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2014年3月高级口译听力真题NTGF含解析Note Taking and Gap FillingGood afternoon, class. I want to start my lecture by telling you a story. Once there was a young woman from Mexico named Consuela, who came to New York to learn English. She got a job at a factory owned by a Chinese. One day as Consuela came to work, her Chinese boss handed her a red envelope. Consuela looked inside and saw 20 dollars. She became very upset and threw the envelope back at her boss! Her boss was shocked. Well, he had given her the red envelope and the money because it was Chinese New Year. And on the Chinese New Year, it is traditional to give money to young, single people for good luck. However, from Consuela’s point of view, he was an older man giving her money in an envelope, which meant that he was asking her for sexual favors. Naturally, she refused to take the money.Now, what does this story show us? It shows that an action can have totally opposite meanings in different cultures. Every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate and what is not appropriate behavior. And to illustrate my point today, I’m going to give examples from four areas. First, the way people greet each other in different cultures. Second, the way they use names and titles. Third, the way people eat. And finally, the way they exchange gifts.OK, let’s start with greeting customs—First of all, I’m sure you know that in the United States and in most western countries, greetings often involve some sort of touching, such as a handshake, a hug, or a kiss if people know each other very well. On the other hand, people from most Asian countriesdon’t usually feel as comfortable touching in public. Although handshakes between business people are common, many Japanese prefer a bow, while people from Thailand, normally hold their hands together in a kind of prayer position. So imagine how embarrassing it would be if an American was invited to someone’s home in Japan or Thailand and she tried to hug the host!Now, another behavior that differs from culture to culture is the use of names. Have you noticed that Americans ar e quick to use people’s first names even if they have just met. For instance, visitors to the United States are always surprised to hear employees speak to their bosses using first names. In contrast, people in most other cultures are more formal and prefer to be addressed as Mr. Brown or Mr. Honda, for example. In addition, in some countries, such as Italy or Korea, people like you to include their title orposition with their family names, especially if they’re university graduates or owners of a business.Now I want to look at eating customs. I’ll talk about the behaviors connected with eating that vary from culture to culture. One of these is the use of utensils. You probably know that people in many Asian cultures use chopsticks but in some countries i t’s customary to eat with your fingers. It’s important to be aware of different dining customs. Here is another example. In some cultures, eating everything on your plate is considered impolite. In Egypt and China, you should leave some food in your dish at the end of the meal. This is to show that your hosts were generous and gave you more than enough to eat. However, Americans generally consider a clean plate as a sign of satisfaction with the food.Finally, what I want to mention today is gift giving, which you may think is a universal custom and there is not much variation from culture to culture. But the rules of gift giving can be very complicated. In USA, if you’re invited to someone’s home for dinner, bring wine or flowers or small item as a present. On the other hand, the Japanese give gifts quite frequently, often to thank someone, such as a teacher or a doctor. In the Japanese culture, gift giving is a very ancient tradition and it has many detailed rules. Another interesting fact about gift giving is that many cultures have strict rules about gifts you should not give. For example, never give yellow flowers to people from Iran, which means you hate them!【评析】本文题材对考生来说并不陌生，是老生常谈的文化差异。
N T操作手册说明书(总23页) --本页仅作预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页--NT手持表操作手册说明书带有数据记录多功能用来测量流率，流速，温度，压力和其他变量的手持式表。
控制元件和连接件的概述和简要介绍。
！，请确保选择正确的传感器(FA,VA或TA)（看下面）！目录1，安全说明1.1具体参数1.2操作电池2，交货范围描述，排列模板3，技术参数，运行条件，外壳和连接，电气参数，测量不确定性4，初始操作/启动，连接插头，8针连接插头的线路图, 12针连接插头的线路图模拟输出 0-10V模拟输入 4-20mA模拟输入 0-10V 5.操作，按键功能，开启后设置菜单，参数设置6，检修7，替换零件8，种类3G安装手册9，种类3G符合标准说明1，安全说明损坏及受损风险导致的损失。
在初始操作前请仔细阅读操作手册说明。
遵守一般安全措施也包含在这操作说明书中的其他部分。
危害风险-不按照操作和安全说明。
-客户自己更改设备。
-不按照指定的操作条件处理设备-不按照指定的操作条件处理探头-使用不合适的电源和外围设备。
-设备的使用不当。
预防电压危害-交流电源上仅使用专用的适配器插头-当使用USB接头时确保电脑是正确的连接在电源上（接地安全插座，接地）-当类似输出或输入连接到外围设备上时确保他们正确的连接到电源上（接地安全插座，接地）当加压管道上安装传感器的危险-传感器仅用在加压管道中的插入或减压条件中的折回。
不遵守可能严重导致人员受伤。
-在压力情况下安装或拆卸，必须使用必要的防护设备。
例如：球阀和带有防护链的探杆或主轴探杆。
在爆炸环境中使用备件的危险。
-该装置和它的传感器或仅用在种类3G（区域2 气体）的范围设备内。
-当标有种类1/2G,1/2D或2G,2D或3D的传感器连接到设备上，他们只能用在种类3G区域！（参照操作手册种类3G和第八第九部分的符合标准说明）。
具体参数-当使用电压变化时注意电源电压。
-通过使用超过12V电源来连接传感器检测最大额定功率。
2C开叫:2C开叫表示11-14(15)HCP,5+C和4张高花,或者6+C.2D应叫-接力:应叫2D表示至少邀叫牌力.应叫2D后再叫3C表示邀叫实力(10-11HCP),C配合(由于你没有立刻加叫3C,因此这个2D不暗示有4张高花).应叫2D后再叫花色是有这个花色套的GF牌.作为一种选择,应叫人可以进一步问牌情(持任何GF牌).开叫人回应2D接力叫,显示牌型:2H=4张H,2S=4张S,2N=6张C,适合做NT庄家,3C=6张C,好牌,适合做NT定约的明手(3D问单缺[3N=没有单缺,4C=D单缺]),3D=6张C,4张D,高限,3H,3S=6张C,5张弱高花,例如:S3 HQ5432 D2 CAKQJ32,3N=坚固C套,高限.应叫人可以继续用最便宜阶次的叫品作进一步接力叫(例如:2H后的2S,2S后的2N),开叫人回答的原则是:如果前面的叫牌已经表示了5+-4牌型,叫3张套,没有叫清6张C时再叫C承诺6张(接着3D问单缺),如果前面的叫牌已经表示了6-4牌型,叫单缺.例如:a) 2C 2D2H 2S3D,3S =3张套,碎片叫b) 2C 2D2S 2N3C 3D3H =H单缺所有接力叫以外的叫牌都是自然叫,而且-如果是介绍新花-逼叫.请对叫品给予特别的关注:2C 2D2H 2N自然叫,不逼叫(下一个接力叫应该是2S).但是:2C 2D2S 2N =接力叫因此,在回答2S后邀叫牌没有合适叫品(3C是个例外).2H,2S应叫:这些叫品是自然叫,不逼叫,有5+套(6-11HCP).开叫人有4张配合加叫同伴,3张支持可以pass或加叫(看判断了).如果没有配合,可能就是混乱的开始.开叫人可以这样处理:有6张好C套叫3C(如果不能pass 2H或者2S);持短S(2S之后)和5张C,冒险叫2N,但必须是一手好牌-差牌必须pass(“马车都翻了,还管什么马?”)2N应叫:2C开叫后,最难应叫的牌是强双套牌:不可以从最便宜的新花叫起,因为2H和2S应叫不逼叫;也不能通过2D过渡,那样再叫第1个自然套将必须在3阶.这个问题被一个渐趋流行的人工意义的叫品2N解决.这个叫品表示C套弱止或者没有C套的强双套(GF).开叫人必须再叫3C,然后应叫人或者pass(0-8的加叫),或者用Wilkosz方式显示的强双套: 3D=D+H,3H=H+S,3S=S+D.一旦双套被显示,叫牌就是逼局.这个约定的优点是:1)一下显示双套2)限制了2D接力叫的意义-如果叫了2D,那么就表示我们是单套牌,3)可以区分弱加叫和邀叫加叫.其它应叫:3C不是阻击,而是限制性加叫(9-11HCP).因为双套牌从2D应叫中排除,那么强单套H或S牌先叫2D再叫出自然套.这样,直接跳叫3D,3H,3S表示有好套,邀叫实力的单套牌(假定开叫1C,这个套可以这么叫:1C-1H-1NT-3H).敌人干扰后的叫牌:2阶新花不逼叫,3阶新花逼叫.加倍是否定性加倍.开叫人在敌花中有4张好牌可以pass.2D开叫-小多意:WJ05中看到了一个不同于WJ2000的变化-2D开叫的含义.以前,同样的一手牌-6-11HCP 和一个不错的套,开叫2H或2S.我们使用一个非常好的结构,这个结构的作者是Slawomir Zawislak,发表在2004年4月出版的杂志”Brydz”上.这里我们解释这个有本质变化的约定.应叫人的叫牌显示下列目的之一:1)即使持强牌,如果没有配合(当6张套遇上你的单缺),那么尽快停在尽可能低的阶次上,2)应叫人的牌有些强度时,由应叫人做庄,3)应叫人有支持时,尽快达成定约(不需要探查).应叫人两个高花都有好支持时,快速叫到定约是容易的;即使是有均型的HCP,在这种情况下,快速叫到局,使敌人不能找到很好的牺牲或者一个局.4)持弱牌可以对敌人隐藏所有的牌型-直到获得以开叫人的花色套做庄时.2H,2S应叫:这些应叫是说:”如果我叫到了你的套,请pass.”注意:H弱于S,叫2H.这是规则.持SKJ2 H32 DQJ32 CQ432,尽管S强于H,应叫2H-这样,同伴是H套时,我们可以停在2H.如果他是S套,会纠正到2S,然后舒服的pass.持S2 HKT32 DKQ32 CAQ32,叫2S!如果同伴有6张S,我们不可能安全的做比2S更高的定约-这种情况,同伴pass 2S.如果开叫人有6张H,他会进一步叫牌,那样,我们将射中H成局定约.2H应叫后,开叫人没有自由选择:持H弱二牌必须pass,持S弱二牌必须叫2S(如果有作出其他叫牌的想法,就意味着选择的开叫叫品错误).这种克制是需要的,因为2H应叫暗示着失配.2S应叫后,开叫人持6张S必须pass.也许是巨大的失配-同伴的S缺门.但是如果开叫人是H套,2S应叫后,他可以”长翅膀”了.可以叫2N(H套高限开叫)或者3C,3D(半自然,H套高限开叫,还有一个不错的边花C或D).持H套低限,开叫人立刻回到3H.2H和2S应叫还可以包含单套邀叫牌.例如:持S2 HAQJT32 DKQT2 CQ2,同伴开叫2D.我们叫2H,同伴改到2S,我们再叫H.同伴可以pass或推进到4.持S套也用相同的规则.持好的6张S套我们叫2S.同伴最初认为我们建议推进到3H.他显示他的牌情,然后我们再叫S.同伴可以pass或者叫到S局.2N应叫:2D开叫通常由一个好套和很少的大牌点构成.因此,由应叫人做庄通常是对的-庄家的边花财富处境比较好.所以,叫牌结构设计成强牌成为庄家.例如:持SAQ4 K432 DKQJ74 C3,即使面对低限开叫我们也要进局.无论如何,不管同伴持有S还是H,我们都更愿意自己做庄,因为在庄家的位置可以更好的抵挡来自另一高花套的首攻.我们设计2N强牌应叫,以便估量成局或满贯的机会.2N还有询问开叫类型的作用.开叫人的再叫:3C=高限开叫.3D问套,要求应叫人颠倒次序显示它:3H=S,3S=H2D 2N3C 3D3S =高限开叫,H套(H被确定为将牌)3D=H套,低限.应叫人叫3H示止.3H=S套,低限.应叫人叫3S示止.2N也可以作为战术性心理叫（相对于标准弱2，并不少见），用于弱牌混淆实力，例如有利局况时持：SKJ H432 D5432 CJ432。
3.13过关必看：中级口译《听力教程第三版》之必看篇目权威发布★表示重要性，关注程度Unit1P2 Shopping over the Internet★★★★全文NT, 速写，SD 词汇考查互联网购物Critical thinking 网络购物的利与弊pros and consP3-2 Shopping Mall ★★★购物中心的设计全文NT, 速写P3-3 SOHO Small office and home office ★★★家庭式办公新趋势全文NT, 速写，SD词汇考查Uni3P1 Crime and Prison ★★全文NT, 速写，SD 词汇考查Critical thinking 罪犯一再犯罪的根本原因，社会因素，政府职责P3-2 How to stay safe in the city? ★★★各种犯罪词汇积累&防止手段Critical thinking 犯罪问题的解决应该从提升个人安全意识做起。
Unit4P1- Social Behavior for children ★★★★全文NT, 速写，SD词汇考查。
注意文章结构，高口同学可以参考，在NTGF中的笔记布局问题。
这里谈了三类: rewards; punishments; modeling; 每一类应该重点记忆。
P3-2 Single Parent Household ★★★listening comprehension，熟悉对话的输出方式。
Critical thinking家庭的模式/类型：family pattern; 以及其变迁。
P3-3 Advice for your parents. ★★★青少年的想法，成人应该予以关注。
Unit7P1-Are people born clever, or stupid? ★★★★这篇文章的SD和理解都有一定的难度，需要中口同学引起高度重视。
全文精听，加NT, 注意个别词汇的拼写。
满贯叫牌满贯牌大约每10副左右出现一次，虽然出现的频率不是很高，但是由于满贯的输赢一般都比较大，所以往往也是决定比赛胜负的关键。
下面先说说我们自己叫的情况：一．扣叫：扣叫是满贯叫牌进程中最为关键的叫牌方式。
扣叫的方式决定了一个满贯的成败，下面先介绍几种扣叫的叫法：1.混合式扣叫：现代的桥牌一般都把第一二轮控制混在一起，从最经济的开始扣。
但是，这里也分欧式扣叫和法式扣叫。
欧式扣叫：欧式扣叫的特点是扣叫任何一个花色都否认低一级的控制，而同伴跟着扣叫首先承诺同伴无控制花色的扣叫。
例如：你同伴1♠2NT（GF，配合也好，没配合也好）3♠4♦4♥*同伴的4♦扣叫首先肯定是♠配合，满贯兴趣，同时否认了♣控制。
