自学考试英语语言学

Linguistics1.Linguistics may be defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language.Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions ―What is language?‖ and ―How does language work?‖It aims to reveal the nature本质,the properties 属性, funtions 功能,structures结构，development and change of language and its relationships with other subjects such as culture, society and language acquisition, etc.2. A linguist is one who studies language.3. A polyglot is one who speaks several languages.4.The basic task of a linguist is to observe carefully 仔细地观察record objectively客观地记录investigate thoroughly 深入地研究and generalize scientifically language facts.科学概括语言事实5.Creativity i.e. Productivity 创造性, refers to the ability for humans to speak andunderstand every possible (grammatical ) sentence in his native language.6.Arbitrariness 任意性is that there is no motivated relationship between the signand what it is a sign for.(There is no intrinsic内在的/logical逻辑/direct直接relationship.There is no logical connection between word and meaning.Onomatopoeci words or echoic words 拟声词are somewhat naotivated.)Language is absolutely arbitrary. (x)Most words are arbitrary but conventional.约定俗成的(x 个体上是任意性，群体是社会的socially)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human communicaton.7.Duality of structure二元结构means that there are two levels in language: higher,which is commbinations of meaningful units and lower level, which is a sequence of segments.This property of language emables humanbeings to use limited sounds to express unlimited ideas.8.Displacement (超时空性) 不受时空限制means that language can be used torefer to real or imagined matters in the past, present or future. e.g. Humanbeings tell lies.9.Cultural transmission(文化传播性) means that language must be learned anew byeach speaker and everyone is only genetical to acquiree language.Interchangeability 可交替性Human can be a receiver and a sender1)language = natue of all language2)Linguistics is philosoply of language. 语言学是一门关于语言的哲学。

1.langue 语言parloe 言语utterance: sentences , words话语1)Spoken utterances are prior to written forms.2)We should bearn a language from convention utterances, but not ―bestauthors.‖P41)No language can provide a universal framework for all languages.2) A universal framework should be based on the features shared by mostlanguages.Phonetics 音Semantics 义Grammar: Syntax 句法Morphology 形态学Historical linguistics 历时语言学is the study of language changeDiachronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics 共时语言学i s the study of a languaae at a particular point in time.1)Synchronic linguistics may refer to the study of a language in either ancient,mid-age or modern times.2)Most modern linguists hold that diachronic studies are logically dependent onsynchronic studies.(历时研究是以共时研究为基础的。

)Family relationshipsLanguage : 8 families语系:…groups语族: branches语支English belongs to the West Germanic branch 西日尔曼语支of the Germanic Group 日尔曼语群of the Indo –European family.语系→English is quited closely related to german,French, Spanish and Italian belong to the Latin Group.拉丁语群→Chines belongs to Sino-Tibetan family.汉藏语系语言的起源1)granted by God 神给予的2)created by man 人类创造的: 1. prophet 先知2.bow-wow theory 摹声3.pooh-pooh theory感叹说4.ding-dong theory本能说5.yo-he-ho theory 劳动说6.ta-ta theory7.sing-song throry8.contact theory 接触说3)evolution进化论10.IPA stands for代表International phonetic Alphabet, which is a standardized andinternationally accepted system of hponetic transcription是一种语音标音系统, in which the principle was to use jone letter to represent one sound.用一个字母标注一个音11.Diacritics变音符号a re symbols used to show detailed articulatory features ofsounds.12.Narrow transcription 严式标音is the phonetic transcription with diacritics.13.Broad transcription宽式标音is the phonetic transcrition without diacritics.14.A tilde波形符号is a symbol of wave used to show nasalization of vowels.15.V owels are sounds which have no obstructon in the production.(V owels are sounds in the production of which the airstream meets with no obstruction.)16.Consonants are sounds which have some kind of obstruction in the production.4)one or two positions in the production of the vowelpure vowels单元音diphthongs 双元音17.Both phonetics语音学and phonology音位学study speech sounds, butphonetics s tudies the general, physical features of sounds which is no concerned with the distinguishment of meaning, but only with the difference between two sounds.Phonology音位学is concerned with the social nature of speech sounds, which mainly studies the distinctive feature of two speech sounds in a specific language.具体语言18.A phone音素is the minimal hponetic unit which distinguishes sounds but doesn‘tnecessarily meaning. e.g. In English /P / and /p/ are two phones.(but one phoneme)19.A phoneme 音位is minimal phonological unit which is of distinctive value andmay be represented in diferent phonetic contexts by different phones. e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented by /P / in /pit/ and /p/in /spit/.20.The phones that can represent a phoneme are called its allophones.音位变体21.The features that a phoneme has and that distinguish it from other phonemes areits distinctive features.区别性特征22.Two distinctive phonemes are said to form a phonemic cnotrast.音位对比e.g. /p/,and /b/ in /pit/ and /bit/.23.More than one allophone which appears in different phonetic environments butdoes not distinguish meaning forms a complementary distribution.补充分配(互补分布)e.g. /l/ in /li:f/ and /l / in /fi:l/ are complementary distribution.24.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the string, the tow words are said to have formed a minimal pair最小对立体. Pill and bill are a minimal pair.25.Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are callsequential rules.序列原则Assimilation rule同化原则assimilates one segment to another by ―copying‖a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones more simila. Suprasegmental features超切分特征--- stress重音,tone音调, intonation语调The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. Suprasegmental features include stress, tone, and intonation.English is a stress language, Chinese is a tone language.英语是重音语言，汉语是音调语言。