国际商务》 查尔斯 英文第九版 期末复习重点

Lesson 11. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commoditythan it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4.国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益：absolute advantage比较利益：comparative advantage5. rich in advantage over point on across borders6.Translation:(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。

In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。

第一题翻译选择；第二题短语互译；第三题阅读；第四题完型填空1. Rising damp, if not treated effectively, could in time cause extensive damage to the structure of your home, ruin decoration and furniture.如果处理不当，墙内潮气最终可能会对房屋的结构造成大面积破坏，毁掉装修和家具。

2. This contract is entered into as of the seventh day of March, 2002, by and between Lonk Co. Ltd., a corporation organized under the laws of the United States of America (hereinafter called the "Purchaser"), and Wingo Co. Group, a corporation organized under the laws of the People’s Republic of China ( hereinafter called the "Seller").本合同由依照美国法律成立的龙科有限公司[以下简称买方]和依照中华人民共和国法律成立的文果集团公司[以下简称卖方]之间于2002年3月7日订立。

3. Multinational bank's services include issuing letter of credit, buying and selling foreign exchange, issuing banker's acceptances, accepting Eurocurrency deposits, making Eurocurrency loans, and assisting in the marketing of Eurobonds.跨国银行提供的服务包括开立信用证、买卖外汇、开证行承兑、接受欧洲货币储存、提供欧洲货币贷款以及发行推销欧洲货币债券。

CHAP6 国际贸易理论Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口） Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）Absolute Advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品The Benefit of Absolute Advantage and Free TradeThe Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage国际分工的原则---绝对优势The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易1. To Production:the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率the Quantity of Production 产品质量2. To Consumer:Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费Comparative Advantage比较优势Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己更能有效生产的产品是有意义choose bigger one in two advantages and smaller one in two disadvantages 两利取重两害取轻Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 俄林理论Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factorendowments（天赋）– the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital 赫克歇尔和俄林认为比较优势是由各国生产要素禀赋的差异引起的，指一国的一些资源比如土地，劳动力还有资本The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce赫克歇尔俄琳理论预测一国将出口密集型使用本国充足要素的产品，进口密集使用本国稀缺要素的产品To take advantage of factor of endowmentsNew Trade Theory 新贸易理论New trade theory suggests that the ability of firms to gain economies of scale (unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output) can have important implications for international tradeNew trade theory suggests that:through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goods贸易可以通过对规模经济的影响增加消费品的种类，降低这些商品的平均成本in those industries when output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant p roportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises 一些应该达到规模经济的产业，所生产的产品占世界总需求的比重较大，这样全球市场就只能容纳数量很少的企业Factor Endowments 要素禀赋Factor endowments refer to a nation’s position in factors of production n ecessary to compete in a given industry 要素禀赋理论意味着国家态度对一个特定行业生产要素的竞争是很必要的A nation's position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage国家对生产要素的使用态度可以导致比较优势These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced (skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how) 要素可以是基础的也可以是高等的First-Mover Advantages 第一进入者优势Being a first mover can have important competitive implications, especially if there are economies of scale and the global industry will only support a few competitors第一进入者有重要的竞争影响，特别是规模经济或者全球行业只有少量竞争者时Firms that establish a first-mover advantage may dominate global trade in that product公司建立了第一个优势可能会在全球贸易中占主导地位Porter’s Diamond波特的钻石理论Michael Porter tried to explain:(1)why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry, while some nations fail 为什么一个国家在特定行业取得国际成功(2 )how to get successful in a particular industry: identified four attributes that promote or impede the creation ofcompetitive advantage:如何在特定行业取得成功，确定了4大特性促进或阻碍竞争优势的建立Factor endowments 要素禀赋Demand conditions需求情况Relating and supporting industries相关与支持产业Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry 企业组织，战略与竞争CHAP8 国际直接投资FDI 国际直接投资Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities to produce and/or market ina foreign country国际直接投资发生在一家企业在国外直接投资用于生产或者销售时FDI can be:1)greenfield investments- the establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country.新设投资，在国外开设新的企业2)acquisitions or mergers with existing firms in the foreign country在国外收购或合并一家现成的企业Stock of FDI 国际直接投资的存量Outflows of FDI are the flows of FDI out of a country对外直接投资是一国国际直接投资的流出Inflows of FDI are the flows of FDI into a country外来直接投资是一国国际直接投资的流入Why do firms choose FDI instead of:(1)exporting - producing goods at home and then shipping them to the receiving country for sale 出口涉及在国内生产货物然后将其运到购买这些货物的国家(2)licensing - granting a foreign entity the right to produce and sell the firm’s product in return for a royalty feeon the license granting.技术授权是赋予外国公司生产和销售其产品的权利，并对其销售的每一个产品收取转让费An export strategy can be constrained by:(1) transportation costs 运费(2) trade barriers 贸易壁垒(3) can not take the advantage of factors endowment 不能发挥要素禀赋的优势Foreign direct investment may be undertaken as a response to actual or threatened trade barriers such as import tariffs or quotas国际直接投资的增长速度超过世界贸易和产出的原因回避未来的贸易壁垒；民主政治制度和自由市场经济转变的总体趋势；世界经济的全球化Benefits And Costs Of FDIHost-Country Benefits 东道国的收益1.resource transfer effects - FDI can make a positive contribution to a host economy by supplying capital, technology, and management resources that would otherwise not be available资源转移效应国际直接投资对东道国的经济有积极的贡献，他可以提供东道国所缺乏的资本，技术和管理经验2.employment effects - FDI can bring jobs to a host country that would otherwise not be created there就业效应是指能为东道国带来原先没有的就业机会3.balance of payments effects - a country’s balance-of-payments account is a record of a country’s payments to and receipts from other countries国际收支效应。

