Parking enforcement and travel demand management

30th Highest Hourly Volume，30HV 第30最高小时交通量3-Leg Interchange 三路立体交叉3-Leg Intersection 三路交叉AA.M. Peak Period 早高峰Absolute speed limit 绝对速限Abutting property 邻街建筑物Acceleration Lane 加速车道Access 出入口Access Control 出入管制；进出管制Access ramp 出入引道Accessibility 可及性Accident 肇事；事故；意外事件Accident (Crash) Rate 事故率Accident (Crash) Severity 事故严重性Accident Analysis 事故分析；意外分析；肇事分析Accident Assessment 事故鉴定Accident Casualty 事故伤亡Accident Cause 事故原因Accident Characteristics 肇事特性Accident Hazardous Location 易肇祸路段Accident Investigation 事故调查Accident Prone Location 易肇事地点Accuracy 精度Actual travel time 实际行驶时间Adaptive route choice 适应性路线选择Advanced driver information system ADIS 先进驾驶员信息系统Advanced Traffic Management Services ATMS 先进交通管理服务Advanced Traveler Information Services ATIS 先进路人信息服务Advanced vehicle control system 先进车辆控制系统Aerial Map 航测图Aerial perspective 鸟噉图；空中透视Overload, Overloading 超载Air resistance 空气阻力Alignment Design 路线设计；定线设计Algorithm 运算法则All-day Service 全天候服务Alley 巷；道Allowable Bearing Capacity 容许承载量Allowable load 容许载重Alternate Method 替代方法Alternative(s) 替代（换）方案American Concrete Institute ACI 美国混凝土学会；美国混凝土研究会American Federal Highway Administration FHWA 美国联邦公路总署American Institute of Transportation Engineers ITE 美国交通工程师学会American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE 美国土木工程师协会Amplification effect放大效应Amplifier 扩大器Annual Average Daily Traffic, AADT 年平均日交通量Annual budget 年度预算Annual Traffic 年交通量Appropriate measures 适当防制措施Arc 弧线Arrival time 到达时间Arterial 主要干道Asphalt, Asphalt Cement, Asphalt Binder 沥青（美国用语）；沥青胶泥At-Grade Intersection 平面交叉Advanced traffic management system ATMS 先进的交通管理系统；高等交通管理系统Automated toll system 自动化收费系统Automatic Cargo Identification, ACI 自动货物辨识Automatic Vehicle Classification, AVC 自动车辆分类Automatic Vehicle Identification, AVI 自动车辆辨识Automatic Vehicle Location, AVL 自动车辆定位Automatic Vehicle Monitoring, AVM 自动车辆监视Auxiliary Lanes 辅助车道Average Delay Time 平均延滞时间Average Waiting Time 平均等候时间BBalance Cut and Fill 均衡挖填Barrier, Noise barrier, Noise barrier wall 防音墙Birds' eye view 鸟噉图Blast 开炸Bleeding (沥青路面)泛油; (水泥混凝土表面)泛浆Blood alcohol concentration 血液中酒精浓度Bottleneck 瓶颈Bottleneck Road 瓶颈路段Brake failure, Defective brake 煞车失灵Brake light 煞车灯Brake Reaction time 煞车反应时间；制动反应时间Braking Distance 剎车视距（停车视距）Braking system 煞车系统Breakdowns 故障Breath alcohol concentration 呼气酒精含量Brick Pavement 砖铺路面；砖铺面Bridge 桥梁Bridge expansion joint 桥面伸缩缝Bridge inspection 桥梁检测Bridge Management System 桥梁管理系统Bridge span 桥跨Brightness contrast 辉度对照比Brittle fracture 碎裂Gravel Road 碎石路Broken Stone Surface 碎石路面Budget 预算经费Budgetary estimate 经费概算Buffer 缓冲剂；缓冲器Buffer distance 缓冲距离Buffer reach 缓冲段Buffer time 缓冲时间Buffer zone 缓冲带Building Code 建筑规则；建筑法规Bumper 保险杆Bus Exclusive Lane 公交专用道Bus operation 公交营运Bus Rapid Transit 公交捷运Bus route inquiring system 公交路线查询系统Bus scheduling 公交排班Bus station 公交停靠站Bus Terminal 公交终站；公交总站；公交场站Business District 商业区CCab, Taxi 出租车Capacitated freight distribution 零担货物运输Capacity analysis 容积分析Capacity and level of service analysis 容量与服务水准分析Capacity constraint, Capacity restriction 容量限制Capacity estimation 容量估计Capacity limitation 容量极限值Car accident, Traffic accident 交通事故Car detector, Vehicular detector 车辆侦测器Car following model 跟车模式；自动跟车系统Car navigation system 汽车导向系统Car Ownership 汽车持有；汽车持有权Car Pooling, Carpool 汽车共乘Carbon Dioxide CO2二氧化碳Casualty 伤亡Caution Light 警告灯Caution Sign 警告标；警告标志Caution Signal 注意信号；警告号志Concrete Pavement 混凝土路面Critical Speed 临界速率Census 普查Center Island 中央岛Centerline 中心线Central Business District CBD 中心商业区Charging system 收费系统Children-only Bus 幼童专用车Circulation 通风；交通Circumferential street (road) 外环（环状）道路City Rebuilding 都市重建Classification Count 分类调查Classification of road 道路分类Classification of Soil 土壤分类Clear distance 净距Clear height 净空高Clear Span 净跨距Climate Conditions 气候情况Close System Toll Station 封闭制收费站Closed Loop 封闭环路CO Detector 一氧化碳侦测器Code 规范；数值Coefficient of friction, Friction coefficient, Frictional coefficient 摩擦系数Collision Accident 碰撞事故Collision Warning Systems 碰撞预警系统Commercial Center 商业中心Commercial District 商业区Community Center 杜区中心Community Planning 社区规划Commuter 通勤者Commuter Rail, Commuter Train 通勤火车Commuting Distance 通勤距离Compatibility 兼容性Compensation 征收补偿Complex intersection 复合适交叉路口Composition of Traffic 交通组成Comprehensive Planning 综合性计划Compressibility of Soil 土壤压缩性Computer-Aided Dispatching System 计算机辅助派车系统Concave-convex 凹凸形Concrete barrier (New Jersey) 新泽西（混凝土）护栏Concrete pavement 混凝土铺面Conflicting point 冲突点Congestion degree 拥挤度Congestion pricing 拥挤定价Congestion Time 拥挤时间Congestion toll 拥挤费Construction Sign 施工标志Construction Specification 施工规范Construction/Maintenance Zone 施工维修区Contour Line 等高线Contour Map 等高线图Control of Access 出入管制Convex Function 凸函数Corridor 交通通廊Cost of Service 服务成本Count-down pedestrian signal 行人倒数计时显示器Counter flow 对向车流Country road 乡道Crash 冲撞；碰撞Critical Path 要径Critical Point 临界点Cross road 十字路口；交叉路；十字路Crown 路拱；路冠Crude Oil 原油Curb 缘石；路边石；护角Curve 曲线；曲线板；弯道Cushion material 缓冲材料Cushioning effect 缓冲效应DDaily Rainfall 日降水量Daily variation diagram 日变化图Deceleration 减速度Defective brake 煞车失灵Deformation 变形Defrosting 解冻Degree of Saturation 饱和度Delivery area 卸货区Delivery system 配送系统Delivery time 递送时间；送货时间Demand volume 需求流量Demand-Capacity Control 需求容量控制Demand-supply of parking spaces 停车空间的供需问题Demographic Data 人口资料Density of Traffic 交通密度；车流密度Design Capacity 设计容量Design curve 设计曲线Destination 目的地Destination zone 讫点区Detector 侦测器Deterioration 变质；恶化Diagonal crosswalk lines 班马纹行人穿越道Diesel Fuel 柴油Diffuse 扩散Digital image processing 数字影像处理Digital Map 数字地图Dining area 餐饮区Direction Factor 方向系数Disabled parking lots 残障停车位Dispatching efficiency 调度效率Distance 距离Distance-Measuring Equipment DME 测距仪Distribution center 配运中心Distribution center, Goods distribution center 物流中心Diverging area 分流区；分流区域Diverging point 分流点Dividing Strip 分隔带Domestic 本土的；区域的Door to door service 及门服务；及户服务Double decked bus 双层巴士Double-deck ramp 双层匝道Down Grade 下坡Downstream 下游Downtown street 闹市街道Dozer 推土机Drafting Room 制图室Drain Ditch 排水沟Drain Pipe 排水管Drainage Facilities 排水设施Driver behavior model 驾驶员行为模式Driver Information System 驾驶信息系统Driver Perception Reaction Distance 驾驶员反应距离Driver's License 汽车驾驶执照；汽车驾照Driving Simulator 驾驶仿真器Driving under the influence of alcohol 酒后驾驶Dynamic characteristics 动态特性Dynamic route choice 动态路径选择Dynamic system-optimum control model 动态系统最佳控制模式Dynamic traffic characteristic 动态交通特性Dynamic traffic signal control 动态交通号志控制系统EEarth Embankment 土堤Earth Excavation 挖土Earth Fill 填土Earthquake 地震East-West Expressway 东西向快速公路Economic benefits analysis 经济效益分析Elastic Deformation 弹性变形Elastic equilibrium 弹性平衡Electronic distance measurement instrument 电子测距仪Electronic gate 电子门；电动门Electronic Toll Collection 电子收费Elevated Highway 高架公路Elevation 标高；高程Elevator 电梯E-map of highway 公路电子地图Embankment 路堤Emergency delivery 紧急输送Emergency Escape Ramps 紧急出口匝道Emergency evacuation 紧急疏散Enforcement 执法，执行Engineering Economic Analysis 工程经济分析En-Route Driver Information 途中驾驶员信息En-Route Transit Information 途中运输信息Entrance (entry), ingress 进口路段Entrance exit 出入口Environment factor 环境因素Environmental impact assessment 环境影响评估Environmental sensitive area 环境敏感地带（环境敏感区位）Escalator 电扶梯Excavation Work 挖土工程Excess Fuel Consumption 超额燃油消耗Exclusive bike lane/Bikes only 脚踏车专用道Exclusive lane 专用车道Exit Ramp Closure 出口匝道关闭Exit Ramp Control 出口匝道控制Expansion Factor 膨胀因素；扩展系数Expansion Joint 伸,接缝Explosive 炸药Express slow traffic divider 快慢分隔岛Expressway 快速道路（进出管制或半进出管制）Glare control 眩光控制Glare screen 防眩设施Glare shield 眩光遮蔽物Global Positioning System GPS 全球定位系统Goods delivery problem 货物配送问题Grade 坡度；纵向坡度Graphical analysis 图解分析法Gravel Road 砾石路Gravity Model 重力模式Greenhouse effect 温室效应Guidance information 导引信息Guide Sign 指示标志HHazardous materials 危险物品Head light 前灯；车前大灯Head On Collision 车头对撞Heavy weight transportation management 大载重运输管理High beam 远光灯High capacity buses 高容量巴士High Occupancy Vehicle HOV 高乘载车辆High-Occupancy Vehicle Priority Control 高承载率车优先行驶控制High Speed Rail 高速铁路Highway aesthetics 公路美学Highway alignment design 公路线形设计Highway Construction and Maintenance Cost 公路建设维护成本Highway Supervision and Administration 公路监理Histogram 直方统计图Hit-and-run driving 肇事逃逸；闯祸逃逸Holding Line Marker 等候线标记Home interview 家庭访问Horizontal Clearance 侧向净宽Horizontal Curve 平曲线Hourly variation 时变化图Human characteristics 人类特性Human factor 人为因素；人事行为因素Hydrophilic 亲水性Hydrophobic 厌水性IIdeal Condition 理想状况Illegal parking 违规停车Impact 冲击Improving Highway Traffic Order and Safety Projects 道路交通秩序与交通安全改进方案Indemnity of Damage 损害赔偿Intensity of Rainfall 雨量强度Index system, Indicator system 指标体系Indirect observation 间接观测Individual difference 个人禀性的差异Infrastructure 内部结构；基础建设Inspection of Vehicle 汽车检验Intelligent Transportation System ITS 智能运输系统Intensity and Duration of Rainfall 降雨时间与密度Intercepting Drain 截水管Intercity bus industry 长途客运（业）Intersection design 交叉路口设计Interview technique 访问法；访谈法Intoxicated driving 酒后驾车JJoint Operation of Transport 联运Junction 路口LLag time 延迟时间Landscape design 景观设计Landslide/Slump 坍方Lane, traffic lane 车道Lane Width 车道宽度Latent travel demand 潜在旅次需求Lateral clearance 侧向净距Laws of randomness 随机定理Left turn lane 左转车道Left turn waiting zone 左转待转区Left turning vehicle 左转车辆Length of grade 坡长Level Crossing 平面交叉Level of Service 服务水准License Plate 汽车号牌License Suspension 吊扣驾照License Termination 吊销License Plate Recognition 车牌辨识Light Rail Rapid Transit LRRT 轻轨捷运Load limit 载重限制Loading & unloading zone 上下旅客区段或装卸货物区段Local Area Network, LAN 局域网络Logical Architecture 逻辑架构Long tunnel 长隧道Longitude 经度Longitudinal Drain 纵向排水Longitudinal Grade 纵坡度Long-Range Planning 长程规划Loop 环道（公路方面）；回路（电路方面）Lost Time 损失时间MMacro or mass analysis 汇总分析；宏观分析Magnetic Levitation Maglev 磁浮运输系统Magnetic loop detector 磁圈侦测器Mainline 主线Management Information System MIS 管理信息系统Manual counts 人工调查法Marking 标线Maximum allowable gradient 最大容许坡度Maximum capacity 最大容量Maximum Density 最大密度Maximum Likelihood Function 最大概似法Maximum Peak Hour Volume 最尖峰小时交通量Measure of Effectiveness MOE 绩效评估指针Mechanical garage 机械式停车楼（间）Merge 合并；并流；进口匝道；并入Merging area 并流区域Merging point 并流点Metropolitan Planning Area 大都会规划区Minimum Grade 最小纵断坡度Minimum sight triangle 最小视界三角形Minimum turning radius 最小转弯半径Mixed flow 混合车队Mixed traffic 混合车队营运Mixed traffic flow 混合车流Monitoring 监测Monorail 单轨铁路Mortality 死亡数Motivation 动机Mountain road 山区道路Multilayer 多层Multileg Interchange 多路立体交叉Multileg Intersection 多路交叉NNational freeway 国道National System Architecture 国家级架构Natural ventilation 自然通风Navigation 引导；导航Net Weight 净重No left turn 不准左转；请勿左转No parking 禁止停车Noise barrier, Sound insulating wall 隔音墙Noise pollution 噪音污染Noise sensitive area 噪音敏感地区Nonhomogeneous flow 不同流向的车流；非均质车流Nonskid Surface Treatment 防滑处理Nonsynchronous controller 异步控制器Novelty 新奇性Number of Passengers 客运人数Number of Registered Vehicle 车辆登记数Nurture room 育婴室OOccupational Illness 职业病Off parking facilities, Off street parking garage 路外停车场Off Season 运输淡季Off street parking 路外停车One-way arterial street 单向主要干道One-way Street 单行道One-way Ticket 单程票Operating Cost 营运成本Operating Time 营运时间Optimal path 最佳路径Optimal spacing 最适间距Optimum asphalt content 最佳沥青含量Optimum Moisture Content 最佳含水量Ordinance 条例Origin and destination study 起讫点研究Outlet Control 出口控制Overall travel time 全程行驶时间Overburden 超载；覆盖Overloaded vehicle 超载车辆Overloading experiment 超载实验Overpass 天桥；高架道Ozone layer 臭氧层PParameter 参数Parcel distribution industry 包裹配送业Park and ride system 停车转乘系统Parking behavior 停车行为Parking capacity 停车容量Parking demand 停车需求Parking discount 停车折扣Parking facility 停车设施Parking Lot 停车场Parking prohibition 禁止路边停车Parking restriction 停车限制Parking supply 停车供给Passing Sight Distance 超车视距Patrolling 巡逻Pavement aging 铺面老化Pavement Condition 铺面状况Pavement Drainage 路面排水Pavement maintenance 铺面维护Pavement rehabilitation 铺面翻修Pavement roughness 铺面糙度Pavement strength 铺面强度Pavement-width transition marking 路宽渐变段标线Peak Season 运输旺季Pedestrian Crossing 行人穿越道线Pedestrian Signals 行人号志Pedestrian行人Pedestrian factor 行人因素Pedometer 步测计Perception distance 感识距离Perception Time 认识时间Performance 绩效；功能Permeability Coefficient 透水系数Permeability test 透水试验Photoelectric detector 光电侦测器Platform 平台Pore 孔隙Priority 优先权Private Vehicle 自用车辆Provincial Highway 省道QQualitative 定性Quantification 定量Queue Length 等候线长度Queuing time 等候时间Queuing model 等候模式RRadar meter, speed gun 雷达测速仪Radial street 辐射式道路Radius of curvature 曲率半径Rainfall Frequency 降雨频率Rainfall Intensity 降雨强度Ramp closure 匝道封闭Ramp control 匝道管制；匝道仪控Reaction time 反应时间Real-time 实时Real time scheduling 实时排程Real-time Traffic Information 实时交通信息Rear-end collision 尾撞Reasonable or prudent speed limit 合理速限Reckless driving 驾驶疏忽Reliability 可靠性Remote Area 偏远地区Residential District, Residential Area 住宅区Resistance Value, R-Value 阻力值；R-值Rest Area, Rest Site 休息区Restricted curb parking 规定时限的路边停车Retail district 零售区Reversible one-way street 调拨式（可变）单行道Revocation 注销驾照Ride sharing 车辆共乘Ride Sharing Program 车辆共乘计划Right of ingress or egress 进出权Road bed, Roadbed, Subgrade 路基Road capacity 道路容量Road closure 道路封闭Road construction 道路建设Road design 道路设计Road Functional Classification 道路功能分类Road geometric factor 道路几何因素Road improvement 道路改善Road landscape, Roadscape 道路景观Road maintenance 道路维护Road pricing 道路定价Road roughness 路面粗糙度Road safety, Traffic safety 道路安全Road surface thickness, Thickness of pavement 路面厚度Road survey 道路测量Road toll 道路收费Road widening 道路拓宽Roadside interview 路旁（边）访问调查Round Trip Ticket 来回票Route choice, Route selection 路线选择Route familiarity 路径熟悉度Route Guidance 路径导引SSafe-passing sight distance 安全超车视距Safe-stopping sight distance 安全停车视距Sample 试样Sample size 抽样大小Sampling 取样Saturation capacity 饱和容量Saturation flow 饱和流量Scale 尺度；比例尺Scanning 扫描Scheduled Service 定时服务班次Scheduled Signal Control 定时号志控制Scheduling 排班School Bus 校车Seat belt （座椅）安全带Semi-actuated signal 半触动号志Semi-actuated Signal Control 半感应号志控制Semicircular 半圆式Semidynamic route guidance 准动态路径导引Sensitivity Analysis 敏感度分析Sensitivity Parameter 敏感度参数Service Area 服务区Sharp Turn 急弯Shear force 剪力Shopping center 购物中心Shortest path 最短路径Shortest path algorithm 最短路径算则Short-Range Planning 短程规划Shoulder 路肩Sidewalk 人行道Sight Triangle 视线三角形Sign 标志Signal 信号；号志Signalized intersection 号志化路口Simulation 仿真Single Journey Ticket 单程票Slope stability analysis 边坡稳定分析Slump 坍方Smart Card 智能卡Soil Stability Analysis 土壤稳定分析Sound barriers 隔音墙Specifications 规范Speed, Velocity 速度Speeding 超速Stability 稳定性Stage construction 分期施工Standard deviation 标准差Static characteristics 静态特性Static Load 静止荷重Stochastic congested network 随机性拥挤路网Strictly Decrease Monotonically 严格单调递减Strictly Increase Monotonically 严格单调递增Subcenter 次中心Superelevation 超高Suspension Bridges 吊桥Suspension from toll 暂停收费Swampy Areas 沼泽区Swerve 偏离正常行车方向；逸出常轨Synchronization 同步Synchronized watch (timer) 同步定时器Synchronous controller 同步控制器System Architecture SA 系统架构TTerminal 场站Time limit 时间限制Time-and-space restriction 时间和空间限制Toll collection station, Toll gate, Toll plaza, Toll station 收费站Tolling equity 收费公平性Topographic maps 地形图Topographic surveys 地形测量Total deformation 总变形Track of vehicle 车辆轨迹Track width 轮距宽度；轨宽Tractive Force 牵引力Trade-off 取舍权衡Traffic Accident 交通事故Traffic accident investigation form 交通事故调查表Traffic administration 交通行政管理Traffic Assignment 交通量指派Traffic Composition 交通组成Traffic congestion, Traffic jam 交通壅塞Traffic control and management 交通控制与管理Traffic Control Center TCC 交通控制中心Traffic corridor 交通走廊Traffic count (survey) 交通量调查Traffic counting program 交通量调查计划Traffic data collection system 交通资料收集系统Traffic demand 交通需求Traffic Demand Management TDM 运输需求管理Traffic Density 车流密度Traffic engineering 交通工程Traffic equilibrium 交通均衡Traffic evacuation 交通疏散Traffic facility, Transportation facility 交通设施Traffic Flow 车流；交通流Traffic impact assessment, Traffic impact evaluation 交通冲击评估Traffic improvement 交通改善Traffic light, Traffic signal 交通号志Traffic Marker 标线Traffic Mitigation Measures 交通疏缓措施Traffic monitoring facility 交通侦测设备Traffic ordinance 交通条例Traffic regulation 交通规则；道路交通安全规则Traffic simulation 交通仿真Traffic Volume/Flow 交通量/流量Transfer station 转运站Transition 渐变段Travel time 行驶时间Traveler Services Information 路人服务信息Trip Generation 旅次发生Trip purpose 旅次目的Truck terminal 货车场站Tunnel 隧道Tunnel Entrance 隧道入口Tunnel excavation 隧道开挖Turning prohibition 禁止转弯运行Turning radius 转弯半径Two lanes 双车道UUnderground Water 地下水Unit price 单价Unrestricted curb parking 未加限制的路边停车Unsignalized intersection 非号志化路口Unstable flow 不稳定车流；不稳定流动状态Uphill way 上坡路段Upstream section 上游段；上流段Urban expressway 都巿快速道路Urban Planning 都市计划VVans 厢式车Vehicle classification 车种分类Vehicle tracing system, Vehicle tracking system 车辆追踪系统Ventilation shaft 通风竖井WWeaving length 交织长度Weaving section 交织区段Weight-in-Motion WIM 行进间测重；动态地磅ZZebra Lines 斑马线。

