years

Up till now，nothing has gone wrong．

◇Don’t disturb Father. He ________ letters all morning and has written ten so far. (99/6,

42) A) write B) has been writing C) has written D) was writing

◇This is the worst time of the year. It ________every day so far. (02/6, 42)

A) is raining B) has rained C) rained D) rains

B．表示一个过去发生的对此刻仍有阻碍的动作或事件。常与不确信的过去时刻状语连用(eg. yet，just，before，recently, etc.)；也同表示频度时刻状语连用 (eg. often，ever，never，sometimes，several times, etc).；还可同包括此刻时刻在内的时刻状语连用 (eg. now，today，this morning, etc). 但不能同特定的过去时刻状语连用 (last year，inl997 etc.)

eg. I have never learned Japanese before．

We have been quite busy lately /recently．

◇I am meeting Ivan tonight; I _______a Russian before. (01/1,49)

A) didn’t ever meet B) have ever met C) had never met D) have never met

C．在时刻或条件状语从句中，当表示以后完成时的意义时，要用此刻完成时来代替以后完成时。

◇We'll start at 5 0'clock if it has stopped raining by then．

◇I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework．

Note：行为不能持续的刹时动词(Instantaneous Verb)，eg. arrive, begin, come, go，start, leave, die，join，etc.

通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现完成时中不能与表示一段时刻的状语连用。

◇He has joined the army for five years．(F)

◇He has been in the army for five years。(T)

2) 过去完成时：

①组成：had+过去分词

②语法意义及要点：表示某一动作或情形发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。

eg. David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.

They had got everything ready before the party began．

◇The burglary ______before I arrived at the office; all I could do was to call the police. (03/6, 56)

A) has occurred B) had occurred C) was occurring D) would occur

Note: 与此刻完成时不同的是过去完成时能够与表示具体过去的时刻状语连用。

◇He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.

3) 以后完成时：

①组成：shall／will +have+过去分词

②语法意义及要点：表示某一动作在以后某一时刻或以后某一动作之前已经完成或发生。

eg. He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday，

The shop will have closed already before you get there．

◇By the end of next year they _________together for twenty years. (01/1,48)

A) will have worked B) had worked C) would work D) have worked

◇--"May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?" (00/6,41, CET-4)

--"I'm sorry. Mr. Williams _______ to a conference long before then."

A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone

◇By the time he arrives in Beijing, we_______ here for two days. (01/6,31, CET-4)

A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have stayed

◇By the time you get to New York, I _______for London. (02/1,41, CET-4)

A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left

4) 以后时刻表示法： ① be going to +V. 表示不太明确的用意、打算。

◇We’re going to to build a new highway to the east.

② be + to + V. 表示正式的安排、指示、命令、禁止等。例如：

◇You’re to do your homework before you watch TV.

◇You’re not to tell him anything about our plans.

③ be about to / be on the point of 表示不久的以后，后者表示更近的以后，强调以后要发生的情形已临近。例如：

◇ I feel that something terrible is about to happen.

◇ I can’t see you now. I’m on the point of leaving.

④ be due to 表示以后的用法与时刻表、实施打算有关。例如：

◇ The train to Hangzhou is due to arrive at 13:15.

II、 语态

英语动词有两种语态，一种叫主动语态（Active Voice）， 一种叫被动语态（Passive Voice）, 别离表示主语和谓语动词的主动关系和被动关系。.主动语态用于主动句，表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态用于被动句，表示主语是动作的经受者。

☆ 大体公式是：“是”动词＋ 过去分词 （被动语态有13种）

1. am/ is / are + 2. am/ is / are +being +