国际商法期末复习重点•rj英文版HUA system olpcc room [HUA16H S2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688]IBL is the body of rules and norms that regulates international business trade and international business organizations ・Sources of IBLWhat does it mean by source of lawNational lawInternational treaties and conventionsTrade customs and usagesInternational model lawCommon law systemCommon law is the law as developed and pronounced by the courts in deciding cases; Competent courtThe reasoning of an adjudicationPrecedentCivil law systemCivil law is the codified law which is made by legislature to regulatespecific relationships;1.Roman law2・ Made law3・ Code and statutedefinition of partnershipDefined as a Profit-making economic organization which is Established of a partnership agreement, Make a Joint capital contributions, conduct business jointly,Share incomes and risks and bear unlimited joint and severalliabilities for debts of the partnership enterprise・特点：Profit-making economic organization;Establishment of a partnership agreement;Joint capital contribution;Sharing of incomes and risks;Bearing of unlimited joint and several liabilities for debtsCreation of a partnership:①an association of two of more persons②carrying on business ③ co - ownership ④ for prof it® intent (U W) ©partnership by estoppelLimited lidb订ity partnership 有限责任合伙的责任承担:In a limited liability partnership, some partners have limited liability, some partners have unlimitedliability.General partnership 普通合伙的责任承担:Bearing of unlimited joint and severalliabilities for debts・出资方式：Capital contribution: in cash; tangible goods; land or land use rights; intellectual property; or other proprietary rights; or in the form of labor service ifit is agreed by all of the partners:partners' rights and duties：①A partner has the right of compensation (补偿) from the partnership (The amount of compensation is decided by how the partners agreed in the partnership agreement) ②A partner has the right of sharing profit from thepartnership®Partners owe a duty to devote full time and best efforts to the affairs of the partnership;©Self-interest is prohibited;©Secret profits in dealing with the partnership is prohibited;©Partners owes a duty to disclose all information and facts from a third party to other partners;©Concealment of infornidtion and facts is prohibited;©That partners work hand in glove with (in collusion with) others for selfish purpose is prohibited;©Partners have a duty to account for any expenditures they make of the partnership funds partners have the duty to be joined as plaintiffs or defendants in legal suits合伙企业的管理：co-managementDissolution of the partnership means that the economic organization ceases to be associated as an entity to carry on a business;1.Non-wrongful dissolution2.Wrongful dissolution3.The death or bankruptcy of any partner automaticdlly dissolves the partnership;4.A court order or decree dissolves a partnership;Winding up：liquidation of the assets of the business of the partnership after dissolution happens;Continuation of the partnership by the remaining partners:Completion of work by the partnership before dissolution;Sharing of profits, bearing of debts, returning of assets:Definition of corporation：A corporation is a form of an economic organization in which the shareholders make investment, elect management and take limited liability for the debts of the corporation.特征：1・ Independent legal status;2.Creation must be permitted by government;3.Management is accomplished through the election of the shareholders;4.The shareholders take limited liability;5.The ownership interest of the corporation is freely transferable;6.Double taxation;legal status：A corporation is a legal person and a legal entity independent of its owners (shareholders) and its managers (officers and the board of directors)・ Its life is unaffected by the retirement or death of its shareholders, officers, and directors. "Piercing the corporation ve订” theory Means to prevent the companys independent personality abuse and protect the interests of the creditors and social public interests, the specific legal relationship of specific facts, denied that the company and its shareholders behind the independent personality and limited liability of shareholders, shall be ordered to the shareholder of the company (including natural person shareholders and legal person shareholders) to the company creditors or directly responsible for public interests, to achieve fairness and justice of the requirements and set up a kind of legal action. 