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第7章英国教育体系7.1 复习笔记I. Purpose of education1. T o teach “the three R’s”2. T o socialize childrenII. The relationship between education and social class1. Inequality in British education2. Good education Guarantees a careerIII. The influence of the Church on schooling1. In the past2. At present3. ChangesIV. Major changes to British education system1. Involvement of government2. The 1994 Education Act3. Introduction of comprehensive schools4. “The Great Education Debate”5. National Curriculum in 1989V. The present education system1. Education in the UK is compulsory.2. State sector and private sector schools3. Schooling stages and examsVI. Higher education1. Fund2. Founding Time3. Open university4. Degree titlesI. Purpose of education（教育目的）1. T o teach “the three R’s”（教授基础科目）①“The three R’s”—“reading,‘riting and ‘rithmetic” (reading, writing and arithmetic) .②That is to say, the purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they need to become active members of society.①基础科目俗称“3R”，包括阅读、写作和算术。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册（英国）-第1~5章【圣才出品】上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介(1)1.1 复习笔记I. Name and constituents1. Full name2. ConstituentsII. Effects of its imperial past1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations2. Its role as a European nation3. Economic influence4. A multiracial nationIII. Differences in society1. Race difference2. Class difference3. Region differenceIV. Introduction to England1. Physical features2. History of invasionsV. Introduction to Scotland1. Physical features2. History3. Retaining strong Scottish identityVI. Introduction to Wales1. Physical features2. A history features campaigns for independence from UKI. Name and constituents（全称和组成）1. Full name（全称）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents（组成部分）(1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales(2)Northern Ireland(1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)北爱尔兰II. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立）The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization withmembers mainly being former colonies of the British Empire.英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国为前大英帝国殖民地2. Its role as a European nation（欧盟成员国）UK has been a member of European Union since 1973.自1973年以来英国一直是欧盟成员国。
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英语国家社会与文化入门-考研真题详解Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?[北二外2008研]A. The Anglo-Saxons.B. The Vikings.C. The Normans.D. The Romans.【答案】A查看答案【解析】盎格鲁-撒克逊人是日耳曼民族的分支，于五世纪中期由北欧入侵大不列颠，成为现今英格兰人的祖先。
2. Which of the following was the man who crushed various rebellions in Ireland and settled English and Scottish Protestants there by giving them land?[北京交大2005研；首都师范大学2008研]A. Oliver CromwellB. King Charles ⅠC. William ⅠD. William Ⅲ【答案】A查看答案【解析】克伦威尔，英国政治家、军事家、宗教领袖；他粉碎了爱尔兰的多次反叛，并将土地分给英格兰和苏格兰新教徒。
3. In which of the following years did Julius Caesar invade Britain?[首都师范大学2009研]A. 55 BCB. 54 BCC. 54 ADD. 43 AD【答案】A查看答案【解析】Julius Caesar凯撒，罗马共和国末期独裁统治者、政治家、军事统帅；他于公元前55年入侵英国。
4. Which of the following peoples were the ancestors of the Welsh?[首都师范大学2009研]A. The Celts.B. The Romans.C. The Danes.D. The Anglo-Saxons.【答案】A查看答案【解析】英国威尔士人的祖先为凯尔特人；盎格鲁-撒克逊人是英格兰人的祖先。
