高口翻译第十讲长句的译法(汉译英)
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长句的翻译方法摘要:本文简要地叙述了长句翻译的四种基本方法:顺译法、逆译法、分译法、综合法及其适用场合。
关键词:长句翻译顺译法逆译法分译法英语中的长句,无论多长,结构多么错综复杂,都是通过基本句型的扩展和变化得到的。
其扩展与变化的方法可以简要归纳如下六种:1.增加句子的修饰语(定语、状语等)。
例如:she’s a student.--→ she’s a excellent student.2.增加并列成分(并列主语、并列宾语、并列谓语、并列定语等)或并列句。
例如:sometimes, I go to school by bike.--→ sometimes, I go to school by bike or by bus.3.增加附加成分(插入语、同位语、独立成分等)。
例如:who is the most outstanding author?--→ who do you think is the most outstanding author?4.出现倒装或省略现象。
例如:there lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago. --→ an elderly lady whose husband died long ago lived there.5.增加由短语或多级短语充当的成分。
例如:they are yours.--→ they are yours sooner or later.6.增加由长句或多级长句充当的句子成分。
例如:he knew how ashamed he would have been.--→ he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among when he was born.以上我们讲述了长句是怎么来的,现在我们就讲一下长句应该怎么翻译、长句的翻译方法有哪些。
长句的翻译长句指的是字数较多、结构较复杂、含有多层意思的句子。
汉语和英语都有长句,但在句子结构上的差异很大。
所以,在翻译时要讲究方法,否则就难以准确清晰地传达原文的各层意思。
在处理长句时,要注意如何断句和如何区分主从,正确运用合并法,倒置法和插入法。
一、断句所谓断句,就是把原文的一句话译作两句或更多句。
大凡长句多为复句,而汉语复句和英语复句往往在结构上不同。
汉语的一个复句有时需要断作几句来译,才能使意思清晰,结构利落,合乎英语的表达习惯。
另外,现代英语的句子结构也趋向简短,文章中非限制性的关系子句用得越来越少。
为此,翻译汉语长句时也常常采用断句手法。
一般来说,在以下几种情况下都可以断句:1. 汉语句子较长,内容较复杂这种句子如果同样译作一个长句,在结构上有困难,语境也不清楚;断句则便于清晰地表达原意,又符合英语的表达习惯。
·历来只有真正老实的劳动者,才懂得劳动生产财富的道理才能排除一切想入非非的发财思想,而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动,为社会也为自己创造财富和积累财富。
Throughout the ages only honest laboring people see the truth that wealth is created through labor. Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas of getting rich. And only they create and accumulate wealth for both society and themselves through hard practical work.·如今没奈何,把你雇在隔壁人家放牛,每月可以得他几钱银子,你又有现成饭吃,只在明日就要去了。
There’s no way out but to set you to work looking after our neighbor’s buffalo. Y ou’ll make a little money every month, and you’ll get your meals there too. Y ou are to start tomorrow.2. 汉语的总分复句汉语的总分复句都包括总说和分述两个部分。
长句翻译汉语是以分析形式为主的语言,句子结构比较松散。
有时一个句子里存在不少并列成分,但并没有连接词把其中的逻辑关系明显地表现出来。
英语是以综合形式为主的语言,句子结构比较严谨,各个句子成分之间的逻辑关系需要明确彰显。
两种语言在语法结构上的差异加大了长句翻译的难度。
(1)原序对译即顺译法。
这种方法多用于单一主语的长句,但要分清句中的信息重心。
汉语的信息重心在许多情况下不体现在形式上,而体现在内在逻辑关系上。
而英语句子很注重信息的主次之分,主要信息放在突出位置,次要信息作为辅助性的描写或叙述手段。
所以汉译英时,应该把汉语隐性主次关系发掘出来,译成英语的主次表达方式。
通常,汉语中表示“结果、行为动作、推论结论、本质、目的”的部分会译成英语的主句或谓语部分;汉语中表示“时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、方法、手段、状态、说明、解释、非本质、修饰、否定”的部分,在英语中则以从句或非谓语动词的形式体现。
例1:原文:当他活着一天,总要尽量多工作、多学习,不肯虚度年华,不让时间白白地浪费掉。
(2005年真题)译文:As long as they are living, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.例2:原文:…一旦隔离,拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里,顿感被打入冷宫,十分郁郁不得志起来。
(2003年真题)译文:Once I was deposed into a cold palace on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.例3:原文:我在山坡的小屋里,悄悄掀起窗帘,窥见园中大千世界,一片喧闹。
翻译第十讲长句的译法(汉译英)1.使用分词∙与此同时,香港,新加坡的地产大鳄已经开始在中国如火如荼地做起了时尚广场,而大陆地地产商还在忙着建房子。
∙靳羽西标志性的一抹红唇,一袭黑衣,与设计师普拉达则偏爱跳跃鲜艳的橘色和紫色,形成了鲜明的对比。
∙市长号召与会成员一起为城市的发展作出贡献,随后,副市长也号召来宾们一起为城市的发展献计献策。
2. 使用同一动词∙那次晚会,夏洛特被一名男士迷的神魂颠倒,以至于丢失了一条珍贵的项链。
∙在实施行动之前,欧盟将查明现存的文化遗迹的数量,指出那些保护力度不够的措施,并说明那些管理条例应该被纳入国家法律。
∙我们怎能不感叹学院构思者的睿智,怎能不钦佩办学决策者的远见,怎能不感念艰辛创业者的奉献,又怎能不赞美后来者的贡献。
3. 使用同位语从句∙布诺在欢迎致辞时说,中国有望取代日本,成为全球最大的奢侈品消费国。
∙王晶利用她在市场信息部学习到的知识,对中国的酒类市场做出分析,这样一来,他得以站在潮流的前沿.∙当《新闻周刊》杂志电话采访首批赶赴灾区的商场员工刘林时,他作了以上的开场白。
4. 使用定语从句∙对女性而言,这一时代充满了机遇,社会开始追求多元化,女性领导日益获得认可。
∙我们游程的最后一站是五彩湾,听朋友说很棒,但需要在晚霞时出现时才能一揽胜景。
∙在经历48小时的连轴奋战后,赛事进入最高潮,来自全球顶尖大学的19名参赛者,他们的任务是为一家上海公司所面临的公关危机提供一个最佳解决方案。