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第1篇I. IntroductionTraffic safety is a crucial issue in modern society. In order to ensure the safety of road users, reduce traffic accidents, and maintain order on the road, it is necessary to establish and implement traffic safety regulations. These regulations are designed to govern the behavior of drivers, pedestrians, and other road users. The following is a comprehensive translation of traffic safety regulations, which includes various aspects of road safety.II. General Provisions1. Scope of ApplicationThese regulations apply to all vehicles, drivers, pedestrians, and other road users on roads within the territory of the People's Republic of China.2. Definitions- Vehicle: Any self-propelled or towed vehicle used for transportation.- Driver: The person who operates a vehicle in accordance with the provisions of these regulations.- Pedestrian: Any person walking on the road or adjacent areas.- Road: Any public road, urban road, rural road, or road under construction.- Traffic Accident: Any incident that occurs on the road, resulting in death, injury, or property damage.3. Responsibilities of Road UsersAll road users shall comply with these regulations and maintain good road manners. They shall exercise due care to ensure their own safety and the safety of others.III. Vehicle Regulations1. Vehicle Registration and InspectionAll vehicles shall be registered and inspected in accordance with the provisions of the law. Unregistered or unroadworthy vehicles shall not be driven on the road.2. Vehicle Operation- Drivers shall hold a valid driving license corresponding to the type of vehicle they are driving.- Vehicles shall be operated in good condition, with all necessary equipment functioning properly.- The vehicle's speed shall not exceed the speed limit set by the road conditions.- The vehicle's headlights, taillights, and other lighting devices shall be kept in good working order during the day and at night.3. Traffic ViolationsThe following acts are considered traffic violations:- Driving without a license or with an invalid license.- Overloading or exceeding the vehicle's weight limit.- Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs.- Illegally using a vehicle with stolen license plates.- Illegally installing or using any device that obstructs the driver's view.IV. Driver Regulations1. Driver QualificationsDrivers shall meet the following qualifications:- Be of legal age and have a valid driving license.- Possess good physical and mental health conditions.- Have no record of major traffic violations within the past three years.2. Driver Responsibilities- Drivers shall comply with traffic signs, signals, and road markings.- Drivers shall maintain a safe distance from other vehicles to prevent collisions.- Drivers shall not use a mobile phone or other electronic devices while driving.- Drivers shall not drive when tired or under the influence of alcohol or drugs.3. Traffic ViolationsThe following acts are considered traffic violations:- Driving without a license or with an invalid license.- Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs.- Driving against traffic or on the wrong side of the road.- Violating traffic signals or road markings.- Illegally parking or stopping on the road.V. Pedestrian Regulations1. Pedestrian Rights and ResponsibilitiesPedestrians have the right to use the road, but they shall also comply with the following responsibilities:- Cross the road at designated crosswalks or intersections.- Obey traffic signals and road markings.- Use pedestrian crossings when crossing busy roads.- Not to walk on the road when not necessary.2. Traffic ViolationsThe following acts are considered traffic violations:- Walking on the road when not necessary.- Crossing the road at unauthorized places.- Violating traffic signals or road markings.VI. Emergency Response and Road Traffic Accidents1. Emergency ResponseIn the event of an emergency, road users shall provide first aid to the injured and report the incident to the relevant authorities. If necessary, they shall assist in the evacuation of the scene.2. Road Traffic Accidents- Drivers shall stop immediately and remain at the scene of the accident.- Drivers shall report the accident to the traffic police or other relevant authorities.- Drivers shall cooperate with the investigation of the accident and provide all necessary information.VII. Enforcement and Penalties1. EnforcementThese regulations shall be enforced by the traffic police and other relevant authorities. They shall take measures to ensure compliance with these regulations and impose penalties on violators.2. PenaltiesViolators shall be subject to the following penalties:- Fines: Depending on the severity of the violation, fines may range from a few hundred yuan to several thousand yuan.- License suspension or revocation: For serious violations, the driver's license may be suspended or revoked.- Detention: In some cases, violators may be detained for a period of time.VIII. ConclusionTraffic safety regulations are essential for maintaining order on the road and ensuring the safety of all road users. It is the responsibility of every driver, pedestrian, and other road user to comply with these regulations and contribute to a safe and orderly traffic environment. By working together, we can reduce traffic accidents and create a better future for all.第2篇In order to ensure the safety of road users, protect the rights and interests of individuals and legal entities, and maintain the normal order of traffic, the following traffic safety regulations are hereby formulated and implemented:Chapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1 These regulations are formulated in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China, aiming to promote the safety, order, and efficiency of road traffic.Article 2 The following persons and vehicles shall abide by these regulations:1. All drivers, passengers, and pedestrians on the road;2. All owners, operators, and users of vehicles;3. All road traffic management and supervision personnel.Article 3 The state shall establish and improve a traffic safety management system, promote traffic safety education, and strengthen traffic safety supervision to prevent traffic accidents and reducetraffic casualties.Chapter II Vehicle ManagementArticle 4 All vehicles shall be registered and undergo an annual inspection in accordance with the provisions of the vehicle management law. Vehicles that fail to pass the annual inspection shall not be allowed to be driven on the road.Article 5 Drivers shall hold a valid driver's license corresponding to the type of vehicle they are driving. The driver's license shall be renewed in accordance with the regulations.Article 6 Vehicles shall be equipped with the necessary safety devices, such as brake systems, turn signals, headlights, and rearview mirrors. These devices shall be maintained in good working condition.Article 7 The following vehicles shall be equipped with special signs or markings as required by laws and regulations:1. Ambulances;2. Fire trucks;3. Police cars;4. School buses;5. Special vehicles for road maintenance and repair.Article 8 The use of unauthorized modifications or alterations to vehicles that affect their safety shall be prohibited.Chapter III Road Traffic RulesArticle 9 Vehicles shall drive on the right side of the road, except when making a turn or in special circumstances as permitted by laws and regulations.Article 10 Drivers shall not drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and shall not drive while distracted or tired.Article 11 Drivers shall keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front and shall not follow too closely.Article 12 Drivers shall use the horn appropriately to give a warning signal, but shall not use it continuously or excessively.Article 13 Drivers shall not exceed the speed limit, and shall reduce speed in areas with poor visibility, narrow roads, or when passing pedestrians.Article 14 Drivers shall stop and yield the right of way at traffic signals, stop signs, and when directed by traffic police.Article 15 Drivers shall not park on roads or in areas designated for emergency vehicles, fire lanes, or in other prohibited areas.Article 16 Drivers shall not overtake on the left side of the road, except when it is safe and permitted by laws and regulations.Article 17 Drivers shall not drive against traffic, and shall not drive on the wrong side of the road.Article 18 Pedestrians shall cross the road at designated crosswalks or intersections, and shall not cross the road at unauthorized locations.Article 19 Bicycles and electric scooters shall be ridden on the right side of the road, and shall not ride on the sidewalk.Article 20 Motorcyclists shall wear helmets and shall not carry passengers on the handlebars.Chapter IV Traffic Safety SupervisionArticle 21 The public security organs shall be responsible for the supervision and management of road traffic safety, and shall establish and implement traffic safety regulations.Article 22 The public security organs shall set up traffic police stations and road traffic management posts to ensure traffic safety.Article 23 Traffic police shall enforce traffic regulations, investigate traffic accidents, and take measures to prevent traffic accidents.Article 24 The public security organs shall carry out traffic safety education and propaganda activities, and shall promote the public's awareness of traffic safety.Article 25 Enterprises and institutions shall establish traffic safety management systems, and shall organize and implement traffic safety education and training for their employees.Chapter V Liability for Traffic AccidentsArticle 26 In the event of a traffic accident, the driver of the vehicle involved shall immediately stop the vehicle and report the accident to the nearest public security organ.Article 27 The parties involved in a traffic accident shall cooperate with the investigation and handling of the accident.Article 28 If a traffic accident results in the death of a person, the driver of the vehicle involved shall be held criminally liable in accordance with the law.Article 29 If a traffic accident results in serious injury or death, the driver of the vehicle involved shall compensate the victims or their families according to the law.Article 30 The party responsible for a traffic accident shall bear the civil liability arising from the accident.Chapter VI Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 31 These regulations shall come into effect on the date of promulgation.Article 32 The State Council may, in accordance with these regulations, issue supplementary regulations or explanations.Article 33 Local people's governments shall, in accordance with these regulations, formulate specific implementation measures and promulgate them in a timely manner.This is a comprehensive translation of the traffic safety regulations, which covers various aspects of road traffic management, vehicle management, road traffic rules, traffic safety supervision, liabilityfor traffic accidents, and supplementary provisions. The purpose is to ensure the safety and order of road traffic, protect the rights and interests of individuals and legal entities, and maintain the normal order of traffic.第3篇I. IntroductionTraffic safety is a crucial aspect of modern society, as it directly affects the well-being and lives of individuals. To ensure the safety of road users, the government has established a series of traffic safety regulations. These regulations aim to reduce traffic accidents, minimize injuries, and protect the environment. The following is a comprehensive translation of the Traffic Safety Regulations, which includes various aspects of road safety.II. General Provisions1. Scope of ApplicationThese regulations apply to all road users, including drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and cyclists, within the territory of the People's Republic of China.2. Principles of Traffic Safety(1) The principle of priority: Drivers and road users shall comply with traffic signs, signals, and road markings. In case of conflicts, theright of way shall be given to the road users who have priority.