unit 8British foreing relationsBritain Then and Now在经过与二战时期的轴心国（德意日）的长期奋战之后，英国取得了战争的胜利，虽然一些殖民地，诸如，加拿大，澳大利亚在政治上已取得了独立，但仍视英国为世界政治和文化的中心，并且忠诚的协助英国努力对抗希特勒的军队，当二战结束后，英国是西欧最大的军事武装力量，它的权力与威望仍能使之在国际上具有极大的影响力．英国主动参与建立联合国，并且与苏联，美国，中国以及法国一道被授予联合国安全理事会的职务，作为维护世界政界的重要成员之一．不过，它的霸主地位已经告一段落，美国和苏联很快成为了新的＂世界强国＂．因为他们在军事力量上更具权威．大英帝国的辉煌已然结束，一方面，英国不再实行君王统治制度，当二战结束后，英国也不得不为其在战争中受到破坏的居住条件和经济买单；另一方面，英国已然意识到自身的独立和国家事务的运营，欧洲商业统台中心不能再将人口与领地视作其经济来源的一项资源．大英帝国结束的速度也让人颇感惊诧，１９４６年，中东的约旦宣告独立，紧接来的一年，印度和巴勒斯坦也相继效仿．１９４８年，缅甸和斯里兰卡宣告独立且脱离共同体，此遭到英国皇室的拒绝．在接下来的数几十年，反殖民活动在其它殖民地不断推进和上演，或是要求独立，或是要求归还主权．有时还因此引起激烈的冲突，例如肯尼亚和苏伊士运河事件．由于英国近来的相对的变化，许多英国民从仍然生活在那个曾经一度是世界上最强大最富裕的大英帝国的记忆里，至今仍很难抹去．英国是一个中型大小的国家，其领土只比中国的安徵省大一点．但其作为欧盟成员国的权力是平等的．他不仅拥有先进的科技，还有先进的核武器力量．虽然国际市场已经被美元和日元所控制，但从经济规模上讲，英国仍名列世界约第六位，英国作为金融中心对世界经济仍有相当大的影响力．The Foundations of Britain's Foreign Policy英国现行外交政策受其帝国史和地缘政治特点影响很深．英国的历史大概是影响英国外交决策的一个最重要的单一因素．因为英国如此短的时间丧失了帝国的地位．英国外交政策的决策者们经常会忘记其已不再在世界事件上具有以住的影响力．历史学家认为，英国外交政策的制定者对于英国作为一个世界强国所发挥的作用持有非常保守和传统的观点，并以许多外交决策为例来说明这一点．其中之一的例子是对于英国保持独立的核武器能力并确保其在大多数国家的武装力量上的主权持有争议．英国的保守外交政策还表现向欧盟出让多少主权这一问题上争论不休．以上所提到的，第二个决定性的影响是其在地缘政治上控制它的外部事物．英国是个岛国这一点是一个重要的心理因素，同时也是一个影响国经济和军事发展的重要心理因素．作为一个航海国，它周游世界寻找领土和经济发展机遇．像拓加拿大殖民地是为了发展皮货贸易．把澳大利亚作为其流放罪犯最适宜的场地，将中国索取他们国家的饮品－－茶．等等．英国岛国的地理位置使那里的居民产生了一种心理上的孤独感．在此之前，英国人想出国，他们不能依靠陆路穿越边界，而不得不依靠船或舰队，这通常需要的时间很长．由于航空业的发民以及最近开通的连接英国的海底隧道减少了英国在地理位置上的孤立．然后，从心里学上，英国人仍然时常感到孤立．英国对欧洲大陆反复无常的态度也是与欧洲大陆长期隔绝的因素．。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第14章爱尔兰的文化：语言,文学和艺术【第14章爱尔兰的文化：语言，文学和艺术14.1 复习笔记I. Language1. Irish under political unrests2. Hiberno-EnglishII. Oral culture1. Features2. Origin3. Positive effectsIII. Literature1. The first Irish poem2. Nobel Prize winners for Literature3. Other important figuresIV. Music and Dance1. The Irish pipe2. Riverdance3. Irish harpV. Sports culture1. Soccer (football)2. Rugby football3. Cricket and tennis4. Hurling5. Golf6. Horse-racingVI. Science and Technology1. Distinguished figures2. Important societiesVII. The Irish identity in the world1. The Irish diaspora2. Attitudes towards other countriesI. Language（语言）1. Irish under political unrests（政治动荡下的爱尔兰语）(1) Irish or Erse is an ancient language spoken by the Irish people.(2) Under the English colonial policy, many people, especially the middle andprofessional classes, lost this language and never regained. But until the mid-19th century, Irish was still spoken widely by the peasant classes.(3) The death blow to the Irish language was the Great Famine of 1845-1848, sinceone half of Irish people emigrated or died in this event.(4) In the late 19th century, an attempt was made to revive the use of the Irishlanguage among the middle and professional classes.(5) After achieving national independence, official attempt was made to make Irishagain the national language.(6) Irish is now a compulsory subject in schools and the first official language in theRepublic.(1) 爱尔兰语，也称厄尔斯语，是爱尔兰人的古老语言。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第3章英国政府【圣才出品】第3章英国政府3.1 复习笔记I. Monarchy in history1. Origin2. Divine right of the King3. One short ousted period4. Magna CartaII. The history of Parliament1. Origin2. History3. Acquisition of powerIII. The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet1. Birth of Cabinet2. Birth of Prime MinisterIV. The British government and Constitution1. Government system2. The ConstitutionV. Parliament Today1. Functions2. Status3. InstitutionsI. Monarchy in history（历史上的皇室）1. Origin（起源）(1) It dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the NormanConquest in 1066.(2) King Albert united the England under his rule in 829.(1) 皇室起源于公元五世纪⾄1066年诺曼征服前统治英格兰的撒克逊⼈。
(2) 国王阿伯特在829年统⼀了英格兰岛。
