新编英语语法教程框架整理 (导论+第一讲)

语法讲义第一讲1.语法层次与句子结构、基本句型1-1.语法的定义：语法研究词的变化和句子结构的科学。

研究词变化的部分称为词法.Morphology.如名词的数、格。

动词的时态语态。

研究句子结构的部分称为句法Syntax.如句子的成分、语序、句子的种类。

词法与句法的关系---区别与联系。

语法指遣词造句的规律，但离不开词汇。

语法体现在词汇中，而词汇受语法的制约。

语法层次现代英语语法的内容包括下列七个层次.doc1-2.语法的作用：学习词汇主要是加强感性认识，学语法是要提高理性认识。

在加强语言理解力或使用能力方面语法都可以发挥重要作用。

正确的使用语法是：10%的知识或信息，90%的实践。

第一.词法2-词的分类：要弄清句子成分应由哪类词担任，分清词类非常重要。

如：主语，宾语多有名词担任；谓语多有动词担任；定语常有形容词担任；状语多有副词担任；词分为10大类：2-1．名词：表示人、物或地方等，如：John，teacher；table，pen；London；beauty．2-2．代词：用来代替名词，以避免重复某个名词，如：I，you，it，that，those，them．2-3．形容词：用来修饰或限制某个（些）名词，如：good（man），white（paper），every（book），much（water），被修饰或限制的名词，叫做主体词（head-word）。

2-4．动词：表示行为或状态，如：speak，read，go，think，is，seem．2-5．介词：表示它后面的名词（或代词）跟它前面的动词、另一名词或形容词的关系。

这些名词（或代词）称为介词的宾语。

介词宾语和介词构成介词短语。

The book on the desk is mine．（介词on把名词book和另一名词desk联系起来）He is sure of it．他对此很有把握。

（of联系it和sure．）It is good for you．这对你有好处。

教案新编英语语法教程章振邦2016——2017学年度第二学期本课程教学总体安排课程名称：商务英语语法与词汇课程性质与类型：限选课总学时28、学分：2教学目的与要求：1）开设此课，旨在让学生系统学习和掌握各类语法现象，并且学以致用，活学活用，力求避免在使用英语词汇的过程中出现语法错误。

2）帮助学生理解和掌握各类语法现象所使用的规则，以便他们在以后的专业四级考试和工作中恰当地运用英语语法。

3）扩大学生的商务英语词汇量。

教材及参考书目：《新编英语语法教程》章振邦《实用英语语法详解》薄冰《高级英语语法详解》全建强考核方式及成绩计算方法：笔试总成绩=平时成绩X30％ + 考试成绩X70％课程教学日历课程名称：商务英语语法与词汇授课学期：2016—2017学年第一学期第1讲教学安排的说明章节题目：句子结构学时分配：2本章教学目的与要求：谓结构和句子分析基本句型课堂教学方案课题名称、句子结构授课时数：2 授课类型：理论课教学方法与手段：讲授、讨论、指导教学目的的要求：1谓结构和句子分析 2基本句型教学重点、难点：1谓结构和句子分析 2基本句型教学内容及组织安排：1主谓结构和句子分析（1）主语和谓语分句按其逻辑意义，通常分为主语和谓语两大部分。

英语在其长期发展中形成一种相对固定的句子结构：“主语+谓语”的结构。

主语是句子的话题，是信息传递的出发点；谓语是对话题所作的说明，是说话人所要传递的信息。

试观察下列诸句：主语谓语China is a great socialist country．中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。