(2) The principle of safety: Drivers and road users shall prioritize safety over speed and convenience.(3) The principle of mutual assistance: Drivers and road users shallhelp each other in case of emergencies.III. Vehicle Regulations1. Vehicle Registration and Inspection(1) All vehicles shall be registered and undergo periodic inspections in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and regulations.(2) The vehicle registration certificate and inspection certificateshall be carried by the driver at all times.2. Vehicle Operation(1) Drivers shall have a valid driver's license corresponding to the type of vehicle they are driving.(2) Drivers shall not operate vehicles under the influence of alcohol or drugs.(3) Drivers shall wear seat belts and use child safety seats forchildren under 12 years old.(4) Drivers shall not use mobile phones or other electronic devices while driving.3. Vehicle Maintenance(1) Drivers shall ensure that the vehicle is in good condition before driving.(2) Drivers shall regularly maintain and check the vehicle to ensure its safe operation.IV. Traffic Rules1. Lane Usage(1) Drivers shall use the appropriate lane according to the traffic conditions and road signs.(2) Drivers shall not drive in the opposite lane or cross the road arbitrarily.2. Speed Limit(1) Drivers shall comply with the speed limit set by the road signs.(2) Drivers shall reduce their speed in areas with poor visibility, curves, or narrow roads.3. Stop and Turn(1) Drivers shall stop at stop signs and red traffic lights.(2) Drivers shall not turn at red traffic lights unless permitted by road signs or traffic police.4. Passing(1) Drivers shall not overtake on curves, bridges, tunnels, or within 100 meters of intersections.(2) Drivers shall not overtake on the left side unless permitted by road signs or traffic police.5. Left Turn and Right Turn(1) Drivers shall indicate their intention to turn left or right by using the appropriate signal.(2) Drivers shall not turn left or right without ensuring that it is safe to do so.V. Pedestrian and Cyclist Regulations1. Pedestrian Regulations(1) Pedestrians shall use pedestrian crossings and crossroads designated by the road signs.(2) Pedestrians shall not walk on the road or cross the road arbitrarily.2. Cyclist Regulations(1) Cyclists shall ride on the right side of the road, facing thetraffic direction.(2) Cyclists shall wear helmets and use reflective clothing at night.(3) Cyclists shall not ride on the sidewalk or cross the road arbitrarily.VI. Emergency Response and Reporting1. Emergency Response(1) In case of an accident, drivers shall immediately stop and provide assistance to the injured.(2) Drivers shall report the accident to the police and relevant departments.2. Reporting(1) Drivers shall report traffic accidents, road hazards, and violations of traffic regulations to the police and relevant departments.(2) Drivers shall cooperate with the investigation of traffic accidents and provide necessary evidence.VII. Penalties1. Penalties for Violations(1) Drivers and road users who violate traffic safety regulations shall be subject to penalties in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and regulations.(2) Penalties may include fines, detention, or imprisonment.2. Penalties for Accidents(1) Drivers who cause traffic accidents due to their violations oftraffic safety regulations shall bear civil liability for the damages caused.(2) In serious cases, drivers may face criminal charges and penalties.VIII. ConclusionTraffic safety regulations are essential for maintaining order on the roads and ensuring the safety of all road users. It is theresponsibility of every driver, passenger, pedestrian, and cyclist to comply with these regulations and contribute to a safe and orderly traffic environment. By adhering to traffic safety regulations, we can reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents, minimize injuries, and protect the environment. Let us all join hands to create a safer and more harmonious society.。

30th Highest Hourly Volume，30HV 第30 最高小时交通量3-Leg Interchange 三路立体交叉3-Leg Intersection 三路交叉AA.M. Peak Period 早高峰Absolute speed limit 绝对速限Abutting property 邻街建造物Acceleration Lane 加速车道Access 出入口Access Control 出入管制；进出管制Access ramp 出入引道Accessibility 可及性Accident 肇事；事故；意外事件Accident (Crash) Rate 事故率Accident (Crash) Severity 事故严重性Accident Analysis 事故分析；意外分析；肇事分析Accident Assessment 事故鉴定Accident Casualty 事故伤亡Accident Cause 事故原因Accident Characteristics 肇事特性Accident Hazardous Location 易肇祸路段Accident Investigation 事故调查Accident Prone Location 易肇事地点Accuracy 精度Actual travel time 实际行驶时间Adaptive route choice 适应性路线选择Advanced driver information system ADIS 先进驾驶员信息系统Advanced Traffic Management Services ATMS 先进交通管理服务Advanced Traveler Information Services ATIS 先进路人信息服务Advanced vehicle control system 先进车辆控制系统Aerial Map 航测图Aerial perspective 鸟噉图；空中透视Overload, Overloading 超载Air resistance 空气阻力Alignment Design 路线设计；定线设计Algorithm 运算法则All-day Service 全天候服务Alley 巷；道Allowable Bearing Capacity 容许承载量Allowable load 容许载重Alternate Method 替代方法Alternative(s)替代(换)方案American Concrete Institute ACI 美国混凝土学会；美国混凝土研究会American Federal Highway Administration FHWA 美国联邦公路总署American Institute of Transportation Engineers ITE 美国交通工程师学会American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE 美国土木工程师协会Amplification effect 放大效应Amplifier 扩大器Annual Average Daily Traffic, AADT 年平均日交通量Annual budget 年度预算Annual Traffic 年交通量Appropriate measures 适当防制措施Arc 弧线Arrival time 到达时间Arterial 主要干道Asphalt, Asphalt Cement, Asphalt Binder 沥青(美国用语)；沥青胶泥At-Grade Intersection 平面交叉Advanced traffic management system ATMS 先进的交通管理系统；高等交通管理系统Automated toll system 自动化收费系统Automatic Cargo Identification, ACI 自动货物辨识Automatic Vehicle Classification, AVC 自动车辆分类Automatic Vehicle Identification, AVI 自动车辆辨识Automatic Vehicle Location, AVL 自动车辆定位Automatic Vehicle Monitoring, AVM 自动车辆监视Auxiliary Lanes 辅助车道Average Delay Time 平均延滞时间Average Waiting Time 平均等候时间BBalance Cut and Fill 均衡挖填Barrier, Noise barrier, Noise barrier wall 防音墙Birds' eye view 鸟噉图Blast 开炸Bleeding (沥青路面)泛油; (水泥混凝土表面)泛浆Blood alcohol concentration 血液中酒精浓度Bottleneck 瓶颈Bottleneck Road 瓶颈路段Brake failure, Defective brake 煞车失灵Brake light 煞车灯Brake Reaction time 煞车反应时间；制动反应时间Braking Distance 剎车视距(停车视距)Braking system 煞车系统Breakdowns 故障Breath alcohol concentration 呼气酒精含量Brick Pavement 砖铺路面；砖铺面Bridge 桥梁Bridge expansion joint 桥面伸缩缝Bridge inspection 桥梁检测Bridge Management System 桥梁管理系统Bridge span 桥跨Brightness contrast 辉度对照比Brittle fracture 碎裂Gravel Road 碎石路Broken Stone Surface 碎石路面Budget 预算经费Budgetary estimate 经费概算Buffer 缓冲剂；缓冲器Buffer distance 缓冲距离Buffer reach 缓冲段Buffer time 缓冲时间Buffer zone 缓冲带Building Code 建造规则；建造法规Bumper 保险杆Bus Exclusive Lane 公交专用道Bus operation 公交营运Bus Rapid Transit 公交捷运Bus route inquiring system 公交路线查询系统Bus scheduling 公交排班Bus station 公交停靠站Bus Terminal 公交终站；公交总站；公交场站Business District 商业区CCab, Taxi 出租车Capacitated freight distribution 零担货物运输Capacity analysis 容积分析Capacity and level of service analysis 容量与服务水准分析Capacity constraint, Capacity restriction 容量限制Capacity estimation 容量估计Capacity limitation 容量极限值Car accident, Traffic accident 交通事故Car detector, Vehicular detector 车辆侦测器Car following model 跟车模式；自动跟车系统Car navigation system 汽车导向系统Car Ownership 汽车持有；汽车持有权Car Pooling, Carpool 汽车共乘Carbon Dioxide CO2 二氧化碳Casualty 伤亡Caution Light 警告灯Caution Sign 警告标；警告标志Caution Signal 注意信号；警告号志Concrete Pavement 混凝土路面Critical Speed 临界速率Census 普查Center Island 中央岛Centerline 中心线Central Business District CBD 中心商业区Charging system 收费系统Children-only Bus 幼童专用车Circulation 通风；交通Circumferential street (road)外环(环状)道路City Rebuilding 都市重建Classification Count 分类调查Classification of road 道路分类Classification of Soil 土壤分类Clear distance 净距Clear height 净空高Clear Span 净跨距Climate Conditions 气候情况Close System Toll Station 封闭制收费站Closed Loop 封闭环路CO Detector 一氧化碳侦测器Code 规范；数值Coefficient of friction, Friction coefficient, Frictional coefficient 磨擦系数Collision Accident 碰撞事故Collision Warning Systems 碰撞预警系统Commercial Center 商业中心Commercial District 商业区Community Center 杜区中心Community Planning 社区规划Commuter 通勤者Commuter Rail, Commuter Train 通勤火车Commuting Distance 通勤距离Compatibility 兼容性Compensation 征收补偿Complex intersection 复合适交叉路口Composition of Traffic 交通组成Comprehensive Planning 综合性计划Compressibility of Soil 土壤压缩性Computer-Aided Dispatching System 计算机辅助派车系统Concave-convex 凹凸形Concrete barrier (New Jersey) 新泽西(混凝土)护栏Concrete pavement 混凝土铺面Conflicting point 冲突点Congestion degree 拥挤度Congestion pricing 拥挤定价Congestion Time 拥挤时间Congestion toll 拥挤费Construction Sign 施工标志Construction Specification 施工规范Construction/Maintenance Zone 施工维修区Contour Line 等高线Contour Map 等高线图Control of Access 出入管制Convex Function 凸函数Corridor 交通通廊Cost of Service 服务成本Count-down pedestrian signal 行人倒数计时显示器Counter flow 对向车流Country road 乡道Crash 冲撞；碰撞Critical Path 要径Critical Point 临界点Cross road 十字路口；交叉路；十字路Crown 路拱；路冠Crude Oil 原油Curb 缘石；路边石；护角Curve 曲线；曲线板；弯道Cushion material 缓冲材料Cushioning effect 缓冲效应DDaily Rainfall 日降水量Daily variation diagram 日变化图Deceleration 减速度Defective brake 煞车失灵Deformation 变形Defrosting 解冻Degree of Saturation 饱和度Delivery area 卸货区Delivery system 配送系统Delivery time 递送时间；送货时间Demand volume 需求流量Demand-Capacity Control 需求容量控制Demand-supply of parking spaces 停车空间的供需问题Demographic Data 人口资料Density of Traffic 交通密度；车流密度Design Capacity 设计容量Design curve 设计曲线Destination 目的地Destination zone 讫点区Detector 侦测器Deterioration 变质；恶化Diagonal crosswalk lines 班马纹行人穿越道Diesel Fuel 柴油Diffuse 扩散Digital image processing 数字影像处理Digital Map 数字地图Dining area 餐饮区Direction Factor 方向系数Disabled parking lots 残障停车位Dispatching efficiency 调度效率Distance 距离Distance-Measuring Equipment DME 测距仪Distribution center 配运中心Distribution center, Goods distribution center 物流中心Diverging area 分流区；分流区域Diverging point 分流点Dividing Strip 分隔带Domestic 本土的；区域的Door to door service 及门服务；及户服务Double decked bus 双层巴士Double-deck ramp 双层匝道Down Grade 下坡Downstream 下游Downtown street 闹市街道Dozer 推土机Drafting Room 制图室Drain Ditch 排水沟Drain Pipe 排水管Drainage Facilities 排水设施Driver behavior model 驾驶员行为模式Driver Information System 驾驶信息系统Driver Perception Reaction Distance 驾驶员反应距离Driver's License 汽车驾驶执照；汽车驾照Driving Simulator 驾驶仿真器Driving under the influence of alcohol 酒后驾驶Dynamic characteristics 动态特性Dynamic route choice 动态路径选择Dynamic system-optimum control model 动态系统最佳控制模式Dynamic traffic characteristic 动态交通特性Dynamic traffic signal control 动态交通号志控制系统EEarth Embankment 土堤Earth Excavation 挖土Earth Fill 填土Earthquake 地震East-West Expressway 东西向快速公路Economic benefits analysis 经济效益分析Elastic Deformation 弹性变形Elastic equilibrium 弹性平衡Electronic distance measurement instrument 电子测距仪Electronic gate 电子门；电动门Electronic Toll Collection 电子收费Elevated Highway 高架公路Elevation 标高；高程Elevator 电梯E-map of highway 公路电子地图Embankment 路堤Emergency delivery 紧急输送Emergency Escape Ramps 紧急出口匝道Emergency evacuation 紧急疏散Enforcement 执法，执行Engineering Economic Analysis 工程经济分析En-Route Driver Information 途中驾驶员信息En-Route Transit Information 途中运输信息Entrance (entry), ingress 进口路段Entrance exit 出入口Environment factor 环境因素Environmental impact assessment 环境影响评估Environmental sensitive area 环境敏感地带(环境敏感区位) Escalator 电扶梯Excavation Work 挖土工程Excess Fuel Consumption 超额燃油消耗Exclusive bike lane/Bikes only 脚踏车专用道Exclusive lane 专用车道Exit Ramp Closure 出口匝道关闭Exit Ramp Control 出口匝道控制Expansion Factor 膨胀因素；扩展系数Expansion Joint 伸,接缝Explosive 炸药Express slow traffic divider 快慢分隔岛Expressway 快速道路(进出管制或者半进出管制)Glare control 眩光控制Glare screen 防眩设施Glare shield 眩光遮蔽物Global Positioning System GPS 全球定位系统Goods delivery problem 货物配送问题Grade 坡度；纵向坡度Graphical analysis 图解分析法Gravel Road 砾石路Gravity Model 重力模式Greenhouse effect 温室效应Guidance information 导引信息Guide Sign 指示标志HHazardous materials 危（wei）险物品Head light 前灯；车前大灯Head On Collision 车头对撞Heavy weight transportation management 大载重运输管理High beam 远光灯High capacity buses 高容量巴士High Occupancy Vehicle HOV 高乘载车辆High-Occupancy Vehicle Priority Control 高承载率车优先行驶控制High Speed Rail 高速铁路Highway aesthetics 公路美学Highway alignment design 公路线形设计Highway Construction and Maintenance Cost 公路建设维护成本Highway Supervision and Administration 公路监理Histogram 直方统计图Hit-and-run driving 肇事逃逸；闯祸逃逸Holding Line Marker 等候线标记Home interview 家庭访问Horizontal Clearance 侧向净宽Horizontal Curve 平曲线Hourly variation 时变化图Human characteristics 人类特性Human factor 人为因素；人事行为因素Hydrophilic 亲水性Hydrophobic 厌水性IIdeal Condition 理想状况Illegal parking 违规停车Impact 冲击Improving Highway Traffic Order and Safety Projects 道路交通秩序与交通安全改进方案Indemnity of Damage 伤害赔偿Intensity of Rainfall 雨量强度Index system, Indicator system 指标体系Indirect observation 间接观测Individual difference 个人禀性的差异Infrastructure 内部结构；基础建设Inspection of Vehicle 汽车检验Intelligent Transportation System ITS 智能运输系统Intensity and Duration of Rainfall 降雨时间与密度Intercepting Drain 截水管Intercity bus industry 长途客运(业)Intersection design 交叉路口设计Interview technique 访问法；访谈法Intoxicated driving 酒后驾车JJoint Operation of Transport 联运Junction 路口LLag time 延迟时间Landscape design 景观设计Landslide/Slump 坍方Lane, traffic lane 车道Lane Width 车道宽度Latent travel demand 潜在旅次需求Lateral clearance 侧向净距Laws of randomness 随机定理Left turn lane 左转车道Left turn waiting zone 左转待转区Left turning vehicle 左转车辆Length of grade 坡长Level Crossing 平面交叉Level of Service 服务水准License Plate 汽车号牌License Suspension 吊扣驾照License Termination 吊销License Plate Recognition 车牌辨识Light Rail Rapid Transit LRRT 轻轨捷运Load limit 载重限制Loading & unloading zone 上下旅客区段或者装卸货物区段Local Area Network, LAN 局域网络Logical Architecture 逻辑架构Long tunnel 长隧道Longitude 经度Longitudinal Drain 纵向排水Longitudinal Grade 纵坡度Long-Range Planning 长程规划Loop 环道(公路方面)；回路(电路方面)Lost Time 损失时间MMacro or mass analysis 汇总分析；宏观分析Magnetic Levitation Maglev 磁浮运输系统Magnetic loop detector 磁圈侦测器Mainline 主线Management Information System MIS 管理信息系统Manual counts 人工调查法Marking 标线Maximum allowable gradient 最大容许坡度Maximum capacity 最大容量Maximum Density 最大密度Maximum Likelihood Function 最大概似法Maximum Peak Hour Volume 最尖峰小时交通量Measure of Effectiveness MOE 绩效评估指针Mechanical garage 机械式停车楼(间)Merge 合并；并流；进口匝道；并入Merging area 并流区域Merging point 并流点Metropolitan Planning Area 大都会规划区Minimum Grade 最小纵断坡度Minimum sight triangle 最小视界三角形Minimum turning radius 最小转弯半径Mixed flow 混合车队Mixed traffic 混合车队营运Mixed traffic flow 混合车流Monitoring 