滥用权力的表现1・ Separate legal personality is capable of abuse by shareholders to evade legal obligations;2.Domination of the corporation by shareholders;3.Looting of corporation assets;Management of corporations：Management agencies； Board ofdirectors;officers of the corporation; board of supervisors;Management of a corporation is elected by the shareholders;Termination of corporation：(DVoluntary termination:Maturity of pre-agreed period; Completion of pre-agreed project;Agreement of the shareholders to terminate©Involuntary termination：Wrongful trading;Unable to pay its debts; Business of the corporation is not commenced within;Tax evasion;Court resolution;Shareholdersrights :(Dshareholders' meeting©shareholders* election of directors©'fundamental corporate changes ©shareholders' inspection and information rights©distribution to shareholders©Shareholders' lawsuitShareholders^ liabilities:① Shareholders should be liable for short distribution and illegal distribution@If the shareholders abuse the corporate personality to evade legal obligations, they are liable for the debts of the corporationAn agency is defined as a fiduciary relationship that results when one person,the principal,consents that another person,the agent, shall act on behalf of the principa1. Ostensible agency 表见代理：in some situations, an agent' s powers are expanded neither by agreement with the principal nor by custom or emergency・ Under the doctrine of apparent authority of ostensible authority, authority may be created or expanded whenthe principal causes third parties to reasonably believe the agent has authority.Express authority 明示授权一employment contract; resolution of the board of directors: advisory memorandum; power of attorney;Implied authority 默示授权一on the basis of express authority; in the customary fashion; emergencies; apparent authority and estoppel； secret limitations;Ratification 追认：an agent exceeds the limited authority granted; a non-agent purported to act as agent;Unauthorized contract： 1)implied warranty of authority -------- whether the thirdparty knew that the agent had no authority at the conclusion of the contract; 2)non-existent principal;Termination of an agencyAct of the parties ----- a ccomplishment of contract purpose/occurrence of events;lapse of time; mutual agreement; unilateral termination;Operation of law ---- incapacity, bankruptcy, death; illegality; impracticality・Seller^ s obligations：1.Delivery of the Goods -2.The turning over of documents3.The seller s assurance of the quality of the goods4.The seller' s assurance of ownership of the goods5. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- T he sellers assurance of ownership of the goods Exceptions ---------------------------The buyer knew or could not have been unaware of the charge or encumbrance upon the goods;The sellers compliance with technical drawings, designs, formulas or other specifications furnished by the buyer;Buyers obligations :Payment of price;Taking delivery.Buyers remediesCompelling of specific performance ------ the buyer had not resorted to anotherremedy; the nonconformity constituted a fundamental breach; timely notice- giving of the nonconformity; timely request of specific performance・Avoidance ---- t he seller* s breach of contract constitutes a fundamental breach;the seller rejects to perform within the nachfrist notice by the buyerPrice reduction ---- the buyer reduces a proportionate part of the purchase pricein order to offset the shortage or to reflect the reduced value of the nonconforming goods・Refusing early delivery and excess quantitySeller' s remedies1.to compel specific performance;2.to avoid the contract for a fundamental breach or failure to cure a defect;3.to obtain missing specificationsRemedies available to both buyers and sellers1.suspension of performance;2.avoidance in anticipation of a fundamental breach;3.avoidance of an installment contract;4.avoidance;5・ damages;Bill of ladingA bill of lading is a contract between a carrier (seller, buyer or their agent) and an ocean carrier for the carriage of goods・Characteristics of B/Ll.As a certificate of receipt:as prima facie evidence between the shipperand the carrier, if B/L is not transferred; as final evidence between the carrier and the transferee of B/L;2.As an evidence of the carriage contract between the carrier and the shipper;3.As a document of title：the carrier delivers the goods against the originalB/L;Classifications of B/L 提单的分类Loaded B/L;Named B/L;To the order B/L;Blank B/L;Antedated B/L 倒签提单-it is issued earlier than the actual shipping date;Advanced B/L 预借提单-it is issued before the shipping of the goods;Clean B/L 清洁提单issued through indemnity-it is issued through indemnity to cancel the "unclean" facts of the goods:。