2. Divine right of the King（君权神授）(1) It held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.(2) This ancient doctrine was where the power of the Monarchy largely derivedfrom.(1) “君权神授”指国王的权利是上帝赐予的，⽽不是来源于国王的⽀持者。
英语国家社会与文化入门前言：在综合英语中，以往英美文化概况占40分，在2014年占到30分。
2010年地理、历史、政治、社会生活、文学、科技都涉及到了，偏重的话没有，几乎分值差不多。
从近五年（2009年至2014年）来看，这部分比跟专八难一些，而且题型不同。
英美概况就把课文中的重点提取出来，加上课后习题，就已经够了。
但是鉴于近年来这部分的考到课外的也比较多，所以建议在看外给定的参考书之外，也买《星火专八人文知识》那本来看看，并做完里面的练习，因为2012年有些选择题是从里面原题出的。
首先我们先来看看近四年来英美概况部分的题型。
2009年—2014年英美概况题型—————————————————————————————————————2009年：判断，填空，作家与作品连线2010年：填空，作家与作品连线，简答题2011年：选择题，填空，简答题2012年：选择题，填空，简答题2013年：填空题，判断，问答题2014年：填空题，判断，问答题—————————————————————————————————————从上表可以看出，近几年来该部分的题型还是一直有在变化，但是不变的是考点，把考点记住了，随便你怎么考。
你看课后习题，出题点就是本文的重点了。
其实你要好好看课后习题，把每一题的知识点都要把握住，特别是做错的题。
好，接下来我们来看看这份弥足珍贵的英美概况笔记：该笔记完全按照《英语国家社会与文化》（第三版）（朱永涛著）上下两册书编写的。
这两本书也是华南师范大学外国语言文化学院研究生入学考试指定的参考书之一。
因此，为了考个好分数，这两本书不得不看，而且不得不讲效率地看。
该笔记一共40个章节，但不是与课本设置的章节一一对应：—————————————————————————————————————课本：上册Chapter 1-20 （英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）下册Chapter 1-20 （新西兰、美国、加拿大）笔记：Chapter 1-12（美国）Chapter 13-24（英国）Chapter 25-28 （澳大利亚）Chapter 29-30（新西兰）Chapter 31-36（加拿大）Chapter 37-40（爱尔兰）—————————————————————————————————————笔记的章节之所以这样设置是有道理的，把美国与英国放在前面是因为这两个国家是重考点出现最频繁的国家，俗话说“一年之计在于春，一天之计在于晨”，不过这跟本文没有任何联系。
第10章美国的社会问题I.Deride whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F):1.The United States was founded on the principle of human equality,and in reality the nation has lived up to that ideal._____【答案】F【解析】直到现在，美国仍然歧视黑人，所以该国还没有实现人类平等这一理想。
2.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States now is the blacks,or Afro-Americans,who account for11.7%of the population._____【答案】F【解析】白人是美国最大的族群，据2000年人口普查数据显示，美国有2.11亿白人，占全国总人数的75%。
并不是黑人为美国最大的族群，所以本题错误。
3.In1863,President Abraham Lincoln signed The Emancipation Proclamation which together with the l3th Amendment to the Constitution in1865legally abolished the slavery._____【答案】T【解析】1983年美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯公布《解放黑人奴隶宣言》（The Emancipation Proclamation），其主张所有美利坚联邦叛乱下的领土之黑奴应享有自由，然而豁免的对象未包含未脱离联邦的边境州，以及联邦掌控下的诸州。
此宣言虽仅立即解放少部分奴隶，但实质上强化联邦军掌控联邦的领土后这些黑奴自由的权威性，并为最终废除全美奴隶制度预先铺路。
第8章英国的外交关系8.1 复习笔记I. Britain then and now1. The end of British Empire2. Britain todayII. The foundations of Britain’s Foreign Policy1. Imperial history2. Geopolitical traitsIII. How foreign policy is made?1. The Prime Minister and Cabinet2. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)3. The Ministry of Defense4. The Department of Trade and Industry5. The Treasury6. Electorate7. Foreign relationsIV. Britain and international institutions1. A member of UN Security Council (UNSC)2. A member of European Union (EU)3. A member of CommonwealthV. Britain and the United States1. “Special relationship”2. Ups and downsVI. Britain security and defense1. Britain’s defense power2. Britain’s defense policyI. Britain then and now（历史和现状）1. The end of British Empire（大英帝国的瓦解）(1) In 1946, Jordan in the Middle East was granted independence.(2) In 1947, India and Pakistan followed suit.(3) In 1948, Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was grantedindependence and left the Commonwealth as well.(1) 1946年，位于中东地区的约旦宣告独立。
(2) 1947年，印度和巴基斯坦相继独立。
(3) 1948年，缅甸、锡兰(即斯里兰卡) 宣告独立并脱离了英联邦。
2. Britain today（今天的英国）(1) Britain now participates as an equal number of European Union (EU) .(2) It has independent nuclear deterrent and technologically advanced armedforces.(3) Its economy ranks about sixth in the world.(1) 在欧盟拥有与他国平等的席位。
(2) 具备独立的核威慑力量和先进的军队。