Marxism-Leninism is a universally applicable truth．马克思列宁主义是放之四海而皆准的真理。

The students have English lessons twice a week．学生们每星期上两堂英语课。

Hans doesn't seem to be taller than Peter．汉斯似乎并不比彼得高。

Te aching N o te sChapter OneThe Hierarchical Structure of GrammarⅠTe ach in g Aim s:This chapter aims to:1.help students to know the hierachial structure of English grammar.2.get students to learn morphemes words, phrases and sentences and their classification.ⅡTe achin g Pro ce d u re s1.IntroductionThe grammatical structure o f English is a hierarchical one, which can be divided into five levels, i.e. Sentence, Clause, Phrase, Wo rd and Morpheme. A sentence is the largest unit and highest level in a gram m atical structure while a morpheme is the smallest and lowest one.2.MorphemesA morpheme is the smallest unit in Eng lish grammar, and also the smallest meaningful unit of language.1) Free MorphemesFree m o rp hem es are m o rp hem es which can co nstitute wo rd s b y them selves,e.g. b o y, g irl, wo rk, wate r.2) Bound MorphemesSome morphemes like de-, dis-, -ness, -ly are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to fre e morphemes to form ne w words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes.Bound morphemes are mostly affixes. Affixes are attached to free morphemes either to form new wo rd s or to indicate grammatical categories. Affixes can b e divided into two types: prefixes and suffixes.3.Wo rd s1)Sim p le Wo rd, De rivative, Co m p o und Wo rda)simple words (morpheme words):at, far, hand, getb)derivatives:prefixes: dislike, unhappy, pronoun, prewarsuffixes: worker, widen, foolish, manlyc)compound words: handbook, outline, moreover, anybody2)According to grammatical function, English wo rd s can be classified into Closed Class and Open Class.a)Closed ClassClo se d class re fe rs to all the Functio n wo rd s. The num b e r o f this typ e o f wo rd sare limited. No new comers will enter into this class. Therefore, this kind of words are called Closed Class. They include:Preposition: in, on, withoutPronoun: you, he, one, thisDeterminer: a, the, his, that, someConjunction: and, or, but, whenAuxiliary: do, can, must, willb)Open ClassOp en class refers to all the Co ntent Wo rd s. In this typ e o f wo rd s, new wo rd sappear continuously. Therefore, they are called Open Class. They included:Noun: Smith, Paris, man, bookAdjective: old, big, cheapAdverb: here, fast, earlyMain Verb: work, make, give4.PhrasesA p hrase is a g ram m atical unit which is fo rm e d b y o ne wo rd o r m o re than o newo rd. A phrase is usually a string o f wo rd s built up aro und a head wo rd which d eterm ines both the class that the phrase belong s to and the way the phrase is structured.Noun Phrase ( N P ):all the college studentsthe tall boy sitting thereVe rb Phrase ( V P ):looks palearrived last nightAdjective Phrase ( Adj P ):very difficultcareful enoughAdverb Phrase ( Adv P ):very clearlyso slowlyPreposition Phrase ( P.P ):before the warin the north5.ClausesIn logical terms, a clause is a construction of a subject and a predicate. In view of grammatical relations, clauses are divided into two broad categories, the mainclause and the sub o rd inate clause, the latter o f which m ay functio n as a no m inalclause, a relative clause, or an adverbial clause.1)Nominal clausesHe said that he had done his best.What he said was true.2)Relative clausesThis is one of the best films I’ve ever seen.He failed to pass the test, which was a pity.3)Adverbial clausesIf I were you, I would not quit.I was having dinner when he came.6. SentencesIn terms of sentence structure, sentences can be classified into three kinds: (1) simple sentences, (2) compound sentences and (3) complex sentences.(1)Yo u thro w a sto ne at the wind o w.I’ll scream.( two simple sentences)(2)You throw a stone at the window and I’ll scream. ( two coordinate main clauses in one sentence).(3)If yo u th ro w a sto n e at th e win d o w, I’ll scre am. ( o n e m ain clau se an d o n e subordinate clause within one and the same sentence)。

语法层次语言（Language）是社会交际的工具，是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系。

语法（Grammar）是语言的组织规律，它赋予语言以结构系统，而词汇（Vocabulary）则是语言的建筑材料，它通过语法而赋予语言以意义内容。

作为社会交际工具的语言首先是有声语言，它所传递的信息首先是通过语音系统表达出来的，所以语音是语溢的物质媒介，是语言赖以存在和发展的物质基础。

在语言的结构体系，语音系统和语义系统中，结构系统（即语法）是中心成分，是结合语音系统和语义系统的枢纽，在书写中则是结合文字系统和语义系统的枢纽，可以用公式表示如下：语义——语法——语音系统/文字系统英语的语法结构具有层次性。

它可分为五个不同的层次，即句子（Sentence）、分句（Clause）、词组(Phrase）、词（Word）和词素（Morpheme）.句子是语法的最高层次，由一个或一个以上的分句构成；分句由一个或一个以上的词组构成；词组由一个或一个以上的词构成；词由一个或一个以上的词素构成。

既然句子是语法的最高层次，我们就可以通过切分法（Segmentation）把句子一层一层地切分到它的最小组成部分-——词素。

例如：0.1词素词素（Morpheme）是最小的语法单位，也是最小的语义单位。

词素分为两大类；自由词素（Free Morpheme）和粘附词素（Bound Morpheme）.1)自由词素自由词素指本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词（Simple Word）.而单独使用的词素，比如boy(男孩)，girl(女孩)，desk(书桌)，chair(椅子)，kind(仁慈的)，cruel(残酷的)，give （给），take(拿)等都属于这一类。

自由词素可以充当词根（Root）加上词缀（Affix）构成派生词(Derivative),例如：kind: kindness, unkind, unkindness, kindlyfriend: friendly , friendship , friendless, unfriendly, unfriendliness自由词素还可以和其他自由词素相结合，构成复合词（Compound Word）.例如：book: bookmark, bookshop, bookstalltake: intake, take-home, take-over, take-off, takeaway, undertake2)粘附词素粘附词素指本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，而必须粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素。

Book IUnit 1 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别；过去进行时；过去完成时1. The simple past and the present perfect contrasted2. The past progressive3. The past perfectUnit 2 if、wh、that引导的宾语从句The nominal clause used as the object, introduced by1. if2. wh-word3. thatUnit 3 被动语态The passive sentence1. in the simple present2. in the present perfect3. in the simple past4. in the futureUnit 4 情态动词1. Modal auxiliaries can /could and be able to used to express “ability”2. Modal auxiliary have to expressing “obligation”3. Modal auxiliaries can /may used to express “permission” or “request for permission”4. Modal auxiliaries had better expressing “advice” or “suggestion”Unit 5 一般现在时的间接引语Indirect speech introduced by a simple present verb1. reporting statements2. reporting yes-no questions3. reporting wh-questionsUnit 6 时间状语从句The adverbial clause of time introduced by1.when2.before3.since4. untilUnit 7 非谓语动词的使用1. The infinitive preceded by a wh- word used as the object2. The infinitive used as a postponed object in the pattern It takes ( so much time) to do sth3. The bare infinitive used as the object complement4. The –ing participle used as the object in pattern Would you mind…Unit 8 关系分句1. The relative clause introduced by that(as the subject)2. The relative clause introduced by that (as the object of a verb)3. The relative clause introduced by who,whomUnit 9 真实条件句与非真实条件句1. Sentences of real conditions2. Sentences of unreal conditions related to the present with be /have /action verbs in the conditional clauseUnit 10将来进行时，将来完成时与将来完成进行时1. The future progressive2. The future perfect3. The future perfect progressive.Unit 11 名词性从句Master the use of English nominal clauses and review indirect speechUnit 12 被动语态Master the use of passive voiceUnit 13 情态动词Modal auxiliaries: may/might, should/ought to, would rather, must/can‟tUnit 14 间接引语Indirect speech introduced by1. a simple present verb reporting past events2. a simple past verb reporting questions and answers3. a simple past verb reporting a conversationUnit 15 状语从句（地点，条件，原因，让步）The adverbial clause1. of place introduced by where2. of condition introduced by unless3. of cause introduced by because/ since4. of concession introduced by thoughUnit 16 现在分词1. –ing participle used as the object2. –ing participle preceded by go3. –ing participle used as the subject4. –ing participle used as the object of a preposition5. –ing participle used as a noun modifier6. –ing participle used as the object complement7. The infinitive preceded by in order expressing …purposeUnit 17 whose，whom引导的关系分句1. The relative clause introduced by whose.2. The relative clause introduced by w hom (as the object of a preposition)3. The cleft sentence with attention focused on various sentence elements.4. The relative clause preceded by a noun which is modified by a superlative. Unit 18 非真实条件句1. Sentences of unreal conditions making a supposition about the future2. Sentences of unreal conditions with past non-facts and present imaginary consequences3. Sentences of unreal conditions with past non-facts and past imaginary consequencesBook IIUnit 1 现在完成进行时，过去进行时与过去完成进行时Unit 2 名词性从句Unit 3 被动语态Unit 4 情态动词Unit 5 间接引语Unit 6 状语从句（目的，结果，让步）Unit 7 非谓语动词Unit 8 关系分句（关系副词）Unit 9 虚拟语气Unit 10 将来时间表示法Unit 11 it 引导的名词性从句Unit 12 被动语态Unit 13 情态动词Unit 14 间接引语Unit 15 状语从句Unit 16 非谓语动词Unit 17 关系分句（介词+关系代词）Unit 18 非真实条件句。

《新编英语语法教程》1-18讲参考答案新编英语语法教程第01讲练习参考答案Ex. 1A1. A. his home workB. quickly, to play2. A. The huge black horseB. the race3. A. have thought aboutB. going into space4. A. warms up and crawlsB. out of the bag5. A. one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescopeB. because of the many rings that surround it6. A. 165 yearsB. to complete its path, or orbit,around the sun7. A. you and your brotherB. How many pairs of shorts8. A. the most expensive meal listed on the menuB. What9. A. an “Outdoor Code”B. their members10. A. can blowB. as fast as 180 miles (290 kilometers) an hour11. A. The spiral of heated air and moist airB. to twist and grow and spin12. A. The direction a hu rricane’s spiral movesB. counterclockwise13. A. does not shineB. At the north pole: for half of the year14. A. The cold winds that blow off of the Arctic OceanB. a very cold place15. A. might have beenB. guilty of murderEx. 1B1. SVCWithin the stricken area, not a single soul remained alive, and the city centre looked as if it had been razed by monster steam-roller.2. SVThe bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the groun.3. SVOOn August 6, 1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Janpanese town of Hiroshima.4. SvoOThree days later, yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow.5. SVOCThe explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expense of reddish rubble.6. SV AWithin the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of enpanding gas, millions of degrees hot.7. SVOAA tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone, cencrete, metal, and wood over the ground. Ex. 1C1. Walden Pond, once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty, is now the site of many tourist stands.2. Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through our bedroom windows, marking air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome. / Swepping through our bedroom windows almost every summer night, the cooling northeast wind made…3. The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow, which fed two streams plunging down to join in the valley below.4. With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade, this is a good spot for a picnic, and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll.5. Panting for breath after running up the stairs, Mr wood stood at his neighbour’s doo r and knocked again and again till someone opened it.6. The town folk envied horace, who had come into a small fortune with which he bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town.7. Standing in front of the mirror, Jim looked at his image, wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years.8. The idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive him almost drove hime mad.9. The story, written in plain language, consists of three parts with an interesting plot centering round an aristocratic family living in 17th century France.10. Mud-covered and shivering, John sat hunched over a bowl of hot broth prepared by his father to drive off the chill.11. Far above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pime trees growing on the steep ofa hill stand five Chinese-style pavilions.12. Farther down the street, the old man stopped and leaned against a lamp-post, listening to a cheerful song coming out of a restaurant on the oppsite side of the street.13. Sarah sank in the nearest chair, completely exhausted, her limbs stiff with cold, her mind a piece of blank.14. Throughout the day Mrs Rymer behaved very properly, her pleasant, refined face wearing a grave look, her elegant figure wrapped in deep mourning while occasionally she uttered a sigh or a sob.15. Tony thought it necessary to break the news to his family, that Mr Jacob, his former employer, had promised him a half-day job at 20 pounds a week. 16. The thought that he might have wronged his friend who had rendered him good services on many occasions troubled his mind, already overburdened with worries and cares.17. The men of the disbanded royal bodyguard, suddenly turned loose onto the street of a capital seething with unrest, unemployed and perhaps disgruntled at their abrupt dismissal, were a potentially dangerous element.18. For many years London has been a business centre with hotel accommadation for visiting businessmen toghter with well-to-do travellers but completely inadequate for the swarms of shour-stay tourists landing at Heathrow or disembarking at Dover.19. Nearing the top, he climbed recklessly faser and faster, his eyes already glowing with triumph, but suddenly he slipped and fell, tumbling to the ground and lying motionless there, a crumpled pile of arms and legs.20. Bertrand Russell was one of the very few persons who have received both the Order of Merit, which was conferred on him by the British government in 1949, and the Nobel Prize for literature, conferred in Norway in 1950.新编英语语法教程第02讲练习参考答案Ex. 2A1. come2. are3. has / have4. are5. are6. are7. was / were8. is9. costs 10. were 11. are 12. are 13. was 14. are 15. lie 16. were 17. are 18. is 19. is 20. was 21. Has 22. were 23. is 24. is 25. are 26. is 27. are 28. cover, are 29. is / are 30. was/wereEx. 2B1. were2. have3. is, is4. was5. were6. is7. is8. are9. is 10. are, are11. have 12. are, their, their 13. was, It, was 14, It / They, is / are 15. are, their, they, disapprove 16. were, they 17. was 18. are 19. were 20. were新编英语语法教程第03讲练习参考答案Ex. 3A1. is2. was3. is4. has5. were6. means7. is8. is9. is 10. is 11. were 12. sells 13. is 14. are 15. are 16. are 17. is 18. is 19. was 20.provides 21. are 22. was 23. stops 24. is 25. is 26. does 27. produces 28. is 29. is 30. was Ex. 3B1. ’s2. are3. is4. are5. is6. was7. is8. were9. is 10. ’s 11. is 12. is, is, is 13. are 14. is 15. have 16. is 17. are 18. looks 19. are 20. are 21. understand 22. has 23. was 24. have 25. was 26. was 27. are 28. is 29. is 30. was 31. is 32. is / are 33. leaves 34. is / are 35. are 36. are 37. is 38. comes 39. is 40. live 41. are 42. points / point 43. are 44. is 45. are 46. was 47. is / are 48. is 49. has 50. wasEx. 3C1. is / are2. is / are3. is4. is / are5. is / are6. remain7. is8. are9. has / have 10.care / cares 11. is 12. plays 13. is 14. am 15. are / is 16. was 17. is, has 18. was 19. come 20. is新编英语语法教程第04讲练习参考答案Ex. 4A1. description2. arrangement3. attendance4. peculiarity5. expectation6. argument7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousness Ex. 4B1. strange sounds2. foods are3. chief, tribes, their, salmon (s)4. The runners-up were given pound notes / The runners-up were each given a pound note.5. bodies, their heroes6. mice, tooth-marks7. Crises, occur, families8. / 9. / 10. these businesses 11. / 12. fruits are13. / 14. these articles are well written 15. / 16. several personal kindnesses17. / 18. sufferings 19. professors 20. children are playing, sandsEx. 4C1. experience2. waters3. for advice4. an important piece of information5. for it is fun6. were not numerous7. Poultry8. directors are9. militia 10. geniuses 11. merchandise has 12. sympathies 13. experiences 14. were times, rivalry 15. clippings, were 16. lookers-on 17. foliage is 18. photos 19. 12-pages 20. Luggage isEx. 4D1. blade2. piece3. choir4. flash5. lump6. gang7. grain8. head9. staff 10. collection 11. fleet 12. cluster 13. bundle 14. bunch 15. team 16. piece 17. ear 18. bar 19. herd 20. pack 21. flock 22. crowd / swarm 23. troupe 24. bench 25. grove 26. collection 27. suite 28. squadron 29. band 30. libraryEx. 4E1-5 BCADC 6-10 CBDAB 11-15 ADBBC 16-20 BDCAB新编英语语法教程第05讲练习参考答案Ex. 5A1. my father has a car2. the bull has horns3. the prisoner escaped4. her parents consented5. somebody released the prisoner6. somebody assassinated the President7. a letter from the general / the general sent a letter8. the crowd felt sympathy9. a college for women10. a summer day, a day in the summer11. the earth has a (rough) surface12. the absence lasted ten days13. a doctoral degree, a doctorate14. the bird made the nest15. the committee made a report16. a story told by the girl / the girl told a story17. the volcano erupted18. the victim had courage / the victim was courageous19. somebody punished the boy20. the critics recevied the play in a hostile manner Ex. 5B1. The comedian performed, and he was well received by a huge audience.这位喜剧演员的演出很受广大观众的欢迎。