监测Monorail 单轨铁路Mortality 死亡数Motivation 动机Mountain road 山区道路Multilayer 多层Multileg Interchange 多路立体交叉Multileg Intersection 多路交叉NNational freeway 国道National System Architecture 国家级架构Natural ventilation 自然通风Navigation 引导；导航Net Weight 净重No left turn 不许左转；请勿左转No parking 禁止停车Noise barrier, Sound insulating wall 隔音墙Noise pollution 噪音污染Noise sensitive area 噪音敏感地区Nonhomogeneous flow 不同流向的车流；非均质车流Nonskid Surface Treatment 防滑处理Nonsynchronous controller 异步控制器Novelty 新鲜性Number of Passengers 客运人数Number of Registered Vehicle 车辆登记数Nurture room 育婴室OOccupational Illness 职业病Off parking facilities, Off street parking garage 路外停车场Off Season 运输淡季Off street parking 路外停车One-way arterial street 单向主要干道One-way Street 单行道One-way Ticket 单程票Operating Cost 营运成本Operating Time 营运时间Optimal path 最佳路径Optimal spacing 最适间距Optimum asphalt content 最佳沥青含量Optimum Moisture Content 最佳含水量Ordinance 条例Origin and destination study 起讫点研究Outlet Control 出口控制Overall travel time 全程行驶时间Overburden 超载；覆盖Overloaded vehicle 超载车辆Overloading experiment 超载实验Overpass 天桥；高架道Ozone layer 臭氧层PParameter 参数Parcel distribution industry 包裹配送业Park and ride system 停车转乘系统Parking behavior 停车行为Parking capacity 停车容量Parking demand 停车需求Parking discount 停车折扣Parking facility 停车设施Parking Lot 停车场Parking prohibition 禁止路边停车Parking restriction 停车限制Parking supply 停车供给Passing Sight Distance 超车视距Patrolling 巡逻Pavement aging 铺面老化Pavement Condition 铺面状况Pavement Drainage 路面排水Pavement maintenance 铺面维护Pavement rehabilitation 铺面翻修Pavement roughness 铺面糙度Pavement strength 铺面强度Pavement-width transition marking 路宽渐变段标线Peak Season 运输旺季Pedestrian Crossing 行人穿越道线Pedestrian Signals 行人号志Pedestrian 行人Pedestrian factor 行人因素Pedometer 步测计Perception distance 感识距离Perception Time 认识时间Performance 绩效；功能Permeability Coefficient 透水系数Permeability test 透水试验Photoelectric detector 光电侦测器Platform 平台Pore 孔隙Priority 优先权Private Vehicle 自用车辆Provincial Highway 省道QQualitative 定性Quantification 定量Queue Length 等候线长度Queuing time 等候时间Queuing model 等候模式RRadar meter, speed gun 雷达测速仪Radial street 辐射式道路Radius of curvature 曲率半径Rainfall Frequency 降雨频率Rainfall Intensity 降雨强度Ramp closure 匝道封闭Ramp control 匝道管制；匝道仪控Reaction time 反应时间Real-time 实时Real time scheduling 实时排程Real-time Traffic Information 实时交通信息Rear-end collision 尾撞Reasonable or prudent speed limit 合理速限Reckless driving 驾驶疏忽Reliability 可靠性Remote Area 偏远地区Residential District, Residential Area 住宅区Resistance Value, R-Value 阻力值；R-值Rest Area, Rest Site 歇息区Restricted curb parking 规定时限的路边停车Retail district 零售区Reversible one-way street 调拨式(可变)单行道Revocation 注销驾照Ride sharing 车辆共乘Ride Sharing Program 车辆共乘计划Right of ingress or egress 进出权Road bed, Roadbed, Subgrade 路基Road capacity 道路容量Road closure 道路封闭Road construction 道路建设Road design 道路设计Road Functional Classification 道路功能分类Road geometric factor 道路几何因素Road improvement 道路改善Road landscape, Roadscape 道路景观Road maintenance 道路维护Road pricing 道路定价Road roughness 路面粗糙度Road safety, Traffic safety 道路安全Road surface thickness, Thickness of pavement 路面厚度Road survey 道路测量Road toll 道路收费Road widening 道路拓宽Roadside interview 路旁(边)访问调查Round Trip Ticket 来回票Route choice, Route selection 路线选择Route familiarity 路径熟悉度Route Guidance 路径导引SSafe-passing sight distance 安全超车视距Safe-stopping sight distance 安全停车视距Sample 试样Sample size 抽样大小Sampling 取样Saturation capacity 饱和容量Saturation flow 饱和流量Scale 尺度；比例尺Scanning 扫描Scheduled Service 定时服务班次Scheduled Signal Control 定时号志控制Scheduling 排班School Bus 校车Seat belt (座椅)安全带Semi-actuated signal 半触动号志Semi-actuated Signal Control 半感应号志控制Semicircular 半圆式Semidynamic route guidance 准动态路径导引Sensitivity Analysis 敏感度分析Sensitivity Parameter 敏感度参数Service Area 服务区Sharp Turn 急弯Shear force 剪力Shopping center 购物中心Shortest path 最短路径Shortest path algorithm 最短路径算则Short-Range Planning 短程规划Shoulder 路肩Sidewalk 人行道Sight Triangle 视线三角形Sign 标志Signal 信号；号志Signalized intersection 号志化路口Simulation 仿真Single Journey Ticket 单程票Slope stability analysis 边坡稳定分析Slump 坍方Smart Card 智能卡Soil Stability Analysis 土壤稳定分析Sound barriers 隔音墙Specifications 规范Speed, Velocity 速度Speeding 超速Stability 稳定性Stage construction 分期施工Standard deviation 标准差Static characteristics 静态特性Static Load 静止荷重Stochastic congested network 随机性拥挤路网Strictly Decrease Monotonically 严格单调递减Strictly Increase Monotonically 严格单调递增Subcenter 次中心Superelevation 超高Suspension Bridges 吊桥Suspension from toll 暂停收费Swampy Areas 沼泽区Swerve 偏离正常行车方向；逸出常轨Synchronization 同步Synchronized watch (timer) 同步定时器Synchronous controller 同步控制器System Architecture SA 系统架构TTerminal 场站Time limit 时间限制Time-and-space restriction 时间和空间限制Toll collection station, Toll gate, Toll plaza, Toll station 收费站Tolling equity 收费公平性Topographic maps 地形图Topographic surveys 地形测量Total deformation 总变形Track of vehicle 车辆轨迹Track width 轮距宽度；轨宽Tractive Force 牵引力Trade-off 取舍权衡Traffic Accident 交通事故Traffic accident investigation form 交通事故调查表Traffic administration 交通行政管理Traffic Assignment 交通量指派Traffic Composition 交通组成Traffic congestion, Traffic jam 交通壅塞Traffic control and management 交通控制与管理Traffic Control Center TCC 交通控制中心Traffic corridor 交通走廊Traffic count (survey) 交通量调查Traffic counting program 交通量调查计划Traffic data collection system 交通资料采集系统Traffic demand 交通需求Traffic Demand Management TDM 运输需求管理Traffic Density 车流密度Traffic engineering 交通工程Traffic equilibrium 交通均衡Traffic evacuation 交通疏散Traffic facility, Transportation facility 交通设施Traffic Flow 车流；交通流Traffic impact assessment, Traffic impact evaluation 交通冲击评估Traffic improvement 交通改善Traffic light, Traffic signal 交通号志Traffic Marker 标线Traffic Mitigation Measures 交通疏缓措施Traffic monitoring facility 交通侦测设备Traffic ordinance 交通条例Traffic regulation 交通规则；道路交通安全规则Traffic simulation 交通仿真Traffic Volume/Flow 交通量/流量Transfer station 转运站Transition 渐变段Travel time 行驶时间Traveler Services Information 路人服务信息Trip Generation 旅次发生Trip purpose 旅次目的Truck terminal 货车场站Tunnel 隧道Tunnel Entrance 隧道入口Tunnel excavation 隧道开挖Turning prohibition 禁止转弯运行Turning radius 转弯半径Two lanes 双车道UUnderground Water 地下水Unit price 单价Unrestricted curb parking 未加限制的路边停车Unsignalized intersection 非号志化路口Unstable flow 不稳定车流；不稳定流动状态Uphill way 上坡路段Upstream section 上游段；上流段Urban expressway 都巿快速道路Urban Planning 都市计划VVans 厢式车Vehicle classification 车种分类Vehicle tracing system, Vehicle tracking system 车辆追踪系统Ventilation shaft 通风竖井WWeaving length 交织长度Weaving section 交织区段Weight-in-Motion WIM 行进间测重；动态地磅ZZebra Lines 斑马线。

禁止在楼道停放电动车的通知英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1A Plea to Keep Our Corridors ClearAs students living in these dormitories, we've all experienced the frustration of trying to navigate our floor's hallways and corridors while they are obstructed by parked electric bikes, scooters, and other personal mobility devices. While I understand the convenience these transportation methods offer, allowing them to be stored in our shared indoor spaces is disruptive, unsafe, and needs to be addressed.Just this morning, I was running late for my 9 AM lecture after hitting snooze one too many times. As I rushed out of my room and into the corridor, I nearly tripped over a electric scooter lying horizontally across the narrow hallway. I stumbled but kept my balance, though my heavy backpack weight shifted precariously. Thankfully there was nobody behind me who could have been injured by a collision. However, the delay caused by having to awkwardly sidestep the scooter made me miss my bus, which made me 10 minutes late to class.This is just one example of the obstacles and hazards that inconsiderately placed electric vehicles can create. Our corridors and hallways are simply too narrow for these modes of transportation to be parked in them without blocking a substantial portion of the walking path. Larger bikes and scooters can effectively cut off the hallway entirely if placed widthwise. Even if carefully aligned lengthwise, they still take up enough space to force residents to awkwardly shuffle past in single file.For anyone using a wheelchair, walker, or other mobility assistance device, navigating a corridor obstructed by parked electric vehicles becomes extraordinarily difficult if not downright impossible. Those with larger frames or carrying heavy loads also struggle. And anyone who is visually impaired has an elevated risk of injuring themselves by accidentally colliding with an obstructing vehicle left in the middle of the corridor.Speaking from personal experience, I recently underwent surgery on my right knee and spent a month on crutches. During that time, the simple act of leaving or entering my room became an exercise in caution and frustration as I tried to maneuver my crutches around randomly strewn scooters and bikes that had nobusiness being left in the hallway. More than once, I nearly took a tumble because I had to abruptly stop short when the corridor was blocked, unable to find a clear path wide enough for my crutches.These abandoned electric vehicles strewn about our hallways also present a serious fire safety hazard. Lithium-ion batteries have been known to spontaneously combust and the resulting fires are extremely difficult to contain or extinguish with conventional methods. Should such a fire start, not only would the offending vehicle itself be destroyed, but the blaze could rapidly spread and block all escape routes from our floor. In a corridor choked with bikes, scooters, and other flammable obstacles, it would be impossible for residents to evacuate without risking injury from falling and pileups.In addition to fire risks, these haphazardly abandoned electric vehicles create other safety issues as well. Items left in hallways and corridors become tripping hazards and obstacles in the event of an emergency evacuation. They could also potentially be used as makeshift barricades in an active shooter situation, further endangering lives. No matter how innocuous they may seem, allowing large objects to freely obstruct our shared pathways is a dereliction of proper safety protocols.From an accessibility and legal liability perspective, having hallways and building access routes routinely blocked by personal transportation devices is a lawsuit waiting to happen. Buildings are required to maintain clear paths of travel that are accessible to all residents, including those with mobility disabilities. By allowing electric bikes and scooters to be parked in interior corridors, our dormitories are violating accessibility regulations and opening themselves up to potential legal action.While these inconsiderately parked electric vehicles are certainly an annoyance and frequent obstacle, they could outright prevent residents with certain disabilities from being able to enter or exit their rooms at all if the corridor is completely blocked. That is an unacceptable situation that violates housing rights and anti-discrimination laws. A single lawsuit along those lines would be tremendously costly and embarrassing for our university.Beyond just the physical and safety hazards, there is also the principal of simple courtesy and respect for our shared spaces to consider. Our building corridors are intended for the free passage of residents and building staff, not as personal storage areas. By taking up valuable shared space with their possessions, those who park electric vehicles in the hallways demonstrate aselfish lack of regard for their neighbor's right to accessible and unimpeded building access.Having to constantly navigate around randomly scattered electric bikes and scooters is not only annoying, it communicates an unwelcoming and chaotic environment that detracts from our collegiate experience. Our dormitory experience should be one of order and community, not one of pedestrians being forced to stumble through an obstacle course of carelessly abandoned vehicles every time they want to go about their day.Additionally, exterior walkways and patios are common areas that are meant to be enjoyed by all residents, not appropriated as personal parking lots. Littering these shared outdoor spaces with electric vehicles diminishes their visual appeal, making the entire area look more like a vehicle staging zone than an inviting collegiate environment. There is a reasonable expectation that our dormitory's common spaces should be focused on community building, not facilitating an unsightly and inconvenient clutter of personal transportation devices.I recognize that many students find electric bikes, scooters, and other personal electric vehicles to be a convenient and environmentally friendly way to transit across campus. And thereare certainly times and situations where it makes sense to be able to park closer to your destination, such as for students with mobility disabilities. However, indiscriminately parking these items in building corridors is not the solution. Dedicated parking areas and docking stations should be established to provide for proper electric vehicle storage.Our dormitory already provides a number of enclosed bike storage rooms, as well as outdoor bike racks for that purpose. While these facilities were originally intended for traditional bicycles, they could easily be updated to also accommodate a reasonable number of electric bikes and scooters, complete with charging ports if necessary. These secure storage areas would keep our corridors clear while still allowing residents to conveniently keep their electric transportation devices on premises.Even without modifying the existing bike rooms, simple painted parking boxes could be created in select areas of the ground floor to designate approved electric vehicle parking zones. These zones could be sited in ways that do not impede accessibility while still providing convenient parking options for those residents who truly need them. Enforcement camerascould be installed to levy fines against those who fail to properly use the designated parking areas.My purpose in writing this letter is not to call for an outright ban on electric bikes, scooters, or other personal electric transportation devices themselves. When used properly, these emission-free alternatives to cars and busses can play an important role in reducing our campus's carbon footprint and supporting sustainability efforts. I only object to the practice of parking them in hallways, lobbies, stairwells, and other common areas where they create obstructions and potential hazards.We share these residence halls, and with that sharing comes a mutual obligation of respect, consideration, and responsibility. Just as we wouldn't think of leaving our electric bicycles strewn about in lounges or study rooms, we should extend that same courtesy to keeping our building corridors clear and unobstructed. Electric vehicles are wonderful personal mobility tools, but they need to be properly stored when not in use, not simply abandoned wherever is most immediately convenient.By strictly prohibiting the parking of electric bikes, scooters, and other personal transportation devices in our building's shared interior spaces, we can keep our hallways safe, accessible, and uncluttered for all residents. At the same time, we can createdesignated parking areas for those who truly need to keep their electric transportation devices on hand. A balanced solution is possible, but it requires all of us to be mindful of the impacts our mobility choices have on others.Our residence halls should be a shared community where all residents feel welcomed, respected and safe. Carelessly obstructing our corridors with personal property demonstrates a lack of regard for that community and prioritizes individual convenience over basic accessibility and safety. We deserve better, which is why I urge campus housing authorities to take action and put policies in place that will keep our hallways clear and hazard-free for everyone. Our collegiate experience and quality of life depends on it.篇2Notice Prohibiting Electric Vehicles in the HallwaysYo dudes and dudettes! I've got something seriously irritating to rant about today. You know that obnoxious notice the housing department just put up about not parking electric vehicles like scooters and hoverboards in the hallways? Yeah, that one that's cramping our style big time.I get that they're trying to keep things safe and all, but come on - we're supposed to be at the cutting edge here! Electric transportation is where it's at. It's the future, people! How are we supposed to be environmentally conscious while also living that efficient, on-the-go lifestyle if we can't even park our rides in the hallway for easy access?Apparently the housing staff is worried about the fire hazard from the lithium batteries. Sure, I guess there have been a few cases of those things combusting. But don't they know how ridiculous the odds of that happening are? We're talking astronomical levels of improbability here. It's like getting struck by lightning while also winning the lottery. Twice.And let's not forget the convenience factor we're sacrificing here. You know how groggy and sluggish we all are first thing in the morning before that first cup of rocket fuel...I mean coffee. How are we supposed to successfully operate a normal mode of transportation at that hour? With electric transpo parked right outside our doors, we don't even have to fully wake up to get to class! Just cruise on over while mentally still in dreamland. Genius.Then there's the argument about them obstructing the hallways and creating a safety hazard. Um, hello? Have you seenthe sizes of some of these things? They're tiny! Smaller than some of the rascal scooters the elderly residents use to get around. We could probably park two or three comfortably next to each other and still have room for people to pass by no problem. Sheesh, talk about overreacting.And don't even get me started on the environmental impact we'd be avoiding. Emissions from all those gas guzzlers getting driven across campus? No thank you. We're academics after all - we're supposed to be championing eco-friendly practices at every turn. By stifling our access to clean electric transportation, the housing department is pretty much dooming planet Earth. Way to be, guys.Then there's the "aesthetic" argument that our sweet rides are just too unsightly to be stored anywhere other than our rooms or some dank basement closet. Since when did this institution get so snobby about design and decor? Last I checked, minimalist cinderblock chic was all the rage around here. Our whips would class up those drab hallways more than anything.Of course, all of this is to say nothing of the financial burden this edict is placing on us poor, broke students. You know how much it costs to park a gas guzzler on campus? Enough to wipe out an entire meal plan! With electric transportation though, wewouldn't need permits or passes. Those savings could go toward, oh I don't know...books? Supplies? Heck, even tuition! Why is the administration trying to bleed us dry at every turn?At the end of the day, we all know the real reason behind this crackdown - the housing folks are jealous. Jealous that we've got the coolest new tech on two (or one) wheels while they're stuck plodding around like peasants from the dark ages. They're just intimidated by our ability to effortlessly merge cutting-edge environmentalism with ultimate convenience.Well you know what I say to that? Vive la resistance! Who's with me? We can't let this oppressive regime smash our mobility rights. Maybe it's time to take a page from the revolting revolutionaries of yesteryear and stage some peaceful protest rides around campus. Cruising in looping circuits through the academic buildings chanting "No rules, just electric fuel!" while waving signs bearing slogans like "The Shockingly Good Ride of the Future!"Okay, maybe that's a bit much. But you get my point. We shouldn't just meekly accept this misguided policy - we've got to fight back! Or at the very least, flood the housing department with letters and emails expressing our outrage. Power to the eco-friendly proletariat! Vroom vroom!篇3A Notice No Student Wants to SeeYou know that sinking feeling when you see an official notice posted around campus? The one that warns of some new rule or regulation that is definitely going to cramp your style? Well, I got that feeling the other day when I saw a bright red sign go up in the lobby of my dorm building. In big bold letters it declared "NO PARKING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN HALLWAYS OR STAIRWELLS."My heart sank a little as I read it. You see, like many students nowadays, I have an electric scooter or "e-scooter" that I use to buzz around campus. It's so convenient for quickly getting to classes across the sprawling university grounds. And I'll admit, I was one of those people who would just park my scooter in the hallway right outside my dorm room. I never thought it was that big of a deal.But now, with this new policy, the party seems to be over for us e-scooter owners. No more keeping our trusty rides right outside our doors for easy access. We have to find somewhere else to store them, and that's a massive inconvenience if you ask me.I can already hear the administration's arguments for this heavy-handed new rule. "The hallways are fire hazards if they're blocked!" "Emergency vehicles and personnel can't get through!" "People could trip over the scooters!" Yeah, yeah, I've heard it all before from the admins.But let me tell you, having lived in the dorms for two years now, the hallways are never that crowded. There's always plenty of room to navigate around, even with a couple scooters stuck here and there. We students are responsible people who try to be courteous with where we put our stuff.As for fire risks, I've never once heard a smoke alarm go off in the building that wasn't caused by someone burning popcorn or something similarly harmless. We're adults here, and we know not to block fire exits or crucial pathways. A couple of scooters sitting off to the side has never been an issue in the past.Then there's the tripping argument. Is that really a big enough hazard to ban e-scooters from the halls entirely? I mean, there are all sorts of potential tripping hazards around - from loose tiles to wet floor signs. We all just need to watch where we're going and it's not a problem. No one's going to be seriously injured by a stray scooter in the hallway.To me, this whole new policy feels like another instance of the over-protective, bloated university administration flexing its muscles and making our lives just a little bit harder for no good reason. As if the astronomical tuition costs and subpar dorm conditions weren't enough for us to deal with already.I know I'll get used to having to park my scooter outside or down in the bike rooms eventually. But it's just such an inconvenience, you know? There's going to be a lot more walking and hauling and wasted time involved in my day now. All because some office drone decided having some scooters out in the hallway for a little while was too risky or untidy for their tastes.It makes me wonder what the real motivation is here. Knowing the way the university works, I wouldn't be surprised if there's some ancillary money-making scheme behind it all. Are they going to try to rent out paid scooter parking spaces next? Or maybe fine students caught with their scooters out? It wouldn't be the first time they've nickel-and-dimed us this way.Whatever the reason, I think this policy is a mistake. Thee-scooters make getting around so much easier for us perpetually-rushing students. Having them close at hand is really convenient. Forcing us to park them somewhere out of the way isbound to discourage their use, at least for shorter trips around campus. And in an era when we're supposed to be reducing emissions and traffic, why would you want to disincentivize environmentally-friendly transportation like this?I also worry that this move is just the next step in a wider campus campaign against alternative mobility aids likee-scooters and e-bikes. With the way admins seem to over-react to even the slightest potential risks, I could see them trying to ban them from campus entirely somewhere down the line. And that would be a huge loss for students like me who don't have cars and rely on them to get around quickly.So in my view, the university really dropped the ball with this arbitrary and heavy-handed new "no scooters in hallways" policy. They didn't properly consider the impacts and conveniences it takes away from students. As usual, it feels like a matter of aggressive rules being put in place, not for any genuinely justified reasons of safety or necessity, but to exercise control and make the campus appear "neater" to outsiders.If you ask me, this whole notices smacks of overzealous admin overreach. And as a student having my day-to-day life inconvenienced by it, I have to say: this policy sucks. Here's to hoping cooler heads prevail and it gets reversed soon. Becausethere's nothing worse than unnecessary red tape interfering with your college experience and making things harder than they need to be.。

给交通管理提建议英语作文Traffic congestion and accidents have become a pressing issue in many cities around the world, causing significant delays, pollution, and even fatalities. To address these challenges, it is crucial to enhance traffic management systems and adopt innovative strategies. This proposal outlines several recommendations to improve traffic flow, enhance safety, and reduce the environmental impact of transportation.Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS)The integration of Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) is essential for effective traffic management. ITS utilizes advanced technologies such as sensors, cameras, and real-time data analytics to monitor traffic conditions and optimize traffic flow. By implementing ITS, traffic signals can adjust their timing based on real-time traffic patterns, reducing congestion and delays. Additionally, ITS can provide drivers with alternative routes and real-time parking availability, further improving the efficiency of road networks.Public Transportation EnhancementEncouraging the use of public transportation is a sustainable solution to reduce traffic congestion and pollution. To make public transportation more attractive, it is essential to improve its reliability, comfort, and coverage. This can be achieved by investing in modern, efficient, and clean public transport vehicles, such as electric buses and trains. Furthermore, implementing dedicated bus lanes and priority signaling for public transport can significantly improve travel times and reliability.Active Transportation PromotionActive transportation, such as cycling and walking, not only reduces traffic congestion but also contributes to a healthier lifestyle. To promote active transportation, cities should invest in infrastructure such as cycle paths,pedestrian-friendly streets, and secure bike parking facilities. Additionally, providing incentives such as subsidized bike-sharing programs and discounted public transport fares for cyclists can encourage more people to choose active modes of transportation.Congestion ChargingCongestion charging, also known as road pricing, is an effective strategy to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas. By imposing a fee on vehicles entering or driving within a specified zone during peak hours, congestion charging discourages unnecessary car trips and encourages the use of alternative modes of transportation. The revenue generated from congestion charging can be used to fund public transportation improvements and other sustainable transportation initiatives.Driver Education and EnforcementImproving driver behavior is crucial to enhancing road safety and reducing traffic congestion. Driver education programs should be regularly updated to incorporate new technologies and traffic rules. Strict enforcement of traffic regulations, such as speed limits and traffic signal compliance, is essential to ensure that drivers adhere to the rules of the road. Additionally, implementing automated enforcement systems, such as speed cameras and red light cameras, can further improve compliance and reduce the risk of accidents.Smart Parking SolutionsParking spaces are often a scarce resource in urban areas, contributing to traffic congestion and frustration among drivers. Smart parking solutions utilize sensors and real-time data to provide drivers with information on available parking spaces, reducing the time spent searching for parking and improving traffic flow. Additionally, implementing dynamic pricing for parking spaces based on demand can discourage long-term parking and encourage the turnover of parking spaces.Collaborative ApproachEffective traffic management requires a collaborative approach involvingvarious stakeholders, including government agencies, transport operators, technology providers, and the community. Establishing partnerships and sharing data and resources can facilitate the development and implementation of integrated traffic management strategies. Additionally, engaging with the community through public consultations and feedback can ensure that traffic management solutions are tailored to local needs and preferences.In conclusion, improving traffic management is essential to enhancing the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of transportation systems. By implementing intelligent traffic systems, enhancing public transportation, promoting active transportation, introducing congestion charging, improving driver education and enforcement, adopting smart parking solutions, and taking a collaborative approach, cities can significantly improve traffic flow, reduce congestion and accidents, and contribute to a better quality of life for their citizens.。