(3) 经济位列世界第六。
II. The foundations of Britain’s Foreign Policy（外交政策建立的基础）1. Imperial history（帝国史）(1) The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperialhistory.(2) As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget thatBritain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.(1) 英国现行外交政策受其帝国史影响很深。
(2) 由于大英帝国才刚刚瓦解不久，英国的政策制定者经常会忘记英国在国际事务中已不再像过去那么具有影响力了。
2. Geopolitical traits（地缘政治特点）(1) Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs isgeopolitical attitude to Europe.(2) Britain’s island isolation has created a sense of psychological isolation in itsinhabitants, which results in Britain’s schizophrenic attitude to Europe.(3) But Britain’s physical isolation has long been diminished by the developmentof airlines and more recently by the opening of the Channel Tunnel, which links Britain to continental Europe.(1) 影响英国处理外交事务的另一个决定性因素就是地缘政治。
(2) 英国的岛国特征使英国人心理上产生与世隔绝的感觉，这导致英国对欧洲的态度反复无常。
(3) 这种与世隔绝的状况随着空运的发展及连接英国与欧洲大陆的海底隧道的开通而逐渐缓和。
III. How foreign policy is made? （外交政策的制定）1. The Prime Minister and Cabinet（首相和内阁）The general direction of Britain’s foreign policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet.英国首相和内阁共同决定英国外交政策的总方向。
2. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) （英国外交与联邦事务所(即外交部) ）The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the main government department, plays a significant role in the making of Britain’s foreign policy.外交政策涉及的主要部门是外交部，这个部门在对外政策上扮演重要角色。
3. The Ministry of Defense（国防部）It is responsible for ensuring Britain’s defense and managing Britain’s involvement in its military treaty commitment.国防部确保英国的国防并负责履行英国在军事同盟中应尽的义务。
4. The Department of Trade and Industry（贸易产业部）It is concerned with formulating international trade policy and managing British commercial relations with other countries.贸易产业部负责制定对外贸易政策，和处理英国与其他各国的商业关系。
5. The Treasury（财政部）It makes decisions on how much money other departments can have each year. 财政部决定每年各部门周转资金的数额。
6. Electorate（选民）Since Britain is a parliamentary democracy, the government’s foreign policy in theory represents the desires of its electorates.由于英国是议会制民主国家，从理论上讲，政府的外交政策代表的是全体选民的意愿。
7. Foreign relations（外交关系）(1) Nowadays Britain is not powerful enough to act independently, so its foreignpolicy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of important institutions.(2) Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationshipwith the United States.(1) 如今英国已经没有足够的力量单独达到外交政策目标，它的外交政策在很大程度上依赖于加入重要的国际性组织。
(2) 英国同美国的关系也是影响英国外交政策的一个主要因素。
IV. Britain and international institutions（英国和国际组织）1. A member of UN security council (UNSC) （联合国安全理事会成员）(1) Britain is one of the five permanent members on the UN security council, alongwith the Russia, the United States, China and France.(2) This membership enables Britain to retain the ability to have large influence onthe world affairs.(1) 英国是联合国安理会的五个常任理事国之一。
其他四个为俄罗斯、美国、中国和法国。
(2) 作为安理会成员，英国对国际事务的决策有很大影响。
2. A member of European Union (EU) （欧洲联盟成员国）(1) Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973, which has beencalled European Union since 1993.(2) Britain’s participation in the EU remains controversial.At the center of thecontroversy is the future of EU.①The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade betweencountries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.Britain likes to regard the EU as place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible.②Britain is less certain about the possibility of EU becoming a king of federal“super-state”.。