* (2) Classification in terms of grammatical functionNoun phrase Verb phraseAdjective phrase Adverb phrase Preposition phraseConjunction(1) I ndependent clause & Subordinate clause独立分句和从属分句(2) S imple clause & Complex clause (*complex sentence)简单分句和复杂分句(*复杂句)(3) M ain clause & Subordinate clause主句和从句(4) F inite clause, non-finite clause and Verbless clause限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句(1) Full sentence &Minor sentence 完全句和不完全句(2)Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence 简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(3)Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence, exclamatory sentence《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论一语法层次）1. Morpheme词素Free morpheme 自 由词素 Bound morpheme 粘附词素 j Allomorph 词素变体 2. Parts of speech (word class) Simple words 简单词 Derivatives 派生词Compounds 复合词 *(1) Classification in terms of word formationOpen-class words (content words)开放词类(实义词)NounVerb Adjective AdverbClosed-class words (function words封闭词类(功能词)Preposition PronounDeterminer Conjunction AuxiliaryIntermediate class(中间词类)NumeralsInterjection3. Phrases词组4. Clause分句5. Sentence句子Lecture 1 Sentence Structure ( L1 )Sentence elements: S (subject)V (predicate verb)O (object)主语 谓语动词 宾语1. Two ways of sentence analysis 1) SVOSentence ClauseSentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.)句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。

新编英语语法教程导论语法层次(含英语开放词类的相关论述)语法层次语言(Language)是社会交际的工具，是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系。

语法(Grammar)是语言的组织规律，它赋予语言以结构系统，而词汇(Vocabulary)则是语言的建筑材料，它通过语法而赋予语言以意义内容。

作为社会交际工具的语言首先是有声语言，它所传递的信息首先是通过语音系统表达出来的，所以语音是语溢的物质媒介，是语言赖以存在和发展的物质基础。

在语言的结构体系，语音系统和语义系统中，结构系统(即语法)是中心成分，是结合语音系统和语义系统的枢纽，在书写中则是结合文字系统和语义系统的枢纽，可以用公式表示如下: 语义——语法——语音系统/文字系统英语的语法结构具有层次性。

它可分为五个不同的层次，即句子(Sentence)、分句(Clause)、(Phrase)、词(Word)和词素(Morpheme).句子是语法的最高层次，由一个或一词组个以上的分句构成;分句由一个或一个以上的词组构成;词组由一个或一个以上的词构成;词由一个或一个以上的词素构成。

既然句子是语法的最高层次，我们就可以通过切分法(Segmentation)把句子一层一层地切分到它的最小组成部分-——词素。

例如:0.1词素词素(Morpheme)是最小的语法单位，也是最小的语义单位。

词素分为两大类;自由词素Free Morpheme)和粘附词素(Bound Morpheme). (1)自由词素自由词素指本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词(Simple Word).而单独使用的词素，比如boy(男孩)，girl(女孩)，desk(书桌)，chair(椅子)，kind(仁慈的)，cruel(残酷的)，give(给)，take(拿)等都属于这一类。

自由词素可以充当词根(Root)加上词缀(Affix)构成派生词(Derivative),例如:kind: kindness, unkind, unkindness, kindly friend: friendly , friendship , friendless, unfriendly, unfriendliness 自由词素还可以和其他自由词素相结合，构成复合词(Compound Word).例如: book: bookmark, bookshop, bookstall take: intake, take-home, take-over, take-off, takeaway, undertake 2)粘附词素粘附词素指本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，而必须粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素。