江西省部分学校2023-2024学年高二上学期11月月考英语试卷学校：___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、阅读理解The Bullock Texas State History MuseumThe museum opened in April of 2001. Here’s the museum’s official mission statement: We create experiences that educate, engage, and encourage a deeper understanding of Texas. It offers interactive exhibits that explain Texas history and an IMAX® theater.The ExhibitsThe first floor is about the land and covers the first meetings between Native Americans and Europeans, early settlers and missions and the mapping of the state. The second floor is about identity and discusses Texas history, the significant battles and people who made the state what it is today. The third floor covers important technology from Texas, Texas-led explorations and other Texan achievements.IMAXW TheaterThe Bullock museum’s IMAX® theater was one of the first IMAX® theaters in Texas, and one of few in the world. The theater seats 329 guests and houses the biggest IMAX ®screen in the state at 6 stories high and 84 feet wide. Guests can enjoy sharp and vivid images, as well as immersive (沉浸式虚拟现实的) sound.Museum StoreOn the first floor of the Bullock Texas State History Museum, you will find the museum store. It is filled with Texas-themed goodies, such as clothing, ornaments, books, movies, jewelry, music, home décor and kitchenware.The EssentialsAddress: 1800 Congress Ave, Austin, TX 78701Hours: The museum is open from Monday through Sunday from 10 am to 5 pm.Parking: The museum has an underground parking garage with an entrance. Parking in the museum garage is $15 for full-day parking.1．Which floor of the museum shows the battles?A. The first floor.B. The second floor.C. The third floor.D. The fourth floor. 2．What is the right time for visiting the museum?A. 9 am, Sunday.B. 9 am, Monday.C. 2 pm, Thursday.D. 6 pm, Saturday. 3．What is the purpose of the text?A. To introduce special exhibits.B. To tell about the history of a museum.C. To show information about a museum.D. To attract people to buy Texas-themed goods.When Amelia Lisowe was told she was too young to volunteer, she decided to make a difference by herself. The Benton, Arkansas native launched her own non-profit, Lisowe’s Lights, in 2018, donating over 500 nightlights to kids in the Arkansas foster (寄养的) system that year alone.Since, she has expanded to all 50 states (and 9 countries) and raised funds to distribute more than 15,000 nightlights — with no plans of slowing down.“Kids in foster homes sometim es have to leave in the middle of the night without taking anything with them,” she says. “I wanted to help them feel less scared and more safe.” The 12-year-old hopes to give away at least 2,500 more lights in 2023.Amelia grew up volunteering with her mom, Lauren, who encouraged her daughter to find something she was good at and use it to make the world a better place. “I’m so proud of her,” Lauren adds. “She’s involved in every decision we make. Every time we spend money, she helps decide if something i s a good idea or will further our cause.”Amelia also gets help from friends in the Royal International Miss Pageant system, who run their own nightlight drives in person and online. Amelia, a sixth grader who also volunteers at her local food bank and nursing home, says she feels the impact of her work most when she hears from organizations that have put her lights to use.“I heard about one boy in Oklahoma who never turned off his hall light, not because he was scared, but because he wanted to make sure his little sister was always doing okay across the hall,” Amelia shares. “When they got their nightlight, he knew she wouldn’t be afraid anymore.”4．What was the reason for Amelia’s being refused as a volunteer?A. Her young age.B. Her slow reaction.C. Her busy schedule.D. Her little experience.5．How can nightlights help kids in foster homes?A. By easing their scare.B. By encouraging them to explore.C. By ensuring their safety.D. By putting them to sleep.6．What is Lauren’s attitude to Amelia’s wor k?A. Opposed.B. Doubtful.C. Supportive.D. Worried.7．Why did Amelia mention a boy in Oklahoma in the last paragraph?A. To explain why he kept light on.B. To express her pride in her job.C. To decide what she would do next.D. To show how nightlights help kids.Animals being extinct from the Earth is a serious issue. When this happens in order to use their fur or skin for fashion, it is even worse, since it’s not even for a matter of human survival. That’s why a London zoo decided to make a powerful s tatement at the Siamese crocodile enclosure (鳄鱼围栏).When visitors come in expecting to see a crocodile, they’re greeted with the handbag instead, making a very effective and powerful point about illegal wildlife trade and the harm it takes on the species involved.A sign by the enclosure reads, “This bag u sed to be found swimming in slow-moving rivers and streams across Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Over the last 75 years, more than 80% of Siamese crocodiles have disappeared. Many, like this one, were hunted for their skins as part of the illegal wildlife t rade.”.Native to parts of Southeast Asia, Siamese crocodiles are critically endangered and have become virtually extinct in the wild. Due to hunting as well as habitat loss, they are now absent from nearly 99% of their original range. A huge part of the decline of population is due to humans using their wetland habitat for rice farming, and things only took a turn for the worse when large-scale hunting for their skin for commercial purposes began in the 1950s.according to Benjamin Tapley, leader of reptiles and amphibians at ZSL London Zoo.Tapley told The Huffington Post, “We made this exhibit, within ZSL London Zoo’s Reptile House, to draw visitors’ attention to the d estructive impact the Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) is having on species around the world. At ZSL, we are working globally with governments and local communities to protect wildlife, support law enforcement (执法) that targets illegal trade networks, empower local communities affected by IWT and reduce demand for threatened wildlife.”8．Why does the sign say this handbag used to swim?A. It is made of a crocodile’s skin.B. It is made into a crocodile shape.C. It is light enough to float on water.D. It was kept in flowing river at first.9．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?A. Wildly hunting of Siamese crocodiles.B. Destruction of Siamese crocodiles’ habitats.C. Commercial value of Siamese crocodiles.D. Causes to make Siamese crocodiles endangered.10．What does the underlined word “confiscated” in paragraph 5 mean?A. Seized.B. Sold.C. Found.D. Stolen.11．What does Tapley’s words focus on?A. The importance of wildlife protection.B. The crisis endangered animals are facing.C. The purpose to show the handbag.D. The harm IWT caused.Coral reefs(珊瑚礁) are a unique ocean ecosystem consisting of rocky structures mainly formed by coral animals and some other ocean life. Despite only covering 0.2 percent of the ocean floor, coral reefs support at least 25 percent of marine species, as well as providing food and economic security for hundreds of millions of people.However, coral reefs across the world are under threat. Warmer oceans can cause the coral bleaching(漂白). It happens when the corals lose colored algae(海藻) living in their bodies and turn completely white. Without the algae, the corals lose their main food source and can die. In addition, as oceans become more acidic(酸性的) from absorbing CO2, corals in acidic conditions become weak in forming reefs.In 2021, the United Nations reported a 14 percent loss of corals across the world largely from rising sea temperatures in the previous 13 years. Australia declared mass bleaching events in 2022 across large parts of the Great Barrier Reef, four times since 2016. Data from the Philippines showed higher than usual ocean temperatures between 2015 and 2017 had caused a serious three-year bleaching events in reefs across the planet.Scientists have been cooperating to see how coral reefs can be protected. Thankfully, they find those coral reefs in the hot parts of the globe are the worst affected. They contain corals with better heat resistance. So their research focus on finding genes(基因) for heat tolerance so that they can be passed on to future generations. Biologists also mix corals that are more resilient to higher temperatures with those that are not and the resulting generation has a better chance of survival.Ultimately, scientists add that without a serious reduction in greenhouse gas, 99 percent of the worl d’s coral reefs will be gone by the end of the century. There is a limit to howquickly corals can adapt warm climate, but if temperatures rise rapidly, then extinction is certain.12．Which is the main threat to coral reefs?A. Declining ocean acidification.B. Loss of colored algae.C. Increasing sea temperatures.D. Lack of food source.13．What do we know from paragraph 3?A. No actions are taken to protect coral reefs.B. Coral bleaching is the worst in Australia.C. Coral reefs have grown rapidly for years.D. Coral reefs receive impacts globally.14．What can be the basic way to protect coral reefs?A. Lowering emission.B. Transplanting them to the hot parts.C. Relying on genes science.D. Limiting their spread.15．Which can be the best title for the text?A. Where Are Coral Reefs Spread?B. How Can Coral Reefs Survive?C. Coral Reefs, A New Threat To Ocean LifeD. Coral Reefs, A Busy Underwater Community二、七选五16．Companion planting (混栽) is the practice of planting things together to help each other grow. Its goal is to create a healthy and productive garden ecosystem (生态系统). But you should consider choosing right species together in your garden. ①________.It saves spaceOne of the common uses of companion planting is to save space. ②________. It can be used in many ways. For example, you can plant quick-growing crops between rows of slow-growing ones for more efficient gardening.It helps with disease issuesDiseases can spread quickly through plants of the same species. ③________. As previously menti oned, plant interaction isn’t fully understood. However, certain plants have been shown to make other plants healthier.④________If there is plenty of habitat of food, then lots of beneficial insects will likely spend lots oftime traveling in your garden. They feed on harmful insects. Some plants attract pollinators that help produce fruits. They make a great addition to the garden.It increases productivityThe main benefit of companion planting is its ability to increase crop yields. It helps with pest (害虫) control, pollination and increases the available space. We now talk about nutrients.⑤________. Some plants can help to provide the nutrients that others need. By planting complementary (互补的) species together, gardeners can create an environment for higher yields.A. It attracts beneficial insects and pollinatorsB. Different plants have different nutrient needsC. Certain plants might not like being planted too closeD. It keeps the soil wet and prevents the soil being destroyedE. Here are some of its benefits that the practice brings youF. Adding different species in your garden can slow the spread of diseasesG. This is perfect for people trying to make the most of their small gardens三、完形填空（15空）Tiffany Hammond and her son Aidan communicate in some familiar ways, like handtablet (平板电脑).press a button on the screen to answer them. The family has designed routines around his“Every single time we go outside the house, there’s something bad happening. There’s away. The result of this experience is a children’s book from Hammond titled A Day With Nohim.”17．A. express B. enjoy C. persuade D. change18．A. chances B. questions C. roles D. fantasies19．A. imply B. inquire C. understand D. bother20．A. saying B. witness C. cheat D. comment21．A. pushed B. elected C. warned D. begged22．A. avoid B. represent C. ignore D. refuse23．A. necessary B. cold C. different D. equal24．A. daily B. weekly C. monthly D. yearly25．A. cover B. significance C. price D. time26．A. imagine B. notice C. defeat D. achieve27．A. record B. teach C. doubt D. celebrate28．A. nervous B. strange C. dangerous D. hopeful29．A. create B. organize C. share D. build30．A. look for B. pick up C. stare at D. serve as31．A. Immediately B. Fortunately C. Actually D. Finally四、短文填空32．Inspired by five national treasures in the Hunan Museum, six groups of digital artists let their imaginations run free. They used digital art to carry out a number of dialogues across time and space, ①________(pay) their respects to China’s excellent tradi tional culture. The exhibition left traditional cultural relics, digital art and installation (安装) art ②________ (combine) together.The exhibition aimed ③________ (explore) fine traditional Chinese culture, carried by ancient cultural relics. It was devoted ④________ better connecting with contemporary (现代的) society and people. After over a year of planning and preparation, artists from China and overseas presented a rich and rewarding exhibition ⑤________ audiences of different ages and from multicultural backgrounds could find fun and experience ⑥________ extraordinary cultural journey.An artist from Taiwan, who now lives in Shanghai, brought to the exhibition his understanding of the traditional Chinese landscape paintings that have been favoured byChinese scholars and ⑦________ (professional). In Ring, he explored the unique aesthetic (美学的) interest and spiritual comfort he ⑧________ (constant) found in Chinese culture through videos, projections and interactive devices.French artist Tony Brown said he ⑨________ (affect) by local people’s passion for fine traditional Chinese art while taking part in the exhibition. In his eyes, the Hunan Museum was doing something innovative by placing ancient treasures and new digital art pieces in the same place. He believed it was a ⑩________ (challenge) but meaningful move.五、书面表达33．假定你是李华，你校英语报正在举办主题为“An Unforgettable Sports Meet”的征文比赛。