国际商务英语重点词汇国际商务英语重点词汇(默写)1、关税区,2、有,无,形贸易,3、国内生产总值,4、证券投资,5、股票,6、债券,7、大额存单,8、许可,特许,经营, 9、商标, 10、专利, 11、专利使用费,许可使用费, 12、版权, 13、给予/接受许可的人, 14、给予接受特许的人, 15、管理合同, 16、价值链, 17、承包生产, 18、“交钥匙”工程,19、建设、经营、移交, 20、知识产权,21、国民收入, 22、国民生产总值,23、人均收入, 24、购买力平价, 25、消费,消费主义, 26、收入分布, 27、经济合作与发展组织, 28、基础设施 29、独立国家联合体, 30、大路货, 31、债权国, 32、东南亚国家联盟, 33、生产要素, 34、经济一体化,35、设置障碍, 36、自由贸易区,37、关税税率, 38、配额限制,39、北美自由贸易协定,40、关税同盟, 41、共同市场,carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the testand control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloysteel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particularattention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacementand orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.42、主权国家, 43、政治实体, 44、签字国, 45、结算, 46、纸币, 47、货币流通, 48、行政机构, 49、委员,专员,50、欧洲委员会, 51、部长理事会, 52、多极化, 53、双部长会议, 54、分委员会, 55、卡特尔,联盟, 56、石油输出国组织, 57、以迂回的方式, 58、区域性经济体, 59、国际化, 60、国际经济环境, 61、两位数字的, 62、技术进步, 63、日常管理, 64、权利,管理范围, 65、分支机构,附属机构, 66、股东, 67、东道国,68、自然资源, 69、初级产品; 70、专业化, 71、规模经济, 72、自然的赋予, 73、资本、土地和劳动力, 74、绝对利益, 75、比较利益, 76、关税壁垒, 77、配额,78、关税同盟, 79、进,出,口关税, 80、从价税, 81、从量税,82、复税,混合税, 83、退税,84、最惠国待遇, 85、让步,86、税率表, 87、非关税壁垒, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger shouldbe installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of pipingsupport and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions,stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.88、运输工具, 89、内河船只,90、货仓, 91、古迹,92、膳宿供应, 93、移民;94、移民, 95、汇款, 96、贸易术语,交易条件, 97、贸易惯例, 98、修正案, 99、生产场所、经营厂址, 100、目的地,终点, 101、滚装滚卸式运输,102、结关, 103、商品交易会,104、长途电话, 105、询盘,询价, 106、报价, 107、有效期, 108、收盘人, 109、还盘, 110、销售合同, 111、售货,购货,确认书, 112、业务范围, 113、合同正文,114、寄售, 115、缔约方, 116、不可抗力, 117、仲裁, 118、棉布, 119、棉纱, 120、货号, 121、对销,反向,贸易, 122、术语, 123、实际头寸, 124、极度通货膨胀,125、欧洲支付联盟, 126、竞争性贬值,127、复印机, 128、清算系统,129、补偿贸易, 130、加工贸易,131、租赁, 132、代理, 133、政策目标, 134、贸易保护主义, 135、金融市场,136、中央计划经济国家, 137、债务人, 138、借方, 139、财务状况, 140、资信可靠状况, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled.Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to preventpipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.141、分阶段付款, 142、预付现金, 143、汇票, 144、汇票 145、出票人, 146、受票人, 147、受款人, 148、远期汇票, 149、跟单汇票, 150、光票, 151、提单, 152、货物所有权, 153、保险单, 154、跟单托收, 155、付款交单, 156、承兑交单, 157、破产,158、记账交易, 159、开证申请人, 160、开证银行, 161、受益人, 162、关系行, 163、通知行, 164、保兑行, 165、单价, 166、分批装运, 167、转船, 168、价格术语, 169、载货船只, 170、机制, 171、光票信用证, 172、非贸易结算, 173、,不,可撤销信用证, 174、保兑信用证, 175、主要银行, 176、双重保障, 177、即期信用证, 178、远期信用证, 179、资金周转, 180、面值, 181、,不,可转让信用证, 