Text of Chapter 5

power up1课文中文译文英文回答：Power Up 1 Text.Chapter 1: Setting the Stage.In this chapter, we'll explore the concept of power and how it manifests in our lives. We'll also discuss the different sources of power and how we can use them to achieve our goals.Chapter 2: Power in Relationships.This chapter focuses on the role of power in relationships. We'll examine how power can be used to create healthy and fulfilling relationships, as well as how it can be used to control and manipulate others.Chapter 3: Power in the Workplace.The workplace is another common setting where power dynamics come into play. This chapter will explore the different ways that power can be used in the workplace, both positively and negatively.Chapter 4: Power in the World.Finally, we'll broaden our perspective to look at the role of power in the world at large. We'll discuss how power can be used to create positive change, as well as how it can be used to oppress and exploit others.Chapter 5: Using Power Wisely.In this final chapter, we'll discuss how to use power wisely. We'll explore the principles of ethical power use and how we can use power to create a more just and equitable world.中文回答：强化1课文中文译文。

Unit 5He who does not advance loses ground.P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1One airline chief executive officer (CEO) was the master of the personal touch. Spending hours with his employees and getting to know their jobs, he persuaded them to accept pay cuts in return for an ownership stake. The concession put the company so solidly in the black that the CEO was able to sell it for $ 860 million. Another CEO scolded managers in front of others, cut one third of the work force and so embittered the survivors that his airline began to lose money, and the board of directors fired him.In any test of knowledge or IQ, the two CEOs would have dueled to a draw. The difference was their ability to handle relationships, argues Daniel Goleman in his new book, Working With Emotional Intelligence. Building on his 1995 best-seller, Emotional Intelligence, Goleman now probes how EI relates to the world of work. As he did in his earlier book, Goleman masterfully explains how a low EI hinders people’s full intellectual potential by flooding the brain with stress hormones that impair memory, learning and thinking. The heart of the book, though, is an analysis of data collected from more than 150 firms on what distinguishes so-so performers from superstars. Goleman’s findings: conventional intelligence takes second position to emotional intelligence in determining job performance.In jobs ranging from repairman to scientist, IQ accounts for no more than 25 percent of the difference between, say, a successful high-tech entrepreneur and a failed one. In another surprise, the contribution of IQ shrinks and the contribution of EI rises with the difficulty of a job and how high it ranks in an organization. Based on traits that companies say distinguish winners from losers, Goleman concludes that EI carries much more weight than IQ in determining success at the top.However, the many examples of CEOs and other people in top positions who have the emotional intelligence of a snake—but still were CEOs—undermine the case for EI’s indispensability in business. But even if you accept that EI determines who excels, you have to wonder if it should. Goleman describes how 112 entry-level accountants were judged more or less successful by their bosses according to their level of EI rather than their actual skills. No wonder so many auditors fail to notice cooked books.1. According to Goleman, the biggest difference between the two CEOs lies in[A] their attitude toward their employees.[B] their emotional intelligence.[C] their conventional intelligence.[D] their business strategy.2. Goleman’s new book Working With Emotional Intelligence is chiefly about[A] the difference between IQ and EI.[B] the relationship between EI and job performance.[C] the role of EI in a person’s success.[D] the importance of handling personal relationship.3. According to Goleman, which of the following persons owes the most to EI for his or her success?[A] Plumber.[B] Manager of the sales department.[C] President of a company.[D] Manager of the personnel department.4. The phrase “cooked books” in the last sentence most probably means[A] falsified account books.[B] books containing information for food preparation.[C] damaged books.[D] pirated books.5. The author of this text regards Goleman’s findings as[A] important. [B] surprising. [C] doubtful. [D] meaningless.Text 2The nobler and more perfect a thing is, the later and slower it is in arriving at maturity. A man reaches the maturity of his reasoning powers and mental faculties hardly before the age of twenty-eight, a woman at eighteen. And then, too, in the case of woman, it is only reason of a sort very niggard in its dimensions. That is why women remain children their whole life long, never seeing anything but what is quite close to them, cleaving to the present moment, taking appearance for reality, and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance. For it is by virtue of his reasoning faculty that man does not live in the present only, like the brute, but looks about him and considers the past and the future and this is the origin of prudence, as well as of that care and anxiety which so many people exhibit.Both the advantages and the disadvantages which this involves are shared in by the woman to a smaller extent because of her weaker power of reasoning. She may, in fact, be described as intellectually short-sighted, because, while she has an intuitive understanding of what lies quite close to her, her field of vision is narrow and does not reach to what is remote; so that things which are absent, or past, or to come, have much less effect upon women than upon men. This is the reason why women are more inclined to be extravagant, and sometimes carry their inclination to a length that borders upon madness. In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it if possible during their husband’s life, but, at any rate, after his death. The very fact that their husband hands them over his earnings for purposes of housekeeping, strengthens them in this belief.However many disadvantages all this may involve, there is at least this to be said in its favor,that the woman lives more in the present than the man, and that, if the present is at all tolerable, she enjoys it more eagerly. This is the source of that cheerfulness which is peculiar to women, fitting her to amuse man in his hours of recreation, and, in case of need, to console him when he is borne down by the weight of his cares.6. T he major difference between a man’s and woman’s intellect is that[A] men mature much later than women.[B] women are more intuitive than men.[C] women are more cheerful than men.[D] men’s intellect is nobler than that of woman.7.The word “Niggard” (Line 3,Para 1) probably means[A] stupid. [B] limited. [C] miserly. [D] mean.8. The cause of women’s enjoyment and cheerfulness is that[A] men do not challenge their intellect.[B] they are irresponsible by their very nature.[C] they live more in the present.[D] they want to console men.9. The author is probably a[A] philosopher. [B] gossip columnist. [C] happily married man. [D] biologist.10. Which of the following could be the best title of the text?[A] The Intellect of Women and Men[B] Women the Short-sighted[C] Think Less Worry Less[D] Happy Women and Anxious MenText 3Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first years. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at fourhis language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.11. The purpose of Frederick II’s experiment was[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak.[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech.[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak.[D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language.12. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly.[B] they are exposed to too much language at once.[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak.[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them.13. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.[C] Children who start to speak late prove to be of high IQ.[D] Most children learn their language in indefinite stages.14. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child?[A] He is born with the capacity to speak.[B] He has a brain more complex than an animal s.[C] He can produce his own sentences.[D] He owes his speech ability to good nursing.15. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] the mother should give the child careful mothering.[B] language is a basic human need.[C] the child will send out obvious signals if it is pleased.[D] the mother should be sensitive to the child’s body language.Text 4You are in trouble if you have to buy your own brand-name prescription drugs. Over the past decade, prices leaped by more than double the inflation rate. Treatments for chronic conditions can easily top $2,000 a month—no wond er that one in four Americans can’t afford to fill their prescriptions. The solution? A hearty chorus of “O Canada.”North of the border, where price controls reign, those same brand-name drugs cost 50% to 80% less.The Canadian option is fast becoming a political wake-up call. “If our neighbors can buy drugs at reasonable prices, why can’t we?”Even to whisper that thought provokes anger. “Un-American!” And—the propagandists’ trump card—“Wreck our brilliant health-care system.”Supersize drug prices, they claim, fund the research that sparks the next generation of wonder drugs. No sky-high drug price today, no cure for cancer tomorrow. So shut up and pay up.Common sense tells you that’s a false alternative. The reward for finding, say, a cancer cure is so huge that no one’s going to hang it up. Nevertheless, if Canada-level pricing came to the United States, the industry’s profit margins would drop and the pace of new-drug development would slow. Here lies the American dilemma. Who is all this splendid medicine for? Should our healthcare system continue its drive toward the best of the best, even though rising number of patients can’t afford it? Or should we direct our wealth toward letting everyone in on today’s level of care? Measured by saved lives, the latter is almost certainly the better course.To defend their profits, the drug companies have warned Canadian wholesalers and pharmacies not to sell to Americans by mail, and are cutting back supplies to those who dare.Meanwhile, the administration is playing the fear card. Officials from the Food and Drug Administration will argue that Canadian drugs might be fake, mishandled, or even a potential threat to life.Do bad drugs fly around the Internet? Sure—and the more we look, the more we’ll find. But I haven’t heard of any raging epidemics among the hundreds of thousands of people buying cross-border.Most users of prescription drugs don’t worry about costs a lot. They are sheltered by employee insurance, owing just a $20 co-pay. The financial blows rain, instead, on the uninsured, especially the chronically ill who need expensive drugs to live. This group will still include middle-income seniors on Medicare, who have to dig deeply into their pockets before getting much from the new drug benefit.16. What is said about the consequence of the rocketing drug prices in the U.S.?[A] A quarter of Americans can’t afford their prescription drugs.[B] Many Americans can’t afford to see a doctor when they fall ill.[C] Many Americans have to go to Canada to get medical treatment.[D] The inflation rate has been more than doubled over the years.17. According to the text, what can America do to control soaring drug prices?[A] Encourage people to buy prescription drugs online.[B] Extend medical insurance to all its citizens.[C] Import low-price prescription drugs from Canada.[D] Exercise price control on brand-name drugs.18. How do propagandists argue for the U.S. drug pricing policy?[A] Low prices will affect the quality of medicines in America.[B] High prices are essential to funding research on new drugs.[C] Low prices will bring about the anger of drug manufacturers.[D] High-price drugs are indispensable in curing chronic diseases.19. According to the author, what should be the priority of America’s h ealth-care system?[A] To resolve the dilemma in the health-care system.[B] To maintain America’s lead in the drug industry.[C] To allow the vast majority to enjoy its benefits.[D] To quicken the pace of new drug development.20. What are American drug companies doing to protect their high profits?[A] Labeling drugs bought from Canada as being fakes.[B] Threatening to cut back funding for new drug research.[C] Reducing supplies to uncooperative Canadian pharmacies.[D] Attributing the raging epidemics to the ineffectiveness of Canadian drugs.Part BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral. Great quantities of animal oil come from whales, those enormous creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world. To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.21. _________________________________.To the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as another. But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, he means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aero-planes and warships, motor-cars and diesel locomotives, the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery. This is the oil that has changed the life of the common man.22. _________________________________. This kind of oil comes out of the earth. Because it burns well, it is used as fuel and in some ways it is superior to coal in this respect. Many big ships now burn oil instead of coal.23.__________________________________. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated.24. __________________________________. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the seabed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry, pressure and temperature were changed into what we know as oil. For these creatures to become oil, it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time.There are several main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. One is that is the Middle East, and includes the Persian Gulf; another is the area between North and South America, as well as between Asia and Australia. The remaining area is near the North Pole.25. ___________________________________. If progress in using atomic power to drive machines is fast enough, it is possible that oil-driven engines may give place to a new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil will fall, the oilfields will gradually disappear, and the Arctic deposits may rest where they are forever.[A] When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Gas thatcomes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.[B] What was the origin of the oil, which now drives our automobiles and aircrafts? Scientiststhink that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past, and was formed from living things in the ocean.[C] The king of the oilfield is the driller. He is a very skilled man. Sometimes he sends his drillmore than a mile into the earth.[D] When all the present oilfields are exhausted, it is possible that this cold region may becomethe scene of oil activity. Yet the difficulties will be great, and the costs may be so high that no company will undertake the work.[E] When it is refined into petrol it is used to drive the internal combustion engine. To it we owethe existence of the automobile, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To it we owe the possibility of flying. It has changed the methods of warfare on land and sea. [F] They are a source of a great quantity of oil, which can be made into food for humanconsumption. A few other creatures yield oil, but none so much as the whale. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it, for it is used in cooking.Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.[G] Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. Two metal surfaces rubbing togethercause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Human relations have commanded people’s attention from early times. The ways of people have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. 26)Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences.“Intuitive” knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. 27)If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modern world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys(滑轮) and levers. 28)On the other hand, if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still “know” how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still “know” when someo ne was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the “whys” of much of the self’s behavior and feelings. 29)In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that “people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.”Paradoxically, with all this natural intuitive, commonsense capacity to grasp human relations,the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. 30)One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes(传道书) to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.stake n.股份，资金；危险2.concession n.让步，妥协；特许权；承认，认可3.embitter v.使痛苦，使受苦4.duel vi.斗争5.draw n.不分胜负v.拉；牵6.impair vt.损害，损伤；削弱7.distinguish v.区别，辨别8.conventional a.按照传统的；约定俗成的9.entrepreneur n.企业家10.trait n.特征，特点11.excel v.超过，优秀，胜过他人12.cook v.篡改；烹调，煮n.厨师，炊事员难句突破1.[As he did in his earlier book], Goleman [masterfully] explains how a low EI hinders people’s full intellectual potential [by flooding the brain with stress hormones (that impair memory, learning and thinking)].【分析】复合句。