河北工程大学搬砖专业你懂得届毕业设计(论文)中英文翻译学生姓名：**学院：土木工程学院专业：搬砖班级：优秀班学号：没有指导老师：L2010年某月某日英文原文：摘自：IE (I) Journal.CV 中的《Parking Management Strategy for the Walled City of Jaipur》Parking Management Strategy for the Walled City of Jaipur Jaipur is a very fast growing metropolitan city which has recorded exponential growth of population in the last four decades. The growth of vehicle population in Jaipur is very alarming. The public transport system is very weak and this is propelling the growth of individual modes of transport. The economic activities are congregating and intensifying in the walled city of Jaipur as a result of which a large number of passenger and goods transport trips originate and end in the walled city. This situation is warranting the need for adequate parking facilities and appropriate management policies, if the activities of walled city are to sustain. This paper presents the surveys carried out to assess the parking demand and supply within the walled city of Jaipur. The parking demand is projected for the horizon year and the shortfall is estimated. The private sector participation to meet the projected demand by implementing parking management and pricing policies is also illustrated in the paper.Keywords: Parking accumulation; Parking duration; Parking demand; Parking design; Parking policyINTRODUCTIONMetropolitan centres in the country are increasing both in number and population. There were 23 such cities in 1991 and these are expected to be 40 by the turn of the century1. Most of these cities have developed from historical times. The economic activities like trade, commerce and administration created in the old parts of the cities are getting densified rapidly. In some cities the historic spots of tourist interest are also located in these old parts. Consequently t he intensity of journeys to these activity centres are increasing. The improvement in the economic stat us of the people coupled with availability of personal modes of transport has contributed to the growth in vehicular traffic to the activity centres. The resulting scenario is that the roads leading to these centres are flooded with vehicles of all types resulting in congestion. Another typical feature of these areas is that the carriageway and foot paths, meant respectively for vehicular and pedestrian traffic, are occupied by hawkers and vendors reducing the capacity of carriageways adding to the problems of crawling traffic and choked roads. As of today the commercial areas in everycity are faced with problems of parking, congestion, accidents and environmental pollution. The planners and administrators, concerned with these problems, are trying to find solutions. The present paper describes one of the attempts of planners in finding out solution to the parking problems of walled city in Jaipur. The paper includes description of the parking problems in walled city o f Jaipur, field studies conducted to assess the characteristics of parking and remedial measures suggested along with a suitable parking policy.PARKING PROBLEMS IN JAIPUR CITYJaipur is one of the metropolitan cities in the country with a population of over 1.5 million and is observed to be growing at 49% per decade1. Besides being the capital city of Rajasthan, the city of Jaipur is a major tourist centre in the country as well. Major portions of economic activities of the city are located in walled city area, spreading over 6.7 km2. This area is, besides having heavily concentrated activities, a very important tourist centre and attracts tourists from all over the globe. The economic activities in the form of wholesale trade, commerce, household industries, administration and tourist spots generate heavy traffic to and from these areas. The limited road space of the area is congested with vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The shopkeepers and vendors also occupy the sidewalks and carriageways. Consequently the traffic in these areas is facing acute congestion, bottlenecks and hazards. The environmental pollution as well as physical and visual intrusions are also some of the other problems increasingly faced by the residents and the visitors to the area.Parking demand in the walled city area is met mainly by roadside parking along all major roads and there is no major off-street parking facility. With the ever increasing parking demand the vehicles are parked in two rows on carriageways. Footpaths are also filled with parked vehicles. While there is heavy demand for parking, the limited enforcement of regulatory measures fail to control and manage the parking problems. The Jaipur Development Authority ( JDA) concerned with the growing demand for parking and the related problems, (ie, traffic circulation, congestion etc), requested the Central Road Research Institute. New Delhi, to study the parking problems and suggest policies and schemes of management. In the light of the resource and time constraints, as well as severity of problems, the scope of the study was restricted to Kishanpole bazaar in the west,Tripolia bazaar in the north, Mirza Ismail Road (M I Road) in the south and Johari bazaar in the east as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Map showing the study areaOBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe study was taken up with the following objectives:o to assess the parking demand and characteristics of the study area;o to assess the traffic operating conditions on the major roads within the study area;o to project the parking demand of the future;o to explore the possibilities of augmenting the parking spaces; ando to develop parking management schemes and policies to meet the parking demand of the present and future.FIELD STUDIESWith a view to assess the existing parking demand, parking supply, traffic volume and traffic speed on major roads and related data was collected by carrying out field surveys, namely,o traffic volume survey;o speed and delay survey of traffic;o parking duration and accumulation surveys;o users opinion survey;o inventory of regulatory measures of parking; ando inventory of parking spaces.Traffic Volume SurveyThis survey was carried out between 0900 h and 1300 h and between 1600 h and 2000 h on a normal working day at mid- block locations of the following road sections:o Kishanpole Bazaar;o Chaura Rastha;o Johari Bazaar; ando Tripolia Bazaar.Speed and Delay SurveysSpeed and delay studies were conducted on all the major road sections to obtain average journey speeds and related delays during the morning and evening peak hours. The road sections included in the survey are:o Kishanpole Bazaar;o Chaura Rastha;o Johari Bazaar;o Tripolia Bazaar;o Nehru Bazaar;o Bapu Bazaar; ando Mirza Ismail Road.Parking SurveysThese surveys were carried out to assess the parking demand, parking characteristics, parking accumulation and duration within the study area.Users SurveyBoth two-wheeler and four-wheeler users were interviewed on sampling basis to obtain the data on socio-economic characteristics, purpose of the trip, origin of trip, duration of parking, time needed to walk to the final destination and problems faced while parking. The interviews covered all the seven road sections mentioned in the speed and delay studies.Inventory of Regulation and ControlThe inventory of regulatory and control measures that are in vogue have been identified and the prevailing enforcement measures have been studied through field inspection. The inventory survey covered all the road sections mentioned in speed and delay studies. Inventory of Off-street Parking FacilitiesInventory of the two available off-street parking facilities in the vicinity of the study area ha s been carried out. This included the assessment of the available spaces and their effectiveness as parking lots.TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICSThe data collected through surveys have been analysed to understand the nature and magnitude of the traffic problems and parking characteristics. These aspects of traffic are discussed here.Traffic VolumeThe road sections in the study area are found to carry traffic not only terminating to the activities located in the study area but also to other areas (through traffic). The peak hour traffic and composition presented in Table 1 show that the traffic volume ranges from 3600 vehicles/h to 8200 vehicles/h. The maximum flow was obse rved on Tripolia Bazaar. It is interesting to note that the two-wheelers, cycles and cycle rickshaws accounted for more than 85% of the traffic. Tripolia Bazaar has maximum percentage of non-motorised traffic (more than 50%).Parking AccumulationVehicles parked in the study area comprised two-wheelers, cycles, cycle rickshaws, four wheelers and goods vehicles, such as, pedal carts and cycle carts. Amongst these two- wheeler and cycle rickshaws were dominant. Peak parking demand of vehicles on selected road sections is presented in Table 2. The table shows that Tripolia Bazaar ranks high with1882 vehicles followed by Johari Bazaar with 1604 vehicles.The parking demand for the entire study area in terms of equivalent carspaces (ECS) was worked out to be 3985. The hourly variations in terms of the vehicles parked on different road sections are presented in Figure 2. From the figure it can be observed that the accumulation reaches maximum by 1200 h and declines gradua lly by afternoon and again becomes maximum in the evening by 1830 h.Parking DurationData on duration of parking of the cars and two-wheelers in the study area has been analysed. Cumulative percentages of cars and two-wheelers parked for different time duration are presented in Figure 3. It can be seen from the figure that 60% of cars and 55% of two-wheelers were parked for less than half an hour. Similarly, 78% of cars and 75% of two-wheelers are parked for less than one hour. The parking duration of two- wheelers is observed to be more than that of cars. This may be due to the shop keepers owning two-wheelers and parking them for more time. The number of cars and two-wheelers entering the parking lots on the day of survey are also presented in Table 3. As shown in the table a total of 6000 cars and 25 900 two-wheelers enter the various parking lots in the study area between 0900 h and 2100 h.Users SurveyThe data of users survey was analysed to know the purpose of their visit to the area, the duration of parking, problems faced while parking etc.Trip Purpose: The purpose of the trips to the study area revealed the following salient features:o Shopping for self followed by trading for business were the main purposes of theirvisit to the study area; ando 20% to 30% of the trips were for work.Parking Duration: The analysis of parking duration according to trip purpose revealed that as expected users reporting work as trip purpose are found to be parking for longer duration whilst those reporting shopping and trade as trip purpose are found to be parking for shorter duration (Table 4).Walking Times: Analysis of walking times from parking lots to the ultimate destination revealed the following salient features:o Along all the road sections nearly 80% of the users reported walking time of5 min from the place of parking to the ultimate destination; ando On Bapu Bazaar nearly 26% reported walking time of more than 15 min indicating the shortage of parking spaces closer to their place of destination.Users Problems: Under the problems reported by the users the time spent in locating the place for parking was predominant. Further, the regulation of one hour restriction on parking at Johari Bazaar was another problem. This is the only section where parking time restriction is strictly implemented. Insecurity for the vehicles is another major problem reported by the users.Trip OriginsThe analysis of the data relating to the place of origin of the parkers, visiting the study area, revealed that the walled city attracts trips from all parts of the city. The pattern of the trips is presented in Figure 4, in the form of desire line diagram2. Trips are also attracted from far off places like Sanganer and Mansarover thus indicating that the walled city continues to be the main centre for wholesale and retail trade.Existing Parking Regulations and ControlThe measures in force are:o Organised parking of cars, two-wheelers and goods vehicles along the kerb side in the study area;o ‘Parking’and‘No Parking’zones are specified through sign boards though the signs are not clear and conspicuous; ando Time restriction on duration of parking in some areas.The field inspection showed that‘No Parking’restrictions are not observed by the users. The time restriction of one hour is enforced only on cars parked in the Johari Bazaar area. Off-street Parking LotsThere are only two off-street parking lots in the vicinity of the study area, namely, Sanjay Market near Sanganeri gate and Ramnivas Garden. The Sanjay Market parking lot canestimatedly accommodate about 50 cars. The circulation