182、中间人, 183、无汇票信用证, 184、推迟付款, 185、循环信用证, 186、佣金/折扣, 187、运输标记, 188、签字, 189、用概括性的词语, 190、备忘录, 191、托运人, 192、运输, 193、收货人, 194、被通知人, 195、空运提单, 196、铁路运单, 197、被保险人, 198、货币, 199、商业发票, carried out;4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with thedrawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems;cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.200、起运港, 201、装船通知, 202、产品自然领域, 203、承运人, 204、公共/契约/自有承运人, 205、企业家, 206、中间产品, 207、制成品, 208、每一单位, 209、托运人, 210、库存, 211、零库存, 212、物流, 213、成本节约, 214、中间产品, 215、承保人, 216、企业, 217、共同款项, 218、保险费, 219、索赔, 220、顾客, 221、保证金, 222、起服务作用的事物, 223、已知的保险费, 224、腾出资金, 225、在时间上的间隔, 226、保险公司, 227、最大诚信, 228、货物原产地港口, 229、崭新的, 230、白金, 231、损失赔偿, 232、占用、冻结, 233、分摊, 234、按比例, 235、福特轿车, 236、百分比, 237、取代, 238、疏忽的, 239、交货费用, 240、导致损失的直接原因, 241、可保险权益, 242、占用的资金,243、汇率, 244、金本位制, 245、平价, 246、储备货币, 247、交互作用, 248、清洁浮动, 249、反之亦然, 250、特别提款权, 251、国际收支赤字, 252、贴现率, 253、游资, 254、直接标价, 255、买入价, 256、卖出价, 257、中间价, 258、多国参加的, 259、资金, 260、收益, 261、详细说明, 262、标准, 263、捐助, 264、补充或增加的资金, carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limitrequirements; increase the stability of piping systems to preventpipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.265、先决条件, 266、人口计划, 267、营养, 268、基石, 269、资本市场, 270、借款权, 271、黄金份额, 272、储备金, 273、宽限期, 274、私营经济, 275、股权投资, 276、超越部门界限, 277、备用,信贷,安排, 278、投资收益, 279、饮料, 280、金枪鱼, 281、罐头食品厂, 282、生物遗传学, 283、生物工艺学, 284、大众汽车, 285、客户流动, 286、存货, 287、免税期, 288、并购, 289、白手起家, 290、合资企业, 291、总公司, 292、绿地战略, 293、投资者, 294、有价证券, 295、法令, 296、普通股, 297、指数, 298、金边证券, 299、经纪人, 300、股票买卖经纪人, 301、二级资本市场, 302、交易场地, 303挂牌证券交易市场, 304、所得税, 305、资格, 306、常务委员会, 307、标准,复,,308、增值税, 309、亏空, 310、开业者, 311、长期资本, 312、对新发行的有价证券的筹措活动 313、期权, 314、追溯到, 315、争议, 316、框架,机构, 317、普惠制, 318、非歧视的, 319、前任, 320、充分就业, 321、最惠国条款, 322、与贸易有关的, 323、完全合格的, 324、裁决, 325、关税减让, 326、回合,327、制度力量, 328、门槛, 329、反补贴措施, 330、反倾销; carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want.7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangementof piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.331、国民待遇, 332、关税配额, 333、公平贸易,334、联合国经济及社会理事会, 335、论坛,336、贸易条件, 337、免责条款, 338、领土,339、行动纲领, 340、特惠税, 341、机关,342、正式会议, 343、优先权, 344、无差别待遇原则,345、国际经济新秩序, 346、技术转让,carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as settingand locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloysteel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particularattention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacementand orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.。