英语语法学习框架●第一部分简单句●第一章简单句的核心●第一节简单句核心构成●主语＋谓语＋？●主谓=主语＋不及物动词●主谓宾=主语＋及物动词＋宾语●主谓双宾=主语＋及物动词＋两个宾语（人＋物）●主谓宾补=主语＋宾语＋宾语补足语（简称宾补）●主系表=主语＋系动词＋表语●第二节简单句的核心变化●谓语动词的变化●时态●情态●表达实际意思的●will/would 愿意/将要（将来时）●may/might 可以/可能●should应该●表示“推测”●must肯定、一定、必须●can't/couldn't不可能●语态●主动●被动●与时态结合●与情态结合●否定●实义动词变否定●助动词和情态动词变否定●强调●主语、宾语、表语的变化●名词、代词●非谓语动词doing●作主语●作宾语●非谓语动词to do●作主语●作宾语●作表语●并列多个（通常要加上并列连词）●表示并列●and/both…and… 和●not only…but also不但……而且……●表示选择●or/either…or… 或者（二选一）●neither…nor…既不……也不……●第二章简单句的扩展●第一节词性角度的扩展●限定词（冠词、数词、名词所有格）●形容词、副词●形容词、副词作修饰成分●形容词修饰名词●副词修饰动词、句子、形容词或其他的副词●形容词、副词的三种比较级别(原级比较、比较级、最高级)●介词短语●表示时间●表示地点或范围●其他用法●第二节成分角度的扩展●非谓语动词（doing表主动/done表被动/to do表目的）做定语、状语●同位语、插入语●同位语→解释说明名词●插入语→补充说明●①主谓结构作插入语，表示“某人说……，某人认为……”●②副词作插入语●③介词作插入语●第二部分长难句●第一章并列句●并列句的构成●表顺接…and…/ both…and…/not only…but…as well/not only…but also/not only…but…●表转折…but…/…yet…●表选择…or…/ether…or…/nether…nor…●表因果…for…/…so…●并列句的省略●省略同主语/谓语●逗号代替相同的并列连词●第二章复合句=主句＋从句●第一节名词性从句［=连接词(缺什么成分＋相应连词/不缺＋that，且只有宾从可省)＋陈述语句］●宾语从句★●写法●陈述句→加that（可省）●特殊疑问句→变陈述语序●一般疑问句→加whether(or not)/if，陈述语序●位置●动宾★●及物动词＋从句（单宾）●及物动词＋人＋从句（双宾）●介宾●介宾＋宾语从句●形容词＋宾语从句（省略了介词→原本：形容词＋介词＋宾语从句）●补充：●①及物动词的非谓语（to do/doing）的后面也可以＋宾语从句●②一个长难句中也可存在多个宾语从句（看懂即可）●③it作形式宾语（避免头重脚轻）●表语从句●写法（与宾语从句同，但that不能省略）●位置→系动词之后（通常在be动词之后）●补充：除谓语系动词，非谓语系动词也可为表语从句（简单了解）●主语从句●写法（与宾语从句同，但that不能省略）●位置●句首●句末→it作形式主语●补充●①It is done＋主语从句（表达人们对一件事的观点或看法）●②It is ＋adj./n. ＋主语从句（表达对一件事的评价）●同位语从句●同位语从句→解释说明一个抽象名词●写法（与宾语从句同，但that不能省略）●位置→出现在抽象名词的后面●补充：一个长难句不止包含一个名词性从句；连接词可找从句数量；所在位置可判断类型。

（完整版）新编英语语法教程框架整理（导论+第一讲）.doc导论——语法层次自由词素Free Morpheme词素屈折词缀Inflectional Affix粘附词素Bound Morpheme 前缀Prefix派生词缀Derivational Affix后缀Suffix简单词 Simple Word构成（构词法）派生词 Derivative复合词 Compound Word词封闭词类：所有功能词Function Word （介代连助限定词）类别（语法功能）半闭半开：基数词序数词感叹词开放词类：名词 Noun 形容词 Adjective 副词主动词Verb 名词词组Noun Phrase：（限定词） +（置修饰语 )+名词 +(后置修饰语 ) 简单动词词组Simple Phrase主动词为中心词语法动词词组Verb Phrase 复杂动词词组Complex phrase词组限定动词词组Finite Verb Phrase按照动词形式非限定词词组Non-finite Verb Phrase 形容词词组Adjective Phrase ：（修饰语） +形容词 +（后置修饰语 /补足成分）副词词组Adverb Phrase：（修饰语） +副词 +（后置修饰语）介词词组Prepositional Phrase：（修饰语） +介词 +不足成分主句 Main Clause形式分句句子功能形式功能从句 Subordinate Claus限定分句Finite Clause无动词分句Verbless Clause非限定分句Non-finite Clause ：不定式简单句 Simple Sentence并列句 Compound Sentence复杂句 Complex Sentence并列复杂句Compound-complex Sentence 陈述句 Declarative Sentence疑问句 Question感叹句 Exclamatory Sentence祈使句 Imperative Sentence-ing 分词-ed 分词第一讲句子结构主动补 SVC 结构主动 SV 结构基本句型主动宾宾SVoO 结构主动宾 SVO 结构主动宾补SVOC 结构完全句Full Sentence简单句基本语序语序前置（倒装）后置句型的转换与扩大：修饰、并列、从属、省略、替代句式变换并列句形式复杂句并列复杂句不完全句Minor Sentence句子句子分析主语 Subject谓语动词Predicate Verb①宾语Object补语 Complement状语 Adverbial②操作词Operator+述谓成分Prediction。