and parking arrangements as well as the entry and exit are not designed and regulated on any scientific basis and this results in haphazard parking and inefficient use of the available space. Ramnivas Garden parking lot caters mainly to the requirement of the visitors to the garden and the present parking lot can accommodate about 40 cars and 50 two- wheelers. Parking fee is also charged at this parking lot. The visitors to the bazaar area have the problem of crossing the heavy traffic moving on Mirza Ismail Road, and this discour- ages the visitors from parking at this lot.Existing Parking SupplyKerbside parking is allowed on all the road sections in the study area and can accommodate a total of 2645 ECS. The section wise details of the ECS for various road sections are presented in Table 5.Projection of Parking DemandThe growth in parking demand is directly related to growth in activities located in the study area coupled with increase in vehicle ownership in the city besides economic status of the people visiting the area. The growth levels in trade and commerce which is the main activity in the study area was considered for parking demand projection. The planned growth for these activities in the city is 4.9%, 5.9% and 6.2% per annum3,4. Parking demand has been worked out using these growth rates. The space and infrastructure available in the study area may not allow a higher growth of 6.2% per annum in activities. But to account for increasing growth trend of vehicle ownership/economic status in the projection of parking demand, a growth rate of 6.2% per annum is considered appropriate and hence the same was adopted in this study.Parking demands have been projected separately for cars and two-wheelers for the year 2001 and 2011 AD. Table 6 presents the mode wise and road section wise projected parking demand in comparison with base year.FindingsThe study area has limited parking spaces with five road sec- tions. These road sections carry traffic to and from the activities located in the study area in addition to the through traffic. The kerbside parking is allowed on both sides of road sections.(i) Because of the road traffic and parked vehicles the traffic rawls at a speed of less than15 kmph.(ii) Due to inadequate parking space and ever increasing parking demand the vehicles can be seen parked in two rows on the carriageway and even footpaths are occupied with parked vehicles.(iii) The perceptions of the people visiting the area are that they face problems in locating a parking space and the restriction of parking to one hour duration is a problem.(iv) The available spaces can meet only two-thirds of the demand thus leaving an unsatisfied demand of one- third.(v) The existing off-street parking lots are ill managed and are lacking in design and suffer from the absence of systematic design and regulations.(vi) The projected parking demand shows that the parking spaces have to be created in the form of off- street parking lots besides regulating the present kerbside parking. (vii) Parking accumulation reaches maximum by 1200 h in the morning and comes down for couple of hour s in the afternoon and again reaches maximum accumulation during evening hour.(viii)Sixty percent of cars and 55% of two-wheeler are parked for less than half an hour. RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES AND POLICIESThe parking space available can cope with only two-third of the present demand and the projected parking demand is much higher.Presently no parking fee is being charged for kerbside parking. In the absence of parking fee the user can move from one deterrent to the growth of parking demand up to certain time period. With the continuous increase in economic status of the residents, the parking demand is bound to increase. Therefore, there is a need to evolve strategies to meet the growing demand through demand management and capacity augmentation.中文译文：旅游古城斋浦尔的停车管理战略摘要：斋浦尔是一个在最近四年里人口以指数增长且发展非常快速的大都市。

给居民提意见不让停车在居民楼的英语作文In recent years, urban development has seen a rapid increase in the number of vehicles on the road. This surge in car ownership, while indicative of economic growth, has led to significant challenges in urban planning and residential living conditions. One critical issue that has emerged is the inappropriate parking of vehicles in residential areas. This essay aims to highlight the various reasons why residents should refrain from parking near residential buildings and to propose alternative solutions to mitigate the problem.To begin with, parking near residential buildings poses serious safety risks. Residential areas are designedprimarily for living, not for accommodating large numbers of vehicles. Narrow streets, limited visibility, and the presence of pedestrians, especially children, create hazardous conditions when cars are parked haphazardly.Emergency vehicles, such as fire trucks and ambulances, often struggle to navigate these crowded spaces, which can delay crucial response times during emergencies. For instance, a blocked fire hydrant due to a parked car can result in catastrophic consequences during a fire outbreak.Moreover, the aesthetic value of residential neighborhoods is significantly compromised when cars are parked inappropriately. The visual clutter of numerous vehicles detracts from the architectural beauty and planned landscaping of the area. Residents invest considerable time and resources into maintaining their homes and surroundings, and the presence of parked cars can undermine these efforts.A neighborhood's appeal is not only a matter of pride for its residents but also a factor that influences property values.A cluttered and congested area can deter potential buyers, thus impacting the overall real estate market.The environmental impact of parking near residential buildings cannot be overlooked either. Vehicles emit pollutants that contribute to air and noise pollution, both of which have detrimental effects on the health and well-being of residents. Idling cars, in particular, release a high concentration of exhaust gases, which can seep into homes and negatively affect indoor air quality. Noise pollution from car engines, alarms, and the general commotion associated with parking can disrupt the peace and tranquility that residents expect in their living spaces.Furthermore, the convenience of parking close to one’s residence often leads to a reliance on personal vehicles for short trips, which could otherwise be completed by walking, cycling, or using public transportation. This dependency not only exacerbates traffic congestion but also contributes to a sedentary lifestyle among residents. Encouraging alternative modes of transportation can foster a healthier community and reduce the environmental footprint of the neighborhood.Another significant issue is the potential for increased crime rates. Vehicles parked in residential areas are often targets for theft and vandalism. The presence of unknown individuals loitering around parked cars can also raise security concerns among residents. A well-planned community should prioritize the safety and security of its inhabitants, and reducing the number of parked cars can help achieve this goal.To address these concerns, several measures can be implemented. Firstly, urban planners and local authorities should invest in the development of designated parking facilities, such as multi-story car parks, on the periphery of residential areas. This would keep vehicles away from homes while still providing convenient access for residents. Additionally, implementing strict parking regulations and enforcement policies can deter unauthorized parking and ensure compliance with community standards.Public transportation infrastructure should also be enhanced to reduce the reliance on personal vehicles. Efficient and reliable public transport options can provide a viable alternative for residents, reducing the need for parking spaces near homes. Bicycle-sharing programs and pedestrian-friendly pathways can further encourage residents to adopt more sustainable modes of transportation.Community awareness and engagement are crucial in addressing the issue of parking near residential buildings. Residents should be educated about the negative impacts of inappropriate parking and encouraged to adopt responsible behaviors. Community meetings, newsletters, and social media campaigns can be effective tools in spreading awareness and fostering a collective effort to maintain the integrity of the neighborhood.In conclusion, the practice of parking near residential buildings presents numerous challenges, including safetyrisks, aesthetic degradation, environmental pollution, and potential increases in crime rates. To create a safe, attractive, and sustainable living environment, it is essential for residents to refrain from parking in these areas. By implementing appropriate infrastructure, enhancing public transportation, and raising community awareness, we can mitigate the negative impacts of this issue and promote a higher quality of life for all residents. The responsibility lies not only with local authorities but also with each individual resident to ensure that our neighborhoods remain safe and pleasant places to live.。

停车管理制度简单解释英文IntroductionParking management system is a set of rules and regulations that govern the use of parking spaces, ensuring that they are used efficiently and fairly. The aim of a parking management system is to minimize congestion and environmental impact, while maximizing convenience for users.Types of Parking Management SystemsThere are various types of parking management systems, ranging from simple pay-and-display systems to more complex computerized systems. Some common types of parking management systems include:- Pay-and-Display: This is a simple system in which drivers pay for their parking at a pay station and display their ticket on the dashboard of their vehicle. This system is easy to implement and relatively low cost, but it can lead to long queues at pay stations and may not be suitable for large parking facilities.- Pay-by-Space: In a pay-by-space system, drivers pay for the specific space they use, rather than for a specific amount of time. This can help to reduce congestion and maximize space utilization, but it requires more sophisticated technology and may be less convenient for users.- License Plate Recognition: This system uses cameras to capture the license plate of each vehicle entering and leaving the parking facility. Drivers can then pay for their parking online or via a mobile app, without the need for a physical ticket. This system is convenient for users and can help to reduce queues and congestion, but it requires significant investment in technology.- Automated Parking Guidance: This system uses sensors to monitor the availability of parking spaces and provides real-time information to drivers, guiding them to the nearest available space. This can help to reduce congestion and make parking facilities more user-friendly, but it requires a high level of investment and ongoing maintenance.Key Components of a Parking Management SystemRegardless of the type of parking management system being used, there are several key components that are essential for its effective operation:- Regulations: A parking management system must have clear and enforceable regulations, such as time limits, fees, and restrictions on certain types of vehicles. These regulations should be clearly communicated to users through signage and other means.- Enforcement: Without effective enforcement, parking regulations are meaningless. A parking management system must have a means of enforcing regulations, such as parking attendants, parking meters, or automated enforcement technology.- Payment: A parking management system must provide a means for users to pay for their parking, whether through cash, credit card, mobile app, or other means. Payment should be convenient and user-friendly, to encourage compliance with regulations.- Information: A parking management system should provide users with information about the availability of parking spaces, fees, and regulations, to help them make informed decisions about where and when to park.Benefits of Parking Management SystemsA well-designed parking management system can provide a range of benefits for both users and the community as a whole, including:- Reduced congestion: By encouraging turnover of parking spaces and minimizing the time spent searching for parking, a parking management system can help to reduce congestion and improve traffic flow.- Improved air quality: By reducing the amount of time spent driving in search of parking, a parking management system can help to reduce emissions and improve air quality.- Increased revenue: A parking management system can generate revenue for the organization responsible for the parking facility, through fees and fines.- Better user experience: By providing real-time information about available parking spaces and convenient payment options, a parking management system can improve the user experience and encourage repeat visits.Challenges of Parking Management SystemsWhile parking management systems can provide a range of benefits, they also present a number of challenges, including:- Cost: Implementing a parking management system requires significant investment in technology, infrastructure, and staff.- Resistance to change: Some users may be resistant to changes in parking regulations or payment methods, and may be reluctant to comply with new rules.- Fairness: A parking management system must be perceived as fair and equitable, to ensure that all users are treated fairly and that there is no favoritism or discrimination. ConclusionA parking management system is an essential component of modern urban transportation infrastructure, helping to minimize congestion, improve air quality, and maximize the efficient use of parking spaces. By implementing a well-designed parking management system that is fair, user-friendly, and enforceable, cities and organizations can improve the overall quality of life for residents and visitors alike.。