国际商务英语〔5844〕名词解释The theory of absolute advantage 绝对利益学说Free trade area 自由贸易区Creditor country 债权Quotation 报价单A counter-offer 还盘Consignment 寄售Bill of lading 提单invoice 发票Beneficiary 受益人Foreign exchange reserves 外汇储藏foreign exchange control 外汇管制Agency agreement 代理合约/协议Business correspondence 商业信函Customs duties 关税Absolute quota 绝对配额承兑Gain progit 获利Futures trade 世界贸易化Knowledge industry 知识产业People’s Bank of China 中国人民银行Hague Rules 海牙规则Business reputation 商业信誉intellectual property 知识产权Packed of deal 一揽子交易CFR cost and freightCIF cost,insurance and freightexpertise 专家意见expert knowledge or skill,esp.in a particular field; know-howGDP 国内生产总值Gross Domestic ProductAssess 评定估定to judge an amount or valueTap 轻打开发分接to take what is needed from,to exploitTrade liberalization 贸易自由化of trade, the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exportsTariff 关税tax levied by the customsRevenue 收入the total annual income of a stateInput 投入something that is put in businss operationSpecialization 专业化to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fieldsMFN 最惠国means most-favoured-nation which is a tariff treament.It is bilaterally given and provides for the lowest tariff in the tariffcode.Bisible trade it involves the import and export of goods.Immigrant remittance 移民汇款it refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.Tariff 关税duties imposed on goods imported and exportedMaritme 近似的xonnected with the sea or navigationClassification 分类the arrangement of things by groupsContract 合约is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties. Oral business negotiations 口头商业谈判oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions conducted at trade fairs or by sending trade groups abroad or by inviting foreign customers.Force majeure 不可抗力social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyFirm offer 实盘an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offerer.Inflation 通货膨胀rise in prices bruoght about by the excess demand, expansion of monye supply, credit etc.Fluctuation 波动irregular movement of (prices,exchange rates etc.)Drawee 付款人the person to whom a draft is drawn.Confirming bank 保兑银行the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C.Bill of exchange 汇票written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment.The invoice 商业发票it is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.Transportation 运输is defined as the movement of freght and passengers from one location to another.Distribution 分配，发行combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit.Insurance 保险is a social device in which a group of individuals transfei risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.F.P.A.(free from particular average) 平安险is a very limited cover confining the insurer’s liability,stectly speaking, to only total loss of the insured cargo,and partial loss of or damage to the cargo is answerable only where the carrying vessel is grounded,sunk or burnt. Regional economic integration is the loosest form of regard economic intergration in which members remove barrier to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regardsto trade with outsiders.翻译：1) International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。