Unit5passage1But are today's economic times actually worse?One way to measure that is the misery index.That was a gauge of economic trouble developed in the late1970s and 1980s that was supposed to be a more accurate measure of how bad the economy was for the average Joe.The misery index combines the inflation rate with the unemployment rate to come.And indeed those twin fears of joblessness and souring food and gas prices are what seems to be sapping confidence in the economy these days as well.So how does the economy measure up to the1970s based on the misery index. Actually pretty well.The misery index hit19.3at the end of1974,the year I was born. In1980,the index pare that to now and the economy looks positively rosy.Today the misery index would stand at11.Good times,right.Maybe not.But while the misery index may have been a good gauge of economic health in the1970s,it isn't the best measure of economic health at all times and misses the point today.One example,deflation is one of the worse things that can happen to the economy.Wages and income and asset values tumble,while debts stay the same. Bankruptcies galore.Yet,by the misery index,deflation would be a good thing, bringing the index down.And too little inflation,and the fear of deflation,has been one of the things that Bernanke has worried about.That's why Kathleen Madigan,over at the Wall Street Journal,has devised a new misery index that may do a better job of actually comparing today's economic times to back then.While inflation is low,many think it will soon rise,and that along housing prices and the lack of jobs could be what is holding back the economy.So Madigan's new misery index looks at the one year change in the jobless rate,gas prices and home prices.Based on those calculations,Madigan's new misery index scores in at20, up from8.3a year ago.She also finds that Phoenix is not the most miserable place, economy-wise,in the nation to live.So how does our current economic times measure up to the1970s?The earliest I could find for gas price data was1979.At the end of that year,the new misery index would actually stand at-8.So a rating of positively groovy.That's mostly due to the fact that housing prices rose12that year.The reading for1980would be13.2%.So now we are talking some economic pain.But still that's significantly less than Madigan's misery index reads now.So I guess it's time for me to recalibrate what I think the worst of economic times are.And I thought it was just the music that was better back then.至少对20世纪70年代出生的我们这一代人，那十年仍然是最糟糕的时代。

广联达计价软件GBQ4.0实训课程学生手册二零零七年七月软件简介 一、 软件定位GBQ4.0是广联达推出的融计价、招标管理、投标管理于一体的全新计价软件，旨在帮助工程造价人员解决电子招投标环境下的工程计价、招投标业务问题，使计价更高效、招标更便捷、投标更安全。

二、 软件用途1、 招标人在招投标阶段编制工程量清单及标底；2、 投标人在招投标阶段编制投标报价；3、 施工单位在施工过程中编制进度结算；4、 施工单位在竣工后编制竣工结算；5、甲方审核施工单位的竣工结算。

三、 软件构成及应用流程GBQ4.0包含三大模块，招标管理模块、投标管理模块、清单计价模块。

招标管理和投标管理模块是站在整个项目的角度进行招投标工程造价管理。

清单计价模块用于编辑单位工程的工程量清单或投标报价。

在招标管理和投标管理模块中可以直接进入清单计价模块，软件使用流程见下图：GBQ 4.0软件应用流程（投标阶段）投标人（招标阶段）招标人清单计价模块招标管理模块建立项目编制工程量清单/标底生成招标书导入电子招标文件编制投标报价生成投标书汇总单位工程分发单位工程汇总单位工程投标管理模块分发单位工程生成标底发出招标文件图1.1.1四、软件操作流程以招投标过程中的工程造价管理为例，软件操作流程如下：（一）、招标人编制工程量清单1、新建招标项目包括新建招标项目工程，建立项目结构。

2、编制单位工程分部分项工程量清单包括输入清单项，输入清单工程量，编辑清单名称，分部整理。

3、编制措施项目清单4、编制其他项目清单5、编制甲供材料、设备表6、查看工程量清单报表7、生成电子标书包括招标书自检，生成电子招标书，打印报表，刻录及导出电子标书。

（二）、投标人编制工程量清单1、新建投标项目2、编制单位工程分部分项工程量清单计价包括套定额子目，输入子目工程量，子目换算，设置单价构成。

3、编制措施项目清单计价包括计算公式组价、定额组价、实物量组价三种方式。

4、编制其他项目清单计价5、人材机汇总包括调整人材机价格，设置甲供材料、设备。

Chapter 5 The Rise of the NovelOverview•The English novel did not mature until the 18th century•The development of English novels was greatly influenced by European novels.•Prose fiction did exist in England before 1700.Novel•A novel is an extended work of written, narrative, prose fiction, usually in story form; the writer of a novel is a novelist.•Novelette•Short novel, often of inferior quality •Novella •(Italian) short novelFictionType of literature, e.g. novels, stories, describing imaginary events and peopleThe English word "novel" derives from the Italian word novella, meaning "a tale, a piece of news". The novel is longer (40,000 words and onwards) and more complex than either the short story and the novella, is not bound by the structural and metrical restrictions of plays and poetry, and is not usually composed of the traditional plots of myth and legend.Some early fictional works•Euphues– John Lyly•Arcadia– Sir Philip Sidney•Rosalynde– Thomas Lodge•The Unfortunate Traveler– Thomas NasheJohn Bunyan (1628 –1688)•an English preacher and writer. While imprisoned for preaching the Gospel without receiving permission from the Established Church, he wrote The Pilgrim's Progress.He is regarded the greatest fiction writer of the seventeenth century and one of the great figures in our literature, who would have himself disclaimed all title to being a novelist.Bunyan’s GravestoneI wondered, as I saw all the businesspeople sitting around eating lunch in this cemetery-turned-public park, if they had any idea the magnitude of the impact the people buried around them have had on the world to this day. For example, John Bunyan's book Pilgrim's Progress is the second best-seller of any book in history, second only to the Bible. Bunyan’s LifeHis first substantial work was an autobiography, Grace Abounding To the Chief of Sinners.This was followed by other works, of which by far the most read and most loved is his The Pilgrim's Progress From This World To That Which Is To Come, usually called Pilgrim's Progress.The work recounts in allegorical form the experience of a person (called Christian), from his first awareness of his sinfulness and spiritual need, tohis personal conversion to Christ, to his walk as a believer.He is shown as a pilgrim in this world on his way to the "Celestial City," which will be his true home forever. The work was an immediate sensation, and its popularity endured. For a century and more thereafter, there were many English-speaking Christians who were thoroughly familiar with only two books, The Bible and Pilgrim's Progress.Bunyan’s Other Works•The Life and Death of Mr Badman•Holy WarWithout regular education, and undisturbed by literary traditions, he had before him one great model of prose in the English Bible.Bunyan was endowed with a gift for detail and anecdote, for the description of scenery and the invention of conversation. So Pilgrim’s Progress, despite all its spiritual meanings, is a realistic story, contemporary and authentic. Although his allegorical method is ultimately medieval, nor can one usefully seek for followers. He was unique, and his work entered into that part of our literature which transcends its age and is permanent.The Rise of the Novel in the 18th Century•Daniel Defoe•Jonathan SwiftOverview•A novel allows a writer a creative space that no other genres of literature could provide.•In the first half of the 18th century human horizons expanded with the rapid developments in science, industry, and interests of life.•The novel thus became the suitable literary form for writers to describe the society with great spread and depth.The Rise of the Bourgeoisie•The control of the government gradually passed into the hands of the bourgeoisie.•Commercial developments having brought the middle class glamorous wealth that dazzled the aristocracy, the otherwise separate groups fused into one large social class.Like a mirror, early English novels dramatized the rise of the bourgeoisie and the middle class served as its major audience.Daniel Defoe (1660 – 1731)•Essayist, political propagandist, journalist, moralist, poet, novelist, Editor, publisher, spy both for the Whigs and the Tories.•Active 1697-1731 in England, Britain, EuropeHis Conception of Morality•Though his moral nature was not strong, he kept reserved, very compactly, in one corner of his mind, the Puritan values in which he was educated.From 1704 to 1713 he issued a triweekly news journal entitled The Review.At that time, the magazine was set up to win support for Harley but it achieved historical importance by establishing the form of the periodical essay.Defoe was followed by Sir Richard Steele and Joseph Addison in The Tatler and The Spectator.Novel-writing was only one of his activities, and he came to it late in life, and rich in experience.Defoe was one of the first to write stories about believable characters in realistic situations using simple prose. He achieved literary immortality when in April 1719 he published Robinson Crusoe, which was based partly on the memoirs of voyagers and castaways, such as Alexander Selkirk.The novel might be read from different viewpoints, social, political, religious and so on.The novel got published when Defoe was sixty and its success encouraged him and there followed in rapid succession: Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jacque, a Journal of the Plague Year and Roxana.He wrote with a knowledge of his audience, mainly the Puritan middle class, and selects themes which will have an immediate appeal to them.The skill of the novel lies in its detail, in the semblance of the authentic. Though Defoe paid little attention to the form of his novels –his novels simply ran on – he possessed a gift for story telling: while movement is there the attention is held.It cannot be denied that Defoe had little interest in mental state, Defoereveals less of the mind of his hero than one would expect. It would be interesting to see how Henry James, James Joyce or Virginia Woolf would retell this story.The dullest part of the work lies in the moral and religious reflections.Jonathan Swift (1667 – 1745)Poet, Pamphleteer, Novelist, Satirist, Prose Writer, Divine, Essayist, Historian, Humorist, Journalist, Letter Writer, Political Writer, Preacher, Priest .•Active 1692-1738 in England, Britain, Ireland, France, EuropeThe Glorious Revolution had far-reaching consequences for the way England was governed, especially in the growth of opposing parties of Whig and Tory. When James invaded Ireland in an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, Swift left for England, becoming secretary to the retired diplomat Sir William Temple at Moor Park in Surrey.He was already showing signs of the disabling brain disorder (Menière's Disease) which was to plague him with giddiness and deafness for the rest of his life and which probably informs much of his fascination with the diseased body and disordered mind.Swift's first significant publication was “An Ode to the Athenian Society” in 1692, the year in which he took an M.A. from Hart Hall, Oxford, in the hope of advancing his career.Gulliver's Travels was published in 1726, Jonathan's first big dive into prose. Though it's been pretty solidly labeled a children's book, it's also a great satire of the times that is pretty much beyond most children.It shows Jonathan's desire to encourage people to read deeper and not take things for granted: readers who paid attention could match all of Gulliver's tales with current events and long-term societal problems.In 1729, Jonathan wrote one of my favorites, A Modest Proposal, supposedly written by an intelligent and objective "political arithmetician" who had carefully studied Ireland before making his proposal.A Modest ProposalFor Preventing The Children of Poor People in IrelandFrom Being A Burden to Their Parents or Country, andFor Making Them Beneficial to The PublicThe author calmly suggests one solution for both the problem of overpopulation and the growing numbers of undernourished people: breed those children who would otherwise go hungry or be mistreated in order to feed the general public.Defoe's novel about Robinson Crusoe had appeared in 1719 and in the same vein Swift makes Lemuel Gulliver, a surgeon and a sea captain, recount his adventures.In part one, Gulliver is wrecked on an island where human beings are six inches tall. The Lilliputians have wars, and conduct clearly laughable with their