这时，你的4♥扣叫承诺了♣控制！！试想一下，如果你在♣也没控制，那还扣♥干什么？不可能有满贯的。
而这时♥是否有控制则不肯定。
这里仅仅是一个简单的例子，还有很多的叫牌进程，只要是满贯进程的扣叫，上面这个例子就是一个原则，搭档间要说好。
法式扣叫：刚好和欧式扣叫相反，扣叫一个低的花色是在等待上一级花色的扣叫，同样是上面这个例子，这时候4♦扣叫表示请你不要担心♣，我肯定能控制，同伴在等待♥的扣叫。
以上两种扣叫方式都可以，但是同伴间一定要根据自己的习惯约好! 即：如果使用欧式扣叫，同伴扣的花色低一级如果没有控制千万不要习惯性跟着扣！而如果使用法式，则一定要跟着扣，搭档间一定要遵守原则。
2.一些扣叫的细节和小约定（手段）：a．尽量不要把3NT以下的新花色叫牌处理为扣叫，（例外：♥是将牌时，3♠还应该是扣叫）尤其是低花配合时。
这时，我们主要的任务还是应该先找到最佳的局。
毕竟，满贯不是总出现的。
b．扣叫同伴的花色时尽量不要是单缺，而是有大牌，这个大牌可以是A、K或者Q！往往你在同伴花色上的Q会有很大的帮助。
它的价值可能比一个边花的A或K要大得多。
而且，叫出同伴花色的Q也对找到最佳配合有意想不到的帮助。
2006年范得比尔特杯半决赛最后一节：♠:Kxxx♥:Qx♦:AKxxxx♣:x♠:Axxx♥:AKxx♦:Qx♣:Kxx我们的叫牌：N（福中）S（赵杰）1♦1♥1♠2♣（第四花色）2♦2♠3♥（延迟加叫，我知道Qx）3♠（等待叫）4♣4♦（♦有大牌）4NT（♠RKC）5♥（2无♠Q）6♦Pass当福中发现我没有♠Q时自然就选择6♦了。
沪江英语绿宝书之2011年3月上海高级口译考试听力原文(Section 4-NTGF)SECTION 4: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)Part A: Note-taking and Gap-fillingDirections: In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk ONL Y ONCE. While listening to the talk, you may take notes on the important points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap, filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. You will not get your ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk.Everyone experiences stress on some level every day. Stress, broadly defined, is our response to events that we perceive as threatening or challenging. We may experience different levels of stress, depending on the stressors, meaning the events or circumstances that cause us to feel stress. Of course, not everyone perceives the same events or circumstances as stressful. We don’t always react the same way to the same stressors. In fact, something that is extremely stressful for one person may be exciting and non-stressful for another. In general, though, stressful events can be classified into three main categories: cataclysmic events, personal stressors and background stressors. Cataclysmic events are major events that cause stress suddenly, immediately for a great many people at once. Examples of these are earthquakes, fires, or other disasters. Personal stressors are major life events that create stress. They can include the death of a loved one, a job loss, a divorce, a financial setback, or a geographical move. They are not always events that we will perceive as negative. Many joyful life events can also cause a great deal of stress. For example, getting engaged, or married, acquiring a new family member, through birth or adoption, starting a new job, and even taking a vacation, can all be as stressful as negative life events. Finally, background stressors, which we can also think of as day to day hassles or minor irritations, can cause stress, particularly when they add up, when we are repeatedly exposed to them. Examples of background stressors are waiting in a long line, getting stuck in a traffic jam, being exposed to noise, experiencing a delay of some sort, or dealing with broken equipment. Examples of chronic background stressors, and the kind that can lead to long-term health problems include being unhappy with one’s job, living environment, marriage or relationship.Stress is not something that only exists in our mind. Repeated exposure to stressors has both psychological and biological consequences. When we’re exposed to stressors, our adrenal gland secretes certain hormones and our heart rate and blood pressure rise. We experience a “fight orflight” response—a sense of emergency where the body prepares to defend itself. This is useful in some situations, especially where we might actually need to defend ourselves. In the long run, though, this activation of what is known as the sympathetic nervous system has negative effects and reduces our capacity to manage stress. When stress hormones are constantly secreted, and the body is continually preparing for emergencies, body tissues such as the heart and blood vessels can begin to deteriorate; the immune system functions less effectively, and reduces our ability to fight our illness.The General Adaptation Syndrome or GAS explains the sequence of physiological reactions to stress. There are three phases to GAS. The first is the alarm and mobilization phase. This is when we first become aware of a stressor. When we respond with alarm, we may feel upset or confused. We may even feel a sense of panic or fear. After that, however, we may begin to mobilize our efforts, in other words, to take action, to remove the stressor. For example, if you receive a mid-semester report, stating that your grades were all very low, you might worry at first, but then you would probably make plans to reverse the situation to improve your grades. The second phase of GAS is the resistance stage which occurs if the stressor is not removed. This is the stage when we fight against the stressor or try to cope with the stressor. The attempt to mobilize and remove the source of stress from phase one can result in further stress. For example, if you were studying long hours to try to improve low grades, you might succeed in improving the grades but create more stress in the process. This can lead to the third GAS phase: exhaustion. In this phase, if resistance was not successful, and stressors still exist, our ability to fight or cope with the stressor diminishes. At this point, symptoms of stress manifest themselves psychologically and biologically. Psychologically, we may become irritable, short-tempered, or unable to focus. There may be a sense of being completely overwhelmed and unable to function. Biologically, our bodies may react with such symptoms as aches and pains, fatigue or illness. Interestingly, the exhaustion phase may actually be an extreme way of trying to avoid the stressors. The body may be telling us that we need to take a break, that we need to do whatever is necessary to remove ourselves from the stressor.。
