African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_美国黑人民权运动

介绍一个典型案例,运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义理论,去分析其历史背景,让读者能够深入了解这个案例这里我们介绍的案例为美国黑人民权运动。

黑人民权运动（African-American Civil Rights Movement）是一场反对美国种族歧视的运动，历时从1954年的“圣路易斯公民权诉Brown案”以来，持续直至1965年的《民权法案》签署实现美国个人民权得到彻底解放之时。

借助辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义理论，我们可以发掘黑人民权运动的历史背景。

根据辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的观点，美国黑人民权运动的发展是由社会发展的连续不断的过程驱动的。

它是一种由社会矛盾引起的普遍性事件，社会矛盾的发展与解决过程决定了它的发展性质、方向和步骤。

具体而言，以美国黑人民权运动为例，历史背景可以从黑人集体获得自由、决定自己命运的早期遗留问题到当前种族主义社会所产生的种族歧视持续存在，可以分析出起源。

具体来说，从历史上看，美国黑人民权运动是一种反对种族歧视的运动，它源自黑人社会，早期源自黑人被奴隶制统治并被剥夺了基本权利的历史，由于种族歧视，立法、教育、经济和社会等存在明显的不平等。

最明显的反映是新南向的实施，使不少黑人被遗弃，他们必须走上应对当局的抗争路线，争取民权。

再深入来看，美国黑人民权运动的发展基础是美国的唯物的思想和思潮，从具体行动、到社会斗争，都是基于宣扬和争取社会公平与正义的理念和行为。

美国黑人民权运动既是受到历史所限所影响，又受到西方文化传播影响，它具有社会运动理论作为特点，即思想是实践的前提，实践是思想的运动，二者相互促进，相互联系的时间性质的绩效能力，以及一定程度上的唯物主义和社会主义理论。

总的来说，以美国黑人民权运动为例，借助辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义理论，它可以更加深入地解读这场历史运动的历史背景和社会意义，使读者能够深入了解。

Story BackgroundThe short story “Everyday Use" had 3 big events background. The American Civil War freed part of American slaves. The Civil R ight Movement encouraged the Blacks sought for equality. The Black Power Movement encouraged Blacks to admit their African heritage.1)American Civil WarThe American Civil War (1861-1865)，knownas the warbetween theStates andseveral other states, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their Secession from the U.S and formed the Confederate States of America.It was led by Jefferson Davis, they foughtagainst the U.S federal government whichsupported by all the freed states and thefive border slave states. The American CivilWar was thedeadliest war inAmerican history,causing 620,000 soldier’s deaths, endingslavery in the United States, restoring theUnion, and strengthening the role of thefederal government .The social, political,economic and racial issues of the wardecisively shaped the reconstruction erathat lasted to 1877, and continue into the21st century.2) Civil Rights MovementThe African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans. In the last decade of thenineteenthcentury in theUnited States,racial discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans and other minority groups. It broke the pattern of racial segregation in the South and achieved equal rights legislation for blacks.Following the U.S Supreme Court decisionin Brown V .Board of Education of Topeka(1954),African American and whitesupporters attempted to end theentrenched segregationist practices .Usingthe nonviolent methods of MohandasKaramchand Gandi, forcing thedesegregation of many public facilities.3)Black PowerNot all blacks had been equally impressedwith the civil rights movement. MALCOLMXand the Nation of lslam, for example ,feltthat racial self-determination was a criticaland neglected element of true equality .Bythe mid-1960s, dissatisfaction with the paceof change was growing among Blacks .Theterm “black power ”had been around sincethe 1950s,but it was STOKELY CARMICHAEL，head of the STUDENT NONVIOLENTCOORDINATING COMMITTEE , who.popularized the term in 1966..。

1. Back groundThe African blacks were first introduced to the America to be the slaves who work at the North farms in order to remedy the shortage of the local labor. In theory, after the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, they already enquire the liberty. However, in fact, because of the poverty and lower education, they had to work for the whites to survive, especially after the Federal army left the North the African-Americans lost the shied of Federal and still remained in the racial segregation.Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S.537 (1896), is a landmark United States SupremeCourt decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".[1]HoweverThey executed thoroughly the segregation but neglect the part of equality. What’s more the Racial segregation even existed in the factory, hospital, school and army.2. Aim1939.An African-American man drinking at a "colored" drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal在历经58年后，的法律观念才被推翻；1954年联邦最高法院在“布朗诉教育委员会”一案，判定种族隔离的学校并未提供黑人学生公平教育，因此公立学校应该要种族混合。

African-American Civil Rights Movement Now, when we watch NBA games, we have got used to the black’s domination in this game. 80% of the basketball players are African-Americans, the white however, become the minority. But, do you know, sixty years ago, the situation is totally different. In 1950, when the first black figure Roy Florida appeared on the court, who could have imagined, 58 years later, when the Boston Celtics once again won the NBA champion, there is no single white in the team? In the same year, the US welcomed its first black president.On Nov. 5, 2008, Barack Obama was elected the president of the United State. However, we can say that his success was on the fundamental of generations of black men.1、In 1619, the first group of Africans were transported to North America as slaves, and this marked the beginning of the centuries’ slavery in the continent.2、During the American Civil War(1861~1865), the Africans began their first try of getting their own rights. With the great leadership of Lincoln, the African-Americans finally got rid of the slavery, and this lead to the theoretic equal between the black and white.After the Civil War, American capitalism greatly developed, so did the social structure. More and more of the black left the South and a large colony of black intellectual had grown in the North at the beginning of the 20th century.3\In 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(美国全国有色人种协进委员会) was founded. From then on, the civil rights movement in America had come into a period of well-organized, well-led state.5、After the World War Ⅱ, in the fifties and sixties of the 20th century, America came into a period of maximum development. During this period, the civil rights movement of the black were constantly developing and growing.I、On May 17, 1954, to change the image of America in the international state, the US Supreme Court declared that it was unequal of the pubic schools’ segregated education II、On Dec. 1, 1955, the later world famous mother of the African-American Civil Rights Movement--Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white in Montgomery and was arrested. Under the leadership of Martin Luther King, the whole 500,000 black in the city united to strike not to use buses for as long as one year. Eventually, the bus corporation cancelled the racial segregation.III、On Feb. 1, 1960, four black college students in North Carolina went into a “white only” restaurant, the servant ordered them to go out, but they remained there. Their brave action instantaneously won the support of the black students and they united to launch a sit-down strike on a large scale. This forced restaurants in nearly 200 cities called off the racial segregation.IV、In 1963, on the square of the Lincoln Memorial, 250,000 people gathered to fight against the racial segregation. There, Martin Luther King addressed his famous speech I Have a Dream; this marked the climax of the civil rights movement.V、Under the great pressure of the civil rights movement, the US congress passed the in 1964 and in 1965, formally ended the discrimination against black in the aspect of voting rights and other public facilities.Since the 1970s, the African-American civil rights movement had a new change; their fight for equality had gone into a new state.In 1983, the democrat Harold Washington defeated the republican white man to become the first black mayor of Chicago--the third largest city of America.In November of that year, the democrat W. William Goode also defeated his white competitor to become the first mayor of Houston—the fourth largest city of America.On November 6th of that year, Chicago civil rights leader, the then 42 year old Rev.Jesse Jackson announced to participate the Democratic nomination. In 1984, he only got 12% voting. In 1988, he tried again, and this time, he won 29% of the votes. Through he failed both times; the political meaning of his participation cannot be eradicatedLater on, the American NEWSWEEK published the Gallup polls, 62% of the black and 56% of the white believed that, before the year 2008; the United States would receive its first black president. This prediction indeed came true on Nov. 5, 2008.Obama’s success is stood on the ladder which is built by generations of American black’s lives, he realized the ultimate dream of several generations of the black.Nowadays, more and more black figures take action on the international stage. We have got so used to these facts, that most of the basketball players in the NBA court are black, that the most famous and successful talk show hostess is a black, that the former secretary of the United States is a black, that the incumbent president of the United States is a black…We have got used to so many things. However, does this means that there is no discrimination existing?The past centuries’bloodstears seem to tell us that racism has gone. However, when Hamilton defeated Alonso, the Spanish would establish a net to insult the first black F1 champion. The organizers explained that the Spanish auto fans were just joking. But, Hamilton couldn’t laugh; he knew very well that the ghost of racism wouldn’t disappear because of a black president.Many statistics indicate that recently the black middle class are reduced to underclass; the adult black men’s imprisonment rate is as high as 30%. The New York Time reported that, in America, once arrested, the black men’s possibility of being condemned is three times higher than the white under the same circumstance. Moreover, under the same accusation, the term of the black is three months longer than the white.The ghettos for black are very common in America, half of them cannot finish their high school education, a quarter of them live under the poverty line, one out of nine of them is serving a prison sentence.From these, we know that the secret anguish of racism has never disappeared in America, even if we have got used to all the black figures. We are only got used. Obama’s success isn’t an end of the racism in the United State.2009 is a commemorable year for both America and American black, it marks the 80th anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther King, the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the 200th anniversary of the birth of President Lincoln. This year, also, is the first year of the first black president’s presidency.。