self-importance and vanities - these human follies only reduced into aminiature scale.Gulliver's second voyage takes him to Brobdingnag. He meets giants who are practical but do not understand abstractions. In the third voyage contemporary scientist are held up for ridicule: science is shown to be futile unless it is applicable to human betterment.Gulliver then travels to the flying island of Laputa and the nearby continent and capital of Lagado. There he meets pedants obsessed with their own special field and utterly ignorant of the rest of the life.On the island of Glubbdubdrib Gulliver encounters a community of sorcerers who can summon the spirits of the dead, allowing him to converse with Alexander, Julius Caesar, Aristotle and others.He meets Struldbrughs, who are immortal and, as a result, utterly miserable and become senile in their 80s.In the fourth part Gulliver visits the land of Houyhnhnms, where horses are intelligent but human beings are not. The horses are served with degenerate creatures called Yahoos, demonstrating that human race would destroy itself without divine aid.Swift wrote the book with a serious purpose - "to mend the world". Gulliver's Travels was a typical social satire, a work of propaganda, in which Swift wanted to show the consequences of humanity's refusal to be reasonable. It is still widely read all over the world - especially the two first books are children's favorites - and open to many interpretations.But when Defoe was an optimist, Swift's in his bitter pessimism makes Gulliver return home, preferring the company of horses to that of his family.Every man desires to live long, but no man would be old.Source: Thoughts on Various SubjectsWe have just enough religion to make us hate, but not enough to make us love one another. Source: Thoughts on Various SubjectsHe gave it for his opinion, that whoever could make two ears of corn, or two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before, would deserve better of mankind, and do more essential service to his country, than the whole race of politicians put together.Gulliver's Travels V oyage to Brobdingnag (Pt. II, Ch. 102)Although men are accused of not knowing their own weakness, yet perhaps few know their own strength. It is in men as in soils, where sometimes there is a vein of gold which the owner knows not of.Blessed is he who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed.Censure is the tax a man pays to the public for being eminent.For in reason, all government without the consent of the governed is the very definition of slavery.I never wonder to see men wicked, but I often wonder to see them not ashamed.He was a bold man that first ate an oyster.Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps and hornets break through.Nothing is so great an example of bad manners as flattery. If you flatter all the company, you please none; If you flatter only one or two, you offend the rest.The maturity of the English novel came two decades after the publication of Gulliver’s Travels.The two earliest writers who firmly established the fame of the English novel are Samuel Richardson and Henry Fielding.Samuel Richardson (1689 – 1761)When he was 50 and established as a prosperous printer, Richardson was asked to compose a guide to letter writing. The idea of introducing a central theme occurred to him, and he interrupted his task to write and publish his novel of morals in letter form, Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded (2 vol., 1740). The novel tells the story of a virtuous young maidservant who so successfully eludes the lecherous assaults of her employer’s son that the young man finally marries her. The guide, known now as Familiar Letters, came out in 1741, just before V ol. III and IV of Pamela.Pamela was a huge success and became something of a cult novel. By May 1741 it reached a fourth edition and was dramatized in Italy by Goldoni, as well as in England.Richardson wrote two more long, epistolary novels, Clarissa Harlowe(7 vol., 1747–48), the tragic story of a girl who runs off with her seducer, regarded today as his best work, and The History of Sir Charles Grandison(7 vol., 1753–54).All Richardson’s novels were enormously popular in their day. Although he was a verbose and sentimental storyteller, his emphasis on detail, his psychological insights into women, and his dramatic technique have earned him a prominent place among English novelists.Henry FieldingBritish writer, playwright and journalist, founder of the English Realistic school in literature with Samuel Richardson.Fielding's career as a dramatist has been shadowed by his career as a novelist. His aim as a novelist was to write comic epic poems in prose - he once described himself as "great, tattered bard."Henry Fielding was born at Sharpham Park, Somerset. He was by birth a gentleman, close allied to the aristocracy. His father was a nephew of the 3rd Earl of Denbigha, and mother was from a prominent family of lawyers.Fielding started his career as a writer in London. In 1728 he wrote two plays, of which LOVE IN SEVERAL MASQUES was successfully performed at Drury Lane. In the same year he went to the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, enlarging his knowledge of classical literature.After returning to England, he devoted himself to writing for the stage. In 1730 he had four plays produced, among them TOM THUMB, which is his most famous and popular drama. According to a story, it made Swift laugh for the second time in his life.Between the years 1729 and 1737 Fielding wrote 25 plays but he acclaimedcritical notice with his novels.The best known are THE HISTORY OF TOM JONES, A FOUNDLING (1749), in which the tangled comedies of coincidence are offset by the neat, architectonic structure of the story, and THE HISTORY OF THE ADVENTURES OF JOSEPH ANDREWS (1742), a parody of Richardson's Pamela (1740).Although Fielding wrote in Tom Jones "That monstrous animal, a husband and wife", he married in 1734 Charlotte Cradock, who became his model for Sophia Western in Tom Jones and for the heroine of AMELIA, the author's last novel.Fielding's improvidence led to long periods of considerable poverty, but he was greatly assisted at various periods of his life by his friend R. Allen, who was the model for Allworthy in Tom Jones.In 1747 Fielding caused some scandal by marrying his wife's maid and friend Mary Daniel - he was condemned by every snob in England. Actually she was about to bear his child, and Fielding wished to save her from disgrace.Fielding died on October 8, 1754 in Lisbon. His travel book, THE JOURNAL OF A VOYAGE TO LISBON, appeared posthumously in 1755.Tobias Smollett (1721 –1771)a Scottish novelist the University of GlasgowIn 1744 he began practice as a surgeon in London.The Adventures of Roderick Random•His first picaresque novel•A strongly-flavored comedy•About a British sailor’s adventures•The plot is loosely-structured•The story is filled with vigorous actions.Picaresque novel•This special form of the roman adventures may be defined as the prose autobiography of a real or fictitious personage who describes his experiences as a social parasite, and who satirizes the society which he has exploited.In its final form the picaresque novel may be regarded as a Spanish invention.The Expedition of Humphry Clinker•His masterpiece•An epistolary novel•Recounts the comic incidents during the travels of a family through England and Scotland.•Noted for its powerful and humorous descriptions of English cities, and 18th-century manners and moresOther major works•The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle•Ferdinand Count Fathom•Complete History of EnglandLaurence Sterne (1713-1768)The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman•A highly original and innovative work•Its plot does not follow the conventional order of starting with a beginning, developing into a middle, and concluding in an end.•The hero is not born until book IV•The narrative is filled with digressions and associations, unfinished sentences, dashes, and even blank pages.Sterne believed that human thoughts are not sequential and orderly , and a novelist should have a way to describe this reality. As a result, he freed the sequence of thought from logical organization.He focused on the inner consciousness of his characters and attempted to bring the activities of one’s mind into the open.Consequently, Tristram Shandy is a pioneering work in the invention of the stream-of-consciousness novel.Other major works•Journal to Eliza•A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy。

单词text的中文是什么意思单词text的中文是什么意思英语单词text虽说看似很简单的，但有很多人都会忘记它的中文意思。

店铺为大家精心准备了英文单词text所指的中文意思，欢迎大家前来阅读。

text的中文意思英 [tekst] 美 [tkst]第三人称单数：texts第三人称复数：texts现在分词：texting过去式：texted名词文本，原文; 课文，教科书; 主题; 版本动词发短信相关例句名词1. Housing improvement was the speaker's text.改善住房是那位演讲人的题目。

2. The full text of the communique reads as follows.公报全文如下。

3. He is reading a text on Chinese philosophy.他在读一本中国哲学的教科书。

4. The text of every chapter is followed by questions.每一章正文之后有问答题。

5. A text is often changed here and there when it is copied.原文一经抄写便常有改动。

text的词典解释1. (书籍的)正文，文字部分The text of a book is the main part of it, rather than the introduction, pictures, or notes.e.g. The text is precise and informative.正文内容准确，信息量大。

2. 书面材料;文字材料Text is any written material.e.g. The machine can recognise handwritten characters and turn them into printed text...这种机器能够识别手写字体，并将其转化为打印文本。

A mother and her son learn more form a moment of defeat than they ever could from a victory. Her example of never giving up gives him courage for the rest of his life.The Day Mother CriedGerald Moore Coming home from school that dark winter's day so long ago, I was filled with anticipation. I had a new issue of my favorite sports magazine tucked under my arm, and the house to myself. Dad was at work, my sister was away, and Mother wouldn't be home from her new job for an hour. I bounded up the steps, burst into the living room and flipped on a light. I was shocked into stillness by what I saw. Mother, pulled into a tight ball with her face in her hands, sat at the far end of the couch. She was crying. I had never seen her cry. I approached cautiously and touched her shoulder. "Mother?" I said "What's happened?" She took a long breath and managed a weak smile. "It's nothing, really. Nothing important. Just than I'm going to lose this new job. I can't type fast enough." "But you've only been there three days," I said. "You'll catch on." I was repeating a line she had spoken to me a hundred times when I was having trouble learning or doing something important to me. "No." she said sadly. "I always said I could do anything I set my mind to, and I still think I can in most things. But I can't do this." I felt helpless and out of place. At age 16 I still assumed Mother could do anything. Some years before, when we sold our ranch and moved to town, Mother had decided to open a day nursery. She had had no training, but that didn't stand in her way. She sent away for correspondence courses in child care, did the lessons and in six months formally qualified herself for the task. It wasn't long before she had a full enrollment and a waiting list. I accepted all this as a perfectly normal instance of Mother's ability. But neither the nursery nor the motel my parents bought later had provided enough income to send my sister and me to college. In two years I would be ready for college. In three more my sister would want to go. Time was running out, and Mother was frantic for ways to save money. It was clear that Dad could do no more than he was doing already——farming 80 acres in addition to holding a fulltime job. A few months after we'd sold the motel, Mother arrived home with a use typewriter. It skipped between certain letters and the keyboard was soft. At dinner that night I pronounced the machine a "piece of junk." "That's all we can afford," mother said. "It's good enough to learn on." And from that day on, as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were done, Mother would disappear into her sewing room to practice. The slow tap, tap, tap went on some nights until midnight. It was nearly Christmas when I heard Mother got a job at the radio station. I was not the least bit surprised, or impressed. But she was ecstatic. Monday, after her first day at work, I could see that the excitement was gone. Mother looked tired and drawn. I responded by ignoring her. Tuesday, Dad made dinner and cleaned the kitchen. Mother stayed in her sewing room, practicing. "Is Mother all right?" I asked Dad. "She's having a little trouble with her typing," he said. "She needs to practice. I think she'd appreciate it if we all helped out a bit more." "I already do a lot," I said, immediately on guard. "I know you do," Dad said evenly. "And you may have to do more. You might just remember that she is working primarily so you can go to college." I honestly didn't care. I wished she would just forget the whole thing. My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her. Sitting beside her on the couch, I began very slowly to understand. "I guess we al have to fail sometime," Mother said quietly. I could sense her pain and the tension of holding back thestrong emotions that were interrupted by my arrival. Suddenly, something inside me turned. I reached out and put my arms around her. She broke then. She put her face against my shoulder and sobbed. I help her close and didn't try to talk. I knew I was doing what I should, what I could, and that it was enough. In that moment, feeling Mother's back racked with emotion, I understood for the first time her vulnerability. She was still my mother, but she was something more: a person like me, capable of fear and hurt and failure. I could feel her pain as she must have felt mine on a thousand occasions when I had sought comfort in her arms. A week later Mother took a job selling dry goods at half the salary the radio station had offered. "It's a job I can do," she said simply. But the evening practice sessions on the old green typewriter continued. I had a very different feeling now when I passed her door at night and heard her tapping away. I knew there was something more going on in there than a woman learning to type. When I left for college two years later, Mother had an office job with better pay and more responsibility. I have to believe that in some strange way she learned as much from her moment of defeat as I did, because several years later, when I had finished school and proudly accepted a job as a newspaper reporter, she had already been a journalist with our hometown paper for six months. The old green typewriter sits in my office now, unrepaired. It is a memento, but what it recalls for me is not quite what if recalled for Mother. When I'm having trouble with a story and think about giving up or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way mother did. What I remember then is not her failure, but her courage, the courage to go ahead. It's the best memento anyone ever gave me. NEW WORDS anticipation n. expectation anticipate vt. issue n. 发⾏物（刊物的）⼀期 tuck vt. put or push into a desired convenient position so as to hold tightly; draw together into a small space 塞（进）；卷（起） bound vi. move along quickly by jumping or leaping movements 跳跃 flip v. turn or move quickly or with a jerk tight a. drawn, fixed or fastened together firmly 紧的，牢的 ad. firmly, closely couch n. a long comfortable seat with a back and arms on which more than one person may sit; sofa 长沙发椅 approach v. come near or nearer（to） cautiously ad. very carefully 细⼼地，谨慎地 cautious a. type vt. write （sth.） with a typewriter line n. a row of words in a poem; a row of words on a page of writing or in print （诗、⽂的）⼀⾏ helpless a. unable to look after oneself or take action to help others, powerless assume vt. take as true without actual proof; suppose 假设，主观认为 ranch n. a very large farm for raising horses, cattle or sheep ⼤牧场，⼤农场 nursery n. a place where small children are temporarily cared for 托⼉所 day nursery n. a place where small children are cared for during the day training n. the process of training or being trained; instruction correspondence n. the act of exchanging letters 通信 correspondence course n. an educational course in which instruction and work are exchanged between the teacher and student by post 函授课程 formally ad. according to proper rules or lawful forms 正式地 formal a. qualify vt. make fit or competent for a special purpose 使具有资格 enrol（l）ment n. the number of people who have registered themselves as members of a school, a program, etc.; registering 注册⼈数，注册，登记 enrol（l） v. 注册，登记 motel n. a roadside hotel providing overnight lodging for motorists 汽车旅馆 frantic a. wildly anxious, afraid, happy, etc. acre n. 英亩 addition n. the act of adding 加，加法 full-time a. occupying all normal working hours typewriter n. 打字机 keyboard n. the set of keys on a typewriter, piano, etc. 键盘 junk n. old useless things 破烂，垃圾 tap n. a short light blow 轻叩 midnight n. the middle of the night 午夜 ecstatic a. marked by a state of overwhelming emotion, esp. great joy 欣喜若狂的 drawn a. （of the face） looking very tired or worried or tense 憔悴的；紧张的 respond vi. act in answer to the action of another; answer dad n. （colloq.） father evenly ad. calmly, peacefully even a. primarily ad. mainly; chiefly embarrassment n. a feeling of shyness, shame or guilt index n. sign or indication 指数，指标 pressure n. a constraining influence upon the mind （⼼理上的）压⼒ tension n. （a feeling of） nervous anxiety, worry, on pressure 紧张 arrival n. the act of arriving rack vt. shake violently 猛⼒摇动 vulnerability n. being liable to be damaged or hurt 易受伤性；脆弱性 vulnerable a. dry goods （AmE） cloth, ribbons, laces, curtains and similar textile fabrics 织物尖商品 session n. a meeting or period of time devoted to a particular activity 会议；（从事某项活动的）⼀段时间 journalist n. a person whose profession is writing for, editing, or publishing newspaper or magazines, a reporter 新闻⼯作者，记者 memento n. sth. which reminds one of a holiday, a friend, etc. 纪念品 cranky a. （of a machine） shaky; malfunctioning 不稳的；有⽑病的 PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS have sth. to oneself have sth. for one's own private use at work working; operating catch on （to） （informal） learn; understand 学会，懂得 set one's mind to （or on） pull all one's efforts into doing （sth）. 决⼼做 stand/be in sb's way be in a position to delay or prevent someone from his intended actions 阻碍，妨碍 send away for request （sth.） or order （goods） to be sent by post 函索 run out come to an end; be used up 到期；⽤完，耗尽 in addition （to） besides; as well （as） help out give help; help （sb.） at a time of need 帮助；帮助（某⼈）摆脱困境 on guard ready to defend or protect; watchful 警惕，提防 in tears crying hold back control; make （sth.） stay in place 抑制，阻⽌ go on take place or happen go ahead make progress; advance。

Unit5 An Alpine Divorce1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other. This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own.1约翰?伯德曼是一个常常走极端的人。

这本来应该没什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整个儿是他的翻版。

2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa; but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman. The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist. Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble.2毋庸置疑，对于任何一个男人，这世上总会有一个相当合适的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。

名著精读《小妇人》第五章:和睦邻居第3节The idea amused Jo, who liked to do daring things and was always scandalizing Meg by her queer performances. The plan of 'going over' was not forgotten. And when the snowy afternoon came, Jo resolved to try what could be done. She saw Mr. Lawrence drive off, and then sallied out to dig her way down to the hedge, where she paused and took a survey. All quiet, curtains down at the lower windows, servants out of sight, and nothing human visible but a curly black head leaning on a thin hand at the upper window.“走过去"这个计划一直在乔的脑海里纠缠；这天下午雪花飘落时，乔决定采取行动。

她看到劳伦斯先生坐车出了门，便开始挖路，一直挖到树篱边，这才停下来望望。

四处悄无声息--楼下窗户帘幕低垂，佣人也全无踪影，独见楼上窗边露出一个黑色鬈发的脑袋靠在纤薄的手掌上。

"There he is," thought Jo, "Poor boy! All alone and sick this dismal day. It's a shame! I'll toss up a snowball and make him look out, and then say a kind word to him."“他在上头呢，”乔想，“多可怜的人！这么阴沉沉的日子孤独一人，郁郁不乐。

Summary of Chapter FiveIn this chapter, we meanly talk about the notion of SEMANTICS. It can be simply defined as the study of meaning. In this chapter, we will limit ourselves to the study of meaning from a linguistic point of view.The following part is to talk about some views concerning the study of meaning. One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also the most primitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. There are several obvious limitations of this theory. Fist, it seems applicable to nouns only. Besides, some nouns which refer to things do not exist in the real world.So there comes the conceptualist view, which is more sophisticated. It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. That is to say, there is no direct contact between language and the real word. Then Ogden and Richards reached a conclusion, it can be best illustrated by the classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance. Let’s look at the followi ng diagram.Thought/ReferenceSymbol/Form ReferentIn the diagram, symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements, the referent refers to the object in the world of experience, and thought or reference refers to concept. From the chart, we can have a whole view of triangle of significance.And second view is contextualism, which bases meaning on context. The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. It has two kinds: the situational context and the linguistic context. The former one means every utterance occurs in a particular spatiotemporal situation, which various objects and events existent in the situation. And the latter one is concerned with the probality of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word.The third view is behaviorism. It can be summarized into this: situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.Next, we learn lexical meaning. Firstly, sense and reference, two relating but different aspects of meaning, are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, it is abstract and de-contextualized. And reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It is obvious that linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. On the other hand, there are also occasions when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.Besides, there are some major sense relations. First, synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. And according to the way they differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups: dialectal synonyms (synonyms used in different regional dialects), stylistic synonyms (synonyms differing in style), synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning, collocational synonyms, semanticallydifferent synonyms. The second one, polysemy means different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. The third one, homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. The fourth one, hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and amore specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. The fifth one, antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning, that it to say, words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms. There are three kinds of it: gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposites.After the lexical meaning, we come to the sense relations between sentences. And they are analyzed in terms of truth conditions. First, X is synonymous with Y. Second, X is inconsistent with Y. Third, X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X. Fourth, X presupposes Y or Y is a prerequisite of X. Fifth, X is a contradiction. Sixth, X is semantically anomalous.Therefore, we should learn the analysis of meaning. There are two methods: componential analysis and predication analysis. The former one means a way to analyze lexical meaning. The later one means a way to analyze sentence meaning.于野09301089。

Passage01 冰箱Q: 请问第一篇冰箱的发明的第2和3空怎么定位，我在原文找不到。

A: 第二第三题对应正文第四段最后一句话。

原文：and another made by physician JG, and developed vapor-compression refrigeration for the brewing and meatpacking industries.题干：and commercial refrigeration was applied to______as well as_______industries.对应：for=applied to; and=as well as定位词：commercial refrigerationQ: 还是冰箱那篇，为什么第5个空不能填alternatives？在原文中不是刚好接在比较级better后面吗？A: 第五题对应正文第五段第三句话。

原文：engineers worked until the 1920s to come up with better alternatives, one of which was Freon.题干：The safer _________took over it in 1920s.对应：better=safer; come up with=took over定位词：1920s请注意，填alternative不是最优答案，最准确的是氟利昂FreonPassage02 阿尔弗雷德诺贝尔Q: 求问第二篇第三题写highly explosive行不行？第二篇第三提求解析填的consideredA: 第三题对应正文第三段倒数第三行：he also realised that the safety problems had to be solved对应原文译文：阿尔弗雷德.诺贝尔对硝化甘油以及如何将它投入到建工领域进行实用非常有兴趣。

《英语短篇小说教程》练习参考答案Keys to Unit FiveRoald Dahl: The Taste1) Questions for Discussion:(Suggested answers for reference)(1) Can you explain the writer’s plotting -- which part is the exposition, or complication, or climax, or resolution of this short story?(exposition: lines 1-17);complication: lines 18-404; climax: lines 405-425; resolution: lines 426-431)(2) The narrator seems to be rather suspicious of Pratt’s motive. Can you find the places in the story where he shows his suspicion and underline them?1) He was completely engrossed in conversation with Mike’s eighteen-year-old daughter, Louise. … As he spoke, he leaned closer and closer to her, and the poor girl leaned as far as she could away from him, nodding politely, rather desperately…(lines 67-72)2) … in two short swallows he tipped the wine down his throat and turned immediately to resume his conversation with Louise Schofield. (lines 78-80)3) Except that, to me, there was something strange about his drawling voice and his boredom: between the eyes a shadow of something evil, and in his bearing an intentness that gave me a faint sense of uneasiness as I watched him. (lines 121-124)4) And yet, curiously, his next questions seemed to betray a certain interest. “You like to increase the bet?” (lines 138-139)5) It was a solemn, impassive performance, and I must say he (Pratt) did it well. (line 289)6) … he was becoming ridiculously pompous, but I thought that some of it was deliberate…(lines 316-317)(3) Can you say a few words about each of the three members of the Schofield family? Write down your impression on a piece of paper and read out what you have written to the class.(Michael Schofield is stockbroker, getting rich almost too effortlessly. Conscious of being less “cultured,” he imitates the way of life of high class, attempting to copy the manners of the “polite society,” to suppress his emotion, to be courteous whenever possible. He loves his daughter, but pays little attention to his wife’s opinion.Mrs. Schofield is similarly conscious of “cultured behavior,” always fearing that her husband may fail to keep to the polite manners. She is almost completely disregarded by her husband, and she knows it, but behaves as if her words had weight on him.Louise is a lovely young lady, generally behaving in the way that her parents would wish her to behave. She does not show her anger though obviously she is displeased by Mr. Pratt. She also accepts the ridiculous betting upon her father’s repeated pleading.)(4) The ending of the story is unexpected but significant. What does it reveal to you about the two characters, the humble maid and the wealthy and “highly cultured” Richard Pratt?(Though low in social status and in economic position, the humble maid demonstrates her wisdom, cool-mindedness, loyalty and nobility. On the contrary, the member of so-called “cultured class” such as Mr. Pratt, reveals fully his dishonesty, meanness and evil intention.)3) Explanation and interpretation:(Explain the implied meaning of the following sentences, and point out their significance in the context of the story.)(1) He (Pratt) was completely engrossed in conversation with Mike’s eighteen-year-old daughter, Louise. He was half turned towards her, smiling at her…(Pratt had an interest in his friend’s daughter and showed that almost openly. This shows that he is not a gentleman, but a mean-minded person.)(2) (The narrator): “But why the study?”Mike: “It’s the best place in the house. Richard helped me choose it last time he was here.”(This is a foreshadowing. Richard Pratt had set the trap. From the very beginning of the betting, Pratt had already had the plan, and step by step he led Mike into the trap.)(3) …and then he (Mike) picked up his knife, studied the blade thoughtfully for a moment, and put it down again.(He was making an effort to restrain himself and suppress his anger, but he might do anythingif he can not control himself in an explosive moment. Pratt’s desire for his daughter was outrageous and he had been challenging his patience for almost too long.)(4) It was a solemn, impassive performance, and I must say he (Pratt) did it well.(The narrator seemed to have noticed that what Pratt had staged was a well-prepared “performance.”)(5) Pratt glanced around, saw the pair of thin horn-rimmed spectacles that she held out to him, andfor a moment he hesitated. “Are they? Perhaps they are, I don’t know.”(Pratt now saw the big hole in his plan, but after a moment of indecision, he calmly attempted to cover it up by saying something in a careless manner.)4) Suggested Homework:(Turn the short story into a performable short play.)Task One: Divide the class into groups of six.Task Two: Rewrite the story in the form of a play. Shorten it by keeping only the necessary conversation and cutting away the rest. Add a brief introduction and someconclusive comments.Task Three: Prepare to act out the story with 6 characters in the play – the narrator who introduces the story at the beginning and makes a brief comment at the end, Mike Schofield, hiswife, his daughter Louis, Richard Pratt and the maid.The play may begin like this:Narrator: Mike Schofield, a wealthy stock broker, is holding a dinner party in his house in London.Among those sitting at table is a gentleman named Richard Pratt, a famous gourmet.Pratt has unusual knowledge of wine and by simply tasting it, he can tell the year andthe place of its production. As usual, tonight, the host expects a little bet with him on hisability to name the vintage of a particular wine.Mike: I’ve got some special wine tonight. You’ll never name this one, Richard. Not in a hundred years!Pratt: A claret?……(The students can cut and paste and reorganize from the original text, starting from line 115. )《英语短篇小说教程》练习参考答案Keys to Unit SixMary Gavell: The Swing1) Questions for Discussion:(Suggested answers for reference)(1) What is the significance of the opening sentence “As she grew old, she began to dream again”? Is it only the old age that causes the mother to dream and daydream more often now?(Dream is a replacement of what she cannot have in real life. As she grew old, she became less active physically and felt more lonely in her emotional life. That is why, most of her dreams are about the remembered past, the life with her son.)(2) What is it about Julius, the husband, that annoys the wife? Is he an annoying person? Why do you think he behaves the way he does? Does he understand her emotional situation?(The husband, Julius, suffers from the same problem. Old age made him physically weak so he moved about less and talked less. He shares the feeling of loneliness, but the man’s reaction is different from his wife. The ending part of the short story proves that. He keeps the emotion to himself, becoming more withdrawn and behaving, in his wife’s eyes, rather strangely.)(3) In one of the flashbacks, there is description of one of the Sunday dinners at the adult son’s home. How is the mother-son conversation different from her talks with her boy on the swing?(The conversation between the mother and her adult son does not have the intimacy and attachment it once had when the son was a boy. Behind the mature politeness, there is some distance between generations. While in the past, they could talk about anything and everything and could share true sentiments.)(4) How do you explain the jacket hanging on the nail?(We cannot explain it realistically or rationally, unless we regard is also as part of the dream. There is a literary school of writing called “magic realism,” in which the real and the fantastic are merged for a special effect. So, this can best be understood as a touch of “magic realism.”)3) Explanation and Interpretation:(Explain the implied meaning of the following sentences, and point out their significance in the context of the story.)(1) (The mother thought:) “I wish that when I ask him how he is he wouldn’t tell me that there is every likelihood that the Basic Research Division will be merged with the Statistics Division.”(The grown-up son’s interest is in his work, while the mother’s interest is in his personal life. Her question shows her concerned of him as a son, but his mind bends on his career. He is now living in a world that his mother knows little about, and he is no longer as dependent on her as he was when he was a child. The mother feels some sadness because the conversation once again reminds her of the fact that her son has left her nest and now is flying on his own wings.)(2) she had had the ancient piano tuned… had been reading books on China… and was going to dig it (phlox) all up and try iris (in the garden)…(She has been trying to find things to do, possibly to kill boredom and loneliness.)(3) He came every night or two after that, and she lay in bed in happy anticipation, listeningfor the creak of the swing.(She waits, lying in bed, for the happy time with eagerness. So the meeting with her sonin dream highlights the problem in her old age living with a reticent and inactive husband. It is her only moment of great joy – remembering the life of the past.)(4) … she sat and watched as he walked down the little back lane that had taken him to school, and off to college, and off to a job, and finally off to be married…(It is the boy’s growing-up process: leaving home, going to school, to college, to working unit and establishing his own family. The scenes pass before her mind’s eye quickly and there is a tragic sense reminding her that her son, as a child, has left her forever.)。