希尔《国际商务》（第9版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（第6章国际贸易理论）【圣才出品】第6章国际贸易理论6.1 复习笔记⼀、贸易理论综述16～17世纪盛⾏的重商主义主张国家应当⿎励出⼝，同时限制进⼝。

亚当·斯密的绝对优势理论第⼀次解释了为什么不受限制的⾃由贸易（⼀国政府不打算通过配额或关税来影响它的公民从别国进⼝什么商品或⽣产什么产品出⼝给别国）对⼀个国家是有利的。

斯密认为应当由市场机制这只看不见的⼿来决定⼀国进⼝和出⼝什么商品。

他的论点还表明对贸易采取的这种⾃由放任态度符合⼀国的最⼤利益。

在斯密理论的基础上，19世纪英国经济学家⼤卫李嘉图提出相对优势学说，这是现代不受限制的⾃由贸易论点的理论基础。

20世纪，两位瑞典经济学家艾利·赫克歇尔和伯蒂尔·俄林改进了李嘉图的理论，创⽴了著名的赫克歇尔－俄林理论。

1．贸易利益斯密、李嘉图和赫克歇尔－俄林的理论精确地确认了国际贸易的特定利益。

⼀国⽣产不了的商品通过国际贸易可以得到，绝⼤多数国际贸易是有利的。

另外，斯密、李嘉图和赫克歇尔－俄林的理论还解释了为什么⼀个国家通过国际贸易来获取⾃⼰可以⽣产的产品仍能获得利益。

如果⼀国公民购买某些别国⽣产的产品，即使这些产品本国能⽣产，该国经济仍可获得利益。

这种利益产⽣的原因是国际贸易允许⼀国在制造业中实⾏专业化，专门出⼝该国能最有效率⽣产的产品，⽽进⼝在别国能更有效率⽣产的产品。

限制进⼝经常对国内⽣产者有利，⽽对国内消费者不利。

2．国际贸易模式斯密、李嘉图和赫克歇尔－俄林的理论也解释了在世界经济中观察到的国际贸易模式。

对于不能⽤赫克歇尔－俄林理论解释的国际贸易模式的⼀种早期反应是产品⽣命周期论。

由雷蒙德·弗农提出的这⼀理论认为，在产品⽣命周期的初期，⼤多数新产品由发明国⽣产和出⼝，当新产品在国际上被⼴泛接受后，就开始转到其他国家⽣产，该产品甚⾄最终可能被出⼝到原发明国。

沿着类似的思路，20世纪80年代⼀些经济学家如保罗·克鲁格曼提出了⼀种新贸易理论。

国际商务双语知识点总结一、国际商务的定义国际商务是指在国际范围内进行的商业活动，包括跨国贸易、国际投资、跨国合作等多方面内容。

国际商务在全球化背景下愈加重要，对国际企业的经营和管理提出了新的挑战。

通过国际商务，企业可以拓展市场，获取资源，增加收入，提升竞争力，促进经济发展。

International Business SummaryI. Definition of International BusinessInternational business refers to commercial activities carried out on the international level, including cross-border trade, international investment, and multinational cooperation. International business is becoming increasingly important in the context of globalization, posing new challenges for the operation and management of international enterprises. Through international business, companies can expand their markets, acquire resources, increase revenue, and enhance competitiveness, promoting economic development.二、国际商务环境与市场1. 国际商务环境国际商务环境包括政治、经济、文化、法律等因素。

政治稳定、经济状况、文化差异和法律制度都会影响国际商务的运作。

2. 国际商务市场各国市场的规模、结构、需求以及消费习惯存在差异，了解不同国家的市场特点对于开展国际商务至关重要。

千里之行，始于足下。

202X年商务英语期末考试重要知识点202X年商务英语期末考试重要知识点一、商务英语基础知识商务英语是指在商务活动中使用的英语，主要包括商务交流和商务写作两个方面。

商务英语的基础知识包括商务词汇、商务语法、商务写作等。

商务词汇：包括商务名词、商务动词、商务形容词等，如trade（贸易）、export（出口）、import（进口）、negotiation（谈判）、contract（合同）等。

商务语法：包括时态、语态、语气、句型等，如一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等，被动语态、完成时等。

商务写作：商务写作包括商务信函、商务报告、商务备忘录、商务演讲等，要注意写作的结构、用词、语法等。

二、商务会议和谈判商务会议和谈判是商务英语中常见的场景，关键知识点包括会议和谈判的流程、用语、技巧等。

商务会议：会议的类型、召开会议的流程、会议的议程、会议的开场白、主持会议的技巧、会议的总结和回顾等。

商务谈判：谈判的准备工作、谈判的策略、谈判的技巧、谈判的用语等。

第1页/共3页锲而不舍，金石可镂。

三、商务信函和邮件商务信函和邮件是商务英语中常见的写作形式，关键知识点包括信函和邮件的格式、用语、语法等。

商务信函：信函的格式、信函的头部、信函的称呼、信函的正文、信函的结尾、信函的附件等。

商务邮件：邮件的格式、邮件的主题、邮件的正文、邮件的附件、邮件的回复等。

四、商务报告和演讲商务报告和演讲是商务英语中常见的写作形式，关键知识点包括报告和演讲的结构、用词、语法等。

商务报告：报告的结构、报告的目的、报告的内容、报告的语言风格等。

商务演讲：演讲的结构、演讲的目的、演讲的内容、演讲的技巧等。

五、商务英语口语商务英语口语是在商务交流中使用的口语表达，关键知识点包括常见的商务口语表达、场景对话、礼貌用语等。

常见商务口语表达：提供服务、预订机票、接待客人、介绍产品、商量约会等。

场景对话：商务接待、商务洽谈、电话交流、商务会议等。