国际贸易(外文教材)课件第6章

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SITC: 类、章、组、分组、项目 如72111

类
章组
分组 项目
7 Machinery and transport equipment (机械运输设备类) 72Machinery specialized for particular industries 721Agricultural machinery (excluding tractors) and parts thereof, 7211Agricultural and horticultural machinery for soil preparation, etc 72111 Ploughs
countries with high incomes developing and developed countries eastern and western countries developing countries

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Question:

Which countries are most likely to participate in intra-industry trade?
Chapter 6
Alternative Theories of Trade
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Outline of chapter 6



Trade fact in reality Economics of scale Monopolistic competition and trade Oligopoly and international trade External scale economies and trade


Intra-industry trade: Two-way trade in a product, in which a country both exports and imports the same or very similar products (products in the same industry)-----(note:next PPT) How to measure IIT?
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Inter-industry vs. Intra-industry


Inter-industry: measured by net trade which is the value of the difference between exports and imports for the product Intra-industry: measured by ratio of IIT
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Trade fact in reality—intra-industry trade

The rise of intra-industry trade (IIT)
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Questions:

The production of one unit of good X requires one unit of labor and one unit of capital. When 2 units of labor and 2 units of capital are employed in the production process, 3 units of good X are produced. This phenomenon is called: (3)


Net trade (or inter-industry trade): 47.6527.39=20.26 Intra-industry trade: 27.39*2=54.78
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Trade fact in reality

Intra-industry trade Global industries dominated by a few large firms
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Market structure Monopolistic competition A market structure in which products are differentiated, internal scale economies in production are modest or moderate, and entry and exit of firms is easy in the long run, so that a large number of firms compete vigorously with each other in producing and selling varieties of the same basic product. Oligopoly A market structure in which a few large firms dominate total industry sales, perhaps because of substantial internal scale economies (or other barriers to entry).
X IITshare 1 (X
i i
i
Mi Mi )
i

The IIT share is a number between 0 and 1.

Question: if IIT=0, all trade is inter-industry or intra-industry? if IIIT=1, all trade is intra-industry or inter-industry?
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E.g.Biblioteka If U.S exported $27.39 billion of computers and imported $47.65 billion of computers in 2001
Figure 6.1 – Intra-Industry Trade (IIT) as a Percentage of Trade in Nonfood Manufactured Goods with Other Industrialized Countries
What information can you get from the figures?
Trade fact in reality—global industries dominated by a few large firms

Could you name some industries dominated by a few large firms?
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How to explain IIT?

Product differentiation


Product differentiation : Consumers view the products (or product varieties) offered by firms in an industry as being close but not perfect substitutes for each Demand side and supply side cause to IIT happen. How?


Economies of scale are more likely to be found in:

monopolistic competition biased growth economies of scale product differentiation