篇章翻译:Lucrative bonuses and international travel were once the main attractions for prospective employees, but companies no longer mention glitz. Their new selling points are sandwiches with the boss, opportunities for advancement, flexible working hours and more holiday time.Another shift comes from companies’ attempts to reconcile their desire to cut costs now with their need for talent later. One solution, popular in many industries, is to offer deferred start dates to new hires, giving them six months or a year to travel or do public service. Because of the slowdown in recruiting, colleges and business schools are going on the offensive. Some have set up networks to help place students with firms run by alumni. Some schools have come to terms with the idea that finding full-time work for all graduates might be unrealistic and are creating new schemes to find temporary placements for graduating MBAs. The Johnson School of Business at Cornell, for example, has set up a programme that links MBAs with short-term projects over the summer. This way, students can at least get a foot in the door.环保词汇:坚持环境保护基本国策 adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection污染者负担的政策 "the-polluters-pay" policy强化环境管理的政策 policy of tightening up environmental management环保执法检查environmental protection law enforcement inspection限期治理undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time生态示范区 eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region国家级生态示范区(珠海) Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region国家级园林城市Nationally Designated Garden City工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes白色污染 white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics)可降解一次性塑料袋throwaway bio-degradable plasticbags放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste有机污染物 organic pollutants 三废综合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes(waste water, waste gas, solid waste)城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation森林砍伐率deforestation rate水土流失 water and soil erosion土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone海水淡化 sea water desalinization 造林工程 afforestation project绿化面积 afforested areas; greening space森林覆盖率 forest coverage防风林 wind breaks 防沙林 sand breaks速生林fast-growing trees 降低资源消耗率slow down the rate of resource degradation开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources环保产品environment-friendly products自然保护区 nature reserve野生动植物 wild fauna and flora保护生存环境 conserve natural habitats濒危野生动物endangered wildlife珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center美化环境 landscaping design for environmental purposes环境恶化 environmental degradation温饱型农业 subsistence agriculture空气污染浓度 air pollution concentration酸雨、越境空气污染 acid rain and transboundary air pollution工业粉尘排放 industrial dust discharge烟尘排放soot emissions矿物燃料(煤、石油、天然气) fossil fuels: coal, oil, andnatural gas清洁能源 clean energy汽车尾气排放 motor vehicle exhaust尾气净化器 exhaust purifier无铅汽油 lead-free gasoline天然气汽车 gas-fueled vehicles电动汽车 cell-driven vehicles; battery cars小排量汽车 small-displacement (engine) vehicles温室效应 greenhouse effect工业废水处理率treatment rate of industrial effluents城市污水处理率 treatment rate of domestic sewage集中处理厂 centralized treatment plant 工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes白色污染 white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics) 可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste有机污染物 organic pollutants氰化物、砷、汞排放 cyanide, arsenic, mercury discharged铅、镉、六价铬 lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation 森林砍伐率 rate of deforestation水土流失 water and soil erosion土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization农药残留 pesticide residue水土保持 conservation of water and soil 生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone海水淡化 sea water desalinization保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源 protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource绿化祖国 turn the country green全民义务植树日 National Tree-Planting Day造林工程 afforestation project绿化面积 afforested areas; greening space森林覆盖率 forest coverage防风林 wind breaks (防沙林 sand breaks)速生林 fast-growing trees降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation。