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Unit 4Part OneI. Topic-related WordsSuggested answerEcotourism: biodiversity ecological reserve habitat sustainabilityHeritage tourism: ruins relics mosquesNatural scenery: mountain desert national park landscapeCultural tourism: food custom architectureTravel mode: package tour individual tripIII. Listen, Watch and DiscussKey1. principal2. engage3. performing4. rituals5. prompts6. fosters7. heritage8. poverty9. nurture 10. preserving 11. revenue 12. survival 13. must be thoughtfully managed if it is to flourish14. Only true partnerships between communities and the tourism15. genuine appreciation for the aspirations and values of all partiesTranscriptThe global wealth of traditions is one of the principal motivations for travel, with tourists seeking to engage with new cultures and to experience the global variety of performing arts, handicrafts, rituals and cuisines. The cultural interaction spurred by such encounters prompts dialogue, builds understanding, and fosters tolerance and peace.Fostering the responsible use of this living heritage for tourism purposes can generate employment, alleviate poverty, curb rural flight migration, and nurture a sense of pride among communities.Tourism offers a powerful incentive for preserving and enhancing intangible cultural heritage, since the revenue it generates can be channeled back into initiatives to aid its long-term survival. Intangible cultural heritage must be thoughtfully managed if it is to flourish in an increasingly globalized world.Only true partnerships between communities and the tourism and heritage sectors, built on a genuine appreciation for the aspirations and values of all parties, can ensure its survival.Part TwoWarm-up ActivitiesSuggested answer1. Information about TurkeyGeography: located at the northeast end of the Mediterranean Sea in southeast Europe and southwest Asia.History: Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age by various ancient Anatolian civilizations, such as Aeolian, Dorian and Ionian Greeks, Thracians, Armenians, and Assyrians.The Persian Empire occupied the area in the 6th century B.C., giving way to the Roman Empire, then later the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Turks first appeared in the early 13th century, and gradually spread through the Near East and Balkans, capturing Constantinople in 1453. After the reign of Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent (1494—1566), the Ottoman Empire began to decline. In the nineteenth century, Turkey was occupied by Russia, but the Turkish War of Independence (1919—1922) resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1923.Politics: Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy.Economy: Turkey has the world’s 17th largest GDP by PPP and 18th largest nominal GDP. The country is among the founding members of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. Religion: Islam is the dominant religion of Turkey with 99.8 percent of the population being registered as Muslim.2. Ancient civilizationsRoman civilization began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC and shifted from a monarchy to a republic and then to an empire. As a highly developed civilization, Ancient Roman has contributed a lot to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language and society.Persian civilization is a series of imperial dynasties centered in Persia (Iran), the first of which was established by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, with the Persian conquest of Media, Lydia and Babylonia.Byzantine civilization is the continuation of the Roman Empire in the East during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, originally founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe.Modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centered on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterized by Orthodox Christianity.The Ottoman Empire, which is also known as the Turkish Empire or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. With conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to caliphate. The Ottomans overthrew the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) by Mehmed the Conqueror.The Neo-Assyrian Empire was an Iron Age Mesopotamian empire, in existence between 911 and 609 BC. Following the reforms of Tiglath-Pileser III in the 8th century BC, Assyria emerged as the most powerful state of the Ancient Near East, eclipsing Babylonia and Egypt. The Neo-Assyrian Empire succeeded the Middle Assyrian period of the Late Bronze Age. During this period, Aramaic was also made an official language of the empire, alongside the Akkadian language.Text IComprehension CheckI. Reading for general ideas1. Fill in the blanks to complete the outline of the text.KeyMain Idea: The threat to an ancient town with a long history and many treasures, and local people’s attitudes towards it.Heading for Part I (Paragraph 1): Arrival in town and encounter with ShepherdsHeading for Part II (Paragraphs 2 to 3): The history of and treasures in HasankeyfHeading for Part III (Paragraphs 4 to 5): The threat posed by development and concerns Heading for Part IV (Paragraphs 6 to 12): Local dwellers’ hospitality and their attitudes towards the Dam ProjectHeading for Part V (Paragraphs 13—15): The nostalgia, and possible way out for the local people in face of change2. Read the text through quickly and answer the following questions.Key1.Hasankeyf is a small town located in the Batman province of southeast Turkey, not far fromthe border with Syria and, further down, Iraq. It is famous for its long history, more than 300 historical monuments and thousands of ancient human-made caves.2.The treasures in Hasankeyf are facing the threat that by the end of 2015, the massive135m-high and 1,820m-wide Ilisu Dam is projected to force many of Hasankeyf’s sites under water, including the Great Palace and the caves.3.The government has plans to create an archaeological park by relocating some of themonuments to higher ground. The ones that cannot be moved will become an underwater diving park.4.No, not for everyone. Even with these plans, many historians, scientists and archaeologists areconcerned that another Troy or Mycenae may remain lost forever since much of the area has yet to be excavated.5.Some of the local dwellers, such as the patriarch and his family, are strongly against it. Theyhave lived here for f ive generations and they are happy here. They don’t want to leave this place.II. Reading for specific informationKey1. F2. F3. F4. T5. F6. TIII. Reading and making interpretationsSuggested answer1.Even though the government has made plans to save the historical monuments, manyhistorians, scientists and archeologists still feel worried because there are many places which have not been dug yet and maybe there are some important ancient relics which have not been found yet underground. If this happens, it means some important relics as ancient as Troy or Mycenae will be lost forever.2.When I was together with the cave-dwellers, I asked permission to milk their sheep, butwithout success, and they laughed at my failure. When their laughter was not so loud, we changed our topic and began to talk about the dam.3.The shepherds’ truck was in very poor condition and I rode in it with the crowd, crossed ariver which was not deep and arrived at the shepherd’s home. We called it cave, but I did not think cave was the proper word for it.4.The cave was two storeys high, very spacious, with beautiful decoration and running water,electricity and even a glass pane window. It was a place I would like to have. The floor in the living room was covered by thick carpets, which was lined with comfortable cushions.5. A lot of things happened here: wars, earthquakes and conquests. Some of them brought gloryto this place and some brought decline. But no matter what happened, these ancient monuments still stand here and the people still live around them. They have lived longer than those historical events.Part ThreeText IIComprehension CheckI. Reading for specific information1. Fill in the blanks to complete the outline of the text.1.Over the last 30 years international tourism to developing countries has increased enormouslyand one in five international flights now goes to a developing country.2.The park systems in most developing countries are failing to invest at anywhere near thenecessary levels to build capacity for managing the growth in park visits. As a result, tourism is now a threat to biodiversity rather than a benefit. The over-crowdedness of international nature tourism destinations will not only lead to a decline in the quality of the visitor experience, but also have a great impact on the fauna and flora in the destinations.3.On one hand, the destinations should focus on developing financial opportunities and boostingrevenues; on the other hand, the revenues must be reinvested appropriately at the specific sites that generate them, at least at a level adequate to prevent loss of natural capital.4.On one hand, the park systems should get more from the tourism income. On the other hand,they can raise the tickets prices.5.It starts a virtuous cycle: protected areas are more clearly perceived as assets for economicdevelopment, and investments are made in improved tourism management, which in turn leads to more visits and less poverty.II. Reading and making interpretationsSuggested answer1.Now there is a huge gap between the current estimate of spending on protected area indeveloping countries and the lowest expenditure needed to provide effective conservation and management of their resources. If there is proper policy to control the development of nature tourism and ecotourism, it could help greatly in reducing the wide gap.2.Judging by appearance, tourism should be good business to developing countries in all aspects,because it can make tourists happy, bring more revenues to the park systems and increase investment in conservation.3.If investment remains inadequate, tourism will probably cease to prosper soon and becomedifficult to develop.4.On one hand, the conservationists need to deal with the environmental threats caused bytourism development; on the other hand, they should also concentrate on developing tourism in order to bring more economical development.5.According to the financial estimate, if investment is increased, there will be greater demand intourism. The Ecuadorian tourism industry has shown that they are ready to support such initiatives after analyzing the financial estimate.Part FourText IIIQuestions for group discussionSuggested answer1.The text is taken from a travel book. It may also appear as a travelogue, part of a traveljournal or in a travel magazine.2.It gives an account of an American’s experience in the UK: his amusement, bitterness,surprise, and confusion.3.For example, the inn keeper and the man walking a dog.4.The tone of the article is humorous with slight satire. For example, the reality that he couldnot find accommodation must be very annoying to him, but he only refers it as “the only mildly dismaying thing”. Before he approached the guesthouse, he imagined a cheery conversation but was rudely refused in the first place, no chance to offer his humble apology at all. When he had nowhere to go and finally decided to sleep on the street, he referred it as “a shelter open to the elements but roofed” and “decided that this was as good as I was going to get.”Part FiveLanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words above.1. grace 4. civilize 7. gracefully 10. hospitality2. controversy 5. controversial 8. civilized3. sustainability 6. hospitable 9. sustainableII. Idioms, phrasal verbs and fixed expressions1. in 4. of 7. with 10. about2. out 5. in 8. down3. into 6. to 9. offIII. Collocations1. meant/wished2. doing/inflicting/causing3. potential/serious/untold/irreparable/lasting/permanent4. economically/financially/physically; mentally/spiritually5. from6. through7. manage/struggle/are able/are luckyIV. Complete the following sentences with the words and phrases given in the box.1. fetching 5. contribute to 9. trudge(d) 13. bathed in2. grazing 6. mighty 10. crouch 14. sumptuous3. meager 7. status quo 11. harness 15. abundance4. yawning 8. concession 12. weather-beatenComprehensive PracticeI. Translate the following into English, using the words and phrases from the texts. Suggested answer1.As a result of deregulation and the danger to travelers it has brought about, I make up mymind that I will not make that country my travel destination in recent two years.2.We joined the tour-bus crowds in Petra to visit the ancient capital of the Nabateans and foundthat no words could do justice to the beauty and grandeur of the rose-red city of the desert. 3.Judging by the response to the upcoming trailers, this movie is bound to be another success ofthis young and promising director.4.The old man with a weather-beaten face told us: “We’re thrifty. We can live off our interest,save the principal and let the kids go off and have a hoot.”5.She wrote some controversial poems, which brought her instant fame, but the publicity soondied down over time.II. Translate the following into Chinese.Suggested answer不管度假采取何种形式，我们还是乐此不疲。
